ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am thankful to our honorable dean Prof.A. Mohammed Haris for his continues support and encouragement, which was vital for the progress and successful completion of the thesis. I am also thankful to the director of the campus Mr. S.M. Hamid ali, the head of the department, Prof. T. Sathish Kumar and the principal, Prof. H. Mohammed Idris for their guidance throughout the project.
I am equally thankful to the EXTERNAL GUIDE (Ar. Ramji), INTERNAL GUIDE (Ar. Sheeba, Associate Professor) PANNEL GUIDE (Ar. Sindhu Mohan Assistant Professor) and other panel staff members for their timely discussion encouragement, unconditional guidance, support and sincere advice throughout the course of my project.
My heartfelt thanks to all the people who have helped me throughout the case studies for the project with relevant information and assistance.
Finally, Iwant t to express mysincere gratitude to myparents familymembers friends , seniors an juniors who stood beside me as pillars of support throughout the thesis and providing their continues motivating
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DIVYA SP
I TABLE OF CONTENT BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE DECLARATION ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATIONS GLOSSARY 1.SYNOPSIS AND METHODOLOGY................................................1 1.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 1 1.2 SYNOPSIS 1 1.2.1 AIM.......................................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................ 2 1.2.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT 2 1.2.4 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT ......................................................... 3 1.2.5 METHODOLOGY 3 2.LITERATURE STUDY.......................................................................4 2.1 WHAT IS SPORTS ?.................................................................................... 4 2.2 HISTORY OF SPORTS IN INDIA 4 2.3 INDIANS IN OLYMPICS............................................................................ 5 2.3.1 WHAT IS OLYMPICS?.......................................................................... 5 2.3.2 OLYMPICS IN INDIA 6 2.3.3 OUTCOMES OF ORGANISING OLYMPICS IN INDIA..................... 7 2.3.4 CONS OF INDIA HOSTING OLYMPICS............................................. 8 2.3.5 CHANCES OF OLYMPICS IN INDIA 8 2.4 NEED IDENTIFICATION........................................................................... 9 2.5 SPORTS IN INDIA ....................................................................................10
I 2.5.1 SPORTS INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA 10 2.5.2 SPORTS IN SOUTH OF INDIA 11 2.6 REGIONAL SPORTS IN TAMILNADU..................................................11 2.6.1 KABADDI............................................................................................. 11 2.6.2 KHO-KHO............................................................................................. 12 2.6.3 SILABATTAM, 12 2.6.4 KARATE, 12 2.7 SPORTS CITY 12 2.7.1 TYPES OF SPORTS CITY ...................................................................13 2.7.2 ASPECTS NECESSARY IN SPORTS CITY 13 2.7.3 LIST OF SPORTS IN SPORTS CITY 17 2.7.4 LIST OF SPORTS IN STADIUM 18 2.7.5 LIST OF SPORTS IN TRAINING CENTER 22 2.8 STADIUM ..................................................................................................31 2.8.1 HISTORY OF STADIUM.....................................................................31 2.8.2 WHY DO WE NEED STADIUM 32 2.8.3 BENEFITS OF MULTI PURPOSE STADIUM 32 2.8.4 RETRACTBALE ROOF SYSTEM 32 2.9 FOOTBALL, ATHELETIC STADIUM STANDARDS............................ 34 2.9.1 ORIENTATION.....................................................................................34 2.9.2 MASTERPLANNING...........................................................................34 2.9.3 EXTERNAL PLANNING 36 2.9.4 ACTIVITY AREA 41 2.9.5 CROWD CONTROL.............................................................................45 2.9.6 PROVIDING FOR DISABLED PEOPLE ............................................46 2.9.7 SPECTATOR VIEWING AREA .......................................................... 49 2.9.8 SPECTATOR SEATING 51 2.9.9 SPECTATOR CONCESSION 53 2.9.10 PRIVATE VIEWING AND FACILITIES 55
I 2.9.11 PLAYERS AND MATCH OFFICIALS 56 2.9.12 MEDIA.................................................................................................57 2.9.13 RULES AND REGULATIONS .......................................................... 59 2.10 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE.............................................................. 60 2.10.1 FIRE AND SAFETY STANDARDS 60 2.10.2 WATER SUPPLY STANDARDS 61 2.10.3 DRAINAGE STANDARDS................................................................ 62 2.10.4 SANITATION STANDARDS ............................................................ 62 2.11 ROOFING STRUCTURE COMPARISION STUDY ............................. 63 3. CASE STUDY....................................................................................67 3.1 NET CASE STUDY .................................................................................68 3.1.1 BEIJING NATIONAL STADIUM........................................................68 3.1.2 VELDROME STADIUM 83 3.2 LIVE CASE STUDY 87 3.2.1 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU STADIUM 87 3.2.2 SDAT AQUATIC CENTER VELACHERY ........................................99 4. SITE SELECTION CRITERIA....................................................104 4.1 SITE OPTIONS 104 4.2 SELECTED SITE ...................................................................................106 5. SITE ANALYSIS ............................................................................106 5.1 LOCATION 106 5.2 TRANSPORTATION ...............................................................................108 5.3 OTHER CRITERIA TO THE SITE .......................................................... 109 5.4 TYPE OF SOIL 112 5.5 SURFACE WATER AND GROUND WATER 112 5.6 OTHER CRITERIA TO THE SITE 112 5.7 RAINFALL OF THE DISTRICT AND CLIMATIC CONDITION.........112 5.8 TYPE OF CLIMATE.................................................................................113 5.9 WATER TABLE LEVEL..........................................................................113
I 5.10 SITE ANALYSIS COMPARITIVE STUDY 114 6. AREA STATEMENT.....................................................................116 7. CONCEPT AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT.............................116 7.1 INITIAL DESIGN DEVELOPMENT........................................................ 126 7.2 FINAL DESIGN SKETCHES....................................................................127 LIST OF DRAWINGS REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure 2.1 silhouette of different sports....................................................................... 4 Figure 2.2 Indian cricket team 1948 ............................................................................ 5 Figure 2.3 Olympic symbol ......................................................................................... 6 Figure 2.4 pre-independence hockey 6 Figure 2.5 post – independence hockey 6 Figure 2.6 bar graph of athlete’s participation in events.............................................. 8 Figure 2.7 India’s tally at Olympics............................................................................. 9 Figure 2.8 India’s participation in Olympics ............................................................... 9 Figure 2.9 proposal for sports city 11 Figure 2.10 stadium in south India 11 Figure 2.11 sports industry pie chart..........................................................................15 Figure 2.12 newspaper article on silambattam,.......................................................... 16 Figure 2.13 flow chart – list of sports .......................................................................17 Figure 2.14 athletic track – 400m 18 Figure 2.15 track details 19 Figure 2.16 footbball field dimensions......................................................................21 Figure 2.17 news article on fencing...........................................................................22 Figure 2.18 fencing court dimensions plan................................................................ 22 Figure 2.19 fencing court- section 22 Figure 2.20 times of india article 23 Figure 2.21 judo court dimensions – plan 23 Figure 2.22 judo court dimensions section ................................................................ 23 Figure 2.23 state – level taekwondo championship players.......................................24 Figure 2.24 taekwondo court dimensions 24 Figure 2.25 taekwondo court dimensions plan 24 Figure 2.26 handball court dimensions- plan ............................................................ 25 Figure 2.27 court dimensions.....................................................................................25 Figure 2.28 archery court dimensions........................................................................26
