No Choice: Crossing the Gulf of Aden by Doctors Without Borders MSF

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

BH;

BH; GZedgi ?jcZ '%%-

IVWaZ d[ XdciZcih

(

:mZXji^kZ HjbbVgn

>cigdYjXi^dc

8dciZmi

+ , -

& ' ( )

>>>

BV^c ;^cY^c\h

&% && &. '' '( '( ') ') '* '* '+ ''. (&

& &#& &#' &#( ' '#& '#' '#( ( (#& (#' ) * +

BZY^XVa 6cY =jbVc^iVg^Vc 8dchZfjZcXZh

(' (( (( ((

& ' '#& '#'

()

8dcXajh^dch VcY GZXdbbZcYVi^dch

() (+

(, )%

6ccZm >/ BH; ^c NZbZc 6ccZm >>/ <ja[ d[ 6YZc gZ\^dc bVe

' 짜

& '

7VX`\gdjcY 8jggZci hXdeZ VcY eViiZgch H^ijVi^dc d[ i]Z gZ[j\ZZh VcY b^\gVcih jedc Vgg^kVa ^c NZbZc AZ\Va hiVijh

I]Z WdVi _djgcZn 8dcYî^dch dc i]Z WdVih 8dcYî^dch Yjg^c\ aVcY^c\ 6WjhZ V[iZg aVcY^c\ 8dbedhî^dc d[ i]Z cZl Vgg^kVah <ZcYZg 6\Z :i]c^X dg^\^c GZVhdch [dg aZVk^c\ HdbVa^h :i]^de^Vch IgVkZa id 7dhhVhd " V eZgâdjh _djgcZn HiVn ^c 7dhhVhd " XdcYî^dch EaVch [dg i]Z [jijgZ

BZY^XVa ^beVXi EhnX]dad\^XVa XdchZfjZcXZh IgVjbVi^X \g^Z[ IgVjbVi^X higZhh

8dcXajh^dch GZXdbbZcYVi^dch

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

:mZXji^kZ hjbbVgn

K_fljXe[j f] g\fgc\ i`jb k_\ì c`m\j \m\ip p\Xi kf Zifjj k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e kf \jZXg\ ]ifd ZfeÕ`Zk# m`fc\eZ\# [ifl^_k Xe[ gfm\ikp% ;liè^ )''.# Xcdfjk *'#''' kffb k_\ [Xe^\iflj mfpX^\ kf j\\b i\cXk`m\ jX]\kp è P\d\e% ;l\ kf k_\ \jZXcXk`fe f] k_\ ZfeÕ`Zk è JfdXc`X Xe[ k_\ ]ff[ Zi`j`j è gXikj f] k_\ ?fie f] 8]i`ZX# dfi\ Xe[ dfi\ g\fgc\ n`cc afè k_\ Xci\X[p cXi^\ i\]l^\\ Xe[ d`îXek gfglcXk`fe è P\d\e% ;liè^ k_\ Ôijk Ôm\ dfek_j f] )''/ fm\i )'#''' Xii`m\[# dfi\ k_Xe [flYc\ k_\ eldY\i f] Xii`mXcj è k_\ jXd\ g\i`f[ cXjk p\Xi% CXZbè^ jX]\ Xe[ c\^Xc Xck\ieXk`m\j kf c\Xm\ k_\ì Zflekip# i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj _Xm\ kf lj\ k_\ j\im`Z\j f] jdl^^c\ij kf Zifjj k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e% K_\ YfXk ki`g `j ]iXl^_k n`k_ [Xe^\i2 k_\ jdl^^c\ij Xi\ efkfi`flj ]fi k_\ì YilkXc`kp% =XkXc`kp iXk\j Xi\ m\ip _`^_2 ]fi )''.# `k `j \jk`dXk\[ k_Xk Xk c\Xjk , k_fj\ j\kkè^ flk fe k_\ [Xe^\iflj aflie\p [`[ efk i\XZ_ k_\ j_fi\j f] P\d\e Xc`m\%( ?fn\m\i# k_\ XZklXc [\Xk_ kfcc `j gifYXYcp dlZ_ _`^_\i2 k_\ ZfXjkcè\ `j cfe^# Xe[ e\`k_\i Xcc YfXkj efi Xcc k_\ [\X[ Yf[`\j Xi\ [\k\Zk\[% N_`c\ dfjk Xkk\ek`fe# \jg\Z`Xccp è <lifg\# _Xj ]fZlj\[ fe d`îXekj Xe[ i\]l^\\j Zfdè^ m`X k_\ D\[`k\iiXe\Xe# k_\ kiX^\[p le]fc[è^ è k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e `j cXi^\cp `êfi\[ Yp k_\ èk\ieXk`feXc Zfddle`kp Xe[ N\jk\ie d\[`X% N`k_ k_`j i\gfik# DJ= X`dj kf iX`j\ XnXi\e\jj XYflk k_\ gc`^_k f] i\]l^\\j# Xjpcld j\\b\ij Xe[ d`îXekj Xii`mè^ fe k_\ jflk_\ie ZfXjk f] P\d\e% @e J\gk\dY\i )''.# DJ= \jkXYc`j_\[ X gifa\Zk fe k_\ jflk_\ie j_fi\j f] P\d\e kf gifm`[\ d\[`ZXc# gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc Xe[ _ldXe`kXi`Xe Xjj`jkXeZ\ kf e\n Xii`mXcj% 8 jpjk\d f] ]fZXc gfèkj è jkiXk\^`Z m`ccX^\j Xcfe^ k_\ ZfXjk j\im\j Xj Xc\ik jpjk\d# Xccfnè^ DJ= dfY`c\ k\Xdj kf èk\im\e\ iXg`[cp feZ\ Xe Xii`mXc _Xj Y\\e j`êXcc\[% @e X[[`k`fe kf gifm`[è^ \d\i^\eZp Xjj`jkXeZ\ fe k_\ j_fi\# DJ= fg\iXk\j k_\ d\[`ZXc ]XZ`c`kp è k_\ e\ncp \jkXYc`j_\[ i\Z\gk`fe Z\eki\ Xk 8_nXi% JèZ\ k_\ Y\^èeè^ f] k_\ gifa\Zk# è J\gk\dY\i )''.# lek`c k_\ \e[ f] 8gi`c )''/# DJ= _Xj gifm`[\[ Xjj`jkXeZ\ kf fm\i -#''' i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj Xii`mè^ fe k_\ j_fi\ f] P\d\e% K_`j i\gfik [fZld\ekj k_\ d\[`ZXc Xe[ _ldXe`kXi`Xe Zfej\hl\eZ\j f] k_\ g\i`cflj aflie\p# è gXik`ZlcXi f] k_\ XYlj\j Yp k_\ jdl^^c\ij% DJ= k\Xdj _Xm\ ki\Xk\[ gXk`\ekj ]fi èali`\j ]ifd j\m\i\ Y\Xkè^j# [\_p[iXk`fe Xe[ i\jgìXkfip gifYc\dj% DXep gXk`\ekj gi\j\ek\[ n`k_ ^\e\iXc Yf[p gXèj Xe[ _\X[XZ_\j Æg_pj`ZXc dXe`]\jkXk`fej f] k_\ gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc Zfej\hl\eZ\j f] k_\ \oki\d\ _Xi[j_`gj f] k_\ aflie\p% DXep jlim`mfij _Xm\ efk fecp Y\\e k_ifl^_ kiXldXk`Z \m\ekj k_\dj\cm\j Ylk _Xm\ cfjk cfm\[ fe\j ]ifd m`fc\eZ\ fi [ifneè^% K_`j i\gfik `j YXj\[ fe d\[`ZXc Xe[ Zflej\ccè^ [XkX Zfcc\Zk\[ [liè^ DJ=Ëj fg\iXk`fej Xe[ fe k_\ dfi\ k_Xe ),' k\jk`dfe`\j ^Xk_\i\[ ]ifd e\n Xii`mXcj% G\fgc\ Xii`m\ \o_Xljk\[# dXep f] k_\d `cc Xe[ \dfk`feXccp j_Xkk\i\[% K_\p kfc[ DJ= _Xiifnè^ jkfi`\j f] [\Xk_ Xe[ jlim`mXc% 9fXkj [\j`ê\[ kf ZXiip *' kf +' g\fgc\ Xk k_\ dfjk Xi\ gXZb\[ n`k_ fm\i ('' gXjj\e^\ij# dXep f] k_\d jklZb è jdXcc nè[fnc\jj jkfiX^\ gcXZ\j è k_\ _fc[% G\fgc\ Xi\ ]fiZ\[ kf j`k è k_\ jXd\ gfj`k`fe n`k_flk dfmè^ Xe[ Xi\# è k_\ cXi^\ dXafi`kp f] ZXj\j# [\gi`m\[ f] ]ff[ Xe[ nXk\i% =ifd eè\ flk f] k\e YfXkj# Y\Xkè^j n\i\ i\gfik\[# k_\ dfjk Zfddfe `dgc\d\ekj Y\è^ jk`Zbj# g`g\j# Y\ck YlZbc\j Xe[ jfd\k`d\j Xcjf i`Õ\ Ylkj Xe[ be`m\j% Nfd\e Xe[ Z_`c[i\e Xi\ efk jgXi\[%

