JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN Department of City Planning And Design
ECOTOURISM IN AJLOUN FOREST RESERVE URP591 - URBAN PLANNING GRADUATION PROJECT 1
STUDENT NAME: Doaa Al-Alawneh Collage ID No. 20100222015 Instructor: Dr. Atef Nusair 2014-2015
Acknowledgments It has been a long journey to get to this point. This Thesis was written with the support and encouragement of my parents who helped all along the way. I would not have finished my study without the support of my family; I would not have achieved my goal without the continuous encouragement, support, and assistance of my parents. They have always been there for me. I do appreciate all the help they provided me. I am most grateful to my professors of my collage, The collage of Architecture and Design, who have been especially generous with their time, reviewing, critiquing, commenting and helping throughout the whole five years. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to each one of them. I would like to acknowledge assistance, contacts and information provided by those who helped informally and unofficially. I am also deeply indebted to the ones closest to me, who with their constant support, encouragement and friendship have enabled me see this project to its completion. ” 88 الية،ب“ سورة هود علليينه لتلوككيلتب لوإ نلليينه أ بنني ب لولما لتيونفينقي إ نل ك نبالكلهن ل ل ومن فللنه الحمبد من قب ب،س سنوات ا ونمنةة ينتهي مشوابر الخم ن ن ل نمن بفض ة لبعبد.
Ajloun Forest Reserve
Lasting Memories Of Eternal Beauty
Take only photographs, leave only footprints. These two simple phrases sum up the heart of eco-tourism.
Table Of Contents Introduction ...........................................14 Chapter 1 15 A Concise Introduction of Ecotourism
Do not leave litter of any kind, and do not take any souvenirs from historical sites and natural areas. In the wilderness never disturb anything. Leave all the pretty rocks where they are; your desk will survive without another paperweight. The "it's only one rock" attitude goes out the window when a million people each take one rock from one forest.
1.1 Ecotourism Definition ……………. 17 1.2 Ecotourism Main Patterns ………… 18 1.3 Ecotourism Principles ……………... 18 1.4 Ecotourism Benefits ………………. 19 1.5 Ecotourism Terminology and History …………………………… 21 1.6 Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism …………………………...……22 1.7 Ecotourism Projects ..........................23 1.7.1 Ecotourism Project Stages.......23 1.7.2 Planning and Design ……..… 24 1.8 Ecotourism Around the World ........ .25
Table Of Contents Chapter 2 27 A Concise Introduction of Ecotourism in Jordan 2.1 The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) …………………..…. 29 2.2 Wild Jordan …………………....….. 30 2.3 Exploring Jordan’s Natural Treasures ..................................................31 2.3.1 Dana Biosphere Reserve...........32 2.3.2 Mujib Biosphere Reserve .........33 2.3.3 Shaumari Wildlife Reserve ......33 2.3.4 Azraq Wetland Reserve ............34 2.3.5 Dibeen Forest Reserve .............34 2.3.6 Ajloun Forest Reserve ..............35 2.3.7 Wadi Rum Preserved Area........36 2.4 The Significance of Ecotourism in Jordan ………………………………..37
Chapter 3 Site Selection Analysis
39
3.1 Site Selection .................................. 41 3.2 Defining the Selected Site ................ 42 3.3 Site Significance ............................... 43 3.4 Project Significance .......................... 46 3.5 Vision ................................................ 47 Chapter 4 49 Understanding the Existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve 4.1 Location ............................................. 51 4.1.1 Surrounding Urban Areas ......... 53 4.2 Accessibility....................................... 54 4.2.1 Entrances .................................. 56 4.3 Nearby Village ................................... 57
4.3.1 Built-Up Areas of Nearby Villages ................................................... 61 4.4 Existing Land Use .............................62 4.5 Environmental Sensitive Land ..........63 4.5.1 Environmental Sensitive Forest ................................................. 63 4.5.2 Environmental Sensitive Buffer Zone ............................................ 64 4.6 Current Activities ............................. 65 4.6.1 Walking Trails ..........................66 4.6.2 Accommodation .......................75 4.6.2.1 Ajloun Cabins ..............75 4.6.2.2 Ajloun Bungalows ........76 4.6.3 Ajloun Handicrafts form Nature Houses ............................... 77 4.6.3.1 Calligraphy House ......77 4.6.3.2 Orjan House ................79 4.6.3.3 Biscuits House ............79 4.6.3.4 Nature Shop .................80
4.6.4 Supportive Facilities. ............... ...82 4.6.4.1 Ajloun Reserve Restaurant 82 4.6.4.2 Administrative Building .... 82 4.6.4.3 Parking ..............................82 4.6.4.4 Ecotourism and Rangers Academy ........................................ 83 4.6.5 Other Activities............................ 87 4.7 Local Community Participation ............89 4.7.1 Fast-Track Projects...................... 90 4.7.1.1 Handicrafts .....................90 4.7.1.2 Tourism Ventures ............91 4.7.2 Financial Benefits .......................92 4.8 Environmental Studies .......................... 95 4.8.1 Climate Studies ............................ 95 4.8.1.1 Temperature...................... 97 4.8.1.2 Precipitation ......................98 4.8.2 Geomorphology Studies .............100 4.8.2.1 Topography .....................101
Table Of Contents 4.8.2 Geomorphology Studies ..................100 4.8.2.2 Water Recourse ...................102 4.8.2.3 Geology .... ..........................103 4.8.2.4 Soil ......................................104 4.8.3 Biodiversity Studies .........................106 4.8.3.1 Flora ....................................107 4.8.3.2 Fauna ...................................112 4.8.3.2.1 Mammals .............115 4.8.3.2.2 Reptiles ................116 4.8.3.2.3 Birds ....................117 4.8.3.2.4 Invertebrates ........118 4.9 Tourists 4.9.1 Annual Number of Tourists .......119 4.9.2 Guild lines of Eco-Tourist .........119 4.9.3 Social Surveys and Interviews ..121 Current Detected Problems 125 4.10
Chapter 5 Case Studies
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5.1 Ecotourism in Costa Rica 131 5.2 Ecotourism in Laos 147 5.3 Kackar National Park 161 5.4 Shenandoah National Park 171 Chapter 6 185 6.1 Goals And Visions………………… 187 References Appendices
Anomalus syriacus
Evergreen Oak Forest
OAK Tree
Fallow Deer
Alectoris chukar
Charaxes jasius jasius Butterfly
INTRODUCTION Natural Wild Beauty
Old Oak Tree
Natural Beauty
W
ith all the beauty of traveling, and the excitement it brings, one cannot ignore the environmental effects traveling has. It doesn't stop when you get off the airplane, since the electricity and water used during the trip in addition to the food consumed all goes into the calculation of the carbon footprint of your travel. And while we’re not even suggesting that you stay at home and never travel so you don’t create a footprint, there are plenty of behaviors and decisions you can make to travel in an environmentally friendly manner. As travelers reach the far corners of the world, they are faced with the responsibility to preserve the fragile environments they visit. This idea of traveling responsibly is called ecotourismš, conscientious travel to protect the environment and nourish its many cultures. 1 Ecotourism precise definition is discussed in chapter one.
Limodorum
Cephalanthera Longifolia
1
CHAPTER
A concise INTRODUCTION of
Eco-Tourism
Definition of Ecotourism The main involved patterns of Ecotourism
THE MAIN PRINCIPLES
ECOTOURISM
OF
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1 Ecotourism Definition Ecotourism is currently the fastest growing sector of the world's largest service industry, tourism. It can be described as an environmentally friendly alternative to commercial travel. It entails a combination of modifying tourist behavior in addition to providing environmentally friendly facilities and transport alternatives. It's typically considered a subset of sustainable tourism which includes environmental, social and economic aspects of tourism. Although there are several competing definitions of ecotourism, a commonly accepted explanation is it is "purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and natural history of the environment; taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem; producing economic opportunities that make the conservation of natural resources beneficial to local people." (Garen, 2000, 221). Under this definition, eco-travel could range from a day-trip to a wildlife preserve to a week camping in a rainforest. (McLauren, 1998,97). As environmentalist Deborah McLauren describes it; at its best, ecotourism can help protect a delicate ecosystem while providing economic benefits to locals, and at its worst eco-travel can be, "environmentally destructive, economically exploitative, and culturally insensitive. Also, Ecotourism can be defined as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." (TIES, 1990)
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.2 Ecotourism Main Patterns Conservation
Offering market-linked long-term solutions, ecotourism provides effective economic incentives for conserving and enhancing bio-cultural diversity and helps protect the natural and cultural heritage of our beautiful planet.
Communities
By increasing local capacity building and employment opportunities, ecotourism is an effective vehicle for empowering local communities around the world to fight against poverty and to achieve sustainable development.
Interpretation
With an emphasis on enriching personal experiences and environmental awareness through interpretation, ecotourism promotes greater understanding and appreciation for nature, local society, and culture.
1.3 Ecotourism Principles Principles of Ecotourism
Ecotourism is about uniting conservation, communities, and sustainable travel. This means that those who implement and participate in ecotourism activities should follow the following ecotourism principles: - Minimize impact. - Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect. - Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts. - Provide direct financial benefits for conservation. - Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people. - Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climate.
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1
Biodiversity Conservation Ecotourism helps in creating a better appreciation of the world's natural resources.
1.4 Ecotourism Benefits There are many different benefits that can be derived from ecotourism if it is used as a tool by local communities rather than large outside interests. 1
Ecotourism's primary aim is to counteract the negative effects of human development. People who live in cities often choose to visit pristine jungles, mountains and beaches to enjoy their beauty. Ecotourism enterprises are planned and managed at a local level. Community members stay involved at all stages of the process, empowering them while encouraging travelers to their areas.
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Accommodation Ecotourism Gives travelers a chance to live within nature and escape form the busy, crowded and polluted cities.
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Flora And Fauna
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Culture Preservation
Ecotourism increases the national stake in protecting their biological Flora and Fauna.
Eco-tourists have much greater interaction with native peoples.
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Sports
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Ecotourism Gives travelers a chance to experience exciting and unique sports such as hiking and climbing.
Local Community Almost everyone in the village can become involved. Ecotourism also brings a better standard of living.
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.5 Ecotourism Terminology and History Ecotourism is a late 20th-century neologism compounded from eco- and tourism. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, eco-tour was first recorded in 1973 and ecotourism, "probably after ecotour, in 1982. Eco-tour, n. ... A tour of or visit to an area of ecological interest, usually with an educational element; (in later use also) a similar tour or visit designed to have as little detrimental effect on the ecology as possible or undertaken with the specific aim of helping conservation efforts. ecotourism, n. ... Tourism to areas of ecological interest (typically exotic and often threatened natural environments), esp. to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife; spec. access to an endangered environment controlled so as to have the least possible adverse effect. Ecotourism, responsible tourism, jungle tourism, and sustainable tourism have become prevalent alternative tourism concepts since the mid-1980s, and ecotourism has experienced arguably the fastest growth of all sub-sectors in the tourism industry. The popularity represents a change in tourist perceptions, increased environmental awareness, and a desire to explore natural environments. 22 Page
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.6 Ecotourism And Sustainable Tourism Many people think that ecotourism or sustainable tourism is not possible. Most tourists arrive at their destinations by planes, which are a major contributor to the greenhouse effect. Deforestation will have taken place to build many hotels and resorts and the hotels and resorts will create areas of private land that will disturb local flora and fauna. Tourists will put pressure on local electricity and water supplies and create waste that has to be treated and/or disposed of. They may demand products that are not found locally and could introduce new diseases or alien species. Because of this some people say ecotourism should be known as ego-tourism. This is when people go on holiday so that they can show off to the friends when they get home of what a fantastic time they had and tell them what a remote location they visited, while also caring for the environment. There are some unique differences between the Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism. Here are some unique differences between the two.
Similarities Between Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism
Both attempt to minimize the impact on the environment Both attempt to minimize the impact on local populations. With ecotourism this might include indigenous groups Both aim to create a unique and enjoyable experience for tourists Both aim to educate tourists about responsible travel Both hope to be sustainable over the long-term
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Differences Between Ecotourism and Sustainable Tourism
Ecotourism is usually on a smaller scale, whereas sustainable tourism can be on a much larger scale Sustainable tourism also focuses on the economic needs of areas Ecotourism is usually to remote areas of natural beauty, where sustainable tourism can be to any location e.g. cities or beaches Ecotourism usually involves physical activities Ecotourism is a type of tourism that is included under the umbrella of sustainable tourism
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.7 Ecotourism Projects 1.7.1 Ecotourism Project Stages 1.
Conduct Environmental Impact Study.
2.
Determine the carrying capacity of the project – Ecotourism cannot be volume tourism.
3.
Quantification and Real Time environmental assessment of the project – systems and methodologies.
4.
Real time reporting of the environmental impact along with mitigation and improvement measures.
5.
Over the time of 5 years the project should have positive impact on the environment and ecology around the project.
Ecotourism Projects
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Stages of Ecotourism Projects
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.7 Ecotourism Projects 1.7.2 Planning and Design Three types of zones: Three types of zones are delineated: ‘wilderness’ or ‘core’ zones, where no public access or construction is allowed; ‘semi-intensive use’ zones, where limited access and small scale facilities are allowed;
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and ‘intensive-use zones’, where more access and construction is allowed (but still tightly controlled). Daily access limits are defined for each of the last two zones and general impact monitored.
Core Zone
Semi-intensive Zone
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3
Intensive Zone
Features of the main zones
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Main Zones of Ecotourism Projects
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.8 Ecotourism Around the World IYE: International Year of Ecotourism (2002) In the framework of the UN International Year of Ecotourism, 2002, over one thousand participants coming from 132 countries, from the public, private and non-governmental sectors met at the World Ecotourism Summit, hosted in QuĂŠbec City, Canada, between 19 and 22 May 2002.
World Ecotourism Summit Final Report The World Ecotourism Summit was held in Quebec City, Canada from 19 to 22 May, 2002. This was the principal event to mark 2002 as the International Year of Ecotourism. The purpose of the Summit was to bring together governments, international agencies, NGOs, tourism enterprises, representatives of local and indigenous communities, academic institutions and individuals with an interest in ecotourism, and enable them to learn from each other and identify some agreed principles and priorities for the future development and management of ecotourism.
Outcomes of the International Year of Ecotourism (IYE) 2002: UNWTO Report to the UN General Assembly on activities undertaken by governments and international organizations Following a request by the United Nations General Assembly, in its resolution A/RES/53/200, and the Economic and Social Council, the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has prepared this report on the activities undertaken by States and major international organizations in the framework of the International Year of Ecotourism (IYE).
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Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.8 Ecotourism Around the World IYE: International Year of Ecotourism (2002) This report presents, in its first part, all the activities carried out by UNWTO, UNEP and other international organizations in preparation for and during the IYE. In its second part, this report synthesizes the activities undertaken by governments in the framework of the IYE. This information, mainly based on the responses of 93 countries to a questionnaire sent by UNWTO, is structured according to the following six main themes: 1. National policy 2. Activities and publications 3. Stakeholders' participation and support 4. Awareness raising 5. Regulation 6. Cooperation. The report reveals an extremely wide range of activities stimulated by the IYE at the national and local levels, with the participation of the various sectors involved in ecotourism. In general terms, even though the global situation of ecotourism still needs improvements, the International Year of Ecotourism permitted, in most countries and in all domains, to improve sustainability levels in ecotourism, and in the tourism sector generally. This year served to stimulate the replication of good practices among governments and private companies, and as a strong engine for innovative programs and projects.
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2
A concise INTRODUCTION of
CHAPTER
Eco-Tourism in Jordan
RSCN’s Natural Reserves Unique and Memorable experiences
Jordan’s Beautiful Natural Treasures Explore nature with wild Jordan
Chapter 2 - Ecotourism in Jordan
2.1 The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) “ Helping Nature … Helping People ” The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature is an independent non-profit non-governmental organization devoted to the conservation of Jordan's natural resources. Established in 1966 under the patronage of His Majesty the late King Hussein, RSCN has been given the responsibility by the Government of Jordan to protect the Kingdom’s natural heritage. As such, it is one of the few voluntary organizations in the Middle East to be granted this kind of public service mandate. As a result of its pioneering conservation work, RSCN has achieved international recognition. The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) aims to create, manage and advocate for a national network of protected areas to conserve Jordan’s biodiversity and support local community development, while also promoting wider public support and action for the protection of the natural environment within Jordan and neighboring countries. RSCN accomplishes its role in managing Jordan’s natural resources by: 1
Setting up and managing protected areas to safeguard Jordan’s natural environment and biodiversity;
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Running captive breeding programs to save endangered species from extinction; Conducting research to provide a scientific base to aid conservation efforts; Enforcing governmental laws to protect wildlife and control illegal hunting; Raising awareness on environmental issues, with a focus on school students through establishing nature conservation clubs, providing educational programs in the reserves, and integrating biodiversity concepts in school curricula; Ensuring the socio-economic development of rural communities by creating job opportunities through eco-tourism, craft production, and other nature-based businesses; Providing training and capacity building for environmental practitioners and other institutions throughout Jordan and the Middle East; Encouraging public participation in RSCN nature activities through membership packages;
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Promoting public action for environmental protection through campaigns and activities run by an advocacy committee comprised of volunteers from different sectors.