I Figure 2.29 judo court dimensions section 27 Figure 2.30 equestrian field plan ...............................................................................27 Figure 2.31 billiards dimension plan..........................................................................28 Figure 2.32 kho kho dimension plan..........................................................................28 Figure 2.33 kabaddi dimensions plan 29 Figure 2.34 silambattam dimension plan 29 Figure 2.35 karate dimension plan.............................................................................30 Figure 2.36 karate court section.................................................................................30 Figure 2.37 colosseum in Rome.................................................................................31 Figure 2.38 orientation of the stadium 34 Figure 2.39 zoning diagram 34 Figure 2.40 zoning safety zones.................................................................................35 Figure 2.41 zoning safe zones....................................................................................35 Figure 2.42 parking aisle dimensions .......................................................................38 Figure 2.43 parking dimensions 39 Figure 2.44 parking dimensions single lane – multi lane 39 Figure 2.45 ramp dimensions ....................................................................................39 Figure 2.46 parking head room clearance..................................................................40 Figure 2.47 parking divider dimensions.....................................................................40 Figure 2.48 parking divider dimension 2 40 Figure 2.49 field of play perimeter dimensions 41 Figure 2.50 technical area lines marking and dimensions.........................................41 Figure 2.51 pitch perimeter fence dimensions........................................................... 42 Figure 2.52 goal post dimensions ..............................................................................42 Figure 2.53 auxiliary area 43 Figure 2.54 goal post and cross bar cross section 43 Figure 2.55 technical area.......................................................................................... 44 Figure 2.56 goal post and cross bar cross section......................................................44 Figure 2.57 perimeter fence .......................................................................................45
I Figure 2.58 half way moat shallow moat 45 Figure 2.59 provision for disabled people.................................................................46 Figure 2.60 flexible viewing area...............................................................................48 Figure 2.61 side elevation of toilet.............................................................................49 Figure 2.62 spectator viewing angle 49 Figure 2.63 section 50 Figure 2.64 sightline viewpoint .................................................................................51 Figure 2.65 typical seat.............................................................................................. 51 Figure 2.66 with arms ................................................................................................ 51 Figure 2.67 bench tractor seats 52 Figure 2.68 seating section 52 Figure 2.69 seating dimensions plan..........................................................................52 Figure 2.70 concession spectators..............................................................................53 Figure 2.71 male toilets - spectators ..........................................................................53 Figure 2.72 female toilets - spectators 53 Figure 2.73 vip/vvip private viewing lounge 55 Figure 2.74 team area.................................................................................................56 Figure 2.75 team dressing room.................................................................................56 Figure 2.76 referees dressing room............................................................................56 Figure 2.77 doping control room 57 Figure 2.78 players medical room 57 Figure 2.79 media tribune ......................................................................................... 58 Figure 2.80 stadium media centre .............................................................................58 Figure 2.81 press conference room ...........................................................................58 Figure 2.82 fire resistance norms 60 Figure 2.83 water requirement standards 61 Figure 2.84 sanitation standards ................................................................................62 Figure 2.85 drainage standards .................................................................................62 Figure 2.86 types of roof truss ..................................................................................63
I Figure 2.87 long span structures 63 Figure 2.88 long span beams .....................................................................................64 Figure 2.89 long span truss .......................................................................................64 Figure 2.90 folded plates and space truss ..................................................................65 Figure 2.91 case study – yokohama port terminal 65 Figure 2.92 case study – space frame 66 Figure 2.93 case study – cable truss ..........................................................................66 Figure 3.1 beijing stadium - china ............................................................................67 Figure 3.2 veldrome stadium - uk .............................................................................67 Figure 3.3 nehru stadium chennai 67 Figure 3.4 sdat velchery 67 Figure 3.5 Sheet 1 - Beijing stadium - introduction ....................................................68 Figure 3.6 Sheet 1 - Sheet 2 - Neighbourhood, approach to the site ............................ 69 Figure 3.7 Sheet 1 - Sheet 3 - Analysis of design ........................................................70 Figure 3.8 Sheet 1 - Sheet 4 - Physical characteristics 71 Figure 3.9 Sheet 1 - Sheet 5 - Planning and circulation 72 Figure 3.10 Sheet 1 - Sheet 6 - Planning and circulation -2 .........................................73 Figure 3.11 Sheet 1 - Sheet 7 - Planning and circulation -3 .........................................74 Figure 3.12 Sheet 1 - Sheet 8 - Planning and circulation -4 .........................................75 Figure 3.13 Sheet 1 - Sheet 9 - Planning and circulation -5 76 Figure 3.14 Sheet 1 - Sheet 10 - Planning and circulation -6 77 Figure 3.15 Sheet 1 - Sheet 11 – stadium geometry ....................................................78 Figure 3.16 Sheet 1 - Sheet 12 – stadium geometry -2 ................................................79 Figure 3.17 Sheet 1 - Sheet 13 – stadium geometry -3 ................................................80 Figure 3.18 Sheet 1 - Sheet 14 – stadium geometry -4 81 Figure 3.19 Sheet 1 - Sheet 15– stadium geometry -5 82 Figure 3.20 Sheet 1 - Sheet 1 - Introduction ............................................................. 83 Figure 3.21 Sheet 1 - Sheet 2 – Stadium design ........................................................84 Figure 3.22 Sheet 1 - Sheet 3 – Stadium design - 2 ...................................................85
I Figure 3.23 Sheet 1 - Sheet 4 – Roof system 86 Figure 3.24 Sheet 1 - Sheet 1 – Introduction ............................................................ 87 Figure 3.25 Sheet 1 - Sheet 2 – neighbourhood ........................................................88 Figure 3.26 Sheet 1 - Sheet 2 – Physical characteristics ...........................................89 Figure 3.27 Sheet 1 - Sheet 3 – Access - 1 90 Figure 3.28 Sheet 1 - Sheet 4 – Access - 2 91 Figure 3.29 Sheet 1 - Sheet 5 – Access - 3 .................................................................92 Figure 3.30 Sheet 1 - Sheet 6 – Access - 4 .................................................................93 Figure 3.31 Sheet 1 - Sheet 7 – Access - 5 .................................................................94 Figure 3.32 Sheet 1 - Sheet 8 – public facilities 95 Figure 3.33 Sheet 1 Sheet 9 – Seating arrangement 3 96 Figure 3.34 Sheet 1 - Sheet 10 – Service core and column .......................................97 Figure 3.35 Sheet 1 - Sheet 11 - Section ....................................................................98 Figure 3.36 Sheet 1 - Sheet 1 - Introduction ............................................................. 99 Figure 3.37 Sheet 1 - Sheet 2 – Master Plan 100 Figure 3.38 Sheet 1 - Sheet 3 – Master Plan -2 101 Figure 3.39 Sheet 1 - Sheet 4 – Other pools ............................................................ 102 Figure 3.40 Sheet 1 Sheet 5 – Other Facilities ........................................................ 103 Figure 5.1 Sheet 1 Location of the city in state or region ........................................104 Figure 5.2 Location of the neighbourhood in the city 105 Figure 5.3 Distances and travel times between site and related locations 106 Figure 5.4 Distances and travel times between site and related locations - 2 .........107 Figure 5.5 Location of site in neighbourhood ........................................................ 108 Figure 5.8 Pedestrian and vehicular traffic generations ..........................................109 Figure 5.9 Other criteria’s - 1 110 Figure 5.10 Other criteria’s - 2 111 Figure 5.11 Other criteria’s - 3 ................................................................................112 Figure 5.12 Sketch showing wind direction ............................................................ 113 Figure 7.1 Concept sketches ...................................................................................114
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATIONS
AHU - Air Handling Unit
BMS - Building Management System
ETFE – Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene
FIFA – International Federation of Association Football
IOA – Indian Olympic Association
IOC – International Olympic Committee
NBC – National Building Code
PTFE – Polytetrafluoroethylene
PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride
SDAT – Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu
SMC – Stadium Media Centre
TNDCR – Tamilnadu Development Control Rules
VIP – Very Important Person
VVIP - Very Very Important person
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114
Figure 7.2 Concept sketches - 2
115
Figure 7.3 Roof design sketches -1 .........................................................................