( :XcZlcXk`fe YXj\[ fe LE?:I @eZ`[\ek JkXk`jk`ZXc I\gfik# ;\Z\dY\i )''.%

( ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

:fe[`k`fej Xi\ jf _Xij_ k_Xk [\Xk_j [liè^ k_\ ki`g n\i\ ZfeÔid\[ ]ifd fe\ k_ì[ f] k_\ YfXkj% K_\ dXè ZXlj\j n\i\ j\m\i\ Y\Xkè^j# cXZb f] ]ff[ Xe[ nXk\i Xe[ jl]]fZXk`fe ]ifd Y\è^ è k_\ _fc[ f] k_\ YfXkj% J\m\iXc èk\im`\n\\j Xcjf i\gfik\[ ZXj\j n_\i\ k_\ jdl^^c\ij k_i\n gXjj\e^\ij# èZcl[è^ pfle^ Z_`c[i\e# fm\iYfXi[% 8cjf ZXj\j f] jl`Z`[\ n\i\ i\gfik\[ n_\i\ gXjj\e^\ij aldg\[ j_`g flk f] [\jg\iXk`fe Xe[ ]\Xi% 8ii`mXc fe k_\ P\d\e` j_fi\j `j \oZ\\[è^cp _XqXi[flj# Xj k_\ jdl^^c\ij kXb\ \oki\d\ d\Xjli\j kf Xmf`[ Y\è^ [\k\Zk\[ Yp k_\ P\d\e` j\Zli`kp ]fiZ\j% @e Xcdfjk _Xc] k_\ èk\im`\nj# gXjj\e^\ij i\gfik\[ k_Xk k_\ YfXkj [`[ efk Zfd\ Zcfj\ kf k_\ j_fi\ Xe[ k_Xk k_\p n\i\ ]fiZ\[ kf [`j\dYXib è [\\g nXk\i% @] gXjj\e^\ij Xi\ X]iX`[ Xe[ i\]lj\ kf aldg# k_\p Xi\ Y\Xk\e Xe[ k_ifne èkf k_\ j\X% 8j dXep g\fgc\# \jg\Z`Xccp k_fj\ Zfdè^ ]ifd k_\ èk\i`fi f] <k_`fg`X fi JfdXc`X# ZXeefk jn`d# [\Xk_j ]ifd [ifneè^ Xi\ ]i\hl\ek% K_\ dXafi`kp f] YfXkj Zfd\ kfnXi[j k_\ j_fi\ Xk e`^_k kf Xmf`[ Y\è^ jgfkk\[ Yp k_\ P\d\e` d`c`kXip# n_`Z_ ]lik_\i \oXZ\iYXk\j k_\ i`jb f] [ifneè^% 8cdfjk fe\ k_ì[ f] k_\ i\jgfe[\ekj i\gfik\[ [\Xk_j ]ifd [ifneè^% @e knf ZXj\j DJ= gifm`[\[ Xjj`jkXeZ\ kf jlim`mfij ]ifd YfXkj n_\i\ k_\ dXafi`kp f] k_\ gXjj\e^\ij# ('' g\fgc\ fi dfi\# _X[ [ifne\[ fi n\i\ d`jjè^% K_\ dXafi`kp f] k_fj\ Zifjjè^ n\i\ XnXi\ f] k_\ i`jbj# Ylk kfc[ DJ= k_Xk k_\p _X[ ef Z_f`Z\% =fi k_\d kXbè^ k_\ [Xe^\iflj ki`g [f\j efk Zfejk`klk\ Xe fgk`fe Xdfe^ j\m\iXc# Ylk k_\ì fecp jlim`mXc jkiXk\^p kf \jZXg\ m`fc\eZ\ Xe[ [\jk`klk`fe K_\ dXafi`kp f] k_fj\ èk\im`\n\[ c`jk\[ dlck`gc\ i\Xjfej ]fi c\Xmè^# n`k_ m`fc\eZ\ Xe[ èj\Zli`kp Y\è^ k_\ dXè fe\# ]fccfn\[ Yp gfm\ikp Xe[ cXZb f] nfib% 8Yflk knf k_ì[j f] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj n\i\ JfdXc`j Xe[ fe\ k_ì[ <k_`fg`Xej% K_\ dXafi`kp f] k_fj\ Zifjjè^ k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e n\i\ d\e# Ylk fm\i kn\ekp g\iZ\ek n\i\ nfd\e% Dfjk f] k_\d n\i\ pfle^# è k_\ì d`[$kn\ek`\j# Ylk DJ= Xcjf \eZflek\i\[ jfd\ fc[\i g\fgc\ Xj n\cc Xj pfle^ Z_`c[i\e% Fm\i _Xc] f] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj èk\im`\n\[ n\i\ dXii`\[% =Xd`c`\j Xi\ ]i\hl\ekcp j\gXiXk\[# n`k_ fe\ fi j\m\iXc ]Xd`cp d\dY\ij kXbè^ k_\ aflie\p Xe[ k_\ fk_\ij jkXpè^ Y\_è[# jfd\k`d\j Y\ZXlj\ k_\p Zflc[ efk X]]fi[ kf kiXm\c Xcc Xk k_\ jXd\ k`d\% 9\]fi\ i\XZ_è^ 9fjjXjf# k_\ gfik f] \dYXibXk`fe è k_\ Efik_\Xjk f] JfdXc`X# g\fgc\ _Xm\ Xci\X[p Y\\e k_ifl^_ X [Xe^\iflj Xe[ \og\ej`m\ aflie\p% K_\i\ Xi\ Xifle[ ('' Z_\Zbgfèkj Xcfe^ k_\ ifX[ ]ifd Df^X[`j_l kf 9fjjXjf# Xe[ dXep i\gfik\[ Y\è^ k_i\Xk\e\[ Xe[ _Xmè^ kf gXp Yi`Y\j% K_\p