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Chapter 2 - Ecotourism in Jordan
2.2 Wild Jordan
“ Helping Nature … Helping People ” Through business
Wild Jordan was created as the business unit of RSCN to develop socio-economic programs in all of Jordan's nature reserves. At
present, Wild Jordan manages innovative income generating programs that build on locally available skills and products and on the tourism potential of the nature reserves. Among the small businesses created to date are hand-crafted silver jewelry, organic jams and fruit leathers, painted ostrich eggs, sandblasted frames, environmental board games, natural 100% olive oils and goat leather nature boxes. All of these initiatives are tied to a strong promotional concept that uses "the reserve address" and the conservation philosophy as the main selling points. Wild Jordan is responsible for developing eco-tourism in RSCN’s protected areas and sees it as major tool for supporting the conservation of these areas. More specifically, Wild Jordan’s eco-tourism operations are bringing the following benefits for nature conservation: 1
Substantial income for biodiversity protection
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Jobs and revenue for local communities, which create more support from local people for conservation and provide alternatives to ‘harmful’ land uses like grazing and hunting. 3 More support from decision makers, and the Jordanian population in general, who are able to see the tangible social and economic value of nature conservation
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Chapter 2 - Ecotourism in Jordan
2.3 Exploring Jordan’s Natural Treasures Eco-tourism facilities and activities have been created in six protected areas so far: Dana, Mujib, Ajloun, Shaumari, Dibeen and Azraq. These areas have widely different habitats and landscapes, from rugged mountains to Mediterranean forest and desert wetlands. Ajloun Forest Reserve Dibeen Forest Reserve Azraq Wetland Reserve Shaumari Wildlife Reserve Mujib Biosphere Reserve
Dana Biosphere Reserve
Wadi Rum Protected Area
Figure 1: Jordan’s Natural Reserves
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Chapter 2 - Ecotourism in Jordan
2.3 Exploring Jordan’s Natural Treasures Natural Reserves Areas Sequence 320 KM²
220 KM²
Ajloun Forest Reserve Dibeen Forest Reserve Azraq Wetland Reserve Shaumari Wildlife Reserve Mujib Biosphere Reserve 8.5 KM²
12 KM²
22 KM²
Dana Biosphere Reserve
13 KM² - Figure 2 -
2.3.1 Dana Biosphere Reserve The Dana Biosphere Reserve is the most developed for tourism, having a guest house, campsite, eco-lodges, a range of trails and tour programs. Hiking is the main activity in Dana, although many visitors just come to enjoy the amazing mountain scenery and experience the local culture. The Rift Valley Spectacular A series of spectacular mountains extend from the top of the Jordan Rift Valley to the desert lowlands of Wadi Araba.
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Chapter 2 - Ecotourism in Jordan
2.3 Exploring Jordan’s Natural Treasures 2.3.2 Mujib Biosphere Reserve Mujib Biosphere Reserve, which lies on the shores of the Dead Sea, it has the most developed and exciting river trails in Jordan. These trails go through deep gorges of red sandstone lined with palm trees and down high waterfalls, assisted by ropes. A ‘chalet village’ has recently been opened (2008) at the edge of the Dead Sea offering overnight accommodation with spectacular sea views. The Lowest Reserve on Earth Dramatic narrow canyons & fast flowing rivers provide the perfect recipe for a hiking adventure. Mujib Biosphere Reserve is a natural habitat for the endangered Nubian Ibex.
2.3.3 Shaumari Wildlife Reserve As the first wildlife reserve in Jordan, it provides a safe haven for one of the most endangered animals in the world, the Arabian Oryx. The Enjoyment of a night-time safari, where other locally extinct desert animals, including the Persian Onager, the Goitered Gazelle, and Ostrich.
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Chapter 2 - Ecotourism in Jordan
2.3 Exploring Jordan’s Natural Treasures 2.3.4 Azraq Wetland Reserve The Azraq Wetland Reserve lies in the Eastern Desert. A unique lodge has been created nearby in a renovated 1940’s British Field Hospital that offers a comfortable and very unusual base to explore the wetland and the Eastern Desert. Oasis in the Eastern Desert A perfect choice for bird watching, this desert jewel contains several pools, a seasonally flooded marshland and a large mudflat. It is an important stop for migratory birds on the African-Eurasian flyway. This area is rich in cultural history and conservational value.
2.3.5 Dibeen Forest Reserve This unique pine-oak forest located in the north of Jordan supports many locally and globally endangered species. Its beautiful wilderness of rolling hills and deep Valleys attract people from across the kingdom to stroll along its soothing woodland trails.
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Chapter 2 - Ecotourism in Jordan
2.3 Exploring Jordan’s Natural Treasures 2.3.6 Ajloun Forest Reserve Ajloun Forest Reserve offers tranquil wooded hills in the north of Jordan, where the tented lodge and individual cabins. A range of trails and tours have been developed from the Reserve to enable visitors to see the important archaeological sites and experience the local village culture. The Oak Forest Escape Enjoying the mild Mediterranean climate while looking out over rolling hills covered by dense woodlands of evergreen oak, carob, and wild strawberry trees. The area’s rich history is reflected in the many archaeological ruins scattered in the woodlands and surrounding villages, which can be explored through a series of adventurous hikes, and trails.
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Chapter 2 - Ecotourism in Jordan
2.3 Exploring Jordan’s Natural Treasures 2.3.7 Wadi Rum Protected Area Wadi Rum Protected Area is one of the world’s most outstanding desert landscapes, covering 720 square kilometers of dramatic desert wilderness in the south of Jordan. Its huge mountains and broad sandy wadis are home to several Bedouin tribes and a surprising range of desert wildlife. This wildlife now includes a herd of Arabian Oryx, reintroduced by RSCN in 2002. The breathtaking scenery of Wadi Rum has made it one of the most popular tourist sites in the Kingdom. But the growing pressure from visitors, and especially off-road vehicle tours, is damaging Wadi Rum’s scenic and ecological values. RSCN has been helping in preparing a management plan for Rum under a contract with the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA), which tries to reconcile all of these problems within a conservation framework.
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Chapter 2 - Ecotourism in Jordan
2.4 The Significance of Ecotourism in Jordan Helping Jordan’s tourism industry The eco-tourism sites and operations being developed by Wild Jordan are making a significant contribution to the development of Jordan’s tourism industry. In 2007, the number of tourists to RSCN sites exceeded 40,000 and the revenue generated contributed over 45% of annual conservation costs and supported hundreds of local community jobs. While the number of visitors for these eco-tourism experiences is modest at present, the impact on Jordan’s tourism industry is significant and growing. Some 30 Jordanian tour operators are involved in promoting RSCN products, usually as ‘mixed’ tour programs involving eco-tourism sites and traditional historical sites, thus extending the average stay of visitors to Jordan (which currently stands at a low 4.2 days). Having observed the success of RSCN’s enterprises, the private sector is now developing new eco-tourism facilities and operations in other areas of Jordan, including Wadi Rum, this will undoubtedly expand the sector further. At a wider planning level, the principles that RSCN has applied to the development of eco-tourism in sensitive ecosystems and landscapes became mainstreamed into governmental land use policies and development strategies.
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3
CHAPTER
Site Selection Analysis
What makes the project important? Why is it significant? How to describe the projects main features?
A WALK Through The SELECTED SITE
Chapter 3 - Site Selection Analysis
3.1 Site Selection Site selection indicates the practice of new facility location, both for business and government. Site selection involves measuring the needs of a new project against the merits of potential locations. The site selection process includes a detailed evaluation of project needs which are then measured against the merits of potential locations. The process typically includes selecting and evaluating communities, real estate site analysis and acquisition, and may include negotiating tax incentives.
The process implemented for the site selection The steps that have been done: - Define project criteria - Evaluate other sites - Create short list of objectives based upon project criteria - Identify sites within objectives and goals - Site acquisition
Define project criteria
Define other sites
Define Objectives
Site Selection Process
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Identify Sites within goals
Site Selection
Chapter 3 - Site Selection Analysis
3.2 Defining The Selected Site Ajloun Forest Reserve The Oak Forest Reserve has been selected for this project. The importance of Ajloun Reserve comes from the importance of Ajloun itself. Ajloun has a long history of human settlements, due to its mild climate, dense forests, and fertile soil. This rich history is reflected in many archaeological ruins scattered in the wood-lands and surrounding villages. The reserve itself supports a wide variety of wild plants and animals and is a peaceful place to relax and enjoy nature. Among the more unusual animals to be found in the Reserve are the Striped Hyena, Crested Porcupine and Stone Marten. In spring, the reserve becomes a carpet of wild flowers, including drifts of anemones and rock roses. Ajloun Forest Reserve was established in 1987. Ajloun Forest Reserve covers an area of 13 km2 . It consists of Mediterranean-like hill country, ranging from 600 - 1100 m above sea level, with a series of small and medium winding valleys.
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Chapter 3 - Site Selection Analysis
3.3 Site Significance Ajloun Forest Reserve Ajloun forest was first proposed as a protected area in the 1978 survey. Its ecological importance is represented by the Evergreen Oak vegetation type, which is typical of the northern highlands of Jordan. As part of the Mediterranean bio-geographical region of the country, it is dominated by open woodlands that account for a significant part of Jordan’s forested area, which does not exceed 1% of the country’s entire land area. Long with stretches of Evergreen Oak Quercus calliprinos, the thriving woodlands of Ajloun are dominated by Carob Ceratonia siliqua, wild PistachioPistacia palaestina and Strawberry tree Arbutus andrachne. Throughout the years, these trees have been important to local people for their wood and quite often for their medicinal and nutritional value or simply as a food source. These woodlands also support a wide range of plant and animal biodiversity, including herds of wild boar Sus scrofa, the Stone Marten Martes foina, which is a carnivore that is known to be restricted to forest habitats, and the golden Jackal Canis aureus, which can still be found in good numbers in and around the reserve, as well as the Red Fox Vulpes vulpes, Striped Hyena Hyaena hyaena, Persian Squirrel Sciurus anomalus, Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica, and wolfCanis lupus. A wide variety of wild flowers thrive in Ajloun forest, including the Black Iris, several orchids and wild tulips, several of which can be found in CITES appendices. In 2000, Ajloun Forest Reserve was announced, by Bird Life International and RSCN, as an Important Bird Area in Jordan.
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Why Ajloun Forest Reserve?
Chapter 3 - Site Selection Analysis
3.3 Site Significance Why Ajloun Forest Reserve? Ajloun Forest Reserve After the reserves establishment, RSCN initiated a captive breeding program aiming to reintroduce the locally extinct Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus. The Roe Deer is adapted to forest habitats, and feeds on a variety of trees, shrubs and grasses. The rich forests that covered the Ajloun area once provided an ideal habitat for this noble creature, but deforestation over the past 200 years led to the extinction of the Roe Deer in Jordan. Since launching its captive breeding program at Ajloun Forest Reserve in 1988, RSCN has managed to release a number of Roe Deer into the reserve, where they have continued to grow within their natural habitat. Ajloun Forest Reserve still faces several threats, as the shape of the reserve and its borders have been negatively affected by the presence of private lands around it. Presently, this has led to several problems in managing the reserve, due to the existence of many unofficial access points into the reserve, allowing people to enter the reserve for the illegal purpose of woodcutting, grazing or hunting. Nonetheless, Ajloun Forest Reserve has one of the most effective outreach and public awareness programs among Jordan’s nature reserves. This has led to the raised awareness of the local communities inhabiting the area, emphasizing the importance of the reserve and its maintenance.
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Chapter 3 - Site Selection Analysis
3.3 Site Significance Enhancing Ajloun Forest Reserve as a National Park Ajloun reserve is a place of outstanding beauty, with dramatic oak trees, majestic mountains, captivating wilderness and spectacular views, which is why Ajloun tourism relies on unspoiled and beautiful landscape to remain intact and attract tourists. Being famous for oak trees, the northern natural forest, the moderate sun in the summer, Ajloun Reserve offers a variety of outdoor activities for the eco tourist. Nearest to Ajloun reserve you can find Dibeen Forest, which is a nature reserve that offers tourists the opportunity to visit the pine oak forest that has Jordan’ rarest beauty and historical sites. There is clearly demand for sustainable tourism in Ajloun Reserve, as evidenced by a 2012 report by The Travel Foundation and Forum for the Future found that 75% of consumers want a more responsible holiday, while another 2012 study found that almost half of global consumers are willing to pay more for products from companies that show a commitment to social responsibility. Ajloun Reserve was established to follow this trend, by providing ecofriendly tours and destinations. Ajloun Natural Reserve can be one of the top environmentally friendly tourism spots in Jordan and in the Arab World.
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Why Ajloun Forest Reserve?
Chapter 3 - Site Selection Analysis
3.4 Project Significance Why Eco-Tourism? Ecotourism in the Developing World As a form of tourism with smaller-scale infrastructural needs and less �sophisticated� consumer demands, ecotourism is ideally suited to the Developing World. It does not necessitate multi-billion dollar investments. Local, small businesses and entrepreneurs can successfully fulfill the demands of ecotourism, especially in the areas of lodging and food services. As a result, ecotourism has become incredibly popular within the Developing World, particularly as a means of stimulating economic development. Struggling with severe balance of payments difficulties, ecotourism provides these countries with the opportunity to earn foreign exchange without destroying their environmental resource base. For the most part, countries in the Developing World have something of a �comparative advantage� when it comes to ecotourism, in terms of the vast biodiversity and extent of pristine, natural environments in those countries. According to the World Wildlife Fund for nature, that comparative advantage translated into nearly $12 billion in ecotourism revenues for Developing Countries in 1988. Overall tourism earnings in the Developing World for 1998 were $55 billion (Cater, 71 The Earth scan Reader). This segment of tourism is reported to have been growing at a rate of 10-15% per year, whereas mass tourism is said to average only a 4% annual growth rate. Ecotourism’s popularity among Developing World countries has only increased since 1988, as evidenced by the proliferation of specialized ecotourism tour operators and by the increasing number of ecotourism conferences in those countries. For many destinations within the Developing World, ecotourism is becoming the most important tourism market segment.
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Chapter 3 - Site Selection Analysis
3.5 Vision Support Ajloun Reserve as a National Park. Link Ajloun Reserve with other nearby forest reserves such as Dibeen Natural Reserve and Berqesh Forest Reserve. Enlarge the reserve boundaries to cover surrounding forest lands. Regeneration of nearby villages with respect to the local architectural styles. Enhance the water recourses that exist within and near the Reserve. Revive the idea of eco-tourism in Jordan. Rethink in steep slope areas within the Reserve to be utilized and used for climbing sports for example. Introduce other Ecotourism attractions within the Reserve. Socio economic development with more job opportunities and other natural –based businesses. More conservation efforts through detailed research. Rising awareness on environmental issues. Preserve local culture and enhance the public participation..
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Chapter 3 - Site Selection Analysis
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Understanding the Existing Situation of
CHAPTER
4
Ajloun Forest Reserve in Details
Open woodland of evergreen Oak, Pine, Carob, Wild Pistachio and Wild Strawberry trees
The OAK Forest Escape Ajloun Forest Reserve as the Selected Site
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.1 Location Ajloun Reserve is located in Ajloun highlands to the north of Amman.
Jordan Map
Ajloun Map
From Amman, the trip to Ajloun takes approximately 1 hour & 15 minutes.
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.1 Location Ajloun Reserve is located in Ajloun highlands to the north of Amman.