GLOSSARY:
Aisle - An aisle is a space for walking with rows of non-walking spaces on both sides. Aisle with seating on both sides can be seen in theatres, courtrooms, and stadium.
Arena – An arena is a large enclosed platform, often circular or oval shaped. Designed to showcase theatre, musical performance, or sporting events. It is composed of a large open space surrounded on most of all sides by tiered seating for spectators, and may be covered by a roof.
Artificial Turf – It is a surface of synthetic fibers made to look like natural grass. It is most often used in arenas for sports that were originally or are normally played on grass.
Athletics – Athletics is a term encompassing the human competitive sports and games requiring physical skill, and systems of training that prepare athletes for competition performance.
Auxiliary area - floor area which supports more than one workspace, such as meeting rooms or utility area for two or more business units, but is not shared by the whole organization.
Ball kids – In football, a ball boy or ball girl refers to children, male or female, that is stationed near the edge of the field.
Barriers – it is a strong fence that is used to divide a large crowd. For eg – At a sports game, to stop them from being pressed too close together.
Bleachers – it is a sloping area of seats at a sports filed that are not covered and are therefore not expensive to sit in.
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BMS room - A building management system (BMS) is a control system that can be used to monitor and manage the mechanical, electrical and electromechanical services in a facility. Such services can include power, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and physical access control, pumping stations, elevators and lights.
Broadcast – broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communication medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum, in a one-to-many model.
Catering – It is a activity of providing food and drink for a large number of people.
Commentary position control room - A control room or operations center or operations control center is a room serving as a central space where a large physical facility or physically dispersed service can be monitored and controlled.
Concert - A concert is a performance by musicians or singers for an audience.
Concessions - a concession stand or snack kiosk or snack bar is a place where patrons can purchase snacks or food at a cinema, stadium or other entertainment venue.
Concourse – a large space or room in a public building such as a station or airport that people meet in or pass through.
Deluxe room – The deluxe hotel room includes several room, usually a living room and a bedroom.
Doping control room - Doping control is specific to the athletic industry and refers to a process conducted by a doping control officer (DCO), or a witness chaperone, who selects an athlete to submit to a drug screening while in-or-out of competition.
Dressing room – A room at a sports stadium where players can change and get ready for their game
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E-panel room - A room or space in a building dedicated to electrical lines in the building.
Executive room – The executive rooms offer spacious accommodation and extra comfort.
Exhibition area – A public display of works of art of items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum.
Field of play - A part of a field that is officially marked as the place where the action of a game happens.
Flood light - A large powerful light, typically one of several used to illuminate a sports ground, a stage, or the exterior of the building.
Football - Any of various forms of team game involving kicking a ball, in particular.
Gangway - A raised platform or walkway providing a passage.
Goal – A pair of posts liked by a crossbar and typically with a net between, forming a space into or which the ball has to be sent in order to score.
Hospitality – extending a welcome to travelers or offering a home away from home.
Host city – the city in which the championships take place.
Infotainment desk – A type of media that tries to combine educational or useful information.
Khelo India – national programme for development of sports.
Kit’s manager room – position within the sports club and its responsibility include taking care of player’s equipment.
Loc office - office of the department of human services.
Marketing office – Office for the marketing team.
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Mascot dressing room – used to represent a group with common public identity.
Masseur – a person who performs massage professionally.
Match coordinator room – a person who manages the slots for the match.
Mechanical room – mechanical room or boiler room space in a building dedicated to the mechanical equipment and electrical equipment.
Media – means of mass communication.
Media tribune – Section of the stands in any stadium which is designated by FIFA for exclusive use by the media representatives to report on a match.
Merchandise - goods to be bought and sold.
Mixed zone – It is an area of a stadium in which reporters and athletes can directly after a game or an event come together to ask questions and short interviews to give.
Moat – a method of gaining access to the pitch for service vehicles must be found by either a bridge, ramp or adjustable platform.
Olympics – It is a major international multisport event held once every four years.
Opposition analyst - the opposition analyst would focus on dissecting each opponent, providing specific insight to every match day. Once the game is completed, a performance analyst would review the game and pick out key moments that link to the game plan & the teams over riding strategy.
Physiotherapy room – The room where a physiotherapist practitioner assess, diagnose and treat an individual.
Pitch - The playing surface for the game of association football.
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Players - A person who plays a game.
Pre- mixed - place where the interviewers wait for the players to interview in the press conference room.
Presidential suit – the most luxurious accommodations offered by hotels.
Press - people who work for newspapers magazine.
Regional sports - the games that originated in ancient India or games played during old times.
Score board - A large board on which the score in a game or match is displayed.
Sightlines - A line extending from an observer’s eye to a viewed object or area.
Sound control rooms – The area inside a recording studio designated to facilitate the mixing of audio for studio recording.
Spectators - one who looks on or watches.
Stadion - A Greek word for stadium.
Stadium - A place or venue for outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage either party or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.
Stadium media Centre – Reserved for the written press and radio commentators.
Standard room - Room with basic amenities such as proper lighting toilet with running water, ventilation and door locking system.
Stewards – A person employed to look after the spectators.
Terracing - A relatively level paved or planted area adjoining a building.
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Tiered structure - Tier refers to a series of rows or layers or a level or grade in the hierarchy of an organization or system.
Trophy room – a room for keeping and exhibition of trophies.
Truss – A frame work typically consisting of rafters, post, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge or other structure.
Tunnel - Force a passage underground or through something.
Turnstile - A mechanical gate consisting of revolving horizontal arms fixed to a vertical post, allowing only one person at a time to pass through.
Video and electronic screen control room – Control room for video screening.
VIP – very important person / a high official with special privileges
VVIP - The term very very important person is also used, especially with reference to VIP’s with very high rank or spending power.