Xcjf [\jZi`Y\[ XkkXZbj Yp Xid\[ ifYY\ij Xe[ ZXj\j f] b`ccè^j% @e 9fjjXjf# k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj ]XZ\[ gi\ZXi`flj c`mè^ Zfe[`k`fej Xe[ èZi\Xjè^ èj\Zli`kp% P\d\e kiX[`k`feXccp _Xj Y\\e n\cZfdè^ kf k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj# \jg\Z`Xccp JfdXc`j% K_\ P\d\e` >fm\ied\ek i\Zfê`q\j JfdXc`j Xj gi`dX ]XZ`\ i\]l^\\j% K_lj JfdXc`j [f efk e\\[ kf le[\i^f è[`m`[lXc jkXklj [\k\idèXk`fe% ?fn\m\i# e\ncp Xii`m\[ <k_`fg`Xej Xi\ Zfej`[\i\[ `cc\^Xc Xe[ jlYa\Zk kf [\gfikXk`fe# n`k_flk X [`jkèZk`fe dX[\ Y\kn\\e d`îXekj Xe[ Xjpcld j\\b\ij% K_lj# <k_`fg`Xej Xi\ X]iX`[ f] Y\è^ Xii\jk\[ Xe[ dXep f] k_\d jkXik dfmè^ ]ifd k_\ j_fi\ n_\e k_\p Xi\ jk`cc \o_Xljk\[ Xe[ n\Xb% K_\ _`^_ èÕlo f] i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj gfj\j X dXafi Z_Xcc\e^\ ]fi P\d\e% Kf [Xk\# k_\ _ldXe`kXi`Xe i\jgfej\ kf k_fj\ Xii`mè^ Xk k_\ j_fi\ Xj n\cc Xj kf k_\ i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj Xci\X[p è P\d\e _Xj Y\\e ]Xi ]ifd X[\hlXk\% Dfi\ èk\ieXk`feXc Xjj`jkXeZ\ `j li^\ekcp e\\[\[% 8cjf# k_\ i\jgfej\ ZXgXZ`kp f] XZkfij Xjj`jkè^ i\]l^\\j Xe[

) ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

d`îXekj Xii`mè^ fe k_\ ZfXjk e\\[j kf Y\ jki\e^k_\e\[% =\n XZkfij Xi\ gi\j\ek Xe[ k_\i\ `j Xe li^\ek e\\[ ]fi X[[`k`feXc fi^Xe`qXk`fej kf èk\im\e\% LE?:I j_flc[ èZi\Xj\ `kj gi\j\eZ\ fe k_\ ZfXjk Xe[ Xjjld\ X dfi\ gif$XZk`m\# jkife^\i ifc\ è ]lcÔccè^ `kj gifk\Zk`fe dXe[Xk\% :fe[`k`fej è k_\ 8_nXi I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\ i\^Xi[è^ i\^`jkiXk`fe# j_\ck\i Xe[ ]ff[ Xe[ kiXejgfikXk`fe j_flc[ Y\ `dgifm\[% 8cjf# e\n Xii`mXcj e\\[ kf Y\ gifm`[\[ n`k_ è]fidXk`fe XYflk k_\ fgk`fej fg\e kf k_\d è k_\ì i\jg\Zk`m\ cXe^lX^\j% P\d\e `j j`êXkfip kf k_\ (0,( :fem\ek`fe I\cXkè^ kf k_\ JkXklj f] I\]l^\\j Xe[ `kj (0-. GifkfZfc# k_\ fecp Zflekip fe k_\ 8iXY g\eèjlcX kf _Xm\ XZZ\[\[ kf k_\j\ èk\ieXk`feXc èjkild\ekj% ?fn\m\i `dgc\d\ekXk`fe Xk k_\ eXk`feXc c\m\c `j cXZbè^ Xe[ k_\ >fm\ied\ek f] P\d\e `j li^\[ kf gcXp X jkife^\i ifc\ i\^Xi[è^ `kj i\jgfej`Y`c`k`\j ]fi k_\ gifk\Zk`fe f] Xe[ _ldXe`kXi`Xe Xjj`jkXeZ\ ]fi i\]l^\\j# Xjpcld j\\b\ij Xe[ d`îXekj% K_\ ZXgXZ`kp f] cfZXc Xe[ eXk`feXc Xlk_fi`k`\j e\\[j kf Y\ jki\e^k_\e\[ kf i\jgfe[ kf k_\ e\\[j f] e\n Xii`mXcj% Efe$JfdXc`j j_flc[ Y\ Xccfn\[ XZZ\jj kf Xjpcld gifZ\[li\j% 8j cfe^ Xj ZfeÕ`Zk# gfm\ikp Xe[ [ifl^_k è k_\ ?fie f] 8]i`ZX g\ij`jk# g\fgc\ n`cc Zfekèl\ kf Õ\\% I\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj dljk Y\ gifm`[\[ n`k_ Xck\ieXk`m\j kf glkkè^ k_\dj\cm\j Xk k_\ _Xe[j f] YilkXc jdl^^c\ij% K_\ èk\ieXk`feXc Zfddle`kp# ^fm\ied\ekj Xe[ fk_\i XZkfij j_flc[ dXb\ \m\ip \]]fik kf X[[i\jj k_\ _ldXe`kXi`Xe e\\[j f] k_\ d`îXekj Xe[ i\]l^\\j ZfeZ\ie\[%