Ajloun Governorate Map
Ajloun Reserve Map 53 Page
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.1.1 Surrounding Urban Areas Ajloun Reserve
Kfr Awan Zobya
Jdaitta
Snaar
Kfr Abeil Rasun
Halawah
Hashmiyyeh
Arjan
Samta
Ras Munif
Baoun
Shtafina
Um Yanabee
Tayyarh
Sakhrah
Wahdneh Ebbien
Key Village Center
54 Page
Ain Janna
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.2 Accessibility Ajloun Reserve
To Irbid
Major Junction Main Gate
Main Gate Minor Junction
Highway (Two or more lanes wide) Main Road (More than 7m wide) Main Road (5-7 meters wide) Secondary Road (Less than 5m wide)
Main Roads Map 55 Page
To Jerash
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.2 Accessibility Pathway
To Irbid
Track Visitor Center
Main Gate
How To Get There ? - Starting at the eight circle go north towards Sweileh circle. - Go under the Sweileh circle towards Jerash. - 27 km from the Sweileh circle, take the exit for south Jerash. - 6 km from the south Jerash exit you will reach a traffic light; turn left towards Ajloun city. - As you continue, you will pass Raymoon, Sakeb, and Anjara villages. - Just past the Anjara village, there is a T- Junction. Turn right towards Ajloun city. - Enter Ajloun city. - At the Ajloun circle, go straight towards Eshtafena. - 5 km from the Ajloun circle, you will find the Eshtafena junction. - At the junction, turn left towards the Ajloun Forest Reserve. - Follow the signs from there.
Secondary Roads Map 56 Page
To Jerash
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.2.1 Entrances Secondary entrances Main entrance The reserve has one main entrance which starts at the entrance of “Om-Yanabee� village, it runs through the village to the north-west up to the reserve main gate leading to the administration buildings. There is a number of very rugged dirt and not paved driveways that are used by the local people between villages. There are also other ways that reach up to the private and cultivated lands. The total number of entrances to the reserve is almost 13 entrance.
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Main Gate
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.3 Nearby Villages The reserve is surrounded by six main villages. - Rasun - Arjan - Bauon - Mahna - Al-Tyarah - Um Yanbee
Main Gate
Rasun
Arjan
The largest one of these villages is “Arjan village”, which lies to the west of the reserve. The smallest village is “Um Yanabee” which is located to the south of the reserve. It is the closest village to it. Governmental jobs and agricultural interests differentiate in these villages, but in general the main reliance is on the armed forces and governmental jobs. Arjan Village has a private concern in agriculture as agricultural land and water are available throughout the year.
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Al-Tyarh
Abu Zaiton Bauon
Dhr Alsero Eshtfina
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.3 Nearby Villages Sanaar
The main six villages that surrounds the reserve:.
Al Marjam
Rasun Village
Arjan Village
Baoun Village
Mahna Village
Al-Tyyarh Village
Um Yanbee Village
Bir Dalyeh
Um Yanbe
As Sowan
Ain Janna
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.3 Nearby Villages The main six villages that surrounds the reserve:.
Rasun Village Area Population (2012) Financial Benefits (2011) Other
Arjan Village
Baoun Village
487 Dunam
1256 Dunam
710 Dunam
2569
6266
4585
30148 JD
52424 JD
5363 JD
Majority of population works in governmental jobs
500-800 above the sea level Popular in it’s water springs
One of the oldest villages in Ajloun.
Other Surrounding Villages:
Eshtafena Village Area Population Financial Benefits (2011) Other 60 Page
Ebbin Village
278 Dunam
463 Dunam
739
5413
7738 JD Majority of population woks in governmental jobs
7719 JD 500-800 above the sea level Popular in it’s water springs
Abu ZiatoonVillage
34 500-800 above the sea level Popular in it’s water springs
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.3 Nearby Villages Mahna Village
Al-Tyyarh Village
Um Yanbee Village
122 Dunam
140 Dunam
100 Dunam
857
275
259
6993 JD
12196 JD
6424 JD Has the oldest oak tree – more than 1000 years old- in the region.
Sanaar a Village
The population works in governmental jobs and cultivation.
Other Villages
124 Dunam
-
572
-
Majority of population woks in governmental jobs 61 Page
13310 JD -
The closest village to the reserve. It has the least number of population.
Ajloun Governorate 419636 KM 2 140000 35975 JD 2.3% of Jordan’s population lives in Ajloun.
Total 2815 Dunam 14825 113548 JD -
Total 178296 JD -
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.3.1 Built-up Areas of Nearby Villages In general, the population density of the villages that surrounds the reserve are moderate or low.
Arjan Bir Dalyeh
Main Gate Bauon
62 Page
Al Marjam
Rasun
This is probably because of the natural topography of the site. Ajloun reserve and the villages nearby are known with their hard slopes. The highest Population Density is in Arjan village, which considers as the largest village that lies near the reserve. While Um Alynabee village has the lowest population density.
Sanaar
Al-Tyarh Eshtfina
Abu Zaiton
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.4 Existing Land use
Ajloun Reserve
Key Village Historical Site Religious Tourism Forests Urban Area
See Appendix A 63 Page
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.5 Environmental Sensitive Land 4.5.1 Environmental Sensitive Forest
Ajloun Reserve Environment Sensitive Forest Land
Privately owned Forest Land
The forest land that has been defined as Ajloun Reserve covers only 5% of the forest lands in the whole area of Ajloun. Ajloun Reserve
5% 95%
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.5 Environmental Sensitive Land 4.5.2 Environmental Sensitive Buffer Zone Established Reserve Buffer Zone Ajloun Reserve Main Gate
Established Reserve Buffer Zone A proposed buffer zone was established around the perimeter of the reserve. The purpose of this sensitive buffer zone is to conserve the natural biodiversity in Ajloun reserve.
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6 Current Activities Ajloun area has a long history of human settlements, due to its mild climate, dense forests, and fertile soil. This rich history is reflected in many archaeological ruins scattered in the wooden-lands and surrounding villages. The reserve itself supports a wide variety of wild plants and animals. It is a peaceful place to relax and enjoy nature. More unusual animals are found in the Reserve such as the Striped Hyena, Crested Porcupine and Stone Marten. In spring, the reserve becomes a carpet of wild flowers, including drifts of anemones and rock roses. Exploring The only way to experience Ajloun Forest Reserve is by foot. Enjoy hiking through oak forests dotted with pistachio and oriental strawberry trees, catch breathtaking views overlooking villages and Roman remains or catch a glimpse of snowcapped Jebel Sheikh Mountain in southern Syria on a clear day.
Witness the exceptional beauty of these trails in spring, when the reserve is dotted with wild flowers.
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.1 Walking Trails
Return by Bus
Visitors can enjoy guided and self-guided trials ranging from 1-10 hours in length. Visits can also be arranged to surrounding villages, farms, the local workshops, and archeological sites such as Mar Elias and Ajloun Castle. Orjan Village
Main Gate Trail Main Gate
Return by Bus
Rason Village
Mar Elias
Ajloun Reserve
Bus Stop Visitor Center
Om Yanbee Village
Bus Stop Mar Elias
Bus Stop
Return by Bus
Ajloun Castle
Ajloun Castle 67 Page
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.1 Walking Trails Orjan Village Tour 6 HRs 12 KM
Guided only Grade: Moderate Distance: 12 km Time: 6 hours Group size: 4-18 people Description Continuing from the Soap House, this tour takes you through wooded valleys to the lush green orchards of Orjan village, giving you the chance to discover the rural lifestyle of the region. A poplar-lined spring provides a wonderful contrast to the arid mountains of the previous stages of the trail. The dramatic rock walls, old water mills once used by local people to grind their seeds and the hollow walnut tree. Enjoy a delicious traditional meal in an orchard of fig, pomegranate, apple and apricot trees.
Soup House
Ajloun Castle
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.1 Walking Trails Soup House Trail Guided only Grade: Moderate Distance: 6-7 km Time: 2-3 hours Group size: 4-18 people
2-3 HRs 6-7 KM
Soup House
Visitor Center
Description This trail begins at the Reserve's Visitor Center and takes you to the Soap House in the neighboring village of Orjan. On the way, you will hike through thick, healthy woodlands filled with oak, pistachio, and oriental strawberry trees. One of the oldest strawberry trees in the Reserve will be on your way down into the valley. The trail climbs to 1100m above sea level at Eagle's View Point, and then descends to the Soap House where local women follow the traditional process of making Orjan pure olive soap. * You can continue walking The Houses Trail or the Village Tour once you have reached The Soap House
Ajloun Castle
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.1 Walking Trails The Houses Trail Guided only Grade: Moderate Distance: 7-8 km past the Soap House Time: 3-4 hours Group size: 4-18 people
3-4 HRs 7-8 KM
Description This trail takes you through a tour of Ajloun’s popular three houses; The Soap House, The Biscuit House in Orjan village and the House of Calligraphy in Rasun village. From the Eagle’s View Point you can descend towards the House of Calligraphy, then wind your way to the other two houses. An alternative route takes you first from the Soap House. Biscuit House
Soup House
Ajloun Castle
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Calligraphy House
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.1 Walking Trails Rock Rose Trail Guided only Grade: Moderate Distance: 8 km Time: 3-4 hours Group size: 4-18 people Requirements: Reasonable level of fitness
3-4 HRs 8 KM
Description Named for the flowers that can be seen around the trail every spring, this hiking loop passes through thick woodlands, orchards, farms and villages in and around the reserve. It offers beautiful views of the West Bank, Syria, and the Jordanian countryside. About halfway through the hike, observe the wine and olive press from the Byzantine and Roman eras, and just before reaching the end of the trail, rest in the shade of a large Maloul tree. Each season the trail has different vegetation to enjoy. The first half of the trail is uphill and the second half is downhill; there are steep scrambles enroute that demand a reasonable level of fitness.
Ajloun Castle
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.1 Walking Trails Roe Deer Trail Guided or Self-Guided Grade: Easy Distance: 2 km Time: less than one hour Group size: 4-18 people Trails: Roe Deer - Long , Roe Deer - Short
1 HR 2 KM
Description This short circular trail starts at the campsite and offers great views over the reserve. Not far from the campsite you will find an old stone wine press. Early in the morning, you may be lucky enough to see Roe deer before you return to the visitor center.
Ajloun Castle
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.1 Walking Trails The Prophet’s Trail Guided only Grade: Moderate Distance: 8.5 km Time: 4 hours Group size: 4-18 people Description
4 HRs 8.5 KM
This hike takes you from Ajloun Forest Reserve Visitor Center to Mar Elias, the ruins of Jordan's oldest churches. It is named for the Prophet Elias, or Elijah, to whom Mar Elias is dedicated. The trail leads through fig and pear orchards, amongst forests of oak and oriental strawberry trees. The hike also includes a locally prepared picnic lunch near the ruins. Mar Elias
Ajloun Castle
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.1 Walking Trails The Prophet’s Trail Guided only (Donkey assisted) Grade: Difficult Distance: 18 km Time: Full Day Group size: 4-18 people Description Once you have reached Mar Elias, you have the option of continuing on this challenging trail, which takes you by small farm house and their adjacent orchards on your way to Ajloun Castle, built between AD 1184-1188 by Salahadin's nephew. In the first section of the trail you can enjoy views of the West Bank and Syria, before you descend into a wooded valley. The final difficult uphill is rewarded by the incredible castle and the marvelous views that accompany it. The hike also includes a locally prepared picnic lunch.
Full Day 18 KM
Ajloun Castle
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The guided tours start at 8:00 a.m., except for the Rockrose Trail and Soap Maker’s Trail, which start at 12:00 a.m.
All trails are available all year round depending on weather conditions and guide availability.
Natural Beauty
4.6.1 Walking Trails
Ajloun Castle
Forests of Oak
Soup House
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.2 Accommodation 4.6.2.1 Ajloun Cabins Ajloun Forest Lodge occupies a large grassy clearing, enclosed by oak, pistachio and strawberry trees and offers beautiful views of the reserve and as far as Jebel Sheikh in Lebanon. There are 5 newly built cabins with private facilities and small terraces. Each cabin has its comfort and style and is equipped with a private bathroom and a small terrace that invites you to sit for hours enjoying the soft breeze and rolling forest vistas. These cabins are opened all year round. Capacity for these cabins: 20 people.
Key Cabins Bungalows Walking Trails
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.2 Accommodation 4.6.2.2 Ajloun Bungalows Enjoy the original Ajloun experience in any of our 10 four-person tented bungalows, accommodating up to 40 people, with nearby showers and toilets. The bungalows are open from April 1st to October 31st.
Facilities New Cabins
Near the campsite, you will find a visitor center, restaurant, meeting room, and The Nature Shop that is full of creative handicrafts made by the local people living in and around RSCN's nature reserves. A peaceful seclusion in the Biscuit House located in Orjan village deep in the fig and pomegranate laden valley, offering 2 rooms with a capacity of 8-9 persons. Bungalows Facilities
Old Cabins
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.3 Ajloun Handicrafts from Nature Houses (Main Features) The Nature Houses was created to enhance the role of local communities in Eco-tourism Projects.
4.6.3.1 Calligraphy House The Jordanian culture and the Arabic language are presented when Visiting the House of Calligraphy in Rasun village. It offers tourists and locals alike the chance to have their names and favorite phrases written in fine Arabic script on leather, clothes or silk, as well as to interact with local workers in the area.
Key
Biscuit House (B&B) Cabin Ain al Baidha water spring Bungalows Walking Trails
78 Page
Orjan Soap House Calligraphy House
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.3 Ajloun Handicrafts from Nature Houses 4.6.3.2 Orjan Soap House At the Soap House which is located in Orjan village, local women use a variety of local ingredients, including lavender, geranium, mint and pomegranate, to create high-quality handmade natural olive oil soaps called Orjan Soap. Orjan soaps are all produced using pure olive oil, combined with other natural oils, plant extracts, and pure essential oils.
Orjan Soap House
4.6.3.3 Biscuits House (B&B) The Biscuit House located in Orjan village is a kitchen where Jordanian delights are made. These products are all handmade. They are made from natural ingredients, some of which are produced by the local community. Tasali presents a new spirit of Jordanian delights. Products include molasses and tahini sandwiches, cookies, olive oil crisps, and energy bars. 80 Page
Calligraphy House
Biscuit House (B&B)
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.3 Ajloun Handicrafts from Nature Houses 4.6.3.4 The Nature Shop This shop contains natural crafts produced by the local people at the reserves. These products are sold as truly original gifts and souvenirs. Wild Jordan’s success in linking nature conservation to rural development has been due to its willingness to embrace the tools of business in its operations and to engage with the private sector. It has teamed-up with over 25 local tour operators to promote and market its eco-tourism programs and it has also created the Wild Jordan Center in Jebel Amman, an innovative marketing complex that integrates private and public enterprise to provide a popular city-center showcase for RSCN’s tourism and handicraft products.
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Handmade Products
Ajloun Reserve Restaurant
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.4 Supportive Facilities 4.6.4.1 Ajloun Reserve Restaurant
4.6.4.2 Administrative Building, Visitor Center
The reserve restaurant is located near the visitor center. It can serve 20-30 people.
4.6.4.3 Parking
83 Page
The parking lot is designed for 2 cars and one coaster.
Workshops and Conferences Hall The reserve’s conference/training room is equipped with slide and overhead projectors, data show and computer. The hall can provide a space for 35 people.
Eco-Tourism and Rangers Academy 84
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.4 Supportive Facilities 4.6.4.4 Eco-Tourism and Rangers Academy The proposed site of the new the Rangers Academy Building held the shadows of a once was a functioning quarry. In this project, it has been decided to celebrate the quarry instead of erasing it, by using this man-made artificial exposed cliff to the advantage of the project. This deformed cut turned into the real thrilling challenge of the site. “As a painter I like painting wounded nature rather than pure nature; pure nature is too much for me, too perfect.� -Ammar Khammash The building design was based on the quarry cliff cut-line that a bulldozer driver once drew in the land some twenty years ago, never knowing that this line will be the base of a building elevation. The building follows the quarry line very accurately creating a linear addition of constructed stone to the bedrock. The total fill elevation adds up from the ratio of one third added layer of construction on top to two thirds bedrock.
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
The massive southern elevation, which is the most dramatic of all, consists of very small windows with giant vertical blade-like stone cracks shearing into zero width. Those cracks bring light into the vertical circulation areas and the hidden bathroom gardens. The shearing cement in the walls thins down to zero in width, causing the knife edges to crack and act upon their material character.
The Academy Building has a double folded functionality: from one side it is an environmental academy that presents nature-oriented educational programs, on the other, it is a high-end restaurant and a craft shop that finance the academic program of the project. Arriving to the building after crossing a bridge spanning 30 meters over the quarry gap, the building welcomes you at the exact middle contact point between the restaurant's dining room to your right, and the academy to your left. There, the quarry rock acts as the main foundation. The corridors are defined by a crack in the ceiling that lets natural sunlight in and guides the visitor to the rest of the academy.