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CHAPTER – 1
1. SYNOPSIS AND METHODOLOGY
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
‘’Good sports facilities are a blessing. ’’
-Kapil dev (former Indian cricketer)
‘’Any sport needs to be accessible, affordable and practiced within the confines of a safe environment. Parents who have young children want to be able to leave their child somewhere which has good facilities and where they’re going to be looked after ‘’
-Hope Powell (former football player)
India has a great tradition of sports, and is one of the largest country in the world in both area and population. It was influenced by the British presence in India in the 18th and 19th century. Over the years India also hosted several sporting events such as the Asian games (1951 and 1982), cricket world cup (1987, 1996 and 2011), Hockey World Cup and the Common Wealth Games. In recent summer Olympics 2020 India has participated in 18 sports and won 7 medals. Over the years India has participated 22 different sport in the Olympics the highest were in the Tokyo summer Olympics. Sports city are largest manifestations of global sports. Sports play a very important role in our life. Sports in society can influence our understanding of gender roles and socio economic issues, they can help frame city, state and national identity. Hosting sports events can also boost the revenue of the city. Over the years sports had evolved and people started consume sports at an astonishing rate.
1.2 SYNOPSIS:
1.2.1
AIM:
This main aim of the project is to provide adequate facilities to the specific sports where there are more number of players with less infrastructure and to provide an
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international stadium to promote sporting events and to have a better opportunity in participating international tournaments.
1.2.2 OBJECTIVE:
To promote and enhance the sporting culture in south India.
To provide world class facilities in order to improve the needs of the user.
To create a venue for national and international sporting events.
To create an integrated and interactive environment for the athletes.
To provide the cater needs of all age group.
To provide sustainable options in order to ensure a better life for present and future generations.
To provide facilities for the athletes that lacks in terms of training centres.
To add up entertainment facilities in order to generate the revenue of the complex
To provide a stadium with international facilities and to increase the event organization in terms to gain publicity in other nations and also to improve the existing standards.
1.2.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:
The projects intends to have an integrated training centre and accommodation for the players
The stadium consists of international standards of football and also has an athletic track.
The stadium consists of accommodation for the football and athletic players
To promote regional sports in the city
To promote certain sports which were less in infrastructure but more in players
To promote sporting culture in southern part of India.
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Fig 2.1 Hierarchy pyramid
1.2.4 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT:
The design proposal will not focus on detailing of the training centre and accommodation.
The design proposal will not focus on detailed structural analysis and calculations.
The design proposal will not focus on cost estimation and specification.
The design proposal will not focus on detailed landscape design.
The design proposal will not cover detailed drawings of technical and service aspects.
1.2.5 METHODOLOGY:
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CHAPTER-2
2. LITERATURE STUDY
‘’ If you don’t believe you are the best then you will never achieve all that you are capable of ‘’.
- Cristiano Ronaldo (professional football player)
2.1 WHAT IS SPORTS?
Sports refer to a competitive physical activity. Sport is generally recognised as activities based in physical athleticism or physical dexterity. Sports are usually governed by rules to ensure fair competitions and consistent adjudication of the winner. Records of performance are often kept and reported in sport news. Sports is a majorsourceofentertainmentwith spectatorsports drawinglargecrowds andreaching wider audiences through sports broadcasting.
`‘’Unless thereisasynergizedsportscultureyouwillneverwinastringofmedals. A fundamental overhaul is needed and urgently so ‘’
2.2 HISTORY OF INDIAN SPORTS:
India is a country that experienced colonial rule for a long while along with vast cultural diversity. The combination of the two things paved the way for a variety of sportingdisciplinesin India. Indiais home to several sports that are ranging from tribal games to more conventional sports like badminton and cricket. The history of Indian sports goes as far back as the Vedic period, and it is even believed to be as told as 8000 years old, from the time of Indus Valley civilization. Due to colonization, Indians
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Fig 2.1 silhouette of different sports
becameoneofthetops most developedin ancienttimes. Seals and someotherartefacts were discovered at Indus valley, which proved that boxing and hunting started from then. Religions is an essential identity of the Indians and so several physical games and sports have influenced from it. The fourth of the Vedic games and sports have their indulgence from it.
Sports in India attained new heights when Buddhism came into existence. The tiruvedachrya in villas Mani has described several games, archery, chariot- racing, equitation,hammer-throwing etc.. . . There are tons of gamesthat got their origin from India and they include wrestling, field hockey, tennis boxing, cricket etc. kabaddi is a contact team sport where physical contacts are needed to score points and win the games. This became popular in different countries other than India in the 20th century. Other games that became recognized outside of India include; snooker, snakes, ladder, cards, polo, martial arts, chess, etc. . . .Notwithstanding, cricket is the most popular sport in India , and they have proven times and times over to be the best at it.
2.3 INDIANS IN OLYMPICS:
2.3.1 WHAT IS OLYMPICS?
The modern Olympics or the Olympics are the leading international sporting event featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participated in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world’s foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are normally held every four years alternating between the summer and winter Olympics every two years in the four year period.
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Fig 2.2 Indian cricket team – 1948
2.3.2 OLYMPICS IN INDIA:
The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896 and it took India only four years before seeing their first representation at the summer Olympics games. It all started for India in 1900 when they sent lone athlete Norman Pritchard to Paris where he won two medals in men’s 200m and men’s 200m hurdles
India has participated in every summer games since then, sending their first Olympic team in 1920 comprising four athletes and two wrestlers. It was however, not till 1928 when they saw their next medal and thus began the domination of the Indian hockey team.
From 1948 onwards, because of the IOA’s wider outreach, India began sending delegations of over 50 athletes in several sports, each selected by its sports federation to the summer Olympics. In 1952 summer Olympics wrestler K.D.jadhav won the first individual medal for independent India. In 2000 SydneyOlympics Karman malleswari won a bronze in the women’s 69 kg weightlifting category. It was the first ever Olympics by an Indian women. Saina nehwal won a bronze medal in badminton in women’s single winning the first country’s Olympic medal.at 2016 a record number of 118 athletes competed shuttler P.V.sindhu won a silver medal and also the youngest Indian Olympic medallist. In 2020 summer Olympics India represented by a new
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Fig 2.3 Olympics symbol
Fig2.4 Pre-independencehockey
Fig2.5 post–independencehockey
record number of 124 athletes. Neeraj chopra won gold in javelin throw, becoming the first Indian to win a gold medal in track and field and the second Indian to win an individual Olympic gold. The haul of 7 medals is the best performance for India in the Olympics history.
Throughout the years Indian team participation have been increased and the recent Olympics have also drawn more attention to other countries.
2.3.3 OUTCOMES OF ORGANISING OLYMPICS IN INDIA:
Hosting Olympic Games comes with immense benefits in terms of international relations, sponsorship, investments of multinational corporations and sports itself. The advancement of sporting culture, scope for tourism, and job opportunities leave any hosting city with an everlasting aura. Cities like Barcelona, Seoul, and Helsinki transformed into the economic capitals of the country after hosting the Olympics.
