I would like to thank Pearl Academy for providing me the platform to conduct the study and I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Suhasini mam, my tutor for her guidance. Special thanks to Harroop mam, for helping me with my report and guiding me through the process. I would also like to state that my work is an original document and any references taken from other sources have been duly acknowledged.
Student signature
Faculty signature
LIST OF IMAGES IMAGE NUMBER
PAGE NUMBER
1
10
2
10
3
11
4
11
5
11
6
12
7
12
8
13
9
13
10
13
11
14
12
14
13
15
14
15
15
17
16
17
IMAGE NUMBER
PAGE NUMBER
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
21
21
21
22
22
23
22
24
23
25
25
26
25
27
26
28
26
29
27
30
27
31
28
32
28
IMAGE NUMBER
PAGE NUMBER
33
29
34
30
35
30
36
32
37
34
38
35
39
35
40
36
41
37
42
37
43
37
44
38
45
41
46
42
47
43
48
43
IMAGE NUMBER
PAGE NUMBER
49
48
50
49
51
49
52
49
53
50
54
50
55
51
56
51
57
52
58
52
59
53
60
54
61
55
62
57
63
58
64
59
IMAGE NUMBER
PAGE NUMBER
65
59
66
60
67
61
68
61
69
63
70
64
71
65
72
66
73
67
74
68
75
68
76
68
77
70
78
71
79
71
80
73
IMAGE NUMBER
PAGE NUMBER
81
74
82
74
83
75
84
75
85
76
86
77
87
78
88
79
89
80
90
81
91
81
92
82
93
83
94
84
95
85
96
86
IMAGE NUMBER
PAGE NUMBER
97
88
98
89
99
89
100
90
101
90
102
90
103
93
104
94
105
94
106
95
107
95
108
96
109
96
110
98
111
99
112
100
IMAGE NUMBER
PAGE NUMBER
113
103
114
105
115
106
116
107
117
108
118
109
119
109
120
110
121
110
122
111
123
112
124
114
125
115
126
115
127
118
128
119
IMAGE NUMBER
PAGE NUMBER
129
120
130
121
131
122
134
126
135
127
136
128
137
129
138
129
139
132
140
133
141
134
142
134
143
136
144
136
145
137
146
138
IMAGE NUMBER
PAGE NUMBER
147
140
148
141
149
142
150
144
151
145
152
146
153
147
154
150
155
151
156
152
157
155
158
155
159
156
160
158
161
160
162
161
IMAGE NUMBER
PAGE NUMBER
163
161
164
162
165
163
166
163
167
164
168
166
169
166
170
167
171
167
172
168
173
168
174
169
175
170
176
170
177
171
178
172
IMAGE NUMBER
PAGE NUMBER
179
173
180
174
181
174
182
175
183
175
184
176
185
177
186
177
187
179
188
179
189
180
190
180
191
181
192
182
193
182
194
182
The report will cover the history of interior design and art, how a style evolved, related factors and
movements which are inter-related. The information used in the report will be useful for the stylists and designers to pick a theme, style or
color inspiration and use it in their project. The information can be used to pick different materials to give the effect of the era/ art movement chosen. The report will also throw light on different social events that took place in different time and how they effected the architecture. We can also see the evolution of architecture and the use of materials from stone, sand to materials like steel and cement and how new techniques evolved changed the face of architecture from time to time.
16
Based on the inventions and materials used by primeval man, the pre-historic Period can be divided into the following periods • Palaeolithic dwellings
• Mesolithic period (20,000 BC 9500 BC) • Neolithic period (10,200 BC 3000 BC) • Bronze age (3000 BC 1200 BC) • Iron age (1200 BC 500 BC) In pre-historic period, the architecture used is mainly focused on getting shelter and to protect themselves from extreme weather and wild beasts.
Materials used are portable and not durable like twigs, leaves, animal skins and wood.
17
• Structures were made of wood and stone. • Fire was used on paved hearths. • There are no buildings used for special purposes but dwellings. • The structures can be categorized into 5 types:
o CAVES o HUTS
o MOLDOVA, DOLNI VESTONICE & MEZHIRICH o LEAN TOS & TENTS o PIT HOUSES 18
1 •
Caves are the oldest form and most common type of dwellings in the Palaeolithic period.
•
Primeval man also used the natural underground
areas/spaces that are large enough for them to stay Example: Rock shelters, Grottos, Sea caves. Cave living (2014)
2 •
Huts are oval shaped with 8m-15m X 4m-6m measurements.
•
They are close to sea shores.
•
Huts are built with stakes and stones in which stones are used for support.
•
Stout posts along axis.
•
Floor made of organic matter and ash.
Hut making illustration (2014)
19
3
•
A more sophisticated sought.
•
Used wood framework covered with skins.
•
It was held in place by rough oval mammoth bones, enclosing 15 hearths.
4 • • • • •
Palisade of mammoth bones and tusks set into ground, filled with brush wood and turf. Oval shaped with 16m x10m measurements. Walls were made from limestone. Central hearth capped with an earthen dome. Summer structures are open to sky.
5 •
Foundation wall of mammoth jaws and long bones and capped with skulls.
•
Roofed with tree branches, overlaid by tusks. 20
6
•
Erected against a wall of cave.
•
Base was made by stones(12m x 4m).
•
Curtain and roof was made of skin which is draped over the posts.
•
Some lean Tos may have two compartments, each having an entrance on the longer side.
7
•
Skirts weighed down with pebbles.
•
Paved interiors.
•
Open air hearths.
•
Wooden posts driven into earth covered with skins.
•
At a later stage, were secured by reindeer antlers. 21
8 •
Used in severely low temperature areas like eastern Europe.
•
Usually they are in oval trapezoidal or pear shaped with size of 5m-8m x2.5m-3.5m.
•
The roof is balanced with a central post holes.
•
Shallow depressions were made in the ground which were surrounded by the ring of mammoth bones and tusks.
9
10
22
11 •
Systematic arrangement of villages.
•
Houses were aligned in rows.
•
House plans were more regular.
•
Artefacts came into existence.
•
The settlements were around the water bodies (rivers).
•
People started fishing, cereals and vegetables
12
cultivation. •
They also started domesticating animals and
developed farming tools. •
Dwellings of this period are more durable. 23
13 •
The structure was made of bamboos.
•
Houses were in trapezoidal shaped with the size of 5.5 to
30 m. •
The entrances were wide and were faced the water bodies.
•
Floors were plastered with lime.
•
Posts were reinforced with stones.
14
•
They were shallow oval shaped pits with sizes that vary from 6-9m long and 2-5m wide.
•
Timber was used to construct the roofs.
•
Working slabs were used as stone hearths. 24
•
Also referred to as the New Stone Age.
•
Changes like food production and developments in agriculture were took place.
•
They led to more agriculture based settlings.
•
Dwellings were more sustainable.
•
Houses were built with square or rectangular plans, with sections made from animal skins.
25
15
• •
Walls were made of mud with 3 feet deep footings.
•
Houses were more durable.
•
Pitched and thatched roofs were made for the houses.
•
The interiors were raised and plastered with sunken hearths.
16 17
26
18 •
Were rectangular in shape
•
Framework is made with oak posts and then covered with clay.
•
Layers of clay on the log base made the flooring.