> >cigdYjXi^dc

BH;

<m\ip p\Xi# k_fljXe[j f] g\fgc\ i`jb k_\`i c`m\j Zifjj`e^ k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e kf \jZXg\ ]ifd k_\ mfcXk`c\ ?fie f] 8]i`ZX i\^`fe kf k_\ i\cXk`m\ jX]\kp f] P\d\e% <k_`fg`Xej Xe[ JfdXc`j j\\b i\]l^\\ ]ifd ZfeÕ`Zk# m`fc\eZ\# g\ij\Zlk`fe# [iXl^_k Xe[ gfm\ikp%

:m]VjhiZY HdbVa^ gZ[j\ZZh dc i]Z WZVX]! DXidWZg '%%,

N`k_ k_\ \jZXcXkè^ ZfeÕ`Zk è JfdXc`X Xe[ k_\ ]ff[ Zi`j`j è gXikj f] k_\ ?fie f] 8]i`ZX# k_\ì eldY\ij Xi\ èZi\Xjè^% Lg kf \e[ f] DXp )''/# fm\i )'#''' JfdXc`j Xe[ <k_`fg`Xej Zifjj\[ k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e# n_`Z_ `j dfi\ k_Xe [flYc\ k_\ eldY\i ]fi k_\ jXd\ g\i`f[ cXjk p\Xi% CXZbè^ jX]\ Xe[ c\^Xc Xck\ieXk`m\j kf c\Xm\ k_\ì Zflekip# k_\p _Xm\ kf lj\ k_\ j\im`Z\j f] jdl^^c\ij kf Zifjj k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e% K_\ jdl^^c\ij Xi\ efkfi`flj ]fi k_\ì YilkXc`kp Xe[ ]XkXc`kp iXk\j Xi\ _`^_% K_fj\ n_f jlim`m\ k_\ [Xe^\iflj ki`g Xii`m\ \o_Xljk\[ Xe[ \dfk`feXccp j_Xkk\i\[% @e J\gk\dY\i )''. DJ= jkXik\[ X gifa\Zk gifm`[è^ _ldXe`kXi`Xe# d\[`ZXc Xe[ gjpZ_fjfZ`Xc Xjj`jkXeZ\ kf i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj Xii`mè^ fe k_\ jflk_\ie j_fi\ f] P\d\e% @e k_\ Zfek\ok f] k_\ gifa\Zk# DJ= èk\im`\n\[ fm\i ),' e\ncp Xii`m\[ JfdXc`j Xe[ <k_`fg`Xej# ^Xk_\iè^ è]fidXk`fe XYflk k_\ì YXZbîfle[# i\Xjfej ]fi c\Xmè^ Xe[ XYlj\j [liè^ k_\ aflie\p% K_`j i\gfik [fZld\ekj k_\ Zfe[`k`fej f] k_\ g\i`cflj aflie\p Xe[ k_\ì `dgXZk fe k_\ _\Xck_ Xe[ gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc jkXk\ f] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj% @k gi\j\ekj jkXk`jk`ZXc [XkX Xj n\cc Xj è[`m`[lXc k\jk`dfe`\j# èZcl[è^ Ôijk$_Xe[ i\gfikj ]ifd m`Zk`dj# jlYjkXek`Xk\[

* ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

Yp XZZflekj ]ifd fk_\i gXjj\e^\ij# Xe[ d\[`ZXc Xe[ Zflej\ccè^ [XkX% K_\ i\gfik f]k\e Z`k\j n_Xk k_\ d`îXekj&i\]l^\\j _Xm\ kfc[ lj lgfe k_\ì Xii`mXc è P\d\e% K_`j `j kf ^`m\ k_\d X mf`Z\ Xe[ kf f]]\i k_\ i\X[\i X j\ej\ f] k_\ j\m\i`kp f] k_\ XYlj\j1 _fn k_\j\ g\fgc\ jl]]\i [liè^ k_\ YfXk aflie\p# _fn k_\p ]\\c# Xe[ _fn [\jg\iXk\ k_\ j`klXk`fej Xi\ n_`Z_ ]fiZ\ k_\d kf Õ\\% N_`c\ dfjk Xkk\ek`fe Xe[ i\j\XiZ_# \jg\Z`Xccp è <lifg\# _Xj ]fZlj\[ fe d`îXekj Xe[ i\]l^\\j Zfdè^ m`X k_\ D\[`k\iiXe\Xe# k_\ kiX^\[p le]fc[è^ è k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e `j cXi^\cp `êfi\[ Yp k_\ èk\ieXk`feXc Zfddle`kp Xe[ N\jk\ie d\[`X% N`k_ k_`j i\gfik# DJ= X`dj kf iX`j\ XnXi\e\jj XYflk k_\ gc`^_k f] i\]l^\\j# Xjpcld j\\b\ij Xe[ d`îXekj Xii`mè^ fe k_\ jflk_\ie ZfXjk f] P\d\e% K_\ i\gfik [fZld\ekj k_\ d\[`ZXc Xe[ _ldXe`kXi`Xe Zfej\hl\eZ\j f] i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj _Xmè^ kf i\jfik kf jdl^^cè^ YfXkj Y\ZXlj\ f] k_\ cXZb f] jX]\ Xe[ m`XYc\ fgk`fej%