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YEAR MEDALS NOS 1896 2 1928 1 1932 1 1936 1 1948 1 1952 2 1956 1 1960 1 1964 1 1968 1 1972 1 1980 1 1996 1 2000 1 2004 1 2008 3 2012 6 2016 2 2020 7 List of Olympic
won over the
medals
years
International relations
Sponsorships
Investment of multinational corporation
Advancement of sporting culture
Scope for tourism
Job opportunities
Short term economic benefits
2.3.4 CONS OF INDIA HOSTING OLYMPICS:
To host a major sporting event like them Olympics can sot significant sums, which have to be paid by the tax payers. Cost of the Olympics have a tendency to rise over time and be much greater than expected.
The cost of building stadiums
Short term use
Potential for negative publicity
Cost of security
2.3.5 CHANCES OF OLYMPICS IN INDIA:
Though India has hosted several multi-national tournaments like cricket world cup, Asian games, common wealth games, and FIFA-U17 world cup. Comparatively a lot more personnel and facilities are needed to host the Olympics. International Olympic committee (IOC) has said there are plenty of countries interested in hosting the games in 2036, 2040 and beyond including India. India has often expressed a desire to host the Olympics, but never made it far in the process. The Indian Olympic association (IOA) has said in the past that it wants to host the Asian games, youth Olympics and the summer Olympics.
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0 20 40 60 80 MEN WOMEN EVENTS MORE ATHLETES,MORE EVENTS IN INDIA BEIJING 2008 LONDON 2012 RIO 2016 TOKYO 2020
Fig 2.6 Bar graph of athlete’s participation in events
Timeline map of international events hosted in India
Source; grant Thornton proposal in sport cities
2.4 NEED IDENTIFICATION:
In spite of being the 2nd most populous country in the world, India is not able to produce quality players and our nation’s performance in Olympics is poor. Winning medals definitely add to the value and improves the image of India at global level.
Series 1
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Bronze 12.43% Gold 9.32% Silver 7.25% 0 1 2 3 4 Beijing 2008 London 2012 Rio 2016 Tokyo 2020 PARTICIPATION AT OLYMPICS
Fig 2.7 India’s tally at Olympics Fig 2.8 India participation in Olympic
2.5 SPORTS IN INDIA:
Sports in India refers to the large variety of games played in India, ranging from tribal games to more mainstream sports such as field hockey, kabaddi, cricket, badminton and football. India’s diversity of culture, people, and tribes are reflected in the wide variety of sporting disciplines in the country.
Cricket has been the most populous sport in India, the country has hosted and won the cricket world cup on multiple occasions. Field hockey is the most successful sport for India at the Olympics games,themen’s hockeyteam has wonthirteenOlympicmedals including eight gold medals. Other popular sports in India are badminton, football, shooting, wrestling, and boxing Tennis, squashing, weightlifting, gymnastics, athletics, table tennis, basketball, volleyball, and cycling. Popular indigenous sports include chess, kho-kho, kite-fighting, leg cricket, polo, snooker and gillidanda. Kabaddi is an ancient sport and one of the fastest growing sports of India. India won many matches and seasons of kabaddi at the Asian Games and all three seasons of the kabaddi world cup.
India has hosted and co-hosted several sporting events, most notably 1987, 1996 and 2011 cricket world cup, the 1951 and 1982 Asian Games, the commonwealth games and the 2017 FIFA U17 World cup.
2.5.1 SPORTS INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA:
Sports infrastructure plays a crucial role in achieving excellence in the global arena of sports. It not only helps in producing sports persons of international repute, but also encourages the young population of a country to participate in sporting activities with the objective of creating a culturing of sports. In India, the standard of sports infrastructure is not at a satisfactory level for a number of reasons. The lack of infrastructural facilities is one of the major constraints in the process of development of sports in India. For a country of over 1.25 billion, the existing sports infrastructure is not satisfactory. Lack of world-class infrastructure and the inadequate support of the government is reflected in the poor performance of Indian athletes in major events. Tinycountries like Cuba, Croatia, and Lithuania, performed better in the 2016 Olympics compared to India.
Due to common wealth games happened in 2010 in Delhi it became one of the major sporting hub in India which includes 4 stadiums, training centres, accommodation etc. the main motive of this thesis is to develop sporting hub in each state and to produce competitive athletes and ultimately reaching the Olympics
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2.5.2 SPORTS IN SOUTH OF INDIA:
Southern sporting culture has been improving in term of facilities and players participation. A total of 11 athletes from tamilnadu across 4 sports have been qualified in the Olympics. In tamilnadu recently cm M.K.Stalin (chief minister of tamilnadu) announced to unveil mega sports city on east coast road for 500 acres and also to build 4 Olympic stadiums around tamilnadu.
Source – times of india
2.6 REGIONAL SPORTS IN TAMILNADU:
Unliketheotherstatesofourcountry,tamilnaduhasseveraltraditionalsports(regional sports) that are played by the local population. Traditional sports of tamilnadu are primarily played across the rural areas of the states.
2.6.1 KABADDI:
Kabaddi is the best known Indian traditional game. It is a team sport, played in south Asia. The game was introduced in Indian Olympic game in Kolkata 1938. Kabaddi is internationally during 1936, berlin Olympics. The kabaddi playing area is 12.5m x 10m, divided by a line in two halves. Each team consists of 12 players, of which seven are on court at a time, and five in reserve.
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Fig 2.9 Proposal for sports city
Fig 2.10 stadium in south india
2.6.2 KHO-KHO:
Kho-Kho is a traditional south Indian sport game, being one of the oldest outdoor sports dating back to ancient India. It is played by 2 teams, with twelve nominated players out of fifteen. Of which nine enter the field who sit on the knees. Total area requirement 30mx19m Playing area 27x16m inclusive of 1.5mx16m of free zone behind both poles. Pole distance 24m central lane joining two poles measuring 24mlx30cm width.
2.6.3 SILAMBATTAM;
In 2010, the Tamilnadu Olympic association (TNOA) also recognized ‘SILAMBAM’ as a sport. Following this, it came under the sports category for the allotment of seats under the sports quota. Also, the government recently announced a 3% quota in government jobs to recognized ‘SILAMBAM’ players.
2.6.4 KARATE;
The one and only recognized body of Tamilnadu State to represent the karate game behalf of the Tamilnadu state in India and over the world. The association has been recognized byKarate India Organization, which recognized as the affiliated governing body of karate in India by the World Karate Federation, International Olympic Council, Asian Karate Federation, and Commonwealth Karate Federation & South Asian Karate Federation.
2.7 SPORTS CITY:
‘’ Sports and entertainment are the only places where inner-city kids see themselves being
Kareem Abdul Jabber (former basketball player)
In recent years several cities have constructed new sports facilities in concentrated areas or supplemented existing facilities to create a themed sports zone. Some have branded these areas as ‘’sports cities’’ to give them visibility and coherence. The idea of a ‘’sports city’’ is a rather abstract concept, but the term has been used with increased frequency in recent years. The practice of theming certain zones is nothing new. But in recent years, this practice has become more common, with cities adopting
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able to succeed.’’’
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a wide variety of themed areas. Creating sports-themed zones in cities has a long history that can be traced back ca 2700 years to Olympia Ancient Greece.