•
It consisted of 3 types of plans:
-
TRIPARTITE: •
Entrance facing the east side.
•
Living room at the centre.
•
Deep storage area facility.
BIPARTITE: •
Single entrance
•
Living room and storage were combines.
SINGLE BAY HOUSES:
•
Houses with only living room area.
27
•
Houses were made of stones with 3m thick cavity walls.
•
Dry stone was used to build inner and outer caves.
•
Interiors were covered with domestic refuse.
•
Rectangular plan with circular corners.
•
Thatched roofs with a smoke hole at the top positioned over central hearth.
19
28
•
Started making the monumental stone architecture.
•
The monuments were basically the tombs in the beginning.
•
Monuments of this period includes the following: MEGALITHIC PASSAGE GRAVES MEGATLITHIC GALLERY GRAVES EARTHEN LONG BARROWS MENHIRS DOLMENS HENGES
29
•
Passage graves have masoned walls and
20
corbelled roof. •
They are approximately of 38mX32m in size and are surrounded by wide space.
•
The entrance passage is 1m wide and 1.5m high with a 5sq.m burial chamber.
•
Walls are smoothened out with rectangular blacks and fine joints.
•
There will be three cells at three different sides
14
of a chamber.
21
•
These are long chambers of size 23m and are divided into 12 chambers.
•
Covered with rectangular mound
30
• Menhris are large, upright standing stones which mark
22
the existence of burial sites. • They are uneven in texture, square in shape and
tapered at the top.
• The construction include two or more stones which support the top stone.
23
• Indication of burial sites. • They are also called as cromlechs.
31
•
Henges are ritual structures and are open.
•
They are planned in concentric circles.
•
In the centre, there is an altar and is surrounded by trilithon pairs of stones.
•
24
Then there is a circle of blue stones.
32
•
Enclosed structures made of timber frames and dry stone farmsteads.
•
Interior inlcudes cooking area and storage space.
33
25 •
Houses made of interlocked logs, wooden floors and thatched roofs.
•
Houses are placed in east-west orientation.
•
The layout of the house includes entrance-facing street, living area and loft (Accessible with
ladder. •
Interiors include large central hall of 10x5m size, six rooms from which five are contained hearths.
•
Stone hearth is situated on left side of the entrance along with a family bed against the southern wall.
26
34
27 •
Constructions are grouped into 4 to 5 huts of 4.8m diameter.
•
Enclosures are surrounded by timber fence.
•
Huts are made of timber and thatched roof.
•
Porch at the entrance.
28 •
Exterior and interior forms and arrangements varies.
•
Barrows are made of earth and stone.
•
Some are made of timber called mortuary houses or stone cists.
•
Burial chamber exteriors are lined with stone revetments.
•
The flooring in the northern part is sandstone and in the southern part, it is reed flooring.
35
29 •
Circular in shape with a diameter of 10 to 15m.
•
Walls are made of dry stone.
•
Some stone towers have interior corridor of 3m high.
•
The roof of the main chamber is made of false corbelling.
•
Served as defensive and ritual structures.
30
36
31 •
More developed domestic structures.
•
Maintenance of traditional farms.
•
Circular structures made of timber with 15m diameter.
•
Main house is defined by 4 groups of post holes.
•
The posts had continuous lintels with sloping rafters.
•
Houses are with thatched roofs with a smoke hole.
•
The porch is elaborate.
•
Interiors contain central loft and storage pits excavated
32
within palisaded enclosures.
37
•
Houses faced east with open courtyards and roofed with stone slabs.
•
33
The layout includes main living room at the rear end, roofed shelter on the left which has front opening, storage room at right side.
•
Other features includes drains, external terraced areas.
•
Internal radial walls tapering in plan.
38
34 • 20m wide and 10-15m high.
• The walls at the bottom are 5m thick. • There is a 10m central court which leads to narrow doorways which are accessible by oval intra mural
chambers. • These chambers have corbelled roof. 35 • Interiors include spiral staircase, timber galleries against the inner wall. • Duns are similar to the broch both in size and structure. 39
LAND BETWEEN THE TWO RIVERS
40
36
41
•
Mesopotamia is the earliest civilizations with permanent settlements.
• •
The land is located between Tigris river and Euphrates river.
•
The land is not within a fertile crescent.
•
Agriculture and irrigation are the two main reasons for the beginning of the settled Sumerian civilization.
•
There are four main civilizations of Mesopotamia which are: •
Sumer- southern part (3500-2000 BCE)
•
Akkad- northern part (2340 2180 BCE)
•
Babylonia- unification of two regions (1830-1500 BCE and 650500 BCE)
•
Assyria- Assyrian Empire (1100 -612 BCE) 42
37 •
A temple is the place for worship and religious ceremonies performed by the
priests of this sacred temples. •
The primary material used in the construction is sun-baked mud bricks and the structure is placed on platform
http://www.anunnakicouncil.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Tower_of_Babel.jpg
to save it from constant floods. •
Ziggurats came after temples which is a stack of 1 to 7 platforms which decreases in size from bottom to top.
•
Tower of babel is a famous ziggurat which is over 100m above ground and 91m base. 43
•
The Sumerians settlement is a closely packed neighbor hoods of houses.
•
Each house have rectangular rooms situated around an open central court.
•
The same house type is being used in present day in warm places.
•
Roofs are arched or vaulted and are made of mud or clay bricks.
•
Sumerians are credited to have invented the wheel.
•
They built settlements on top of another which led to the formations of tells.
•
Materials like brick, date calm, giant reed, terracotta, and bitumen.
39
38 Cones of tinted stone
Bitumen
Clay nails http://www.scribd.com/doc/41943641/Sumerians-Akkadians-Architecture-Power-Point
http://www.scribd.com/doc/41943641/Sumerians-Akkadians-Architecture-Power-Point
44
Tell be’er sheva in southern israel
•
Leader: Sargon the Great who united the lower Mesopotamia after conquering Sumerians in 2331 BC.
•
40
He reconstructed many Sumerian temples such as Tall Al-asmar.
•
Besides the reconstruction, Akkadians also built powerful fortresses like Tell Brak, Tall Birak .
•
It is said that the Akkadians temples and architecture is the influence for contemporary architecture and design of present world.
http://bit.ly/1vh2QS1
45
•
Babylonians leader king Hammurabi conquered Akkad and Assyria and re-united Mesopotamia.
•
The temples of Babylonians are massive and are made
of crude brick which are supported by buttresses that
41
carry the rain to drain. •
Example, drain made of lead at Ur.
•
Use of brick led to building columns and pilaster.
•
43 Materials like enameled tiles, color on walls, zinc or
gold plates, tiles, painted terra-cotta cones as torches
42
and plaster are used. •
Stones used in the construction are rare which made the constructions precious.
46 http://www.allpics4u.com/places/ancient-architecture-of-babylon-in-modern-iraq.html
44 •
Assyrian architecture is influenced by Babylonian architecture.
•
They used iron weapons, chariots and battering rams.
•
Palaces are made of stone and are placed on high platforms.
•
The city walls and gates protected the empire. http://bit.ly/1FJMVwJ
•
The internal chambers of the palaces are decorated with pictorial reliefs that are carved on stone slabs or Orthostats.
•
A gigantic open courtyard is around the palace and is accessible to public.
•
The throne room is accessible through triple doorways.
