Preface

Urban areas are home to an increasingly large share of the world’s population. As a result, a growing proportion of global greenhouse gas emissions are stemming from activities located in cities and towns, where many of the adverse impacts of global warming are being felt most strongly. Not surprisingly, then, local governments ought to play a major role with regard to both the mitigation of and adaptation to climate change.

However, local government efforts to manage global warming are constrained by a multiplicity of factors. Chief among these are sub-optimal governance arrangements, whereby local governments have only a limited say in decisions about prioritizing actions to manage climate change, the approaches chosen to conduct these actions, and the funding allocated to do so.

Despite this, for some actions to manage climate change local governments are closer to the decision-making process. Bus-rapid transport systems and heatwave-related early warning and preparedness campaigns are cases in point. Indeed, when it comes to these types of action, local-governments may need to take the initiative. Doing so requires an understanding of the main options at their disposal.

This document outlines the options that local governments can use in their efforts to manage climate change. It covers both mitigation and adaptation actions, and makes recommendations that are applicable in most contexts, the effectiveness of which has been well-established. These recommendations are framed around the notion of “technologies”, understood in a broad sense – that is, covering machinery and other physical artefacts and changes in the behaviour of individuals, including the way communities and their institutions organize themselves.

This approach has been borrowed from the so-called Technology Needs Assessment project, which this document supports. This project, a major initiative funded by the Global Environment Facility, is being implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme and the UNEP DTU Partnership.

The intended primary audience for this document consists of government officials in developing countries who make decisions concerning the management of climate change in urban areas. Secondary audiences for the report include technical specialists who support the primary audience, whether they sit in government or work independently as consultants.

It is hoped that this document will be of use to its various target audiences. Feedback on the usefulness of the advice provided in it will be most welcome.

Acknowledgements

Authors and reviewers:

Chapter 1: Introduction Author: Léa Jehl Le Manceau (UNEP DTU Partnership, Copenhagen, Denmark) Reviewer: Sara Trærup (UNEP DTU Partnership, Copenhagen, Denmark)

Chapter 2: Buildings Author: Clara Camarasa (UNEP DTU Partnership, Copenhagen, Denmark) Reviewers: Juan Pablo Jiménez Navarro (European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Petten, The Netherlands) and Faidra Filippidou (European Commission's Joint Research Centre, Petten, The Netherlands)

Chapter 3: Transport Authors: Subash Dhar (UNEP DTU Partnership, Copenhagen, Denmark) and Talat Munshi (UNEP DTU Partnership, Copenhagen, Denmark) Reviewers: Sonia Yeh (Chalmers University, Göteborg, Sweden) and Minal Pathak (Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India)

Chapter 4: Solid waste management Author: Sandra Aparcana (UNEP DTU Partnership, Copenhagen, Denmark) Reviewers: Daniel Ternald (United Nations Environment Programme, Osaka, Japan) and Ricardo Gabbay De Souza (São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil)

Chapter 5: Drought Authors: Delia Sánchez Trancón (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France) and Harry Smythe (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France) Reviewers: Brooke Demchuk (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France), Helen Laubenstein (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France), Marta Arbinolo (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France), Mikaela Rambali (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France), Simon Buckle (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France), Stephanie Lyons (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France), Taehoon Kim (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France), Xavier Leflaive (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France), Mónica García Quesada (International Water Resources Association, Paris, France) and Sung-Phil Jang (International Water Resources Association, Paris, France)

Chapter 6: Floods Authors: James Miller (United Kingdom Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom) and Gianni Vesuviano (United Kingdom Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom) Reviewer: Adeline Perroux (RWE, Swindon, United Kingdom)

Chapter 7: Heatwaves Authors: Gerardo Sánchez Martínez (UNEP DTU Partnership, Copenhagen, Denmark), Julio Díaz Jiménez (Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain) and Cristina Linares Gil (Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain) Reviewers: Mary Sheehan (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA) and Maya Negev (Haifa University, Haifa, Israel)

Contents

Preface .........................................................................................................................3

1. Introduction........................................................................................................... 6

2. Buildings .............................................................................................................. 12 2.1. Overview of technology options.......................................................................14 2.2. Selected technologies........................................................................................16 2.3. Key policy-related issues...................................................................................22 3. Transport..............................................................................................................28 3.1. Overview of technology options.......................................................................29 3.2. Selected technologies........................................................................................29 3.3. Key policy-related issues...................................................................................42 4. Solid waste management .................................................................................... 46 4.1. Overview of technology options.......................................................................49 4.2. Selected technologies........................................................................................52 4.3. Key policy-related issues...................................................................................68 5. Drought ................................................................................................................74 5.1. Overview of technology options.......................................................................76 5.2. Selected technologies........................................................................................77 5.3. Key policy-related issues...................................................................................89 6. Floods ................................................................................................................. 96 6.1. Overview of technology options.......................................................................97 6.2. Selected technologies......................................................................................102 6.3. Key policy-related issues.................................................................................114 7. Heatwaves...........................................................................................................122 7.1. Overview of technology options.....................................................................124 7.2. Selected technologies......................................................................................130 7.3. Key policy-related issues.................................................................................137