Sports cities are not gender specific. It involves every individual, from children to senior citizen. Sports cities assess the city’s ability to position themselves as a worldclass sporting ecosystem and bring the biggest sports event across the globe.
2.7.1 TYPES OF SPORTS CITY:
The one with the whole city with all types of sports facilities eg – city of Manchester
The one in which the zone of the city is developed with all facilities of sport
e.g.- Dubai sports city
2.7.2 ASPECTS NECESSARY IN SPORTS CITY:
2.7.2.1 SPATIAL ASPECTS;
The spatial aspects are divided into the following ; sport size/typology, position in the city,relationshipwiththepublicspace,visibility,distanceandproximity,accessibility, public access and lock ability and flexibility.
1. SPORT SIZE/TYPOLOGY;
Starting by integrating sport facilities and the dimensions established by international and national sports federation. The requirements related to the sports field and the material , locker rooms, they are all part of the overall program of requirements for a sports facility and determine the extent to which type of sport is spatially fit. For example. At the level of the building, a block, neighbourhood and / or recorded in an urban green structure like a city park.
2. POSITION IN THE CITY;
Major sports complexes attract many people at different times, which makes it attractive to combine it with functions as restaurants, shops hotels and music venues. This combination of functions can become an urban hub in the city.
3.
RELATION WITH PUBLIC SPACE;
The way the entrance of sports facilities presents itself to the city affects the contact with the public. Therefore, design and position of an entrance are crucial.
4.
VISIBILITY;
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The visibility- aspect of today’s sport creates he need for a stage. Watching, showing and chatting, making a sport a social phase where people can meet.
5. DISTANCE AND PROXIMITY;
Distance and proximity compared to other programs is essential aspect to enlarge the visibility of sports. Not the absolute distance I important more essential is the precise qualitative interpretation of the distance. It is about creating an attractive and safe design of the public space and connection to the environment.
6. ACCESIBILITY;
Accessibility is important to encourage people to exercise. The presence of sufficient cycle parking and parking are important too.
7. FLEXIBILITY;
Sports-related areas such as the canteen or parking lot aren’t in permanently used for sports, which gives space for flexibility in use. Sports facilities are used by multiple audiences. Indoor courts are often designed as multisport hall featuring a playing surface suitable for a variety of field and court.
2.7.2.2 PROGRAMMATIC ASPECTS;
Bringing together program promotes an interaction between program components and urban life. The greater the variety of amenities the more diverse groups of people which will use the amenities.
1. SPORTS CHAINS;
The multifunctional sports hall is a building typology where in on espace different sports are possible. This creates a chain of different sports. With interaction between different athletes. A direct relationship between sports and public space also contributes to a sports chain.
2. PROGRAM MIX;
Mixing different sections can take place at district, neighbourhood and building level. It is essential that use and management aspects should be taken into account directly in the design of mixed sports complexes.
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2.7.2.3 PROGRAMMATIC ASPECTS; 1. USE;
In preparing multiple use is the primary objective of the arguments often otherwise. On one hand, is multiple use is financially more efficient, on the hand, the synergy between the users sometimes is overestimated. Clarity about the principles and goals of multiple use is important in the planning phase.
2.7.3 JOB OPPUTURNITIES:
Globally sports is regarded as the biggest industry in terms of revenue and employment. India, a developing nation plays a key role in this revenue system. However, in the recent past, the nation have been much into the face of the industry and hence the scenario is changing claiming Sports will be the next big industry in India
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At the present the total contribution is approximately 0.5% which is now experiencing an overall growth by introduction of games like Indian premier league, Indian super league, Indian badminton league, pro kabaddi etc.
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Fig
Sports industry pie chart Source – chase your sport, sports social blog
Sports industry provides a career opportunity in the following fields, to name a few
Athletes
Coach
Team manager
Marketing consultant
Health and fitness
The Indian sports sector is experiencing a sea of changes with all-round developments initiated bythe government, the private sector as well as non- profit organisations. The government is introducing game-changing schemes such as ‘Khelo India’ to address issues regarding infrastructure, talent scouting and training facilitation. Private sector and non-profit entities are also increasingly contributing to the sector by organizing leagues and tournaments, funding talented sportspersons and getting involved in grassroots development
Other than this, growth in sports industry is paving way for other industries to flourish as well. Thus, increasing the employment rate. The sectors directly and indirectly linked with the sports industry are as follows:
goods and apparel industry
medicine sector
health and fitness coach
commercialization
tourism
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Fig 2.12 Newspaper article on Silambattam
Source – times of India
2.7.3 LIST OF SPORTS IN SPORTS CITY:
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Fig 2.13 Flow chart – list of sports
2.7.4 LIST OF SPORTS IN STADIUM: 1. ATHLETICS:
Athletics is the name given to a group of sports that includes track and field events. Athletics events and games are the oldest form of organized sport, having developed out of the most basic human activities, running, walking, jumping, and throwing. They are a truly international group of sports, with nearly every country in the world engaging in some form of competition
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Fig 2.14 Athletic track – 400m Source – dimensions.com
2.15 Track details
Source – dimensions.com
TRACK ATHELETIC EVENTS:
100- METRE SPRINT:
The 100-metre sprint is one of the most popular and prestigious events at the Olympics. The winners of this race at the Olympics are labelled the “fastest woman or man in the world”.
400- METRE SPRINT:
The 400-metre sprint is another popular event and includes competitors running the full length of the athletics track
RELAY:
The aim of a relay race is to cover a certain distance as fast as possible as a team. This event involves passing a baton around a circuit. The key to a successful relay team is good organisation, timing, communication and smooth baton changeovers. The main relay events in athletics are the 4 x 100 m and the 4 x 400 m.
HURDLES:
Hurdling is the act of running over an obstacle at speed. It is a highly technical event. The runner’s aim is to clear the obstacles, known as hurdles, in their stride without it interfering with their running style or pattern too much and crossing the finish line as fast as possible. The hurdles are set at exact heights and distances apart.
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Fig
FIELD ATHELETIC EVENTS:
LONG JUMP:
During the long jump, athletes take a run-up to the take-off line, and jump as far as possible into the sandpit.
TRIPLE JUMP:
The triple jump, sometimes referred to as the hop, step and jump, is a field event, similar to the long jump. The athlete runs down a track and takes off from a special board trying to get the furthest distance possible by performing a hop, step and then jump into a sand pit
HIGH JUMP:
The high jump involves athletes jumping over a horizontal bar, which is positioned at different heights, without knocking it off.
POLE VAULT:
Similar to the high jump, the pole vault requires athletes to take a run-up and jump over a bar without knocking it down. In the pole vault, athletes use a long, flexible pole to vault themselves up and over.
SHOT PUT:
The shot put is a track and field event involving putting a heavy spherical ball as far as possible. The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival in 1896, and the women's competition began in 1948.
DISCUSS THROW:
The discus throw is a track and field event in which an athlete throws a heavy disc called a discus, aiming to throw further than their competitors. it is an ancient sport, that is by the fifth century be Myron statue called disco bolus. it was one of the events of the ancient Greek pentathlon, which can be dated back to at least to 708 BC.