Building Martial: The building has a very basic treatment of materials. It is made from Ajlouni lime stone from the site's quarry and other quarries that share the same strudel of rock. Cuts in the walls were kept exposed without plastering, which shows in the openings of the hall. On the opposite side of the building facing the forest which was not affected by quarrying activities, the academy touches the forest with a beautiful handshake. The building hovers over the forest and barely touches it. It has minimal footprint as the foundation columns cantilever tilts at 45 degrees above the forest floor, and cantilevered terraces with blade-like edges floats –almost like paper- above trees canopies
Copyright (c) 2013 Khammash Architects. All rights reserved. 86 Page
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.5 Other Activities
Exploring The only way to experience Ajloun Forest Reserve is by foot. Enjoy hiking through oak forests dotted with pistachio and oriental strawberry trees, catch breathtaking views overlooking villages and Roman remains or catch a glimpse of snow-capped Jebel Sheikh Mountain in southern Syria on a clear day. Witness the exceptional beauty of these trails in spring, when the reserve is dotted with wild flowers.
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Bird watching Enjoy bird watching from a comfortable wooden bird hide and you may be lucky enough to see a Jackal or wild boar, as well as a variety of woodland birds.
Shopping Browse through the Nature Shop and find truly original gifts and souvenirs. This shop contains nature crafts produced by the local people at the reserves. It is open for visitors daily from 8.00 am to 4.00 p.m.
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.6.5 Other Activities
Dining Enjoy “Al Fresco Dining” - means in the open air - at the reserve’s restaurant with winning local flavors.
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Conferences and workshops Hold small conferences, workshops, and retreats. Ajloun’s conference/training room is equipped with slide and overhead projectors, flip charts, data show, computer and video.
In and around Ajloun Ajloun Castle in the town of Ajloun, known as Qal'at ArRabad. The fortress was built by Saladin's nephew [1184 AD], and is a fine example of Islamic architecture. From its hilltop position, it dominates a wide stretch of the northern Jordan Valley. Jerash (22 km east of Ajloun), Jordan’s second most important tourist site. This famous Roman City, Gerasa, belonged to the ten cities of the Decapolis and is regarded as one of the finest examples of Roman architecture outside Rome. Umm Qays (60 km north of Ajloun), another Roman site on the northern border of Jordan, overlooking the Golan Heights and the Sea of Galilee.
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.7 Local Community Participation Getting the right balance between the interests of conservation and the interests of local people is not easy. After years of experience, RSCN and Wild Jordan have developed a well thought-out approach to resolving potential conflicts. When a new protected area is planned, RSCN goes through a number of clear steps: First, a thorough socio-economic survey of the communities living in and around the proposed protected area is carried out to identify and understand how the communities function, their livelihood base and their relationship with the site. The extent to which they depend on the natural resources of the site for their living is a critical issue and enables us to identify our target groups; i.e. those that are highly dependent are priorities for any new socio-economic initiatives. The surveys also help to identify resident skills in the communities and the potential for new livelihoods. Second, the knowledge that have been gained of community livelihoods is connected then to the ecological information to see if these livelihoods pose a significant threat to the area’s ecological value. Usually, the relationship is clear and the common issues in most protected areas are excessive goat grazing, hunting, fuel collection, and expansion of agriculture. Third, all the key stakeholders are brought together. The setting up of the protected area is discussed and explored covering all the main concerns and issues. Usually, from these meetings local activists and decision makers become well-known and act as the focal points for ongoing discussions and participation. Steering groups are often formed to guide and support the protected area establishment and to help resolve resource management issues. Fourth, the target groups which had been identified under step one will be able to start working with RSCN to develop ideas for ‘fast track projects’. These are most often handicraft or tourism ventures that can be instigated relatively quickly to bring some immediate financial benefits. Sources of funding are then pursued and craft workshops or tourism facilities developed with the support of the Wild Jordan team and external experts. Once the protected area is established, all the information and experience gathered from the above process is used to support the development of a management plan, which sets out the longer term strategy for conserving biodiversity and for socio-economic development. A critical tool in the plan for reaching compromises between ecological and human interests is the zoning scheme, since this identifies the areas that can be used for appropriate economic activities without causing significant damage to sensitive habitats or species.
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.7.1 Fast-Track Projects Natural Products
4.7.1.1 Handicrafts In the Nature Business Wild Jordan’s success in linking nature conservation to rural development has, in no small measure, been due to its willingness to embrace the tools of business in its operations and to engage with the private sector. It has teamed-up with over 25 local tour operators to promote and market its eco-tourism programs and it has also created the Wild Jordan Center in Jebel Amman, an innovative marketing complex that integrates private and public enterprise to provide a popular city-center showcase for RSCN’s tourism and handicraft products. The collective impact of these initiatives (and the general adoption of business approaches) has been to revolutionize nature conservation strategies in Jordan. No longer are protected areas seen as the preserves of the elite, of little relevance to the social and economic needs of ‘ordinary’ Jordanians; they are now being recognized as engines of rural development, able to offer alternative and sustainable livelihoods for some of the poorest communities in the Kingdom. Such environmental entrepreneurship, combined with a peoplecentered philosophy, has also enabled RSCN to generate more popular support for conservation, minimize its need for government financial support, and become a national and regional leader in sustainable development.
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.7.1 Fast-Track Projects 4.7.1.2 Tourism Ventures The involvement of a number of associations and local residents in obtaining grants from the second tourism project in order to develop tourism ventures in their areas. The reserve helped , as a coordinating and advisory association, in providing twenty three projects that have been implemented in Arjan , Rason and Baon villages. These projects are presented in providing residency in rural homes with local communities and providing local meals also. The projects contribute in improving income of poor families and promoting tourist programs in the region.
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.7.2 Financial Benefits Thee financial benefits form the projects mentioned before are: ( the benefits include: employee’s salaries and transportation wages )
Village Name/Year
Um Ynabee
Al Tayarah
Mahna
Shtafina
Ebbin
2007
11397
4325
3237
0
42631
8844
2282
7454
-
26801
108094
2008
9544
5117
3804
2280
43453
16222
6896
8147
-
32074
127549
2009
5548
5925
8333
5440
56786
20232
4272
3183
6927
34077
150728
2010
6264
6838
9351
5828
55317
28323
4489
3515
7478
35560
162967
2011
12196
6993
6424
5363
52424
30148
7738
7719
13310
35975
178296
Total (JD)
32753
22205
24726
7720
198097
73621
17939
22299
14405
128512
Direct Benefits of the Local Communities from the Nature Reserves Programs 2012 The total income of the nature reserves of the Kingdome cumulatively reached JD 1.635,966,800, distributed on the reserves as in the table:
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Baoun
Direct Benefits (JD)
Arjan
Rasun
others
Ajloun
Total
Shaumari
Azraq
Ajloun
Mujib
Dana
Dibeen
62543
180884
172171
185460
930000
104908
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.7.2 Financial Benefits The economic benefit of the nature reserves was distributed to include 8 provinces governorates of the Kingdome, where Tafilah Governorate was the top beneficiary and Madaba was the lowest, according to the below diagram: Aqaba; 9% Ajloun; 11%
Tafileh; 25%
Jerash; 5% Madaba; 1%
Amman; 7% Kerak; 9%
Mafraq; 17%
The economic benefit of Ajloun reserves was distributed as shown in the diagram, Arjan village has the top financial benefits: 60000 50000
Arjan
40000
Rasun
30000
Baoun
20000
Zarqa'a; 17%
10000 0
The economic benefit of the natural reserves was distributed as shown:
1
2
3
4
5
Arjan Village 60000
Ajloun reserve
50000
Dana Reserve 21%
28%
3%
Arjan 198097 JDs
40000 30000
15% 33%
20000 10000 0 1
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8 Environmental Studies Environmental studies are the scientific study of the environmental system and the status of its inherent or induced changes on organisms. It includes not only the study of physical and biological characters of the environment but also the social and cultural factors and the impact of man on environment. Environmental Studies for Ajloun Natural Reserve include primary and secondary information for the climatic, Biodiversity and Geomorphologic aspects. Each one involves a series of items that will be explained in the following pages.
Environmental Studies
96 Page
Climate Studies
The reserve enjoys a Mediterranean-like climate. The items that will be explained under this topic are: 1 2
Temperature Precipitation
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.1 Climate 4.8.1.1 Temperature
Sunrise, sunset, dawn and dusk times, graph
Ajloun Reserve is located within the Mediterranean climate in Jordan, which is characterized by a cool, rainy winters and hot summers. The highest elevation is in Um Alyanbee which is considered as one of the coldest areas, particularly in Ajloun area down to Arjan and Baon at an altitude of 700 meters above sea level.
Darkness Dawn Sunshine Dusk
In winter the climate is very cold, while in summer it becomes hot .The month of January is the coldest months, while the month of August is the hottest. 25 20 15 10 5 0
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Monthly Temperature Averages
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.1.2 Precipitation Ajloun reserve has the highest averages of rainfall in the Kingdom, where the annual rainfall rate in Ajloun Reserve was from 400 to 600 mm.
The reserve goes under a period of drought in the fourth quarter of May until the end of September. The months July and August are the driest months in the year.
The most precipitation frequency estimates is registered in December, January, February and March, as shown in the figure.
Rainy Days, Humidity
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Geomorpholo gy Studies Geomorphology (from Greek: ge, "earth“; morfĂŠ, "form"; logos, "study") is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near Earth's surface. Within this field the items that will be explained are: 1 2 3 4
Topography Hydrographic Studies; Natural Water Recourses Geology Soil
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.2 Geomorphology 4.8.2.1 Topography
The Highest Summits
Ajloun Reserve is considered as one of the highest areas above Sea level in Jordan, where elevations range from 7001100 meters. It also features a chain of mountains with converged elevations and separated by some valleys, small and middle-rise hills. Its highest mountain peaks reach around 1268 meters above sea level. 102 Page
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.2 Geomorphology 4.8.2.2 Water Recourses There is no permanent water sources in Ajloun Reserve, but there are some small water streams during rainy periods, until early summer. The reason for the non-existence of any permanent water source in the reserve is due to it’s location between a number of small hills, which forms an open watershed. Water springs appear in the weakness areas of the rocks in the low-lying areas around the reserve. There are many springs in the neighboring villages such as AlEin Bayda Spring, Mahna Spring and Rason Spring.
Wadi Al-Rayyan Stream
Sna’ar Rasun Water Spring
Al Marjam
Baoun
Al-Sowan
Shtafina Ebibin Mahna Water Spring
Ain Janna Key Village Water Stream
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Dhr Al-sero
Wadi Rayan is a permanent stream with a constant flow which starts from the village of Rason and heading west to Arjan where farmers in that region depends on it to irrigate their crops, especially figs and pomegranates.
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.2 Geomorphology 4.8.2.3 Geology The existing formations of rocks configurations are Calcareous Limestone containing Marlstone, Dolomite Lime and Flint rocks. These rocks are highly affected by the erosion and weathering according to their softness. The materials left over after the rock breaks down combined with organic materials create soil. The contrast between the highlands and the deep lowlands has a profound impact on the variations of terrain such as mountain summits, mountain ranges, hills and valleys. This variety in geology has it’s impact on the richness of Ajloun forests in terms of: Geographical location: The site’s different heights and slopes, durations of exposure to the sun and its location within the moderate temperatures provides an ideal environment for it’s flora. Soil: It’s the most important factor where the red soil is rich in humus . They are very suitable for the growth of plants, especially evergreen trees. Calcareous rocks: They are characterized by high porosity and permeability allowing the leakage of water to become out of reach for short-rooted herbaceous plants, unlike big trees that deepens its roots in the rocks to take what is needed from food and water.
Calcareous rocks
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Marlstone rocks
Dolomite Lime rocks
Flint rocks
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.2 Geomorphology 4.8.2.4 Soil Soil is considered as one of the most important factors for the forests and the species that live in it. The soil type in Ajloun Reserve is red soil tends to black because of the humus and the high rates of iron oxides in it. It is called: TERRA ROSA, which is characterized by it’s high fertility. The presence of evergreen oak forests has increased the fertility of the soil. The surface layer of the soil in the forest is one of the richest soils because it contains many dry fruits and leaves, where degraded by microorganisms. It has also an appropriate degree of humidity and that suits forest trees, especially oak trees.
Terra Rosa
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Oak trees
Fertility of red soil
Fertility of red soil
Biodiversity Studies Biodiversity definition refers to the amount of diversity between different plants, animals and other species in a given habitat at a particular time. The different aspects of biodiversity all have a very strong influence on each other. Within this field the items that will be explained are: 1 2
Flora Fauna
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.3 Biodiversity A main part of RSCNs mission is to conserve the biodiversity of Jordan, in all of its rare and beautiful forms. Although Jordan is a small country of around 90,000 km2, it has a great variety of wildlife. This is attributed to several factors including its geographical position at the junction of three continents, Asia, Africa and Europe, as well as its diverse landscape, weather conditions, and geological structure. Jordan is divided into four different bio-geographical zones; the Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Arabian and Sudanese penetration. Within these diverse zones, there are 13 different vegetation types each representing different elements of flora and fauna (Al- Eisawi, D. 1996). Much of the country's diversity is due to the formation of the Great Rift Valley. The titanic forces that created the Rift Valley produced the high western mountains. The altitude ranges from around 400m below sea level by the shores of the Dead Sea up to 1854m at the edge of the Southern Heights. Apart from the rift valley, Jordan is mainly desert composed of either basalt or Hammada; a striking ecologically-rich ecosystem that is unique to Jordan and Syria. Furthermore, Jordan has some highly specialized habitats. Despite its rich biodiversity, Jordan's nature is facing many threats as reflected by the national and global status of many species and their habitats. Efforts are needed on the national level in order to help in reviving the populations of threatened species. 108 Page
4.8.3.1 Flora Ajloun Natural Forest is covered with oak forests vegetation type. This vegetation type is characterized by the dominance of Evergreen oak trees. It is also accompanied with medium to large trees, shrubs, annuals and perennials, non deciduous, climbers, polypodiales and others such as: Pistacia palaestina , arbutus, hawthorn, wild pears, Dahnoun flowers and orchids. Around 4oo species of vascular plants have been recorded, which could be divided into: 1%
2%
Gymnosperm
Polypodiales NUMBER OF SPECIES
97%
Polypodiales
Grade
Number of Species
Magnoliophyta
396
Polypodiales
3
Gymnospermae
1
THREATEND SPECIES
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
Scientific Name
Ever green Oak Quercus ilex is a medium-sized tree 20–27 meters (66–89 ft) tall with finely square-fissured blackish bark and leathery evergreen leaves. The old leaves fall 1–2 years after new leaves emerge. The leaves are dark green above and pale whitish-grey with dense short hairs below.
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Cephalanthera longifolia
Ophrys transhyrcana
Orchis anatolica
Cephalanthera longifolia, known by the common names Swordleaved Helleborine or Narrow-leaved Helleborine, is an herbaceous perennial plant with rhizome belonging to the family Orchidaceous. It is native to light woodland. Widespread across Europe, Asia and North Africa.
Perennial, 20-60 cm tall. Flowers: 3 cm in diameter, purple or blackish, 3-8 flowers, arranged in a well-spaced spike; greenishpurple, spreading with small lateral lobes and dark purplishbrown or blackish-purple, velvety surface; speculum represented by two parallel dark lines.
Orchis anatolica, the Anatolian Orchis, is a species of orchid found from the southern Aegean Islands.
THREATEND SPECIES
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
Scientific Name
Orchis tridentata
Cyclamen persicum
Anacamptis pyramidalis
Limodorum abortivum
Neotinea tridentata (threetoothed orchid) is a species of orchid found in southern Europe from Spain to Turkey and Lebanon. This orchid favors grassy places, woodland, scrub and maquis. It was formerly placed in the genus Orchis as O. tridentata.
Wild plants have heart-shaped leaves, up to 14 cm (6 in) usually green with lighter marbling on the upper surface. Flowers bloom from winter to spring (var. persicum) or in autumn (var. autumnale). Usually white to pale pink with a band of deep pink to magenta at the base.
This hardy plant reaches on average 10–25 centimetres (3.9–9.8 in) of height, with a maximum of 60 centimetres (24 in). The stem is erect and unbranched. The basal leaves are linear-lanceolate with parallel venation, the cauline ones are shorter and barely visible on the stem.
Commonly known as Violet Limodore, is a species of mycoheterotrophic and is native to central and eastern Europe, western Asia and the Mediterranean area. Limodorum abortivum is a herbaceous rhizomatous plant growing to 85cm, with a lax inflorescence of 10-20 violet flowers produced from April to June.