>> 8dciZmi

7VX`\gdjcY

P\d\e# è m`\n f] `kj ^\fîXg_`ZXc cfZXk`fe Æ `kj gifo`d`kp kf k_\ ?fie f] 8]i`ZX Xe[ kf k_\ n\Xck_p >lc] JkXk\j $ _Xj kiX[`k`feXccp Y\\e X Zflekip f] fi`^è# [\jkèXk`fe Xe[ kiXej`k ]fi i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj% 8cjf# gfglcXk`fe dfm\d\ekj n`k_è Xe[ ]ifd k_\ ?fie f] 8]i`ZX# _Xm\ X cfe^ _`jkfip# ]ifd k_\ kiX[`k`feXc d`îXk`fe f] gXjkfiXc`jkj# kf cXYfli d`îXk`fe kf k_\ >lc] JkXk\j# Xe[# è dfi\ i\Z\ek k`d\j# Õ`^_k Y\ZXlj\ f] ZfeÕ`Zk# gfc`k`ZXc èjkXY`c`kp Xe[ \Zfefd`Z [\gi`mXk`fe%) JèZ\ k_\ gXjk p\Xi k_\ eldY\i f] g\fgc\ \jZXgè^ ZfeÕ`Zk# g\ij\Zlk`fe# [iXl^_k Xe[ gfm\ikp è JfdXc`X Xe[ <k_`fg`X Xii`mè^ Xk k_\ j_fi\j f] P\d\e _Xj Zfekèl\[ kf èZi\Xj\% =i\hl\ekcp# k_\ dfk`mXk`fej ]fi c\Xmè^ Xi\ dò\[# n`k_ k_\ dXafi`kp f] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj jkXkè^ k_\ ZfeÕ`Zk fi i\gi\jj`m\ gfc`k`ZXc \emìfed\ekj Xj n\cc Xj gfm\ikp Xe[ cXZb f] nfib Xj i\Xjfej ]fi [\gXikli\% 8cjf# Xj `j k_\ ZXj\ n`k_ gfglcXk`fe dfm\d\ekj ]ifd fk_\i i\^`fej# i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj kiXm\c Xcfe^j`[\ \XZ_ fk_\i è jf$ZXcc\[ dò\[ Õfnj# ljè^ k_\ jXd\ iflk\j Xe[ df[\j f] kiXm\c Xe[# Y\ZXlj\ f] k_\ XYj\eZ\ f] c\^Xc Z_Xee\cj ]fi j\\bè^ i\]l^\ fi d`îXkè^# _Xm\ kf \dgcfp k_\ jXd\ j\im`Z\j f] jdl^^c\ij%* K_\ èZi\Xjè^ eldY\i f] e\n Xii`mXcj gfj\j X dXafi Z_Xcc\e^\ ]fi P\d\e# \jg\Z`Xccp Xj `k k_\ gffi\jk Zflekip è k_\ 8iXY`Xe G\eèjlcX# îXggcè^ n`k_ _`^_ gfm\ikp Xe[ le\dgcfpd\ek# iXg`[ gfglcXk`fe îfnk_ Xe[ [nè[cè^ nXk\i i\jfliZ\j%+

) =fi dfi\ [\kX`cj j\\1 AfXb`d >le[\c# ÈK_\ D`îXk`fe$;\m\cfgd\ek E\olj1 JfdXc`X :Xj\ Jkl[p#É @ek\ieXk`feXc D`îXk`fe# Mfc% +'# Ef ,# )'')2 @ek\ieXk`feXc :\eki\ ]fi D`îXk`fe Gfc`Zp ;\m\cfgd\ek @:DG; K_\ <Xjk 8]i`ZX D`îXk`fe Iflk\j I\gfik# M`\eeX )''. _\i\X]k\i Z`k\[ Xj @:DG; 2 Dò\[ D`îXk`fe KXjb =fiZ\ JfdXc`X# Dò\[ D`îXk`fe k_ifl^_ JfdXc`X Xe[ XZifjj k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e# 8gi`c )''/ _\i\X]k\i Z`k\[ Xj Dò\[ D`îXk`fe KXjb =fiZ\ i\gfik % * @:DG# g% (,2 Jk\]Xe`\ >iXek# @ek\ieXk`feXc D`îXk`fe Xe[ ?ldXe I`^_kj# GXg\i gi\gXi\[ ]fi k_\ >cfYXc :fdd`jj`fe fe @ek\ieXk`feXc D`îXk`fe# J\gk\dY\i )'',# g% +% A\]] :i`jg# È9\pfe[ k_\ e\olj1 LE?:IËj \mfcmè^ g\ijg\Zk`m\ fe i\]l^\\ gifk\Zk`fe Xe[ èk\ieXk`feXc d`îXk`fe#É E\n @jjl\j è I\]l^\\ I\j\XiZ_# I\j\XiZ_ GXg\i (,,# 8gi`c )''/# g% + _\i\X]k\i Z`k\[ Xj :i`jg 2 :fleZ`c f] <lifg\# K_\ ?ldXe I`^_kj f] @ii\^lcXi D`îXekj è <lifg\# (. ;\Z\dY\i )''.# g% /% + 8ZZfi[è^ kf k_\ )''. LE;G ?ldXe ;\m\cfgd\ek i\gfik# P\d\e iXebj (,* flk f] (.. fe k_\ ?ldXe ;\m\cfgd\ek @e[\o% GfglcXk`fe îfnk_ `j *%- # le\dgcfpd\ek +' # n`k_ fm\i +' f] P\d\e`j c`mè^ è gfm\ikp%

+ ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

8jggZci hXdeZ VcY eViiZgch

;liè^ )''.# XZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I jkXk`jk`Zj )0#*-' i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj Xii`m\[ fe k_\ ZfXjk f] P\d\e% K_\ mfpX^\ gifm\[ g\i`cflj Xe[ k_\ \jk`dXk\[ ]XkXc`kp iXk\ nXj m\ip _`^_ $ k_\ jdl^^c\ij Xi\ YilkXc Xe[ kXb\ X[mXekX^\ f] k_\ \oki\d\ mlce\iXY`c`kp f] k_\ gXjj\e^\ij% @e )''.# `k `j \jk`dXk\[ k_Xk Xk c\Xjk , f] k_fj\ j\kkè^ flk fe k_\ [Xe^\iflj aflie\p [`[ efk i\XZ_ k_\ j_fi\j f] P\d\e Xc`m\# n`k_ -,+ ZfeÔid\[ [\X[ Yli`\[ Xe[ .,+ d`jjè^%, ?fn\m\i# k_\ XZklXc [\Xk_ kfcc `j gifYXYcp dlZ_ _`^_\i% P\d\e _Xj X m\ip cfe^ ZfXjk cè\ n`k_ \ekip gfèkj ]fi YfXkj Xcfe^ X jki\kZ_ f] XYflk ,'' bd Æ Xe[ `k `j m\ip c`b\cp k_Xk efk Xcc e\n Xii`mXcj n\i\ [\k\Zk\[ efi k_Xk Xcc k_\ [\X[ Xe[ d`jjè^ n\i\ i\gfik\[% 8]k\i X clcc ]ifd Ale\ kf 8l^ljk# n_\e k_\ j\X `j kff ifl^_ ]fi Zifjjè^ Y\ZXlj\ f] k_\ dfejffe# k_\ d`îXk`fe j\Xjfe Y\^Xe X^Xè è J\gk\dY\i )''.% 8ZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I jkXk`jk`Zj# k_\ \jk`dXk\[ eldY\i f] g\fgc\ Xii`mè^ Xk k_\ j_fi\j f] P\d\e g\Xb\[ Xk -#(-+ è J\gk\dY\i Xe[ Xk .#-)/ è FZkfY\i%- DXep g\fgc\ _X[ Y\\e nX`kè^ è 9fjjXjf# k_\ gfik Z`kp è k_\ Efik_ f] JfdXc`X# jkXikè^ gfèk ]fi k_\ YfXk aflie\p# ]fi k_\ Y\^èeè^ f] k_\ Zifjjè^ j\Xjfe% 8e èZi\Xjè^ eldY\i f] g\fgc\ _X[ Õ\[ k_\ Ô^_kè^ è JfdXc`X% 8cjf# [liè^ IXdX[Xe Xe[ <`[ ]ifd (* J\gk% kf (- FZk%# )''. k_\ eldY\i f] YfXkj Zifjjè^ k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e nXj m\ip _`^_# Xj _Xj Y\\e k_\ ZXj\ è gi\m`flj p\Xij# jèZ\ k_\ jdl^^c\ij kffb X[mXekX^\ f] k_\ ]XZk k_Xk k_\ P\d\e` ZfXjk ^lXi[ Xe[ d`c`kXip n\i\ c\jj m`^`cXek% K_\ Ôijk gXik f] )''/ jXn X dXjj`m\ èZi\Xj\ è k_\ eldY\i f] i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj# n`k_ +#''' fi dfi\ e\n Xii`mXcj \XZ_ dfek_ lg kf DXiZ_ )''/%. 9p k_\ \e[ f] DXp# fm\i )'#''' _X[ Xii`m\[ Xk k_\ j_fi\j f] P\d\e# n`k_ Xcdfjk +'' [\X[ fi d`jjè^%/ K_`j nXj dfi\ k_Xe [flYc\ k_\ eldY\i ]fi k_\ jXd\ g\i`f[ è )''.% K_\ cXi^\ dXafi`kp# Xifle[ ),#'''# f] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj è )''. ZXd\ m`X k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e# n_`c\ jfd\ ,#''' ZXd\ ]ifd ;a`Yflk` m`X k_\ I\[ J\X% =ifd ;\Z\dY\i )''. fe# dfi\ i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj dX[\ k_\ YfXk aflie\p ]ifd ;a`Yflk`% K_`j ki\e[ Zfekèl\[ [liè^ k_\ Ôijk dfek_j è )''/# n`k_ fm\i ,' f] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj è AXelXip Xe[ =\YilXip )''/ Zifjjè^ k_\ I\[ J\X% K_`j ki`g `j dlZ_ j_fik\i Xe[ c\jj [Xe^\iflj% 8cjf# XZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I# k_\ dXafi`kp f] k_\ YfXkj Zifjjè^ k_\ I\[ J\X Xi\ jdXcc\i Xe[ c\jj Zifn[\[ Xe[ k_\ jdl^^c\ij j\\d kf Y\_Xm\ c\jj è_ldXe\cp% @e DXiZ_ Xe[ 8gi`c# ]\n YfXkj ZXd\ m`X ;a`Yflk` Xj k_\ Xlk_fi`k`\j k_\i\ n\i\ k`^_k\eè^ Zfekifcj% @e DXp )''/ k_\ eldY\i f] YfXkj Zifjjè^ k_\ I\[ J\X nXj fe k_\ èZi\Xj\ X^Xè%0 Fm\i k_\ gXjk dfek_j# k_\ jdl^^c\ij _Xm\ Y\^le kf lj\ X e\n kpg\ f] jdXcc\i# ]Xjk\i YfXkj# n`k_ ), kf +, gXjj\e^\ij% K_\ gi`Z\ f] kiXejgfikXk`fe `j _`^_\i# Ylk g\fgc\# XZZfi[è^ kf k_\ì i\gfikj# Xi\ ki\Xk\[ Y\kk\i% K_\ gXjj\e^\ij èk\im`\n\[ ]ifd k_\j\ YfXkj $ \oZ\gk ]fi fe\ n_`Z_ [l\ kf k\Z_e`ZXc kiflYc\j fe k_\ _`^_ j\X kffb Ôm\ [Xpj kf Zifjj $ kfc[ lj k_Xk k_\p [`[ efk \eZflek\i dXafi gifYc\dj [liè^ k_\ ki`g% @k j\\dj k_Xk k_\j\ YfXkj Xi\ èZi\Xjè^cp lj\[2 ]fi èjkXeZ\