JAVELIN THROW:
The javelin was first used as a weapon in battle. It was a long wooden spear with a metal tip. Today they are made with lightweight metal. Athletes are tasked with running up to the throw line and throwing the javelin as far as possible into the grass.
PENTATHLON:
A pentathlon is a content which features five events. The events included in a pentathlon have changed over the years and the last time it was featured in the Summer Olympics was in 1980. The events in the women’s pentathlon in 1980 were, the 100metre hurdles, shot put, high jump, long jump and 800 metres.
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HEPTATHLON:
The heptathlon consists of seven athletics events. The men’s competition includes:
A 60-metre sprint
Long jump
Shot put
High jump
60-metre hurdles
2. FOOTBALL:
Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. The word football means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Football is played between two teams on a usually rectangular field having goal post or goals at each end and whose object is to get the ball over a goal line,into a goal, orbetween goalposts byrunning, passing,kickingsuch as soccer, rugby.
Fig 2.16 Football field dimensions
Source – stadia book by Jacques rogge
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2.7.5 LIST OF SPORTS IN TRAINING CENTER:
1. FENCING:
• Fencing, organized sport involving the use of a sword epée, foil, or sabre for attack and defense according to set movements and rules
• although the use of swords dates to prehistoric times and swordplay to ancient civilizations,
• The organized sport of fencing began only at the end of the 19th century.
Source – times of India
Source – dimensions.com
Source – dimensions.com
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Fig 2.17 News article on fencing
Fig 2.18 Fencing court dimensions
–
plan
Fig 2.19 Fencing court – section
2. JUDO:
Judo is a tremendous and dynamic combat sport that demands both physical prowess and great mental discipline. From a standing position, it involves techniques that allow you to lift and throw your opponents onto their backs. On the ground, it includes techniques that allow you to pin your opponents down to the ground, control them, and apply various chokeholds or joint locks until submission.
–
times of India
A sixteen year old thangjam tababi Devi became the first judoka to win an Olympic level medal with silver in women’s 44kg at the 2018 Olympic Games in Buenos Aires
Source – dimensions.com
Source – dimensions.com
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Fig 2.20 Times of India article on judo Source
Fig 2.21 Judo court dimensions - plan
Fig 2.22 Judo court dimensions – section
Taekwondo as a martial art and sport is slowlygaining popularity in India. Though it doesn’t enjoy many fans following in the country, India possesses some highly talented taekwondo in who have brought laurels to the nation. Here, we look at some such taekwondo players from India
Source – dimensions.com
Source – dimensions.com
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3. TAEKWONDO:
Fig 2.23 State-level taekwondo championship players Source – simplicity article
Fig 2.24 Taekwondo court dimensions – plan
Fig 2.25 Taekwondo court dimensions – plan
4. HANDBALL:
Handball (also known as team handball, European handball or Olympic handball)] is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six out court players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that scores more goals wins.
Source – dimensions.com
Source – dimensions.com
Handball Courts have an overall length of 131.23’ (40 m), width of 65.62’ (20 m), and have a total area of a 8611 ft² (800 m²). The goals of a Handball Court are 9.84’ x 6.56’ (3 x 2 m). Handball Courts have a cantered Goal Keeper Line at 4.37’ (4 m) from the goal, followed by a penalty mark at 22.97’ (7 m). The Goal Area, or D-Zone, is placed at a radius of 19.69’ (6 m) from the corner of the goal, with the larger Free Throw Line beyond at a radius of 29.53’ (9 m). The recommended minimum clearance of 8.2’ (2.5 m) should be maintained around the Handball Court.
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Fig 2. 26 Hand ball court dimensions – plan
Fig 2.27 Hand ball court dimensions – plan
5. ARCHERY:
Archery is thesport, practice,orskill of usinga bow to shoot arrows thewordcomes from the Latin arcus, meaning bow. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat. In modern times, it is mainlya competitive sport and recreational activity. A person who practices archery is typically called an archer or a bowman, and a person who is fond of or an expert at archery is sometimes called a toxophilite or a marksman.
Source – department of local government, sports and cultural
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Fig 2.28 Archery court dimensions
6. SHOOTING:
Shooting sports is group of competitive and recreational sporting activities involving proficiency tests of accuracy, precision, and speed in shooting the art of using ranged firearms, mainly referring to man-portable guns (firearms and air guns, in forms such as handguns, rifles and shotguns) and bows/crossbows.
Source – department of local government, sports and cultural
7. EQUESTRIAN:
Equestrian sports are certain riding events held at horse shows and most specifically competitive horse and rider events held at the summer Olympic Games. The three events that comprise equestrian sports are dressage, show jumping, and hunter trials. The term excludes horse racing, rodeos, and polo.
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Fig 2.29 Shooting court plan
Fig 2.30 Equestrian field plan
Source – dimensions.com
Billiard sports, also known as cue sports, are an assortment of games played on clothcovered billiards (or pool) tables with a cue stick and billiard balls. Covering a range of play types and styles, cue sports can be categorized in three general types: pool, snooker, and carom billiard
Source – dimensions.com
Source – Wikipedia
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8. BILLARDS:
Fig 2.31 Billiards dimensions plan
9. KHO-KHO:
Fig 2.32 Kho-Kho dimensions plan
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10. KABBADI:
Fig 2.33 Kabaddi dimensions plan Source – Wikipedia
11. SILAMBATTAM:
Fig 2.34 Silambattam dimensions plan Source – Wikipedia
Source – dimensions.com
Source – dimensions.com
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Fig 2.35 Karate dimensions plan
Fig 2.36 Karate court section
2.8 STADIUM:
A stadium is a place or venue for mostly outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.
2.8.1 HISTROY OF STADIUM:
ORGIN NAME OF STADIUM:
“Stadium”is theLatin form oftheGreek word “Stadion”ameasureoflength equalling the length of 600 human feet. The English us of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructures surrounding a roman track of such length
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STADIUM ARENAS:
The difference between an arena and a stadium, although an arena is enclosed and a stadium sometimes has an open roof. Football is usually played in a stadium, while basketball and other sport typically hold their games in arena.
TIMELINE OF STADIUM:
The oldest known stadium is the stadium at the Olympic Greece, where the Olympic gamesofantiquitywereheldin776B.C.initiallythegamesconsistedofasingleevent, a sprint along the length of the stadium.
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Fig 2.37 Colosseum in Rome
Ancient stadium in Olympia, Greece
2.8.2 WHY DO WE NEED STADIUMS?
Modern stadiums however, are rarely viewed as positively as their ancient counterparts. History shows that stadium can drive urban development, and adapt to thecultureofeveryage.Stadiumgivestheopportunityforanumberofpeopletowatch an important event. They can also be used as multipurpose. Building an Olympic stadium can also bring more opportunities for international competitions.
2.8.3 BENEFITS OF MULTI PURPOSE STADIUMS:
A multi-purpose stadium is a type of stadium designed to be easily used by multiple types of events. While any stadium could potentially host more than one type of sport or event, this concept usually refers to a specific design philosophy that stresses multifunctionality over specificity.
Instead of establishing a separate facility for each sport, it provides the opportunity to provide services for different sports branches in the same field. In terms of, schools, educational institutions and municipalities are considered as an attractive option with this feature.