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
Ophrys umbilicata
Orchis papilionacea
Orchis galilaea
Ophyrs carmeli
O. umbilicata is a perennial, erect, glabrous herb, 10-20 cm high. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, thick, narrowly elliptic with parallel nerves. Flowers spirally arranged on top of the shoot, sepals 10-15 x 6-9 mm, petals small. Labellum broader on other half 9-12 mm, 3-dentate on the apex, purple-blackish.
Orchis papilionacea is a species of orchid. It is one of several species commonly known as the butterfly orchid.
Orchis galilaea is a species of orchid found from southern Turkey. This species is pollinated by the bee Halictus marginatus.
Common Name The Navel-Like Ophyr. Flower Size 3 cm Found in Greece and the surrounding islands, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan as a small to medium sized, cold growing terrestrial orchid flowered inflorescence that blooms in the late winter and spring.
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.3.1 Flora THREATEND SPECIES
Plant Communities: There is one class of forests in Jordan. This class is called : “Quercitia ilicis”, where in this class the OAK Forests “Quercion caliiprini” comes beneath. In Ajloun Forest Reserve the dominant plant community is the evergreen OAK and the Palestinian Pistachio “Quercetum calliprini”. The total area of evergreen oak forests in the country is 200,000 Dunam. For Ajloun Forest Reserve they constitute 5.618% of the total forest areas in the country.
Scientific Name
Ophrys bornmuelleri
Ophrys lutea ssp galilaleae
This is a large group of, at least for the moment (2005), twentythree species and one variety. It spreads from Italy, Sardinia and Sicily to the Middle East, with its main concentration in eastern Mediterranean countries. Some are very narrow endemics.
Extended petals, yellow or with a blue-grey or brown spotted velvety macula. Flowering period: march to may. Habitat: Grows in full sun or shade on limey dry or damp soils, pastures, and thin woodland.
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Biodiversit y Studies
Faun - Mammals a - Reptiles - Birds - Invertebrates
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.3 Biodiversity 4.8.3.2 Fauna Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. Threatened species: these species are simply defined as the species that are facing threats that might lead to their extinction. The threats that have been causing the deteriorations of species populations and their habitats are too many. Still, never mind what the threat is, the end result is usually the same; extinction. The World Conservation Union, IUCN, is the international body responsible for preparing the “Red List� which contains all globally threatened species of all life forms. Identifying threatened species is one of the major tools in prioritizing the conservation efforts in the world. All different species in the world can be classified into one of nine categories depending on certain preset criteria. The most important categories are the ones that make up the Red List. These are the species that need conservation and protection the most. They are the top-priority species. There is a clear need for more research on most of the species that exist in order to know their status. There are only very taxonomic groups that have been comprehensively evaluated and these are birds, amphibians, mammals and only two groups of plants, namely conifers and cycads. The same applies for Jordan. According to the IUCN Red List of 2006, Jordan has 47 globally threatened species. Of the 78 mammals in Jordan, 12 are considered as globally threatened. These include the Arabian Oryx Oryx leucoryx, and Nubian Ibex Capra ibex nubiana. The main threat that is facing these two species is hunting. Other globally threatened mammal species that are recorded in Jordan include all three gazelle species that exist in Jordan, although one of them, Gazella gazelle, is lately thought to be nationally extinct. These species are Dorcas Gazelle Gazella dorcas, Mountain Gazelle Gazella gazella and Goitered Gazelle Gazella subgutturosa. As for birds, there are 15 globally threatened species in Jordan. These include one of the most well-known birds in Jordan and the region and that is Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulate, which is known in Arabic as Al-Habari. This species is categorised as vulnerable and it is still facing a continuous threat from hunting in Jordan and other neighboring countries. Another globally threatened species that has been declining rapidly in our region and is recorded in Jordan is Saker Falcon Falco cherrug, which has been caught for falconry especially for hunting Houbara Bustards. Other bird species include Syrian Serinus syriacus (VU) which has its largest breeding colony in the world, in Dana Nature Reserve.
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.3 Biodiversity 4.8.3.2 Fauna The total number of species found in the reserve was 108, including: 21% 55% Mammals
Birds
NUMBER OF SPECIES
25% Reptiles Reptiles
115 Page
Invertebrates
Mammals
Birds
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.3 Biodiversity 4.8.3.2 Fauna 4.8.3.2.1 Mammals So far, 78 species of mammals have been recorded in Jordan (Amr. Z. 2000), belonging to 7 orders and 26 families. These mammals are a major part of the biological pyramids that exist in Jordan. Some of these mammals are carnivores, meat-eaters, such as Striped Hyena, Wolf, Golden Jackal, and the different species of foxes and wildcats. Others are herbivores, plant eaters, such as the Nubian Ibex, Arabian Oryx, and the different gazelle species. Interestingly, the largest groups of mammals are the rodents and the bats which make up almost two-thirds of the mammals in Jordan.
The total recorded number of mammals is 26 species; 8 carnivores , 5 Rodents, 11 bats (Chiroptera), the wild pig and the Fallow deer. The most important carnivores that have been recorded in Ajloun reserve are:
In Ajloun Reserve there are several globally threatened species of mammals. Hyaena hyaena
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Canis aureus
Meles meles
Scientific Name
General Situation
Hyaena hyaena
Vulnerable
Canix lupus
Endangered
Canis aureus
Endangered
Vulpes vulpes
Rare
Felis sylvestris
Vulnerable
Meles meles
Vulnerable
Martes foina syriaca
Endangered
Vormela syriaca
Unique
Vormela syriaca
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.3 Biodiversity 4.8.3.2 Fauna 4.8.3.2.1 Mammals
Hystrix indica
The Rodents species that have been recorded in Ajloun reserve are listed below: Scientific Name
General Situation
Hystrix indica
Vulnerable
Anomalus syriacus
Endangered
The other list below shows the bats species that exist in Ajloun Reserve:
4.8.3.2.2 Reptiles The Jordanian herpetofauna - habitat or geological period - consists of 102 species. They are comprised of five amphibians and 97 reptile species. More than half of these reptiles are lizards, nearly 55 species; whereas there are 37 species of snakes, of which only 7 are poisonous.
Rhinolophus hipposideros
The majority of Jordanian herpetofauna is not critically endangered; however, about 14 species are relatively rare and 2- 4 species might be already extinct (Dr. Modry. 1999).
Scientific Name
General Situation
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Rare
The recorded reptiles in Ajloun reserve are shown in the table below:
Rhinolophus hipposideros
Rare
Scientific Name
General Situation
Rhinnolophus euryale
Vulnerable
Testudo graeca
Endangered
Rhinolophus blasii
Rare
Chamaeleo chamaeleon
Endangered
Myotis blythii
Rare
Lacerta media
Vulnerable
Miniopterus pallidus
Rare
Cyrtopodion kotschyi
Vulnerable
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Myotis blythii
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.3 Biodiversity 4.8.3.2 Fauna Testudo graeca
Chamaeleo chamaeleon
Cyrtopodion kotschyi
118 Page
4.8.3.2.3 Birds There are 425 bird species recorded in Jordan belong to 58 families (Ian Andrews, 2000). Of which more than 300 are migrant, 95 are resident with definite breeding records, 111 are winter visitors, 202 are passage migrants, 81 are vagrants, and 63 are different summer visitors. Jordan hosts breeding populations for some globally threatened species including Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) and Syrian Serin (Serinus syriacus). In addition to these, there are several globally threatened species that are recorded in Jordan at different times of the year. This includes Imperial Eagle, Palled Harried, Lesser Spotted Eagle and Sociable Lapwing. Fifteen bird species are threatened, while 21 are on the CITES appendices. Jordan's location by the Great Rift Valley makes the country one of the most important flyways for migratory birds. Hundreds of thousands of birds cross the area yearly, some of which are globally threatened, such as the Corncrake.
In Ajloun Reserve there are 40 different species have been recorded. Scientific Name
General Situation
Alecttoris chukar
CITES II
Parus caeruleus
CITES II
Turdus merula
Vulnerable
Garrulus glandarius
CITES II
Parus major
CITES II
Dendrocopos syriacus
Vulnerable
Falco tinnunculus
CITES II
Buteo rufinus
Vulnerable
Circaetus gallicus
CITIES II
Lanius nubienus
CITES II
Sylvia melanocephala
CITES II
Falco naumanni
Critical Vulnerable
Pernis apivorus
Endangered
Aquila pomarina
Endangered
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.8.3 Biodiversity 4.8.3.2 Fauna Parus caeruleus
Turdus merula
Garrulus glandarius
119 Page
Falco tinnunculus
Circaetus gallicus
Sylvia melanocephala
4.8.3.2.4 Invertebrates Invertebrates form a large and diverse group of fauna. Jordan's invertebrates are unique, as their composition is a mixture of several faunal origins. Due to the large numbers of invertebrates that forms more than 70% of the total number of faunal species in addition to the deficiency of comprehensive research on invertebrates in Jordan, the exact number is unknown. In Ajloun Reserve there are two rare species; Limenits reducta and Charaxes jasius jasius. While the Archon appoints is globally threatened.
Limenits reducta
Charaxes jasius jasius
Archon appoints
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.9 Tourists 4.9.1 Annual Number of Tourists The annual recorded number of tourists in Ajloun Reserve is 20 thousands. Both external and internal tourism are recorded in the reserve during the whole year. While internal (Domestic) tourism is estimated by 55%. 25000 20000 15000 10000
Internal; 55%
External; 45%
5000 Annual Number of Tourists
0 External
Internal
4.9.2 Guidelines of Eco-tourist How to be an Eco Tourist? Offsetting your carbon emissions is certainly a good place to start, it is not the only solution. There are many environmentally friendly behaviors for travelers before and during their trip. 1.
Select a tour operator which provides environmentally friendly tours, with opportunities to interact with locals, eco-friendly accommodation options, and support the local economy.
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.9 Tourists 4.9.2 Guidelines for Eco-tourist 2. 3. 4. 5.
Learn about your destination, their local culture and customs you must observe while traveling, and their history. Ask the tour operator about the established guidelines they have to minimize the impact of tourists on the environment. Have minimal impact; never take anything with you from the local environment, and most importantly never leave anything behind. Interact with the locals. In many eco-tourism sites across Jordan, all the employees are from the local community, which many a story to share about the history of the location, their traditions and way of life.
6. 7.
Support the local economy by eating at local restaurants, purchasing locally made souvenirs or otherwise choosing local when possible. Conserve natural resources, for example in Jordan, make sure you conserve water, since we're one of the poorest nations in water resources globally.
Dos and Don’ts - Stay on trail with the guide and do not wander alone in the reserve unless you are in a free access area - Protect all nature: no hunting or collecting of plants, animals, rocks, artifacts or fire wood; leave things as they are where you find them - Do not approach, threaten, or feed wildlife - Do not damage trees - Do not add graffiti on any surface within the reserve - Water is a scarce resource in Jordan, please conserve and keep water sources clean - Fire making is strictly prohibited in all reserves, except in designated barbecue pits - Respect nature: keep noise to minimum, be kind to living creatures. - Keep the area clean and take your litter away - Stick to designated roads while driving. Off-road motoring is both risky and damaging to the environment - Leave your vehicles outside the reserve - Smoking is allowed in smoking areas only - We discourage drinking alcohol in the reserves for cultural reasons and thank you for your understanding - Pets are not allowed inside the reserve under any circumstances 121 Page
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.9 Tourists 4.9.3 Social Surveys and Interviews
Gender
Age
Tourists Age Groups
70.00% 60.00% 50.00%
Females; 40% Males; 60%
40.00%
Other; 40%
60%
30.00% 20.00% 10.00%
Females
Males
0.00%
30-38 Other
The majority of tourists were from 30 to 38 years old.
The majority of tourists were males. 7%
Trip Types Only 38.8% of tourists come to the reserve in tourism Groups. The vast majority comes to the reserve as couples.
Tourism Groups
39%
Couples Couples
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54%
Tourism Groups
Singles
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.9 Tourists 4.9.3 Social Surveys and Interviews
Trip Duration 70.00%
Tourists Nationalities Year
Jordanian
Foreigner (Lives in Jordan)
Foreigner (Does not live in Jordan)
2004
1458
158
113
2005
3113
400
252
2006
2900
562
254
10.00%
2007
4751
533
314
0.00%
2008
2900
1191
1125
60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00%
Tourists Nationalities for the year of 2008 22%
The majority of tourists come to the reserve for one night, specially local tourists. They do not stay for more than one night in the reserve. Only 1.5% of the trips was four night-Trips. This is mainly related -as the tourists claimed- to the high residency fees. 123 Page
Foreigner doesn't’ live in Jordan
Jordanian 56%
Foreigner lives in Jordan
23%
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.9 Tourists 4.9.3 Social Surveys and Interviews Social Surveys: Total Number Of Samples was 30 Sample, given for the visitors of the reserve. Level of Satisfaction 25
Problems Most of the visitors were satisfied after their visit to Ajloun Natural Reserve.
20 15
Only 27% of the visitors said that they will not come back again due to various reasons.
10 5
Those reasons will be explained in the next charts and graphs.
0 Good to Moderata
16
Most of the visitors were suffering from the lack of safety in the reserve.
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Hygiene
Bad
Good Satisfaction Good to Moderata; 73%
Safety
23%
Bad Satisfaction
Bad; 27%
Services
50%
50% of the visitors said that both cabins and bungalows were unsafe at night. This is because the existence of wild animals. Poisonous insects were found at the bungalows and cabins at night. Hygiene Safety
27%
Services
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.9 Tourists 4.9.3 Social Surveys and Interviews
Origin of the Trip
Some Quotations from the tourist’s opinions This place truly fits the rating description "Out of this world". We went there as part of our quarterly office trip and it was fantastic. You won't believe that this place exists in Jordan. We took a hiking trail from the reserve offices to the soap shop at the other end of the forest. It took us an hour and I would consider it a mid-toeasy hike. I cant wait to go there again.
14 12 Internal; 55%
External; 45%
10 8 6
In this section, only local visitors were asked this question. The internal (Domestic) tourism in the reserve represents 55% of the total number of visitors. 13%
4
Omar Qudousi
2 0 Amman
Zarqa'a
Salt 43%
20%
Irbid
Zarqa’a Amman
23%
Irbid
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Salt
We went with a group to have a hike, the reserve is well maintained. The hosts were very helpful and passionate about nature, just my draw back when you get to a hike you could easily lost from not very clear signs to stay on track, maybe that was part of the fun (Lost ) . I highly recommend for everyone, specially if they can stay over in one of the wood bungalows. Doaa Ahmad
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.10 Current Detected Problems Private Properties Most of the lands that exist within Ajloun reserve are owned by the government. All of them are covered by forest trees. While there is a few number of other lands which are privately owned by the population. The estimated area of those private lands are 806 dunams. Most of these lands are covered by forest trees. Only two lands are planted with fruit trees (grapes, olives, apples and wheat). The northern and western neighboring lands are planted with fruit trees such as grapes, apples, figs, pomegranates and almonds. The presence of cultivated lands inside and around the reserve will continue to serve many difficulties and effects. The cultivated land and the frequented use for those lands will affect biodiversity in the reserve, such as using pesticides and linking those lands with roads.
Agricultural Crops
Using pesticides
Roads between Lands
Grazing Ajloun reserve lands were used for over and random grazing before the existence of the reserve, which was banned after the establishment of the reserve. There are some illegal excesses form the population who lives in the surrounding villages of the reserve. Some of the population attempts to enter the reserve and let their cattle graze there. Most of these cattle are sheep and goats. Grazing increases in the reserve mainly in summer period, a period during which grazing outside the reserve is not wealthy. While in spring and winter grazing inside the reserve decreases and usually exists in the adjacent forests to the reserve.
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Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.10 Current Detected Problems Grazing The administration of the reserve allowed grazing around the borders of the reserve, adjacently to main roads and in open areas, in which the herbs dry in summer and cause high opportunities for fire. Despite the small number of livestock in the villages that surround the reserve, grazing reach to important parts in the reserve. This relates to the multiplicity of entrances to the reserve from neighboring villages. Grazing affects the chance for plants and trees within the reserve to grow naturally. There is also no systematic plan for grazing inside the reserve shown according to the recorded numbers of livestock.