•
The outer entrance is decorated with array of sculptures.
•
Staircase that leads to flat roof and suite of living apartments is accessed through throne room.
47
Egypt
the land of the pharaohs
from 3000 BC to 700 BC
48
•
Ancient Egyptian architecture is about pyramids and pharaohs.
•
The construction of the these massive burial places for pharaohs and the families usually took 20,000 to 30,000 workers.
•
Transportation of materials is made by sled and heavy lifting of the blocks using ramps and pulleys.
•
Temples and tombs are also equal important in Egyptian architecture and are decorated with
hieroglyphics and carvings. •
The golden rectangle principle is used as base for th construction of the pyramids.
•
The golden rectangle ratio ratio of short side to long side is equal to ratio of long side to the sum of the two.
•
The value that satisfies the golden rectangle is 1:1.618 which is also called as golden proportion or golden mean which has been reused several times throughout the history.
49
•
The golden mean will help achieve the aesthetic and mystic significance to
45
the structures. •
The proportions that are used in the Egyptian architecture is more harmonious.
•
Lack of wood in the area, made them use the mud brick for houses and stone for more important structures.
•
Materials like sandstone, limestone and granite are used for temples and tombs.
•
Most of the ancient towns were lost as they situated in the flood regions of Nile valley.
•
Egyptian temples are expanded versions of Egyptian house plans which consist of a innermost chamber for god which in turn is surrounded by walled spaces, courtyards and gateways.
•
The mud brick material of the houses are replaced with polished stones.
http://bit.ly/1tIBRtd
50
• A typical stone column with the binding of cord below the capital was derived from
the mud columns which were strengthened with the use of bundled reeds. • Batter, inward slope of the walls is used to strengthen the mud construction which was also used in the stone construction.
• Roofs are made of flat stones, which is the reason why there are only narrow passages and small rooms. • If there is a need for large room then columns are placed in the room to support the
flat roof. • Spanning stones are used from one column to other which are called lintels. • Example: Hypostyle hall- large room filled with columns. 46
http://bit.ly/1vJMRvN
51
47
48
49
DIFFERENT COLUMN DESIGNS
TEMPLE OF RAMESSES II 52
• •
Materials used are sun baked bricks which rise 9 m high, painted patterns as decorations in brilliant colors.
•
Mastaba is the embryo for the evolution of a perfect pyramid.
•
Dissatisfied with the look of Mastaba, Egyptians started stacking the Mastaba
50
which led to the birth of steppe pyramid with five sloping setbacks. •
Several attempts were made to build a perfect geometric pyramid after the steppe pyramid.
•
Some of the prominent attempts include pyramid at medun, two pyramids built by Snefru at Dashur.
51
52
53
•
First attempt of building a pure pyramid was made by king Huni at Medun.
•
He constructed seven stepped pyramid with a square base and height of 90m.
•
Angle of inclination is 51 degrees.
•
Two attempts were made by pharaoh Snefru among which one is bent pyramid at Dashur which has a square base and at height of 102m.
•
Due to change of angle midway the pyramid got the name bent pyramid.
•
The other pyramid is the north pyramid in which he is buried.
•
The north pyramid has a low pitch of 43 deg. Instead of 52 deg which makes it look stunted because a true pyramid has an angle of 52 deg.
53
54
54
•
Ancient Egyptians focused more on geometric planning. For example, the pyramid of Giza which is placed in the north-south axial orientation with a great precision.
•
A true geometrical pyramid was achieved during the reign of Cheops, son of Snefru whcich is located at Giza called as the Great Pyramid of Giza.
• •
Two additional pyramids were built at Giza.
•
Among the three pyramids, the 2nd largest is in the centre which was built by Chefren, son of
Cheops. •
The third largest was built by Mykerinus, son of Chefren.
•
All the three pyramids are called as Pyramids of Giza.
56
55
55
57
58
GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA 56
59
57
• The use of color in the structures is very prominent as they used strong pigments. • Colors like red, yellow, blue, white, black and greens are used.
• Interior ceilings were painted strong blue representing night sky. • Floorings were green in color representing Nile. • A ceremonial throne from the tomb of Tutankhamen is made of ebony wood. On top of
it layers of gold and ivory are attached which are painted in panels and symbolic 60
images. • The box on the right hand side corner is made according to golden ratio. Materials used are ebony and ivory.
http://bit.ly/12rqyjv http://www.bu.edu/anep/EgCosmeticBox.gif
58
Ceremonial throne from the tomb of Tutankhamen
•
Egyptian furniture like chairs made of wood are well preserved in the tombs.
•
We can see the furniture used in those times on the wall paintings.
•
The picture on the left side is a wooden chair which is beautifully carved and crafted with stone tools.
•
A wide back and low seating indicate the cross legged seating posture.
•
The seat is usually made of woven leather or woven rush caning.
•
The legs of the chair usually have animal foot forms.
•
Wooden folding chairs which are in X form are made of great elegance and precision.
61
http://bit.ly/1tLqXCS
http://bit.ly/1HYvpJ3 http://bit.ly/1HYvpJ3
59
ANCIENT GREEK 350 BC to 1st centaury AD
60
62
61
•
The chronology of Greek art is:
1. Archaic period- 8th to 6th century BC 2. Classical period- 5th to 4th century BC 3. Hellenistic period-4th to 2nd century BC •
Archaic period is the formation time. Crete and Mycenae
civilizations existed in this period. Art in this period is abstract and expressive. •
Classical period is an art period at its peak and is also a
63
period of democracy. •
Hellenistic period is a transformation period as Alexander the Great started expansion of Greek culture.
62
•
Greek and roman art and architecture is called classical architecture.
•
Minoan and Mycenaean cultures are the first to settle in Aegean sea , Crete Island and on mainland of Greece
•
They constructed cities and towns each with a palace.
•
They used materials like mud brick and stone for the construction.
•
Their spaces are usually informal and colourful with wall paintings.
•
Then comes, Mycenae and Tiryns who settled on mainland of Greece.
•
They constructed defence towers, fortified walls, galleries and chambers.
64
65
http://bit.ly/1CFZbSQ
megaron at the palace of Knossos
Throne room at knossos
http://bit.ly/12vdOsa
63
•
Rough cut stones are used without any mortar for the construction of galleries and chambers.
•
The interiors include small round central hearth with four columns to support the wooden roof and raised throne which is at centre of one side wall.
•
Flooring was of decorated tiles and walls contain decorative patterns.
•
These civilizations destroyed by natural disasters around 1200 to 1000 B.C.E.
•
Dorian invaders started occupying from the north side of Greece which brought wooden buildings.
66
https://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH209images/Mycenaean/Mycenaean_megaron.jpg
Drawing of Megaron http://www.personal.kent.edu/~areischu/megaron.jpg
64
•
Construction of temples are inspired from the Aegean
67
Megaron. •
Columns are used in the space which are closely placed to support the gabled roofs.
•
Functions of these temples are minimal and its design and construction is limited with narrow range of
variations. TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE
•
Cella is the enclosed space of the temple which is usually dedicated to god or goddess.
•
68
Usually 6 to 8 pillars are used in the construction and this rhythmic style is followed for almost all
constructions.
PARTHENON
65
•
Greek architecture is all about proportions and measurements.