ADVANTAGES
The advantage to a multi-purpose stadium is that a singular infrastructure and piece of real estate can support both teams in terms of transportation and playing area, while money (often public funds) that would have been spent to support infrastructure for two stadiums can be spent elsewhere.
Advantages
Increase a country's revenue
Boosts the economy of the country
Source of Urban Power, Housing and Public Space
Disadvantages
Cost is very high
Harmful to the environment
It consumes a lot of resources
Table showing advantages and disadvantages
2.8.4 RETRACTABLE ROOF SYSTEM:
The retractable roof systems are a wonderful way of protecting your home, restaurant or business place and also to enjoy the outdoors all year round, without caring two hoots about the outside weather. Yes, the pretty looking retractable roof systems can protect you from the harshest of summers, the chilliest of winters and the wildest of storms.
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1. Excellent shade solution
The retractable roof system is a versatile shade solution. It can be drawn completely to block out the fierce sun or fully retracted to let in a slice of the starlit summer sky as well as, when the weather is perfect.
2. Complete rain protection
Most retractable roof systems have an in-built guttering system which drains the water away, which allows the user to enjoy the outdoors even when it is pouring outside.
3. It has impressive insulative benefits for outdoors and indoors
Installing the right outdoor shade protection can provide the home with excellent insulation against the hot and cold weather. Besides keeping the living area comfortable throughout the year, a retractable roof system can help homeowners save on both heating and cooling costs, which also proves to be environmental- friendly in the long run.
4. In-built Lighting Systems
Some retractable awnings come with a built-in lighting system which can transform the outdoor area a hub of nighttime entertainment. It proves to be functional yet it emits a warm and intimate atmosphere.
5. Super durability
Most outdoor blind systems are handmade and they use high-quality industrial materials that include stainless steel, powder-coated aluminum, and tough weatherproof fabrics. They are so-equipped that they can withstand the harshest of weathers.
6. They protect the fading furniture both outdoors and indoors
Using remain protected against fading and deterioration. You can enable this protection even when you install it indoors to block the streamingsunlight entering the room via your windows, inhibiting fading problems on your indoor furnishings too.
7. Expands your living areas
Retractable roof systems create a pleasant outdoor area and extend the indoor living areas to a great extent, making it look more spacious and comfortable. It boasts of a wide range of colors and styles and the roof can even be matched to the indoor decorating scheme. This allows the décor of the indoor and outdoor living area merge seamlessly, combining it into one harmonious whole.
8. Equipped with an electronic operation
Most retractable roof systems have a superior state-of-the-art motorized system that allows the operation with just the click of a button. For further convenience, there are inbuilt wind and sun sensors to enable the convenience of automatic opening and closing.
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2.9 FOOTBALL, ATHELETIC STADIUM STANDARDS:
2.9.1 ORIENTATION:
–
2.9.2 MASTER PLANNING:
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Fig 2.38 Orientation of the stadium
Source
stadia book by Jacques rogge
Fig 2.39 Zoning diagram showing the five ‘safety zones’ which forms the basis for a safe stadium
Source - stadia book by Jacques rogge
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Fig 2.40 Zoning diagram showing the 3 & 4 ‘safety zones’ which forms the basis for a safe stadium
Source - stadia book by Jacques rogge
Fig 2.41 Zoning diagram showing the 3 & 2 ‘safety zones’ which forms the basis for a safe stadium
Source - stadia book by Jacques rogge
ZONE 5:
Thestadiumshouldideallybesurroundedbycarparks,busandaccesstransportshould surroundthe stadium on all sides. Parkingshould surround the stadium on all thesides. Between the rings of parking areas there would be a vehicle - free zone. From the point of view of safety is called permanent safety zone to which spectators can escape from zone 3 & 4.
ZONE 4:
It is a place of ‘temporary safety’ to which spectator may escape directly from the stadium, and from which they can then proceed to permanent safety. Therefore, a kind of reservoir between zones 3 & 5. Should be large enough to accommodate the whole stadium. 4-6 people / sq.m. Zone 4 is main circumnavigation route for people inside the stadium perimeter. No of exit gates, and their dimensions, must allow the necessary ease and speed of egress from one zone to another.
ZONE 3:
Spectator must pass through the zone in order to reach a final place of safety. This comprises the stadiums internal concourse & social areas (restaurants, food counter etc.).
ZONE 2:
This comprises the viewing terraces around the pitch seating terraces are seen as a place where spectator can stay in relative safety
2.9.3 EXTERNAL PLANNING:
2.9.3.1 PARKING STANDARDS:
CAR PARKING:
minimum of 1 parking space to 10-15 spectators
area of 25sq.m per car (including circulation space)
Private box holders, guest, vips & similar private visitors
They should have special clearly identified parking areas separate from the mass parking - closer to the entrance giving access to the private hospitality suites.
BUS PARKING:
1 bus space for 120 spectators. area of 60sq.m per bus (including circulation space)
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SPECTATOR WITH DISABILITY PARKING:
6 % of total car parking should be allocated to disabled people.
These should be the spaces closest to the stadium entrance gates with easy access to ramped pedestrian routes
PLAYERS PARKING:
Parking spaces for team buses should be provided for each team players.
2 bus space + 10 car spaces should be given
OFFICIALS PARKING:
Directors, sponsors, and stadium staff should have parking separate.
It is recommended that all official vehicles except for emergency and essential service vehicles be kept outside the perimeter fence
SPECTATOR PARKING:
Vehicular parking can account for more than half the total site.
In the design of a new stadium parking requirement for spectators should be estimated from an analysis of the following considerations.
MEDIA PARKING:
Television and broadcast vehicle 10 required for an event Their parking spaces may be corporate into the general parking areas.
Provisions must be made for catering, toilet and similar facilities these areas must be fenced or protected provisionally a space of 24mx4m should be allowed for 1 vehicle
ZONNING:
All user groups should have independent and easily identifiable zones in the parking area.
It should be divided into blocks of roughly 500-1000cars.
It should be easily recognized from a distance
PEDESTRIAN ROUTES:
On leaving their cars, spectators should be able to proceed directly to a safe pedestrian passage.
Hence, feeds through the car park to the stadium entrance gates.
Distance should be no more than 500m max of 1500m.
If the distance becomes too great there should be an internal transport system of regular pickup and drop off buses in which waiting areas must be provided
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2.9.3.2 PARKING DIMENSIONS:
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Fig 2.42 Parking aisle dimensions
Source – code of practice vehicle parking provision
Source – code of practice vehicle parking provision
Source – code of practice vehicle parking provision
2.9.3.2 RAMP AND ACCESSWAY:
Source – code of practice vehicle parking provision
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Fig 2.43 Parking dimensions 1 way, 2 way
Fig 2.44 Parking dimensions single lane, multilane
Fig 2. 45 Ramp dimensions
Source – code of practice vehicle parking provision
Source – code of practice vehicle parking provision
Source – code of practice vehicle parking provision
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Fig 2.46 Parking headroom clearance
Fig 2.47 Parking divider dimensions
Fig 2.48 Parking divider dimensions -2