Nearby villages
Grazing
Endangered Species
Logging of Trees One of the most important and influential problems that affects biodiversity is cutting trees. This significance comes from the importance of these trees, especially endangered ones, such as Maple, Palestinian Pistachio, Wild Pears, Hawthorn and Evergreen Oak trees. Logging in the reserve increases since the beginning of spring, despite the fact that consumption increases in winter according to the cold weather. This can be explained by the use of firewood depends on what have been collected and stored. So that the collection of wood starts in spring throughout summer and autumn and then stored to be consumed in winter. This problem still exists even after the establishment of the reserve, and the quantities of logging outside Ajloun reserve far outweigh logging inside. 127 Page
Chapter 4 - Analyzing the existing situation of Ajloun Forest Reserve
4.10 Current Detected Problems Logging of Trees Due to high fuel prices an increasing demand for dry firewood for heating purposes has been raised. This encouraged the trade of firewood and selling them inside and outside Ajloun governorate. The pressure has increased on the inspectors and the administration of Ajloun Reserve to adjust irregularities. Despite the daily tours carried out by inspectors, it's not enough to ensure continuous and permanent surveillance. To minimize cutting problems in the reserve, the administration held many actions such as the use of fixed cameras, monitoring of roads and transport operations, encouraging the collection of dry wood within private licenses and encourage pruning operations.
Cutting Trees
Hunting Hunting activity in Ajloun reserve is very low, almost does not exist. Despite the fact that neighboring areas are considered as a good place for hunting especially wild pigs and some birds such as partridge and wild pigeons. Since the establishment of Ajloun reserve the region became clearly known to population and hunting was permanently prevented.
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4.10 Current Detected Problems Collecting wild plants One of the most severe problems is collecting wild plants. where the residents of the nearby villages used to collect and harvest these fruits and wild plants due to it’s important significance. Some of these fruits is collected as a food or to sell them in the market such as wild pistachio, hawthorn and maple. Other plants are collected for many purposes such as cooking like Gundelia, Sorrel and arum. Medicinal plants are collected from who practice the folk medicine or to be sold in the market, such as vervain, teucrium polium and marshmallow. This activity is no longer exists inside the reserve, but it is very common in the areas that surrounds it..
Forest Fires Fires in Ajloun Natural Forest is a dangerous problem in and around the reserve that could eliminate many of the forest trees at any moment. Although the evergreen oak forests are the least affected by fires, but the presence of agricultural land in and around the reserve causes many critical problems. One the one hand, the existence of roads on the boundaries of the reserve is considered as an advantage in the case of extinguishing fires. On the other hand, they can be a good cause for fire as if road users throw cigarettes form car windows. This demands a continuous cleaning of roadsides from dry grass especially in spring and summer seasons.
Hunting
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Wild plants
Forest Fires
CHAPTER
5
Case Studies Analysis
Eco-tourism Case studies 1 Ecotourism in Costa Rica [Central America] 2 Laos Ecotourism [Southeastern Asia] 3 Kackar Nation Park [Turkey] 4 Shenandoah National Park [Virginia, USA]
COSTA RICA Costa Rica has become the poster child for sustainable tourism; since the early 1990s, it has looked to sustainable tourism to meet the growing demand on this form of travel. Being a pioneer in sustainable tourism, it also provides low costs and easy accessibility with a stable government and a tourist friendly exchange rate.
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5.1 Ecotourism in Costa Rica Location Costa Rica is a country located in Central America, and is flanked by both the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Two tectonic plates articulate with each other beneath the country: the Cocos and the Caribbean Plates. Subduction of the Cocos Plate under the Caribbean Plate has led to a chain of mountains and many volcanoes to spring up within Costa Rica.
Brief Background Costa Rica is one of most highly valued tourist destinations in this planet. This small piece of land includes all of the necessary components to satisfy the taste of thousands of travelers visiting each year. Costa Rica’s territorial division includes 7 provinces, which are: San José, Alajuela, Cartago, Heredia, Guanacaste, Puntarenas, and Limón. Together they offer an attractive tourist destination, of almost limitless possibilities, that include extensive rainforests, volcanoes, rivers traveling through the mountains, beaches and natural resources safeguarded by an important organization of national parks and forest reserves.
San Jose ( The Capital) The capital San Jose is situated in a valley between two dormant volcanoes with a visit, and in a day’s drive, you can visit the coastal regions of Guanacaste and Puntarenas. During the trip, you can easily spot brightly colored tropical birds flying around the car. The Arenal volcano area is one of the richest areas of Costa Rica for ecotourism. You could spend many days simply discovering different natural attractions in the area. Additionally there are plenty of eco lodges, retreats and natural reserves providing a variety of choice for accommodation. Costa Rica is one of the few countries in the world that has a certification program for sustainable tourism.
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When the Costa Rican government first started setting aside land for the creation of a system of national parks, reserves, and protected zones, it did so under a mandate of preservation. Over time, however, the protected-area system has �emerged as a focal point for the Costa Rican tourism industry, as evidenced by the proportion of visitors spending at least some time within such areas and by the exponential pattern of visitation growth with the system. This phenomenon can be linked to a variety of factors. First, Costa Rica’s location is unique , the only region of the world which is both interoceanic and intercontinental.
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Costa Rica Biodiversity The resulting bottleneck effect helps to explain why Costa Rica has such amazing biodiversity, despite its relatively small size (51,000 sq. km). The tropical setting and extreme variations in altitude also help create a situation where diverse plant and wildlife species can thrive. � Evidence of this biodiversity includes the presence of 20 �life zones� (ranging from mangroves and coastal rainforest to subalpine grassland, containing at least 850 bird species, 1260 tree species, 1200 orchid species, 237 mammal species, and 361 species of reptiles and amphibians. Topographically, Costa Rica is covered by a series of young mountains, including several active volcanoes, running along the entire length of the country. These mountains are interrupted by the existence of a centrally situated plateau known as the Meseta Central. Extensive lowlands line both the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts. It is the exceptional biodiversity and such great variety of eco-regions that attracts hundreds of thousands of tourists to Costa Rica each year to participate in some activity related to ecotourism. The Costa Rican government has responded to the tremendous growth in this sector of the tourism industry by enhancing preservation efforts within the national parks system. To be sure, Costa Rica’s reputation as a premier destination spot has only been further enhanced as a result of its social and political stability which has given it the image of �Switzerland of Central America.� Similarly, the fact that nearly one-third of all national tour operators specialize in ecotourism and that the government has spent a considerable amount of money on infrastructure related to tourism has only made travel for eco-tourists in Costa Rica easier and more attractive. The exceptional biodiversity
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5.1 Ecotourism in Costa Rica Biodiversity
Purpose of Visiting Costa Rica The following chart shows the results that came out from surveys. The highest percentages were for enjoying the sea and sun, for fishing and for bird watching.
Birds
Purpose of visiting
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5.1 Ecotourism in Costa Rica Benefits Environmental Benefits The environmental benefits of ecotourism in Costa Rica have been far reaching. Initially, this was not the case, but over time ecotourism has come to be seen as a way to preserve natural areas throughout Costa Rica. The interpretation of ecotourism, as a way for conservation, has resulted in various initiatives. The rapid expansion of Costa Rica's national park system in the 1970s and its expansion to include 70 protected areas covering 21% of the nation's territory make up some of these initiatives. Thus, ecotourism has provided greater incentives for natural resource conservation in the form of state-protected areas and private lands. With nearly ½ million acres of land designated as protected areas, tourism in Costa Rica has surged, with scientific and nature tourists from around the world converging on this naturally endowed paradise for tourists. Natural resources conservation has been especially on the rise as ecotourism has acted as an alternative to environmentally damaging industries. Without the market demand and political support for environmental protection, currently protected areas may have fallen to the demands of farming, logging, or mining industries long ago. Ecotourism in Costa Rica also encourages individual conservation efforts based on the individual eco-tourist. Ecotourism is meant to both educate and entertain travelers. Thus, “by experiencing first hand the beauty of the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve or the Majesty of a Red Macaw, tourists may return home wanting to do more to help protect the environment.â€? Informed tour guides and educational pamphlets can incite tourists to become environmentalists, thereby promoting conservation efforts worldwide. Biodiversity
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Environmental Benefits
Benefits
Local People The rise of ecotourism in Costa Rica over the past decade has resulted in an extensive expansion in the job market. This has allowed local citizens to generate income and employment, at both the national and local levels. Local communities and schools have received significant amounts of investment and donations from visitors, as a result of this expansion, consequently helping to modernize the living conditions endured by the local people. Unfortunately, it cannot be said that all citizens feel as though they have reaped the benefits of a successful economy, as some Costa Rican’s “view the growth of tourism as the ‘kidnapping of a nation’ in which they have no say or opportunities to get involved“.
Benefits
Economy Costa Rica has turned to ecotourism as its key to economic development. Since 1984, international tourism receipts have grown from $117 million to $136 million in 1987, and $577 million in 1993. Such phenomenal growth has made tourism the leading source of foreign exchange in Costa Rica. Ecotourism industry has had a trickle-down effect, bringing added revenues to rural and previously disadvantaged areas. Less obvious growth linkages of ecotourism can affect everything from the communications industry to agriculture. The successes of Costa Rica's ecotourism industry have also helped breathe life into the nation's sagging coffee market. With a rise in ecotourism and benefits to other industries, locals were relocated and logging industries shut down and Costa Ricans were able to turn to the tourism industry for employment. Ecotourism in Costa Rica has also helped “diversity the national economy, which previously depended upon the exportation of a few agricultural products, namely coffee, bananas, meat, and sugar, for 65% of its exports.”
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Costa Rica Costs Environmental Costs Ecotourism has contributed significantly to Costa Rica – as both a country and an economy. However, it is also a prime example of ‘ecotourism gone wrong’. In the initial stages of ecotourism in Costa Rica, all stakeholders benefitted from this type of tourism and attention was being paid to the conservation of nature because of the amount of money that was flowing into the country as a result of it. However, as the amount of profit from ecotourism started to rise, the matters of protection of local environment and nature became secondary issues with all the attention focused on profit maximization. Visitor overcapacity is one of the biggest threats on Costa Rica’s natural environments. Although policies in Costa Rica direct eco-tourists into areas designated specifically for that purpose, thereby alleviating the pressure on other more fragile environments, the fact is that even the ecotourism designated environments are becoming more and more fragile. Oftentimes, because developing nations do not have the resources to train the personnel necessary to efficiently regulate and protect a national park, it results in the progression of environmental degradation to which no one can be held accountable. For example, “44% of the 3.2 million acres marked for protection remain in the hands of their previous residents and owners. Logging in these areas is often hard to detect or prevent leading some to argue that Costa Rica's natural resources are protected only on paper” (Dulude, 2000). There are extreme shortages in the amount of money necessary to support adequate park management, infrastructure, and programming. Lack of funding, in this respect, has led to problems such as trail deterioration, habitat disruption, pollution, and litter becoming more common. 139 Page
Trail deterioration
Habitat disruption
Pollution
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5.1 Ecotourism in Costa Rica National Parks and Reserves Costa Rica’s national park system is the backbone of its ecotourism industry and an important contributor to the country’s tourism industry as a whole. Costa Rica’s first strictly protected area was established in 1963, and the first four national parks were officially created in 1970-1971 as a way to preserve Costa Rica’s biodiversity. Since then the national park system has expanded to include over 30 parks and reserves and more than 230 different protected areas. The national parks and protected areas are home to many of the country’s rich flora and fauna from a variety of ecosystems. Estimates show that 25-28% of Costa Rica’s land cover is protected in some way (Honey, 1999; Weaver, 1998).
This is an impressive figure when considering the worldwide average is only 3%. Unfortunately the creation of parks and protected areas has not prevented the depletion of natural areas outside the system, which have become the victim of some of the fastest rates of deforestation in the world.
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Costa Rica’s National Parks and Reserves
Main Connection Route
Variety of Parks and Reserves
Natural Recourses
Connections between Costa Rica’s National Parks and Reserves
The subterranean volcanic activity near the Arenal Volcano has also produced many natural hot springs. Other geological features within the region are the Continental Divide of the Americas, its peaks passing through the Monteverde Cloud Forest. The Continental Divide is a hydrological divide, which is characterized by water on either side of the divide flowing into different bodies of water.
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Costa Rica National Parks and Reserves An example for the most important national reserves in Costa Rica is Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, which is owned and managed by Tropical Science Center in San Jose. This is the best-known and most heavily visited reserve in Costa Rica (Buckley, 2003). The reserve is famous for its important population of quetzal, and it’s endangered bird species that is an icon of the regional culture and conservation efforts Monteverde reserve currently receives about 50,000 visitors a year. Tourist numbers grew from 450 in 1975 to 8,000 in 1985, to more than 50,000 in the late 1990’s. Monteverde is considered by many to be a very successful ecotourism destination. One of the keys to its success has been that 95% of all revenues from the park are used for operating expenses, an endowment fund, and scientific research (Buckley, 2003). Monteverde reserve holds many activities that will be discussed in the following sections.
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Monteverde Reserve
Walking Trials
Variety of Walking Trials
Defining Trails
Hanging Bridges
Variety of Walking Trials Hanging Bridges
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5.1 Ecotourism in Costa Rica Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve Currently, the Reserve has a bus service that runs five times per day from Monteverde and Santa Elena; it also has a lodge that hosts up to 47 visitors, a small restaurant, a gift shop, and the Monteverde Nature Center information center, , frog pond, bat jungle, and butterfly gardens. There are well maintained trails that run through the reserve, as well as suspension bridges and zip-lines. Horseback tours are sometimes arranged
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Monteverde Reserve
Walking Trials
Activities
Enjoying beauty
The canopy tour
Activities Enjoying various sports Activities – The Canopy tour It consists of a series of suspended cables attached from tree to tree on which you can glide along using a pulley that is secured to alpinism equipment (the harness). Cables vary in length (they can measure even 700 meters long!) and end in small wooden platforms built in the tops of trees, which are located up to 100 feet above the jungle floor. The impact to the forest is minimal. This explains why biologists were the first ones who, more than three decades ago, started using this technology for research.
Activities Enjoying climbing
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Costa Rica Potential Solutions The key to a successful ecotourism industry in Costa Rica, which must prevail in all of its individual facets, comes down to better implementation, monitoring and evaluation around the region. In detail, “there need to the establishment of a system that considers all aspects of ecotourism ranging from the biophysical to the social”. The complexities surrounding a successful ecotourism industry cannot be understood or solved over night as there are numerous stakeholders involved and various opinions to take into consideration; there must be a mutual understanding amongst all parties involved as to what a successful ecotourism industry looks like. With that said, more scientific studies related to the biodiversity of the parks, habitat and its disruption, park carrying capacities, pollution, visitation, and other similar issues will need to be conducted. There is no standard set of guidelines for ecotourism; it is vital that the government of Costa Rica works alongside certification programs to ensure a prosperous environment and economy for the sake of the nation’s future. To illustrate, “the lack of certification poses a significant problem, for it means that eco-lodges and other establishments are not answerable as far as the extent and success of their environmental efforts. Recycling programs, promotion of low-impact tourist activities, and support for conservation efforts are entirely voluntary once minimum existing environmental standards have been met. Recycling Programs
Conservation Efforts
Recycling
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5.1 Ecotourism in Costa Rica SWOT Analysis Strengths
Weaknesses · Soil with high erosion rate · Heavy rains in the wet season · Inexperienced in tourism & limited level of education · Infrastructure; island access, paths and waste disposal · Little enforcement of laws & regulations
· Natural surroundings; mangrove forest & tropical forest · Tropical biodiversity (alligators, birds, turtles, etc.) · Warm tropical climate · Fresh water & electricity supply · Easy going lifestyle · Available labor market · Majority of food produced on the island
The Rain Forest’s Aerial Tram
SWOT ANALYSIS Opportunities · Open new markets on the island · Tours of mangrove and mountain forest · Environmental education · Conservation plan for the island · Improve infrastructure · Improve locals' quality of live · Educate locals in skills for participation · Employment · Supply organic foods for tourists meals
The Rain Forest’s Aerial Tram
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Threats ·Selling land to foreigners · Sensitivity of mangrove forest · Environmental degradation · Out of control growth; exceeding carrying capacity · Tourism benefits to few limited individuals · Decline in morals (drugs, prostitution & crime) · Culture clash, between locals and tourists
Laos Vision for Ecotourism: "Laos will become a world renowned destination specializing in forms of sustainable tourism that, through partnership and cooperation, benefits natural and cultural heritage conservation and local socioeconomic development, and spreads knowledge of Laos' unique cultural heritage around the world."
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5.1 Ecotourism in Laos Location Laos is located in the centre of Southeast Asia, the geographic coordinates are 1800 N and 10500 E. The country shares borders with Thailand, Myanmar, China, Vietnam, and Cambodia.