•
They believed that beauty can be achieved with proportion and measure which is the reason why they used golden proportion in their architecture.
•
Columns are the essential elements of the structures.
•
Building materials used were limestone and white marble walls.
•
Mortar was not used to fix stones.
•
Buildings are not of fixed measurements which is the reason why they used Greek orders.
•
Three orders of Greek are 1. Doric sharp edged shaft with simple capital and no decoration. 2.
Ionic blunt edged shaft and capital with volutes
3.
Corinthian high blunt edged shaft and capital decorated with acanthus leaves and small volutes. 66
69
67
The Parthenon
70
68
•
The Parthenon is the best example of Greek architecture perfection which was built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis.
• Greece architecture. •
The structure is made of Doric order and decorative sculptures which are considered to be
high points of Greek art. •
It is a symbol of ancient Greece and Athenian democracy.
71
69
•
The Temple of Poseidon is Paestum, Italy is a Doric temple with a roof and it looks down into the naos.
•
Balcony is supported by a tier of columns at the lower part.
72
http://bit.ly/1voR6gs
http://www.coellen-cork.com/images/02_poseidontempel.jpg
70
•
Greek architecture has a very big influence on western architecture and design.
•
The romans are heavily inspired and admired the Greek architecture.
•
Greek architecture also includes secular interiors. They emphasized on open interior spaces in most of their buildings.
•
The Greek theatre is open to sky and seats are arranged in semi circular fashion around the orchestra-stage.
•
It contains the following divisions: 1. Skene: performance place, circular 2. Orchestra: first line of seat for chorus
3. Seats: divided into areas for movement 4. Storage rooms: behind skene •
Greeks introduced the mosaic tile pattern.
73
71
•
Towns included the Agora, a central open square which served as market and public meeting place.
•
Greek houses include simple house grouping and an open court.
•
Furniture details can be understood by the paintings.
•
Klismos chair can be seen a lot in Greek paintings.
http://bit.ly/1CGBbis
75 74
76 Klismos chair
http://bit.ly/1zSc5XW
72 http://bit.ly/1vNjatR
•
Greeks are passionate towards perfect sculptures.
•
They are extremely proud of their bodies which is why all male Greek sculptures are naked.
•
Greek male sculptures are called Kouros and female sculptures are called Kori.
•
During archaic period, Greek sculptures are not perfect or proportionate and carry a stiff posture.
•
During classical period, perfection was achieved but the sculptures lacked emotions and the main focus was on proportions.
•
Kritos boy is the famous sculpture of this period.
•
More perfection was achieved in Hellenistic period.
•
Sculptures carried emotions, expressions and are bit exaggerated.
•
All the sculptures are of gods and goddesses with one leg forward and no support was provided as they cracked balance factor in making sculptures.
•
Goddess Nyre and Athena are famous sculptures of this time.
•
Greeks started making sculptures with impossible twists and rotations of bodies which are not possible in real life. Example discus sculpture.
•
Use of foliage-leaf motif started.
73
77
http://bit.ly/1FPSOss
http://bit.ly/1FSJfed http://slidesha.re/1FSJlCt
KOUROS
KORE
KRITIOS BOY
74
79 http://bit.ly/1yj7ex1
78
http://bit.ly/1yRLivI
DISCUS SCULPTURE
LAOCOON AND HIS SONS 75
ROMAN PERIOD 27 BC – 476 AD
76
•
The loosely connected Greek cities came into roman domination.
•
Ancient romans largely drew inspiration from Etruscan and Greek civilizations and expanded, elaborated and ornamented as they liked.
•
Romans modified the Greek orders and made Tuscan order and composite order.
80
http://bit.ly/1I4rKcG
77
•
Romans learned practical sense (functionalism) and military expansion(imperialism) from Italian origins, realistic sense and cult to ancestors from Etruscan and philosophy, literature and art from Greece.
•
They mastered organisation and technical skills.
•
Their engineering works include roads, bridges and aqueducts are striking.
•
They also created vast interior spaces with rich decorations.
•
and started using them in interiors and exteriors of their buildings and for bridges .
81 82
http://1.usa.gov/1yjmn1i
http://bit.ly/1yjqrDY
78
83 •
In interior spaces, the extension of an arch will form a vault.
•
Simple extended arch vault is called Barrel vault or a Tunnel vault rests on massive side walls to absorb its thrust.
•
More complex vault called groin
http://bit.ly/1pYni9J
vault which is generated by the
84
right angle intersection of two barrels. •
These require support on four corners as it exerts outward thrust.
•
Fan and rib vault are extensions to groin vault.
79
•
Romans also developed the concept of dome which is a kind of round vault which have a half or smaller segment of a sphere form.
•
A dome needs support around its perimeter.
•
arches, vaults and domes are constructed with a neat cut stone called Ashlar.
•
Apart from the stone, romans also used fire brick which is long lasting and strong and they are thin and flat squares.
•
Romans also developed concrete made
85
of cement or mortar with stones and water. •
Volcanic ash called pozzolana was
also used.
80
•
Colosseum is a famous amphitheatre built by romans in 72-80 C.E. which has tiers of seating facing stage. The structure is open to sky.
•
Arches and barrel vaults are ideas elements used in the construction of Colosseum.
•
Temporary roofing is provided through tents and awnings like coverings.
86
81
• Public baths is another service building developed by romans which consists of many enclosed spaces vary in size and shape.
• Heat was passed through the floor space and through flues in the walls. • With the flow of water they produced steam and heated air at different temperatures called Tepidarium (warm), Caldarium (hot), Laconicum(very hot).
• Areas for gymnasium and sports, public libraries are provided.
http://bit.ly/1wzhN3t
87
http://bit.ly/1w3Z40d
BATHS OF CARACALLA
82
•
Pantheon in Rome is a temple to all roman gods with an interior space containing a single round
•
The roof is a half spherical dome.
•
The entrance contains 8 Corinthian columns on the entrance portico.
88
http://bit.ly/15R3lc3
83
•
Basilica is a massive public assembly hall which reveals the scale and richness of romans.
•
Concrete vaults were used in the construction with high clerestory windows which brings in light and illuminate the rich décor of the interior. http://bit.ly/1vRGuXm
89
84
•
The house of vettii is a typical house used in
90
Pompeii residents.
•
Rooms of the house are arranged around the
http://bit.ly/12q6LA6
atrium and the exterior of the house was a simple blank wall with a door. •
Houses vary in size from small houses to big mansions according to the wealth of the family.
91
http://bit.ly/1yk6jBz
92
http://bbc.in/1yS5ihZ
85
93
86
94
87
95
http://slidesha.re/1s0eOKL
88
96
89
http://slidesha.re/1s0eOKL
97
90
98
http://bit.ly/1ymhrJ1 http://bit.ly/1tYnOjf
99
91
•
Roman sculptures are not about gods, like Greek sculptures.
•
Romans recognised the work of people in different areas like arts, literature, science.
•
Discovery of concrete also made things easier for romans.
•
Romans also made portrait sculptures. PORTRAIT OF A YOUNG FLAVIAN LADY
102
http://bit.ly/12rRgYr
http://bit.ly/1vnkkar
100
http://bit.ly/1tR3ZLI
PORTRAIT OF CARACALLA
101 MONUMENTAL HEAD OF CONSTANTINE 92
•
Romans used advanced technical knowledge in their designs and they are aesthetically impressive.