, LE?:I @eZ`[\ek JkXk`jk`ZXc I\gfik# ;\Z\dY\i )''.% @e )''-# XZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I èZ`[\ek jkXk`jk`Zj# ),#/'' i\]l^\\j# Xjpcld j\\b\ij Xe[ d`îXekj Xii`m\[ è P\d\e _Xmè^ Zifjj\[ k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e# n`k_ Xk c\Xjk **' [\X[ Xe[ *'' d`jjè^% - LE?:I @eZ`[\ek JkXk`jk`ZXc I\gfik# ;\Z\dY\i )''.% . 8ZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I èZ`[\ek i\gfikj k_\ \jk`dXk\[ eldY\ij f] Xii`mXcj Xk k_\ ZfXjk ]fi k_\ Ôijk + dfek_j f] )''/ n\i\ Xj ]fccfnj1 AXelXip +#+/(# =\YilXip *#00.# DXiZ_ +#(*)# 8gi`c *#-',% @e ZfdgXi`jfe# \jk`dXk\[ Ô^li\j ]fi AXelXip lg kf Xe[ èZcl[è^ 8gi`c )''. n\i\ .#(++% / LE?:I @eZ`[\ek JkXk`jk`ZXc I\gfik# DXp )''/% 0 8ZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I# è 8gi`c# fecp (' f] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj ZXd\ m`X ;a`Yflk`% @e DXp# +' f] Xcc k_\ YfXkj Zifjjè^ ZXd\ m`X ;a`Yflk`

, ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

`e 8gi`c '/ fm\i _Xc] k_\ YfXkj Xii`m`e^ fe k_\ j_fi\j f] P\d\e n\i\ jdXcc\i YfXkj% K_\ gi`Z\ f] k_\ YfXk ki`g iXe^\[ ]ifd LJ ,' kf /'# Xe[ LJ ('' kf (-' ]fi k_\ jdXcc\i# ]Xjk\i YfXkj%

Â? BH;

(

6]lVg gZXZei^dc XZcigZ! BVn '%%-

H^ijVi^dc d[ i]Z gZ[j\ZZh VcY b^\gVcih jedc Vgg^kVa ^c NZbZc

8]k\i Xii`mè^ fe k_\ j_fi\# g\fgc\ Xi\ kXb\e Yp LE?:IĂ&#x2039;j `dgc\d\ekè^ gXike\i JfZ`\kp ]fi ?ldXe`kXi`Xe Jfc`[Xi`kp J?J# X cfZXc E>F kf \`k_\i k_\ DXp]X_ fi 8_nXi I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\j :I n_\i\ k_\p jkXp X ]\n [Xpj# i\Z\`m\ Xjj`jkXeZ\ Xe[ Xi\ I\^`jk\i\[%(' @e`k`Xccp k_\i\ nXj fecp fe\ i\Z\gk`fe Z\eki\ Xk DXp]X_# XYflk knf _flij ècXe[ ]ifd k_\ ZfXjk% @e )''.# LE?:I [\Z`[\[ kf \jkXYc`j_ X j\Zfe[ i\Z\gk`fe Z\eki\ Xk 8_nXi fe k_\ ZfXjk# n`k_ DJ= i\jgfej`Yc\ ]fi k_\ \d\i^\eZp _\Xck_ Z\eki\% ?fn\m\i# k_\i\ _Xm\ Y\\e Zfej`[\iXYc\ [\cXpj Xe[ 8_nXi I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\ 8I: nXj fg\e\[ fecp fe 0 DXiZ_# )''/% 8k k_Xk k`d\ DJ= jkXik\[ XZk`m`k`\j k_\i\# gifm`[è^ d\[`ZXc Xe[ gjpZ_fjfZ`Xc jlggfik ]fi k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj% ?fn\m\i# ^\e\iXc Zfe[`k`fej è k_\ I: i\^Xi[è^ i\^`jkiXk`fe# j_\ck\i Xe[ ]ff[ jk`cc e\\[ kf Y\ `dgifm\[% @e X[[`k`fe# e\n Xii`mXcj fe k_\ ZfXjk Xe[ Xk k_\ 8_nXi I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\ Xi\ ]i\hl\ekcp efk ^`m\e X[\hlXk\ è]fidXk`fe XYflk k_\ e\ok jk\gj Xe[ gfjj`Y`c`k`\j fg\e kf k_\d% K_lj `k `j `dgfikXek k_Xk fi^Xe`qXk`fej XZk`m\ k_\i\ _Xm\ jkX]] jg\Xbè^ JfdXc` Xe[ k_\ dXè <k_`fg`Xe cXe^lX^\j e\\[\[ Fifd`]XX Xe[ 8d_Xi`Z % 8ZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I )''. jkXk`jk`Zj# /( f] k_\ e\ncp Xii`m\[ JfdXc`j ^fk kf k_\ DXp]X_ I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\ Xj [`[ )( f] efe$ JfdXc`j Xcdfjk Xcc <k_`fg`Xej %(( K_\p Xi\ kXb\e k_\e kf B_XiXq I\]l^\\ :Xdg# cfZXk\[ è CX_Xa >fm\iefiXk\# XYflk )'' bd n\jk ]ifd 8[\e% Fm\i _Xc] k_\ JfdXc`j# ,. XZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I# è`k`Xccp ^f kf k_\ B_XiXq ZXdg% ?fn\m\i# ]\n jkXp k_\i\# Xj B_XiXq `j cfZXk\[ è k_\ [\j\ik ]Xi XnXp ]ifd Xep kfne% :fe[`k`fej Xi\ _Xij_# n`k_ _`^_ k\dg\iXkli\j Xe[ nè[j# Xe[ j\im`Z\j èX[\hlXk\% B_XiXq :Xdg Ă&#x2C6;_fjkj jfd\ f] k_\ dfjk [\jk`klk\ Xe[ mlce\iXYc\ i\]l^\\j i\j`[è^ è P\d\eĂ&#x2030;%() K_\ Zlii\ek gfglcXk`fe f] k_\ :Xdg `j Xifle[ 0#'''# XZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I% K_\ cXi^\ dXafi`kp f] k_\ i\]l^\\j è P\d\e c`m\ è liYXe Xi\Xj# \jg\Z`Xccp è JXeXĂ&#x2039;X Xe[ 8[\e% C`mè^ Zfe[`k`fej ]fi k_\ i\]l^\\j Xi\ m\ip [`]Ă&#x201D;Zlck# n`k_ ]\n gfjj`Y`c`k`\j fg\e kf k_\d# \jg\Z`Xccp ]fi \dgcfpd\ek% K_\i\ Xi\ ef \oXZk Ă&#x201D;^li\j i\^Xi[è^ k_\ eldY\i f] JfdXc`j c`mè^ è P\d\e% 8ZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I fm\i ((/#''' JfdXc` i\]l^\\j Zlii\ekcp i\j`[\ è P\d\e# Ylk k_\ XZklXc eldY\i `j c`b\cp kf Y\ dlZ_ _`^_\i Xj dXep JfdXc` i\]l^\\j _Xm\ efk Y\\e i\^`jk\i\[%(*