Provincial Highlights Laos’ 18 provinces present a diverse natural and cultural landscape with a myriad of ecotourism activities. Visitors can trek or cycle through the green forests carpeting the endless mountains, kayak or raft down rivers carving through canyons, hike to cascading waterfalls and hidden caves, and search for rare wildlife. Laos’ provinces are also ethnically diverse, with remote villages housing communities of ethnic minorities whose lifestyles, cultures and traditions have remained intact over the centuries. Many of these villages offer overnight home stays, providing visitors with a closer insight into Laos’ magnificent cultural heritage. In place to protect and conserve these irreplaceable resources is a network of 20 National Protected Areas, often cited as one of the best designed Protected Area Systems in the world.
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5.1 Ecotourism in Laos Protected Areas The Lao system of 20 National Protected Areas (NPAs) covers nearly 14% of the country and is recognized as one of the best designed NPA systems in the world. Laos' NPAs offer a range of ecotourism attractions among their large tracts of tropical monsoon forest, diverse wildlife populations, bizarre karts, limestone formations and dozens of ethnic minority groups.
Houaphan Provinc
Although most of Laos' NPAs are remote and difficult to reach, they still offer several ecotourism activities such as trekking, kayaking, bird watching and camping that present visitors with keen insight into the country’s magnificent natural and cultural diversity.
Phoun Hin Boun
In addition to the country's vast protected forests and aquatic resources, Laos has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites - The Ancient City of Luang Prabang and the pre-Angkorian Vat Phou Temple Complex. There is also the mysterious Plain of Jars, a forthcoming World Heritage Site that has significant archaeological, historical and natural value. Eager to position Laos as a premier ecotourism destination, the Lao National Tourism Administration, related government agencies and the private sector are working hard to realize the ambitious vision put forth in the country's National Ecotourism Strategy and Action Plan.
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Laos’s Protected Areas Phou Daen Din
Dong Phou Vieng Dong Amphan
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Laos Tourism Laos’s Protected Areas
Guiding Principles of Lao Ecotourism -Decrease environmental and cultural impacts. -Increase awareness in the importance of ethnic groups and biological diversity. -Promote responsible business practices, which cooperate closely with local authorities and the local people to support poverty alleviation and deliver conservation benefits. -Provide a source of income to conserve, sustain and manage the Lao - protected area network and cultural heritage sites. -Emphasize the need for tourism zoning and management plans for sites that will be developed as ecotourism destinations. -Use environmental and social baseline data, as well as long-term monitoring programs, to assess and minimize negative impacts.
Over 1.2 million arrivals in 2006, up from 735,000 five years ago. More than half of arrivals are coming for culture and nature based activities. Laos is now more connected to the GMS by air and road links than any time in history.
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- Maximize the benefits for the Lao national economy, especially local businesses and people living in and around the protected areas. Ensure that tourism does not exceed the country's social and economic limits as determined by researchers working in conjunction with local residents. - Promote local architectural styles that have been developed in harmony with Lao culture and environment, and that use local materials, minimize energy consumption and conserve local plants and wildlife.
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Laos Tourism Activities Guidelines for Lao Ecotourism As a traveler, you can assist with the sustainable development of the Lao PDR and help alleviate poverty by supporting community-based tourism. Below are five actions you can take to help make a difference while traveling in Laos: 1. Eat Lao food – Purchasing fresh foods in the market and eating Lao dishes ensures that your money stays local and supports Lao farmers. When on a tour, request to eat in the village instead of taking food with you from town. This will provide villagers with income and you with an authentic Lao meal and tremendous cultural experience.
Activities Trekking
Ethic Villages
Climbing
Caves
Rivers
Birds watching
2. Purchase local crafts - Purchasing handicrafts in markets or villages directly supports local artisans and their traditional crafts. 3. Use local guides – Taking a village guide and/or a local guide from town will makes your trip more enjoyable and educational, while helping employ local people. Look for packaged tours that include local guides, local food and local accommodation. 4. Stay overnight in villages – Staying overnight in a village as part of an organized tour provides a genuine experience with Lao culture and Lao people, Remember to compensate villagers for accommodation and for food and to visit villages with a local guide. 5. Visit National Protected Areas – Visiting national protected areas help generate income and awareness to support the protection of threatened wildlife and forest ecosystems.
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5.1 Ecotourism in Laos Tourism Activities
Activities Cycling
Wildlife
Flora
Camping
Handicrafts
International Tourists Main Reasons for Visiting Laos Purpose
Percentage
Nature
66%
Monuments & Museums
6.1%
New destination
43.5%
Culture
67.9%
Food
50.4%
Handicrafts
11.5%
Other
28%
Waterfalls Nature Monuments & Museums New destination Culture Food Handicrats Other
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Laos Ecotourism
Laos Ecotourism Recourses 1- Two World Heritage Sites (Luang Prabang, Vat Phou) 2- Traditional culture, indigenous knowledge and ethnic minorities 3- Handicrafts and local products 4- Wildlife and flora 5- The Mekong and its tributaries 6- Mountains, caves and plateau s
Tea Caravan
Laos Tea Caravan Trail
Eco-tourism Facilities
Infrastructure and Transportation Air Laos has three international airports: Wattay International Airport in Vientiane, Pakse Airport in Champasak and the Luang Prabang International Airport. Lao Airlines offers regular service to all domestic destinations and a number of regional capitals. Overland You can access Laos by road from Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Yunnan Province in China. Visas on arrival can be obtained at the Friendship Bridge connecting Laos to Thailand at Nong Khai as well as: Boten in Luang Namtha (Laos-China) Houeisai in Bokeo (Laos-Thailand) Na Meo in Houaphan (Laos-Vietnam) Those who already have a visa may enter Laos from Cambodia at Veun Kham. Within the country, major north-south and east-west roads are sealed and there is regular bus service to all provincial and district capitals. River Ferry service is available for entering Laos at Houeixai (Bokeo), Thakhaek (Khammouane) or Dan Savanh (Savannakhet) It is necessary to take a short ferry ride across the Mekong River. For those crossing from Chiang Khong in northern Thailand to Houeixai, it is possible to proceed directly to Luang Prabang via the Mekong. Those heading north to Luang Namtha can take a two-day journey on the Namtha River, a memorable adventure that passes through lush forest and requires an overnight at the boatmen's home. There is also regular boat service on the Mekong from Pakse to the UNESCO World Heritage Site at Vat Phou, and throughout the Four Thousand Islands in the far south.
Laos’s river ferry
Eco-tourism Facilities
Accommodation Wide range of accommodation from eco-lodges to family-run guesthouses to 5-star hotels in Vientiane and Luang Prabang • 5,300 rooms in Vientiane •
3,200 rooms in Luang Prabang
•
2,400 rooms in Champasak
•
900 Rooms in Luang Namtha
Eco-tourism Facilities
Local Community The population of Lao PDR has reached more than 7 Million and is growing at an annual rate of 2.4%. The average population density is 21 persons per square kilometer, giving Lao the lowest population density in Asia. Despite its small population, Laos has no less than 68 tribal groups. About half of the population in Laos are Lao Loum, who live in the river plains and mostly along the Mekong region. Officially, this group includes the Lao Tai, who are subdivided into numerous subgroups. The Lao Theung (20-30%), live on mid-altitude slopes (officially defined as 300-900m), and are by far the poorest group, formerly used as slave labor by the Lao Loum. The label Lao Sung (10-30%) covers mostly Hmong and Mien tribes who live higher up in the mountains and which have been moving into Laos due to suppression in China about 200 years ago. Due to the lack of land and the warmer climate, the Lao Sung (e.g. Hmong) have been living in rougher mountain areas since than.
Eco-tourism Facilities
Wild life Laos is home to over one hundred species of large mammals. Many of these are familiar Asian species such as Tiger, Asian Elephant and Gaur (a species of wild cattle). Laos is also home to an impressive diversity of primates including five species of gibbon, five species of macaque and fours species of leaf monkey including the incredibly beautiful Douc Langur. In recent years Laos has received international attention after the discovery of an incredible variety of species new to science. These recent discoveries include the Saola, a strange and beautiful forest dwelling antelope-like creature, an incredible diversity of small deer species known as muntjacs, a small striped rabbit and a completely new family of rodent and closely related to porcupines. In addition to mammals, Lao supports over 165 species of amphibians and reptiles, including species such as the Rock and Burmese Pythons, King Cobras and the large and noisy Tokay Gecko (Gekko gecko) a formidable resident of many Lao houses. A long history of market and subsistence hunting have depressed many wildlife populations across the country. Laos is one of the most exciting and least known birding locations in the world. The Northern Highlands of the country hold numerous species associated with Northern Thailand and the North Eastern Himalayas. A huge diversity of babblers species such as Blyth's Kingfisher, the Rufous-necked Hornbill, Beautiful Nuthatch, Short-tailed Parrotbill and Yellow-vented Warbler can be found in the forests of the north. The increase in ecotourism interest in viewing wildlife now provides positive financial reinforcement for residents to conserve many of these species.
Laos Natural Waterfalls
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Laos XAM Neua Bike Trail Exploring Laos on a Bike or a Motorbike. Laos, a still quite unknown country in the heart of Indochina might be an adventure anyways, but with two wheels a helmet and your gear you might actually feel like a real ancient explorer and modern adventurer. Laos Bike and Motorcycle tours are geared towards adventure and culture while discovering the hidden treasure of Laos. As motorbike travel in Laos is still an absolute novelty it is a real chance for visitors to join our decade of experience in Laos. Laos offers simple 2 or 3 day rides combined with superb treks or home stay visits.
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5.1 Ecotourism in Laos Luang Namtha Location: Luang Namtha Province. 2,224 sq km Ecotourism Activities Available: Trekking, river rafting, camping, kayaking, bird watching, mountain bike tours, village home stays. Key Species: Mammals of significance are clouded leopard, leopard, and tiger. There are small populations of gaur, Asian elephant, and a possibly unique muntjac species. Habitat: Most of the area is covered by mixed deciduous forest. A range of mountains runs from “Phou 2094” to the China/Lao border. The top of this range is mainly dry evergreen forest and some grassland. Three large rivers drain southward to the Mekong: the Nam Tha, Nam Fa, and Nam Long. Access: Easily accessed from Luang Namtha Town, Muang Sing and Vieng Phoukha. Physical Features: Most of the area is covered by mixed deciduous forest, in particular in Nam Ha East with few mountain peaks. In the Nam Ha West, a range of mountains runs from “Phou 2094” to the China/Lao border on the northeast. Along the top of this range is mainly dry evergreen forest and some grasslands. Three large rivers drain southward to Mekhong: the Nam Tha, Nam Fa, and Nam Long.
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Key
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5.1 Ecotourism in Laos Luang Namtha There are four identified vegetation zones Namatha. They are the Luang Namtha plain from 540-1000 m with a “mosaic of human-modified habitats� made up of bamboo, secondary evergreen forest and scrub. Main Features
The Northern Highlands zone ranges from 1000-2094 m with patches of primary evergreen forest mixed with secondary forest and large patches of Imperata grass. The Southern Highlands range from 1000-1572 m with both evergreen forest and scrub. The Nam Kong area along the China border ranges from 600-1556 m. It is characterized by secondary evergreen forest and scrub.
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Kackar National Park Vision for Ecotourism: This is one of the main focal points for sport of mountaineering in Turkey.
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5.1 Ecotourism in Kackar Location Kaçkar Mountains are a mountain range that rises above the Black Sea coast in eastern Turkey. With highest peak Kaçkar Dağı at an elevation of 3,937 meters (12,917 ft), and mountain plateaus at about 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in elevation, it is the highest part of the Pontiac Mountains. The Kickers are glaciated mountains that are alpine in character, with steep rocky peaks and numerous mountain lakes. The area was declared a national park in 1994.
Brief Background The Kaçkar Mountains National Park covers an area of 51,500 hectares. The Park is special for its extraordinary number of rare plants and butterflies, many of which live in these mountains and nowhere else in the world. Much of the wildlife is difficult to see; you need to be patient and lucky to glimpse a distant Caucasian Black Grouse above the tree-line. The Kaçkar Mountains are an extension of the Caucasus, and separate the Black Sea from Anatolia. Armenians and Georgians settled early in the Pontiac Alps, now the Kaçkar, later building wonderful stone monastery churches hidden in the mountains. The Kaçkar is one of the most bio-diverse areas in the world. It has huge areas of mature evergreen forest, upland pastures once grazed by herds of bulls, three glaciers and many glacial lakes.
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Recycling Programs
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Kackar Natural Environment and Biodiversity The mountaineering groups coming to the region are generally walking from the Yaylalar village of Yusufeli town in Artvin to the Ayder plateau of Camlihemsin town in Rize and complete their Trans – Kackar walk. The township whose territory is made up in the majority of mountainous and rough terrain, also possesses suitable areas for hunting tourism. Kackar Mountains National Park is in the most rainy forests of Turkey, therefore it has extremely rich alpine meadows and outstanding flora as well as unique in terms of streams. The areas around the Firtina River at the west of the mountains, and the Hemsin River on the east are covered with a rich range of flora. Firtina River and Hemsin River surrounds the national park. In accordance with the richness of flora, such as jackals, roe deer, wild boar, marten, hare, stoat, weasel, mammals, raptors, songbirds and wild rooster are available in the Kackar Mountains National Park.
Major Mountain Groups Altıparmak group Kavron (or Kaçkar-Kavron) Natural Beauty
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Natural Mountain Forests
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5.1 Ecotourism in Kackar Natural Environment and Biodiversity At the heart of the Park are its stunning landscapes. High peaks, alpine meadows, crystal clear lakes and dense forests - all special and always here for everyone to enjoy. The Streams, which are located in the east and west of the Kaรงkar Mountains, are covered with rich flora. This vegetation is a sort of carstic one and includes both upper and endemic species. This is the only place where rhododendrons reach 3000 meters. Natural Beauty
Natural Mountain Forests
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Lakes and Streams
Eco-tourism Facilities
Eco-tourism
Infrastructure and Transportation
Activities
Air Erzurum – for the Kaçkar (South side) and Çoruh. Erzurum airport is mainly a domestic airport and is closed at night. It is 15km from the city, with a municipal bus service between the city, bus terminal and airport. Trabzon – for the Kaçkar (North side). Trabzon has domestic and international terminals and is only about 5km E of the city. Frequent coast-road buses to Rize and points east pass the airport gate.
Nature photography Ecotourism for eco-travelers Geological and geomorphologic formations Traditional highland life Abundance of wildlife Natural plant communities Trekking, Climbing, Hiking Camping. Heli-skiing
Train In general, Turkish trains are very cheap, but the routes are circuitous and the journey takes much longer than buses. Istanbul trains start from Haydarapaşa railway station on the Asian side and go to Ankara, Erzincan and Erzurum.
Heli-Skiing
Long-Distance Buses The overnight and all-day intercity buses are clean and well serviced and are comparatively cheap. Small city-centre shops sell tickets and offer a shuttle bus to the terminal. The buses stop every 4 hours at service stations where you can buy food; light refreshments and water are served on the bus. Local Buses All these bus times are for the summer season. Erzurum (Şükrüpaşa Semt Garaj) – Yusufeli. 4 Yeşil Artvin buses daily, 6am – 4pm. Trabzon (terminal / airport) – Pazar – Ayder runs from Prenskale office on N side of road to Pazar, 100m E. Also a stop for (slower) Pazar dolmuşes opposite the airport exit. Pazar – Çamlıhemşin – Ayder dolmuşes runs from a signed bus stop on Pazar high street; 4-5 times per day in season, less in winter.
Trekking
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Kackar Walking Trails Kaçkar contains 8 long trails, using different passes over the main range and ranging from 3-6 days long. There is a series of daywalks in the Hevek valley, from Olgunlar to Barhal. These are intended as family walks that can be done early or late in the season, when the main trails over the passes are still closed by snow. Some of the pensions have leaflets with maps and walking notes for these trails. These trails link to each other in various places so can be combined to make longer trips. Longer trails are not way-marked, but you can mail us for GPS points. These trails start on inter-village paths often through steep, dense fir and pine forest, then rise to the tree line, which is at about 2100m. Some routes link villages with high pastures; others are old trade routes; most are steep and some very rocky. Lower routes are open for 5-6 months, but, unless you use snowshoes, summits and routes across high passes are only open July – September. You can hire mules and drivers to carry baggage for extended treks. There is accommodation in larger villages and plenty of water and many wild camp areas.
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Walking Trails
Activities
Accommodation Bungalows: On the right as you enter the village. 15 new wooden bungalows, all en-suite, and with a variety of bed options; and 2, 3 and 4 bedrooms in a simple old house, shared bathrooms. Also a delightful dining room, a sitting area (upstairs), internet and a garden with dining tables. Evening meals and/or self-catering facilities. Wooden Houses: A kilometer out of the village, this basic but pleasant place offers rooms in a lovely wooden house and a dormitory/terrace. Local Community Old Houses: The village of Kilyon now has a pension in a beautiful old house with special features in Şabangil Mahalle – 5 rooms on two floors, with 2 bathrooms.