•
Often, their designs are over decorated and lacks subtlety.
•
Roman design and architecture had its influence in renaissance period and acted as a dominant theme for European architecture.
•
Roman empire got to an end by 400 C.E. and the empire split into western and eastern empires.
•
Each has its own capital and emperor, but the western empire collapsed completely due to the invaders from east called Vandals.
•
Christianity took major role and spread towards east to Constantinople (Istanbul) which
93
94
•
Eastern Rome converted into byzantine empire which was named after the founder
•
The empire is situated in between Europe and Asia which is a big centre for trade and commerce which gave the empire to expand.
•
It was also situated at the intersection of Mediterranean sea and black sea which is trade route.
•
Constantine established Christianity in the empire and started building churches. http://bit.ly/1ynsX6Z
103
95
•
Catacombs and underground passageways held earliest art forms of the period.
•
To accommodate the Christian worshippers, basilicas were built in the empire and the technical advances made it possible to build larger structures.
•
Christian churches were the retreats from the real world and into spiritual world.
•
The basilica was designed with a huge central aisle which is called as Nave and at the end there was an apse, a semi circular area.
•
Focus of this period is mainly on building churches through out the empire.
•
The builders adapted the Hellenistic and roman times buildings.
•
Their buildings are centralised plans which are usually in round, cruciform or in polygonal shape.
104
http://bit.ly/1wGyDxx
105
96
106 107
http://bit.ly/1ynsX6Z
http://bit.ly/1q2WvZQ
97
•
The architecture of byzantine represents a mix of oriental and classic roman architecture.
•
The decoration is influenced by Babylonian style and construction of dome is influenced from roman
108
architecture. •
Massive glass work decorations was done in interiors.
•
Hagia Sophia is the famous construction of byzantine empire.
•
It is a religious building(church) used for prayers with
openings in dome through which holy light comes in. •
http://bit.ly/1ynuvxL
There are some Islam markings inside the interiors of Hagia Sophia which makes it a mausoleum.
•
109
Under the rule of Justinian, the empire reached its peak as he was an autocratic ruler or single ruler with complete authority.
•
He introduced laws called Justinian laws that are still
implemented in the present world as international laws.
98
•
Hagia Sophia has spacious interiors with a well decorated cultural dome carried on pendentive.
•
the main dome is of size 102 feet in diameter and 184 feet in height and it carries a corona of 40 arched windows which sheds light into the building.
•
At the east end of the nave, there is a vaulted sanctuary apse and in the west side, there is a great narthex that opens into an atrium.
•
There are side aisles that carry massive vaults which are supported on green and white marble
columns on north and south sides. •
The surfaces in the interior are made with polycomarble and gold mosaic which are encrusted on brick core of the structure.
99
http://bit.ly/1z4g9pU
110
100
http://bit.ly/1z4g9pU
111
101
112
http://bit.ly/1z4g9pU
102
•
After the fall of roman authority in Europe by Visigoths in 476 C.E., A period of confusion and
•
Due to the absence of a central government, people used to fight for territories and destroyed architecture, heritage and burned major libraries.
•
There is no development in the architecture or literature in this period.
•
Gradually emerged a feudal system with which power was established by force and control of land and people came into existence.
•
People started living inside sturdy walls and under the protection of feudal lord.
•
This pattern was developed in the early middle ages which established the art, design and architecture into its place.
•
In this period, gothic architecture was developed which was focused on cathedrals with stained glass, gargoyles and buttresses.
•
Gothic period originated in France in 12th century and lasted ill 16th century.
103
RENAISSANCE PERIOD (15TH TO 16TH CENTURY)
104
• brought classical architecture of Greece and Rome into
113
the world which moved towards northern Europe. •
The main objectives of renaissance period is finding man and promote learning and humanism.
•
Humans were recognised as creative persons and art with man as a product or focus was appreciated.
•
For middle class people, trade has become an important
factor due to which they started earning more and spent money on decorating their homes. •
There was a huge change in culture and people also started decorating homes with sculptures.
•
Famous sculpture of this period is the veiled dancer by Walter C. Baker, 1971
105 http://bit.ly/1A26PB6
•
Major city centres and the rulers of the period are the following: 1. Venice byzantine origins and republic rule by oligarchy 2. Milan Visconti and Sforza families 3. Florence republic ruled by the Medici 4. Papal states ruled by the Pope 5. Kingdom of Naples king of Aragon
•
Different things in early renaissance period which can be seen in art and architecture are the following: 1. Realism 2. Perspective 3. Classical theme 4. Geometrical arrangement of figures 5. Light and shadowing
6. Softening of edges 7. Backgrounds 8. Artists commissioned their work
106
SAINT GEORGE
114
DAVID
MARY MAGDALENE
107
•
He founded the renaissance style which includes simples lines, substantial walls and structural elements can be seen.
•
Il Duomo
•
He used the same technique for building domes for other buildings.
) is his most recognized work.
115
108
http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
IL DUOMO (ROME)
116
ST. PETERS (LONDON)
US CAPITAL (FLOURENCE)
109 http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
117
Expulsion from heaven/paradise which shows realism and expression http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
110
•
In this painting he showed perspective as the size of people diminishes with distance.
•
Use of light, shadow adds drams.
http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
118 119
TRIBUTE MONEY
Perspective and geometry can be seen in this painting.
The Holy Trinity with the Virgin and St. John
111
120
121
http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
MEDICI VENUS
(1st
)
CENTURY AD
112
http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
122
BOTTICELLI- TEMPTATION 113
123
http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
114
•
Started in 15th century in Britain as it started to play a huge part.
•
In tis period, Christians were divided into two parts Catholics and protestants.
•
Catholics are original Christians and are not flexible in thinking but protestants believe in religion with democracy.
•
Huge fights between these two groups can be seen in this period which effected the art and architecture.
•
The interiors of the two groups in very different.
•
Elizabeth 1 ruled England which also started Elizabethan era.
•
Advancements in the new techniques like perspective can be seen in this period.
•
Artists of the late renaissance period are: 1. Michelangelo
2. Leonardo da vinci
115
124
116 http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
125
SKETCHES/ STUDY OF ANATOMY 126
DAVID
117
SISTINE CHAPEL
127
118
http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
128
119
129
http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
THE LAST SUPPER
120
http://bit.ly/1G1mAwi
130
MONA LISA
121
131
SELF PORTRAIT
ANATOMICAL SKETCHES
122
123
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
•
In the beginning of 17th century in Rome, baroque style originated which had a negative meaning and it is derived from baroque pearls that are unusual and in odd shapes.
•
Catholic popes started financing huge cathedrals and insisted on grand works which is the main reason for this style to originate.
•
When compared to the renaissance art, baroque art is over-dramatic and architecture is overdecorated.
•
All available space on the canvas or wall was filled with action, details and movements.
•
The art and architecture is very elaborate and dramatic actions like gestures, use of angles and crucial movements were included.
•
There were strong contrasts between light and dark.
•
Important baroque artists are the following are Caravaggio, Rubens, Velazquez
•
Baroque style spread from Italy to rest of Europe and Italian barque style is focused mainly on rationality and dynamism.
•
Important Italian baroque artists are Caravaggio, Bernini(sculptor) and Borromini(architect).
