Table 5.4: Climate planning in Indian cities

Table 5.4: Climate planning in Indian cities

Type of plan Cities Problem areas Broader influence on urban agenda Governance issues represented Governance issues missing

Carbon neutral city plans Pune Renewables, Carbon sequestration NAPCC – National Action Plan on Climate Change Urban agenda State centre relationships International relationships

City development plans Nagpur Pollution Water Gardens Open spaces Disasters Climate change Sustainable development

Resilient city plans Gorakhpur Indore Chennai Kolkata Surat Vizag Water Health Disasters Solid wastes Energy Transport Low carbon Green cover Resource stress Non renewables PM Council on Climate Change Urban agenda State/Centre relationships International relationships

NAPCC/SAPCC/Asian cities climate resilience network/ ADB funding strategy Urban agenda State centre relationships State/Centre relationships International relationships

Disaster management plans Koraput Floods Fire Drought Heat Disaster Management Act, 2005 Urban agenda State/centre relationships International relationships

Environment status reports Chandrapur Nanded

Heat action plans Ahmedabad Hazaribagh Pollution Solid waste Mining Health MoEF directives MPCB directives

Heat Disaster Management Act, 2005 Urban agenda State/Centre relationships International relationships

Urban agenda State/Centre relationships International relationships

Source: Unnikrishnan and Nagendra, 2021.

5.3.4. Tools to deliver climate-resilient urban futures Urban adaptation responses often emphasize the development of climate-resilient infrastructure.142 Climate-resilient infrastructure is planned, designed, built, and operated in ways that take into account climate-related variability to withstand future climate-changed conditions.143 Resilience will involve measures related to the design of new infrastructures and the retrofitting of old ones, from ICT networks to housing. Digitalization, for example, is increasingly seen as mediating more responsive infrastructure systems but exposes infrastructures to new risks and dependencies.

Standard urban adaptation measures include water storage, flood defences, and water supply and sanitation, alongside housing and spatial planning. For example, basic infrastructures such as water and sanitation remain a significant concern because of their impact on achieving other SDGs and because they impact directly on people’s ability to cope with disasters. As Map 5.1 to Map 5.4 show, there is still a substantial deficit in water and sanitation access in several regions of the world, especially Sub-Saharan A frica. Figure 5.5 and Figure 5.6 further shows that urban populations have the highest rates of access. Still, these statistics hide highly uneven patterns of access, as heterogeneous systems of provision dominate the urban environment. Moreover, the definitions of improved access may range widely and includes many people who depend on water kiosks or tanks or having shared facilities: facilities may exist in the proximity but that does not automatically guarantee that urban populations have their needs covered.144