Pensions
A new wooden building with 15 en-suite rooms and 4 family chalets offer halfboard accommodation. Hostel/dormitory accommodation in an older building above the shop/bakery; kitchen which guests can use. House Pensions: 7 village house pensions in this district of beautiful old houses set amongst walnut trees in a secluded valley part way between Yusufeli and Ipir. The pensions are spread out along the valley, some distance apart and the altitude varies between about 1500 and 1800m. They are suitable for family holidays or as a trekking base. Hotels
Wooden Houses
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Kackar Trekking Ayder Plateau has the best facilities in the park, especially for those trekking for several days. Also there are specially designated camping areas in Camlihemsin. Trekking is increasingly popular in this area, and it is possible to hire a guide in Ayder and Camlihemsin. The most popular trekking season is summer, but these are the mistiest and most crowded months – popular wilderness campsites, particularly Dilberduzu in the heart of the range.
Trekking
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Camping, Mountain Biking Sport
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Kackar Local Community Involving local people in their creation and by offering them opportunities to host route-users in their homes and pensions. Turkey’s Culture Ministry intends joining the Council of Europe Extended Partial Agreement, which aims at fast-tracking the development of international culture routes, especially around the Mediterranean and in Eastern Europe.
Accommodation with local people
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5.1 Ecotourism in Kackar Variety of Activities
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Shenandoah National Park The majesty of the Blue Ridge Mountains and Shenandoah Valley
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Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Shenandoah Location Shenandoah National Park encompasses part of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the U.S. state of Virginia. This national park is long and narrow, with the broad Shenandoah River and Valley on the west side, and the rolling hills of the Virginia Piedmont on the east.
Brief Background Shenandoah National Park was built by members of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a government jobs program created during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Workers constructed the rock walls, overlooks, picnic grounds, campgrounds, trails, and the Skyline Drive. They also planted the mountain laurel that lines the road, and built more than 340 structures in the park, many now listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The work of the CCC is commemorated by a statue of a CCC worker, Iron Mike.
Nature's Calling Just 75 miles from the bustle of Washington, D.C., Shenandoah National Park is your escape to recreation and re-creation. Cascading waterfalls, spectacular vistas, quiet wooded hollows—take a hike, a meander along Skyline Drive, or a picnic with the family. 200,000 acres of protected lands are haven to deer, songbirds, the night sky‌and you. Plan a Shenandoah escape today!
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Creation of the Park Shenandoah was authorized in 1926 and fully established on December 26, 1935. Prior to being a park, much of the area was farmland and there are still remnants of old farms in several places. The Commonwealth of Virginia slowly acquired the land through eminent domain and then gave it to the U.S. Federal Government provided it would be designated a National Park. In the creation of the park [the Skyline Drive rightof-way was purchased from owners without condemnation], a number of families and entire communities were required to vacate portions of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Many residents in the 500 homes in eight affected counties of Virginia were vehemently opposed to losing their homes and communities. Most of the families removed came from Madison County, Page County, and Rappahannock County. Nearly 90% of the inhabitants worked the land for a living. Many worked in the apple orchards in the valley and in areas near the eastern slopes. The work to create the National Park and Skyline Drive began following a terrible drought in 1930 which destroyed the crops of many families in the area who farmed in the mountainous terrain, as well as many of the apple orchards where they worked picking crops. Nevertheless, it remains a fact that they were displaced, often against their will, and even for a very few who managed to stay, their communities were lost. A little-known fact is that, while some families were removed by force, a few others (who mostly had also become difficult to deal with) were allowed to stay after their properties were acquired, living in the park until nature took its course and they gradually died. The policy allowed the elderly and disabled who so wished to remain with life tenancy. The last to die was Annie Lee Bradley Shenk who died in 1979 at age 92. Most of the people displaced left their homes quietly. According to theVirginia Historical Society, eighty-five-year-old Hezekiah Lam explained, "I ain't so crazy about leavin' these hills but I never believed in bein' ag'in (against) the Government. I signed everythin' they asked me.“ The lost communities and homes were a price paid for one of the country's most beautiful National Parks and scenic roadways.
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Shenandoah Attractions Skyline Drive The park is best known for Skyline Drive, a 105 mile (169 km) road that runs the entire length of the park along the ridge of the mountains. The drive is particularly popular in the fall when the leaves are changing colors. 101 miles (162 km) of the Appalachian Trail are also in the park. In total, there are over 500 miles (800 km) of trails within the park. Of the trails, one of the most popular is Old Rag Mountain, which offers a thrilling rock scramble and some of the most breathtaking views in Virginia. The Skyline Drive is the first National Park Service road east of the Mississippi River listed as a National Historic Landmark on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also designated as a National Scenic Byway.
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Skyline Drive
Skyline Drive View
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Shenandoah Skyline Drive
Attractions Skyline Drive Skyline Drive, which runs for 101 miles along the crest of the Blue Ridge mountains, is flanked by a rumpled panorama of forests and mountains. To many who travel the drive, the highway itself is a park, complete with numerous deer sightings along the way. But the cars are passing the real Shenandoah. More than 500 miles of trails can be reached from Skyline Drive, and the Appalachian Trail roughly parallels it for nearly its entire length. The long, narrow park flows outward, upward, and downward from the highway that splits it. The drive, following ridge trails walked by Indians and early settlers, transports visitors to a park built on a frontier that lingered into modern times.
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5.1 Ecotourism in Shenandoah Accommodation Backcountry Camping Shenandoah National Park offers 196,000 acres (790 km2) of backcountry and wilderness camping. While in the backcountry, campers must use a "Leave No Trace" policy that includes burying excrement and not building campfires. Backcountry campers must also be careful of wildlife such as bears and venomous snakes. Campers must suspend their food from trees while not in use in "bear bags" or park-approved bear canisters to prevent unintentionally feeding the bears, who then become habituated to humans and their food and therefore dangerous. All animals are protected by federal law.
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Backcountry Camping
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Shenandoah Campgrounds
Accommodation Campgrounds There are four campgrounds in Shenandoah National Park. Mathews Arm (mile 22.1) Big Meadows (mile 51.2) Lewis Mountain (mile 57.5) Loft Mountain (mile 79.5) Shenandoah's campgrounds are open in spring, summer, and fall. Camping is NOT permitted in the campgrounds when they are closed. Opening and closing dates vary from year to year and are subject to change at any time. Mathews Arm (mile 22.1) is the nearest campground for those entering the park from the north. It is next to a nature trail and the trail to Overall Run Falls, the tallest waterfall in the park.
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5.1 Ecotourism in Shenandoah Accommodation
Lodges
Lodges There are three lodges/cabins: Skyland Resort Big Meadows Lewis Mountain Cabins
Big Meadows Lodge
Lewis Mountain Cabins
Lodges are located at Skyland and Big Meadows. Skyland Resort
Rapidan Camp, the restored residential fishing retreat Herbert Hoover built on the Rapidan River in 1929, is accessed by a 4.1-mile (6.6 km) round-trip hike on Mill Prong Trail, which begins on the Skyline Drive at Milam Gap (Mile 52.8). The NPS also offers guided van trips that leave from the Byrd Center at Big Meadows. Shenandoah National Park is one of the most dog-friendly in the national park system. The campgrounds all allow dogs, and dogs are allowed on almost all of the trails including the Appalachian Trail. 180 Page
PATC Cabins
Eco-tourism Facilities
Accommodation Lodges Big Meadows Lodge Big Meadows (milepost 51) has 25 rooms in the main lodge, 72 additional rooms in rustic cabins, multi-unit lodges, and modern suites. American Express, MasterCard, VISA, and Discover cards are accepted. Limited number of petfriendly rooms available. All rooms and public areas are smoke-free environments. No extra fee is charged for cribs or children under 16 years old. Skyland Resort Skyland (mile 41.7) has 179 guest rooms, rustic cabins, multi-unit lodges, and modern suites. American Express, MasterCard, VISA, and Discover cards are accepted. All guest rooms are non-smoking. A limited number of pet-friendly rooms are available. Lewis Mountain Cabins Lewis Mountain (mile 57.5) has several rustic, furnished cabins with private baths and outdoor grill areas. American Express, MasterCard, VISA, and Discover cards are accepted. One designated pet-friendly cabin is available. All cabins are smoke-free environments. No extra fee is charged for cribs or children under 16 years old. PATC Cabins The Potomac Appalachian Trail Club (an authorized park concessioner), maintains six locked, primitive cabins in the park. The cabins are equipped with mattresses, blankets, and cookware. A pit toilet and spring water are nearby.
Waterfalls
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Shenandoah Hiking Shenandoah National Park has over 500 miles of trails, including 101 miles of the Appalachian Trail. Some trails lead to a waterfall or viewpoint; others penetrate deep into the forest and wilderness. Beginning at mile 50.7 of the Skyline Drive near the Byrd Visitor Center, Dark Hollow Falls Trail leads downhill beside a creek called Hogcamp Branch to Dark Hollow Falls, a 70-foot cascade. The distance from the trailhead to the base of the falls is 0.7 mile, although the trail continues beyond that point, crossing the creek and connecting with the Rose River fire road. Various fauna can be viewed along the trail, including occasional sightings of black bear and timber rattlesnake. While the trail is relatively short, parts of it are steep and may prove challenging to some visitors. Natural Beauty
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Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Shenandoah Hiking Old Rag Mountain is one of the most popular hikes in the park. It is also the most challenging. Limberlost Trail (milepost 43), is often enjoyed by people with mobility challenges. The trail was originally constructed to meet ADA accessibility standards; however, the requirements have recently been revised. Shenandoah National Park has plans to upgrade Limberlost to meet the new standards. In the meantime, use this description of the trail to determine if it is appropriate for your use: This circuit hike of 1.3 miles is for people of all ages and has a 5'-wide crushed greenstone walkway on a gentle grade with frequent benches, a boardwalk, and a bridge. The trail passes through forest and a stand of mountain laurel stunningly beautiful when it blooms in June. Several commercial businesses are permitted to offer guided hiking and hiker support services in Shenandoah National Park. Most trailheads are located along Skyline Drive. A few, like Old Rag Mountain are best accessed from the boundary.
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5.1 Ecotourism in Shenandoah Biodiversity The climate of the park, and in turn also its flora and fauna, is largely typical for mountainous regions of the eastern Mid-Atlantic woodland, and indeed a large portion of common species are typical of ecosystems at lower altitudes as well. On southwestern faces of some of the southernmost hillsides pine predominates and there is also the occasional prickly pear cactus which grows naturally. In contrast, some of the northeastern aspects are most likely to have small but dense stands of moisture loving hemlocks and mosses in abundance. Other commonly found plants include oak, hickory, chestnut, maple, tulip poplar, mountain laurel, milkweed, daisies, and many species of ferns. The once predominant American Chestnut tree was effectively brought to extinction by a fungus known as the Chestnut blight during the 1930s – though the tree continues to grow in the park, it does not reach maturity and dies back before it can reproduce. Various species of Oaks superseded the Chestnuts and became the dominant tree species. Gypsy moth infestations beginning in the early 1990s began to erode the dominance of the oak forests as the moths would primarily consume the leaves of oak trees. Though the Gypsy moths seem to have abated some, they continue to affect the forest and have destroyed almost 10 percent of the oak groves.
Flora
Natural Forests
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Natural Forests
Mountain laure
Oak
Chestnut
Chapter 5 - Case Studies
5.1 Ecotourism in Shenandoah Biodiversity Mammals include White-tailed deer, black bear, bobcat, raccoon, skunk, opossum, groundhog, red fox, gray fox, coyote and Eastern cottontail rabbit. Though unsubstantiated, there have been some reported sightings of mountain lion in remote areas of the park. Over 200 species of birds make their home in the park for at least part of the year. About thirty live in the park year round, including the barred owl, Carolina chickadee, red-tailed hawk, and wild turkey. The Peregrine falcon was reintroduced into the park in the mid 1990s and by the end of the 20th century there were numerous nesting pairs in the park. Thirty-two species of fish have been documented in the park, including brook trout, longnose and blacknose dace, and the bluehead chub. Most of Shenandoah's landscape is forested. In the process of photosynthesis, converting light, water, and minerals into foods, green plants give off oxygen. From a distance this air-born water creates a faint haze giving the Blue Ridge its name. In recent years, the haze has taken on other ingredients, introduced by humans. Air is among the resources the staff at Shenandoah National Park is duty bound to protect.
Fauna
American Black Bear
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White-Tailed Deer
Red fox
Groundhog
Eastern cottontail rabbit
CHAPTER
6
Goals and Visions Implementing of Conceptual Objectives
Goals And Visions Conceptual Ideas And Objectives
Patterns Of DEVELOPMENT Ajloun Forest Reserve
Chapter 6 - Goals And Visions
6.1 Goals and Visions Support Ajloun Reserve as a National Park.
Minimize the impact.
Link Ajloun Reserve with other nearby forest reserves such as Dibeen Natural Reserve and Berqesh Forest Reserve.
Provide a tourism hub for the whole of the Ajloun area.
Enlarge the reserve boundaries to cover surrounding forest lands.
Expand community and local benefits from ecotourism projects.
Enhance the water recourses that exist within and near the Reserve.
Improve the effectiveness of Ajloun historical city center on the natural reserve.
Revive the idea of eco-tourism in Ajloun Governorate. Rethink in steep slope areas within the Reserve to be utilized and used for climbing sports for example. Introduce other Ecotourism attractions within the Reserve. Socio economic development with more job opportunities and other natural –based businesses. More conservation efforts through detailed research. Rising awareness on environmental issues. Preserve local culture and enhance the public participation..
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Provide opportunities for natural resorts and spas. Green washing - Green washing refers to the marketing scheme of attaching a "green" label to travel services that do not technically classify as ecotourism.
Chapter 6 - Goals And Visions
Forests
6.1 Goals and Visions
Water recourses Local Community Historical sites Flora and Fauna Wasted Space
Conserve
Ajloun Natural Reserve
Link
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REFERENCES GIS Maps and Reports 1) الشبكة الوطنية للمحميات الطبيعية،وزارة البيئة بالتعاون مع الجمعية الملكية لحماية الطبيعة في الردن. 2) الخطة الدارية لمحمية غابات عجلون،الجمعية الملكية لحماية الطبيعة. 3) المؤسسة العامة للسكان والتطوير الحضري.
Books and Reports Andy, D., and Alan, M. (2002), Ecotourism Development: A Manual For conservation Planners and Managers, Arlington, Virginia, USA, Vol 1. Charnley, S. (2005), From Natural Tourism to Ecotourism: The Case of the Ngorongoro Conservation area, Tanzania, Human Organization. Gurung, D. B, and Seeland, K. (2008), Ecotourism in Bhutan: extending its benefits to rural communities, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 35, No 2, PP: 489-508. RSCN, 2006, Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Protected Area, the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, Amman. Buckley, R. (2001). Environmental Impacts. In David B. Weaver (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (379-394). New York: CABI Publishing. Weaver, D. B. (1999). Magnitude of Ecotourism in Costa Rica and Kenya. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 792-816.
REFERENCES Books and Reports Brandon, K. (1996). Ecotourism and Conservation: A Review of Key Issues. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Shenandoah National Park - Ranger Programs (U.S. National Park Service)
Internet Sites http://www.rscn.org.jo/orgsite/RSCN/tabid/54/language/en-US/default.aspx http://www.rscn.org.jo/orgsite/wj/Home/tabid/143/language/en-US/Default.aspx www.ecotourismlaos.com http://www.rscn.org.jo/orgsite/RSCN/HelpingNature/ProtectedAreas/AjlounForestReserve/tabid/96/Default.aspx http://sdt.unwto.org/content/international-year-ecotourism-2002-0 http://laos-adventures.com/ http://nationalparksofturkey.com/kackar-mountains-national-park/ http://www1.american.edu/ted/costa-rica-tourism.htm http://www.rscn.org.jo/orgsite/Group1/EcoTourismforConservation/tabid/164/Default.aspx http://issuu.com/rscnjordan/docs/ajloun_houses-en#embed http://publish.illinois.edu/akbrah211/ http://www.ecotourism.org/iye-2002 http://www.csrwatchjordan.com/blog1/sustainable-tourism-eco-tourism-in-jordan-and-globally http://www.visitcostarica.com/ict/paginas/mapas/mapas.asp http://cultureroutesinturkey.com/the-kackar/ http://www.jordanjubilee.com/outdoors/ajloun.htm
APPENDICE S
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