•
It spread to France in the time of Louis XIII and Louis XIV as they spent huge amounts of money to glorify their palaces. 124
•
Harsh light coming from one source which makes our eye to concentrate.
•
Saints look like ordinary people and miracles look like ordinary events.
•
Dynamic explosion of energy and images are captured at height of action.
•
Paintings with female nudes are very voluptuous.
•
Refinement is there but they looked real.
•
In landscape paintings, huge clouds were added.
125
132
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
Judith Beheading Holofernes c. 1598 Oil on canvas 126
133
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
Daniel in the Lion's Den c. 1615, Oil on canvas
127
134
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
The Maids of Honour (Las Meninas), c. 1656, oil on canvas
128
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
136
135
THE ECSTASY OF ST. THERESA 129
137
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
-57) 130
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_architecture.jpg
138
Faรงade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza
131
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
139
132
140
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
133
•
Completed more than 2,000 paintings.
•
His style in religious painting made him Europe's best religious painter.
141
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
The Lamentation (1609-11)
142
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
The Arrival of Marie de Medici 134 (1621-25)
•
Also called as late baroque style which started in western Europe in 18 th century.
•
Rococo means pebble or shell.
• •
Paintings portrayed the care-free life of aristocracy.
•
Love and romance are the common subject of this style and use of colors is playful and luxurious with delicate colors.
•
Appears in decorative art like furniture, porcelain and tapestries and architecture.
•
Some of the best known artists are Watteau, Fragonard, and Boucher.
•
Rococo style includes pastel colors, delicate curves, dainty figures, light hearted, sensual and erotic.
•
Rococo style includes more decorative and non-functional than baroque style. 135
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
143 Watteau, the embarkation for Cythera 1717, oil on canvas
144
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
Fragonard, The Swing 1767, Oil on Canvas 136
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
145
Boucher, The Toilet of Venus 1751, Oil on canvas
137
•
Undulating Forms
•
Complexity of Forms
•
Many Domes
•
Grandiose in Size
•
Ornate Interiors
146
138
147
139 http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
148
140 http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
149
141
150
142
http://bit.ly/1yyzorH
143
•
Romanticism is an artistic movement started in 1790s and reached its peak point in 1820s.
•
It replaced the calm and sense of purpose of neoclassicism period with drama, emotions and struggles.
•
New interests in travel and exotic lands fuelled the movement.
•
The movement happened mostly in northern Europe in Britain and Germany.
•
Romanticism is a reaction against the classicism.
•
The romantic hero of the time id Lord Byron who is popular among European reading public.
•
Youth started imitating his haughtiness and rebelling nature.
•
Followed by the Battle of Waterloo, 1815 in France, artists started painting
151
soldiers fleeing the battlefield, scenes of destruction, death and despair. •
Painters also chose to paint scandalous and tragic events from the news of the
day. •
Their paintings are very detailed and had graphic emotions.
•
Some of the known artists are Theodore Gericault and Eugene Delacroix. 144
The painting shows bold design, dramatic colour and evoke powerful emotion. http://bit.ly/1vzZZ6O
152
GERICAULT, RAFT OF THE MEDUSA 1819, OIL ON CANVAS145
Painting showing a landscape with a ruined abbey in the snow. http://bit.ly/1vzZZ6O
153
Friedrich, Cloister Cemetery in the Snow 1817-19 , Oil on canvas 146
Eugène Delacroix 154
http://bit.ly/1vzZZ6O
A story of the emperor Sardanapalus.
“DEATH OF SARDANAPALUS” 1827, OIL ON CANVAS
147
http://bit.ly/1wKWZpR
REALISM 1840s – 1860s
148
•
abstract. •
The goal of the style is to convey the common place in all its plainness rather than beauty.
•
There are other branches for realism which are social realism, magic realism and hyper realism.
•
In 1800s social and economic problems were bad as jobs are hard to find and the working conditions were poor for the people who got lucky to be employed.
• and the urban working class.
•
Artists learned new ways to handle brushes and paints and the invention of camera brought up many new possibilities for the artists as they can work from a photo.
•
Artists were also interested in painting landscapes in a realistic way, especially during different weather and times of the day.
•
Famous artists of realistic movement are the following: 1. Gustave Courbet 2. Honore Daumier 3. Jean-Francois Millet 4. Ilya Repin
149
http://bit.ly/1wKWZpR
155
Millet, The Gleaners 1857, oil on canvas 150
http://bit.ly/1wKWZpR
156
Courbet, The Painter's Studio; A Real Allegory 1855, Oil on canvas 151
http://bit.ly/1wKWZpR
157
“POTATO PLANTERS” BY JEAN FRANCOIS MILLET
152
153
•
Industrial means things to do with industry, manufacture and business.
•
Revolution means a big change in the way things are done.
•
Industrial Revolution means the change from handmade things to factory making things.
•
A period from 18th to 19th century where major changes and inventions changed the lifestyle of people.
•
Advancements in transport, technology, agriculture, manufacturing and mining had an effect on the socio-economic conditions of the time.
•
The industrial revolution began in United Kingdom and then spread to Europe, north America and eventually to entire world.
•
The living standards of normal people in the world began to grow and this kind of economic behaviour has never happened.
•
The mechanisation started with the textile industry and the development of iron making techniques had its effect.
•
Trade was expanded with the introduction to canals and improved railways and roadways.
•
The industrial revolution gave birth to modern art and architecture.
154
•
There are many small inventions happening around the world in this period, especially in the second half of the 18th century.
•
The three major sectors in which key inventions are made which made a huge impact on economy are the following: 1. 2. Steam power: steam engine by James Watt in 1775. 3. Iron making: coke applied to all stages of iron smelting which replaced coal
158
Spinning mule
159
Spinning jenny
155
160
A Watt steam engine
156
•
Architecture took a new turn with the introduction of metal framing.
•
Machine manufacturing played a major role in the architecture which continues till present day.
•
We can divide the industrial age into two periods: 1. The iron and steam phase (1750-1900) 2. The steel and electricity phase (1900- present)
•
In the iron and steam phase, iron frames are used in the construction and casting iron frame was introduced to masonry buildings.
•
Masonry walls eventually become just a skin over the iron skeleton of the columns and arches in buildings.
•
Iron bridges and iron-glass buildings like greenhouses, train stations, markets were constructed.
•
Industrial revolution also improved the transport, especially in Britain.
•
Networks like canal, waterway network, railway network and turnpike road network are established which made transfer of goods and communication made easier and faster.
•
But the industrial revolution also brought pollution, poverty into the world. 157
The iron and steam phase
The steel and electricity phase
Iron framed masonry buildings Iron and glass buildings Iron bridges Since iron is brittle, Should use arched construction alone.
Steel framing and reinforced concrete as structural materials in large scale architecture. As steel is stong, Possibility for post and beam construction
158
161
THE IRON AND STEAM PHASE
159
162
THE SEVERN BRIDGE
160
http://bit.ly/1s6W1gY
163
164
THE CRYTAL PALACE – IRON AND GLASS BUILDING
161
164
THE EIFFEL TOWER
162
165
166
THE HOME INSURANCE BUILDING - Iron and steel building first skyscraper with a height of 100’163
•
Modern architecture came out with the steel use and the father of the modern architecture is Sullivan and his famous work is the Wainwright building.
•
The 3 part interior plan is reflected in the exterior.
•
The brick pier indicates the column in the steel frame.
•
Exteriors feature stucco decoration.
167
164
1. Impressionism - 1860 - 1890, France 2. Post impressionism - 1886 - 1905, France 3. Art nouveau - 1890 - 1914, France 4. Expressionism - 1905 - 1930, Germany 5. Cubism - 1907 - 1914, France 6. Futurism - 1910 - 1930, Italy 7. Surrealism - 1920s, France 8. Pop art - mid-1950s, United Kingdom/United States 9. Minimalism - 1960 10. Op art - 1964
11. Postmodern art - 1970 - present 165
IMPRESSIONISM - 1860 - 1890, FRANCE
169
Goals:
- Movement capture - Not just subject.
168
Claude Monet - Water Lilies
Claude Monet - Soleil levant
166
POST-IMPRESSIONISM - 1886 - 1905, FRANCE -
Derived from Impressionism
-
Considered impressionism as too naturalistic.
-
Sought a means to explore emotion in paint.
171
170
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Art Institute of Chicago. 1895
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Le Jockey 1899.
167
173
172
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Jane Anril 1893.
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec La Toilette 1896. Oil on Cardboard.
168
VINCENT VAN GOGH
174
Van Gogh, The Potato Eaters, 1885.
Van Gogh Sunflowers, 1888.
169
176
175
Vincent Van Gogh, Starry Night Over the Rhone, 1888.
Vincent Van Gogh, The Night Cafe, 1888
170
ART NOUVEAU 1890 - 1914, France • on all new aesthetic, non-traditional ornamentation architecture. •
The style defined by organic, curved and asymmetrical lines which are inspired from natural forms.
177
171
•
He is the famous architect of the art Nouveau movement and his masterpieces include Sagrada Familia, a cathedral and Casa Mila in Barcelona.
178
172
EXPRESSIONISM - 1905 - 1930, GERMANY
179
Goals of Expressionism •
Capturing being alive
•
Expressing emotional experience
•
Expressionism in architecture, movies and dance.
The Scream Munch
173
180 http://bit.ly/1yI8qhk
181
Einsteinturm in Potsdam
Torres de SatĂŠlite seen from the Anillo PerifĂŠrico 174
CUBISM - 1907 - 1914, FRANCE 182
Le Corbusier, Assembly building, Chandigarh, India
http://bit.ly/1w65lqw
183
Le Corbusier, Centre Le Corbusier (Heidi Weber Museum) in ZurichSeefeld (Z端richhorn) 175
FUTURISM - 1910 - 1930, ITALY 184
Architect Antonio Sant'elia and his idea of modernity in the drawings for la cittĂ nuova (the new city) (1912 1914)
BY ANTONIO SANT'ELIA
176
SURREALISM - 1920S, FRANCE •
A cultural movement
•
Goal is to resolve the previous
http://bit.ly/1yIcwX0
185
contradicting conditions of dreams and reality.
186
Giorgio de Chirico's The Red Tower (La Tour Rouge) (1913), Guggenheim Museum
Cover of the first issue of La Révolution surréaliste,
December 1924.
177
POP ART - MID-1950S •
Started in United Kingdom and United States
•
Direct rebeliation against abstract art, impressionism and cubism.
•
Artists started experimenting fine arts with different mediums.
•
Boundaries of art are expanding.
•
Pop art is called commercial art.
•
Reasons1. Consumerism started incresing by the end of WWII. 2. Advertising became a new topic of interst for artists. 3. Markets started flooding with new products.
•
One of the famous pop art painting is of Marlin Monroe.
•
Philosophy of pop art: anything and everything that exists can be the subject of art.
•
Artists started exhibiting their work in uk as IG (independent group).
•
US pop art is more dramatic, humouruos and comic art where as UK pop art is more sattire, included element of irony. 178
187
Andy Warhol, Campbell's Tomato Juice Box,
1964, Synthetic polymer paint and silkscreen ink on wood, 10 inches × 19 inches × 9½ inches (25.4 × 48.3 × 24.1 cm), Museum of Modern Art, New York City
188
Richard Hamilton's collage Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing? (1956) is one of the earliest works to be considered "pop art".
179
189
Eduardo Paolozzi. I was a Rich Man's Plaything (1947) is considered the initial standard bearer of
"pop art" and first to display the word "pop". Paolozzi showed the collage in 1952 as part of his groundbreaking Bunk! series presentation at the initial Independent Group meeting in London.
190
Roy Lichtenstein's Drowning Girl (1963) on display at the Museum of Modern Art, New York
180
MINIMALISM - 1960 •
Minimalist architecture came into
191
popularity from 1980s. •
In London and new york.
•
Goal is to achieve simplicity through
http://bit.ly/1ywo23E
white elements, large spaces with minimum objects, cold lighting. •
It simplifies the living space which reveals the quality of building and conveys simple attitude towards life.
•
Highly inspired from Japanese
traditional design and Zen Philosophy.
The reconstruction of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's German Pavilion in Barcelona 181
OP ART - 1964 http://bit.ly/1ywpD9Q
192 •
Op art is optical art which creates illusions like depth, perception and movement.
• • •
Color op art came in later Jesús Soto, Caracas
193
194
An optical illusion by the Hungarianborn artist Victor Vasarely in Pécs.
Movement in Squares, by Bridget Riley 1961
182
POSTMODERN ART - 1970 - PRESENT 195
•
Began as an international style
•
Offered a blend of pre modern elements and to move away from rectilinear designs.
•
Journey towards eclectic styles.
•
A revival of traditional design in commercial and institutional architectures.
196
The Sony Building (formerly
Petronas Towers in Kuala
AT&T building) in New York City,
Lumpur, Malaysia, by César
1984, by Philip Johnson,
Pelli, completed 1999
183
184
•
Art deco is against the traditional decoration and is in favour of plain geometric forms.
•
Art deco works for heavy and contrived.
•
Distinctive features of art deco architecture is 1. setbacks (inward steps) 2. Narrow strips of windows with strips of concrete or masonry in between. 3. Heavy construction feel to the building.
•
Example is the GE building in New York, The Chrysler building and the empire state building.
185
The Chrisler
http://bit.ly/1AGx8Om
GE Building
186
http://bit.ly/1AGx8Om
187
188
•
Indian architecture dates back to thousands of years and is influenced by different religions and cultures.
•
It progressed with time and was influenced by many cultures and religions.
•
Modern values have been incorporated into Indian architecture.
•
Indian architecture is famous for temples like Khajuraho, forts like red fort and monuments like Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar.
•
Vastu Shasta is am important factor in Indian architecture.
•
Ancient Indian architecture used stone and wood as their main elements of construction.
•
There are 26 UNESCO world heritage sites in India.
•
Different influences of Indian architecture are 1.
Indus Valley Civilization (2700 BC-1700BC)
2. Post Maha Janapadas period (1500 BC 3. High Middle Ages (200 AD
1200 AD)
4. Late Middle Ages (1100 AD
1526 AD)
200 AD)
5. Islamic influence and Mughal Era (1526 AD-1857 AD)
6. Colonial Era (1500 AD
1947 AD)
7. Republic of India (1947 AD
present)
189
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (2700 BC-1700BC) •
Indus valley civilization provides essential evidence of extensive town planning used in 2700 B.C.
•
It was a bronze age civilization which was located in north-west region of India flourishing around the Indus river basin, thus the name.
•
Geographically the civilization flourished on 1,260,000 sq. kms, which makes it the largest ancient civilization in the world.
• •
They developed new techniques in metallurgy, handcrafts, production of copper, lead, tin and bronze.
•
The city is built with the use of bricks, drainage systems along the roadside, multi-storey houses with advanced baths and toilets.
•
The more advanced phase of the civilization is Harappa civilization which is the first city to be unearthed and excavated in 1920s.
•
Among all the settlements of Indus valley civilization, major centers are the following:
Harappa, lothal, mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi and Kalibanga
190
191
2 storey houses
Drainage system http://bit.ly/12l2tue
Lothal baths
Lothal well 192
POST MAHA JANAPADAS PERIOD (1500 BC—200 AD) •
Indian architecture was influenced by Buddhism, religion founded by Buddha.
•
Buddhist stupa, dome shaped monument associated with storing scared relics.
•
This architecture can be found in southeast and east Asia.
•
During Maurya empire (c. 321 185 BC), fortified cities with stupas, temples and Viras were constructed.
•
Constructions are made with wood, brick and rock cuts build on circular, quadrilateral or elliptical plans.
•
Constructions like Rock cur step-wells in India which date back to 200-400 A.D, wells at Dhank (550-625 A.D)
•
Cave temples were prominent feature of Buddhism influenced Indian architecture which can be seen in western India which incorporated various features.
•
They are the influence for cave architecture like Ajanta and Ellora.
•
Walled cities with large gates and multi storeyed buildings are important construction in this period. 193
•
Ashoka, Indian emperor who ruled from 273-232 B.C. constructed hospitals throughout the Mauryan empire.
•
Buddhist architecture can be compared with roman and Hellenistic architecture. http://bit.ly/12l1SZs
Sanchi Stupa
194
http://bit.ly/1wa1BTJ
AJANTA CAVES 195
HIGH MIDDLE AGES (200 AD—1200 AD) •
By the 7th century AD, universities started flourishing in south Indian places like Nalanda and Valabhi and the architecture of this period is distinct.
•
South Indian temple architecture contains a square-chambered sanctuary which is topped by a tore, spore or superstructure and an attached pillared hall or mandapa.
•
The external part of the temple is segmented by pilasters and are defined by sculptures.
•
The tower above the sanctuary consists an arrangement of gradually receding stories and this type of pyramidal shape pattern is called Kutina type.
•
Each storey is decorated with parapet of miniature shrines, sculptures.
•
The tower is topped with a dome shaped cupola and a crowing pot.
196
Konark Sun Temple, Orissa (2014)
The temple complex at Khajuraho adhering to the shikhara temple style architecture (2014) 197
LATE MIDDLE AGES (1100 AD—1526 AD) •
The well known architecture of this period is the Vijayanagara architecture.
•
The Vijayanagara architecture has a political authority as the main element which resulted in the creation of a very different style that featured prominently in temples, administrative structures across the Deccan.
•
Chalukya, Chola, Hoysala and Pandya styles. http://bit.ly/1GgZbVQ
An open mantapa with yali columns at the Vittala temple in Hampi (2014)
A typical Vijayanagara style pillared maha mantapa (main hall) at Someshvara temple at Kolar (2014) 198
ISLAMIC INFLUENCE AND MUGHAL ERA (1526 AD-1857 AD) •
Sandstone and marble are the materials used in the Islamic architecture.
•
The famous architecture example of Islamic influence is the RED FORT OF AGRA (156574) and the walled city of FATEHPUR SIKRI (1569-74).
•
Taj Mahal is anther great example of Mughal tombs which was built by Shah Jahan for Queen Mumtaz Mahal.
•
Taj mahal employs double dome, recessed archway, white marble, parks and stress on symmetry.
•
The architecture during the Mughal period is a blend of Indian and Iranian styles.
199
http://bit.ly/UpxIAd
Taj mahal, agra (2014)
Qutub minar, delhi (2014)
200
COLONIAL ERA (1500 AD—1947 AD) •
India was invaded by British, French, Dutch and Portuguese which had a huge impact on the architectural style of India.
1. British Colonial Era: 1615 to 1947 2. French: 1673 to 1954 3. Dutch: 1605 to 1825 4. Portuguese: 1498 to 1961
201
•
With the arrival of British people in 1615 overthrew the Mughal rule in India and their legacy continued for 300 hundred years.
•
Major cities influenced by the British colonial rule are Madras, Calcutta, Delhi, Agra, Nagpur, Bombay, Hyderabad and Bhopal.
•
Many garden houses were developed by the British.
•
The victoria memorial in Calcutta is the symbol of British architecture in India. http://bit.ly/1wwzBNs
Victoria memorial in Calcutta (2014)
202
FRENCH1673 -1954 •
French colonization is mainly focused in Pondicherry, Tamilnadu which transformed the place into a flourishing port-town.
•
French grid pattern and French quarters were used to plan the town which also included Indian quarter and French villas.
•
Their colonies can also be seen in Yanam, Andhra Pradesh.
French quarters, Pondicherry (2014)
203
•
Indian architecture varies from region to region and depends hugely on the culture, background and various other factors.
•
Recently, Indian architecture is modernised and urbanised.
•
Indian village architecture features houses with courtyards, traaces, balconies and loggias.
204
LIMITATIONS
In general, lack of more books on certain periods is the major limitation for my report making. Other limitation is covering number of topics in very limited time. Since this report is more towards visuals, referencing each
image is a big task to be covered in limited time.
But I enjoyed making the report as my interests lie in archaeology and
history.
205
CONCLUSION
By the end of this report, I gathered information related to different architectural styles, concepts and arts of different periods throughout history. This information can further be used in different future projects to make outstanding designs. I can now relate different paintings
and styles to different periods which will help in styling a space in a different way.
206
BIBILOGRAPHY • •
• • • • •
John Pile and Judith Gura, 4th edition (2013) A history of interior design. London: Laurence King Publishing. Surabhi527 (2014) history of architecture. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/surabhi527/paleolithic-architecture [accessed 08 October 2014]. Adrienne Chong (2014) Mesopotamia: The Cradle of Civilization at: http://dforsyth.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/6/4/3864492/mesopotamia_pp.ppt [accessed 08 October 2014]. Bonsal (2014) The Byzantine Empire 330 a.d. 1453 a.d. Available at: http://www.wsfcs.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01001395/Centricity/Domain/1559/byzantine.ppt [accessed 05 December 2014] Kvolkman (2013) The Renaissance. Available at: http://academics.triton.edu/faculty/fheitzman/06%20Renaissance%20in%20Italy.ppt [accessed 10 October 2014]. Puala Lemke ( 2006) Baroque Rococo Neoclassicism Romanticism Realism. Available at: http://amorib1.wikispaces.com/file/view/Baroque,+Rococo,+Neoclassicism,+Romanticism, +Realism%5B1%5D.ppt [accessed 06 December 2014]. Master (2006) Modern Architecture. Available at: http://112.196.5.130/edusat/poly/aa/sem%204/FINAL%20modern%20archEDUSAT.ppt [ Accessed 13 November 2014].
207