(' K_\ i\Z\gk`fe Z\eki\j Xi\ kiXej`k Z\eki\j ]fi e\n Xii`mXcj# n_\i\ k_\p jg\e[ X ]\n [Xpj kf i\Zlg\iXk\ ]ifd k_\ aflie\p# Xi\ gifm`[\[ n`k_ è`k`Xc Xjj`jkXeZ\ Xe[ i\^`jk\i\[ Y\]fi\ Y\è^ kXb\e kf k_\ B_XiXq I\]l^\\ :Xdg ]fi X cfe^\i$k\id jkXp% (( LE?:I @eZ`[\ek JkXk`jk`ZXc I\gfik# ;\Z\dY\i )''.% 8ZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I )''/ jkXk`jk`Zj# [liè^ k_\ Ă&#x201D;ijk ]fli dfek_j f] )''/# /0 f] k_\ JfdXc` e\n Xii`mXcj Xe[ *) f] k_\ efe$JfdXc`j i\XZ_\[ k_\ i\Z\gk`fe Z\eki\j% () LE?:I# :flekip Fg\iXk`fej GcXe )''/1 P\d\e# g% ,% (* 8k k_\ I\^`feXc :fe]\i\eZ\ fe I\]l^\\ Gifk\Zk`fe Xe[ @ek\ieXk`feXc D`îXk`fe è k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e (0$)' DXp# )''/ # k_\ P\d\e` =fi\`ê Dè`jk\i i\]\ii\[ kf ,''#''' JfdXc` i\]l^\\j è P\d\e%

- ÂĽ

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

)

AZ\Va hiVijh

8ck_fl^_ k_\ gffi\jk Zflekip f] k_\ 8iXY`Xe G\eèjlcX# P\d\e _Xj Y\\e n\cZfdè^ kfnXi[j JfdXc` i\]l^\\j# è gXik Y\ZXlj\ f] P\d\eËj _`jkfi`Z kiX[\ Xe[ jfZ`Xc i\cXk`fej n`k_ JfdXc`X% CfZXc Zfddle`k`\j Xe[ Ôj_\id\e n_f \eZflek\i e\n Xii`mXcj fe k_\ j_fi\ ]i\hl\ekcp gifm`[\ jlggfik# Xck_fl^_ k_\p Xi\ m\ip gffi k_\dj\cm\j% P\d\e `j j`êXkfip kf k_\ (0,( :fem\ek`fe I\cXkè^ kf k_\ JkXklj f] I\]l^\\j Xe[ `kj (0-. GifkfZfc# k_\ fecp Zflekip fe k_\ 8iXY g\eèjlcX kf _Xm\ XZZ\[\[ kf k_\j\ èk\ieXk`feXc èjkild\ekj% ?fn\m\i# `dgc\d\ekXk`fe Xk k_\ eXk`feXc c\m\c `j cXZbè^% K_\i\ `j ef eXk`feXc i\]l^\\ cXn Xe[ ef fg\iXk`feXc Zfdd`kk\\ k_Xk [\Xcj n`k_ i\]l^\\j% @e \Xicp )''/# k_\ ?ldXe I`^_kj Dè`jk\i gifgfj\[ k_\ \jkXYc`j_d\ek f] Xe èk\i$dè`jk\i`Xc [iX]kè^ Zfdd`kk\\ kf gi\gXi\ X [iX]k i\]l^\\ cXn% @e )''' k_\ EXk`feXc :fdd`kk\\ ]fi I\]l^\\ 8]]Xìj E:I8 _\X[\[ Yp k_\ ;\glkp =fi\`ê Dè`jk\i Xe[ Zfdgi`jè^ f]ÔZ`Xcj ]ifd dè`jki`\j Xe[ X[dè`jkiXk`m\ Yf[`\j k_Xk [\Xc n`k_ i\]l^\\ `jjl\j =fi\`ê 8]]Xìj# @ek\i`fi# Aljk`Z\# @dd`îXk`fe Xe[ GXjjgfikj# Xe[ k_\ F]ÔZ\ f] Gfc`k`ZXc J\Zli`kp nXj \jkXYc`j_\[% ?fn\m\i# `k `j fecp X ZfejlckXk`m\ Yf[p n`k_flk X j\Zi\kXi`Xk Xe[ _Xj efk Y\\e m\ip XZk`m\% K_\ P\d\e` >fm\ied\ek i\Zfê`q\j JfdXc`j Xj gi`dX ]XZ`\ i\]l^\\j% K_lj k_\p [f efk e\\[ kf le[\i^f è[`m`[lXc jkXklj [\k\idèXk`fe% E\ncp Xii`m\[ <k_`fg`Xej Xi\ Zfej`[\i\[ `cc\^Xc Xe[ jlYa\Zk kf [\gfikXk`fe# n`k_flk X [`jkèZk`fe dX[\ Y\kn\\e d`îXekj Xe[ Xjpcld j\\b\ij% JèZ\ )''-# k_\ >fm\ied\ek f] P\d\e _Xj `dgc\d\ek\[ jki`Zk\i d\Xjli\j kf Zfekifc k_\ èÕlo f] efe$JfdXc`j# dXècp <k_`fg`Xej# lgfe Xii`mXc fe k_\ :fXjk% P\d\e` jfc[`\ij Xi\ le[\i fi[\ij ]ifd k_\ @ek\i`fi Dè`jkip kf Xii\jk <k_`fg`Xej% K_lj# <k_`fg`Xej# n_\e k_\p Xii`m\ fe k_\ j_fi\# Xi\ X]iX`[ f] Y\è^ Xii\jk\[ Xe[ dXep f] k_\d dfm\ ]ifd k_\ j_fi\ Xj jffe Xj k_\p ZXe% N_\e YfXkj Xii`m\ fe k_\ ZfXjk Xe[ k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj Xi\ [\k\Zk\[ Yp k_\ d`c`kXip# <k_`fg`Xej Xi\ ljlXccp j\gXiXk\[ ]ifd k_\ JfdXc`j# [\kXè\[ Xe[ k_\e Yifl^_k kf k_\ `dd`îXk`fe [\k\ek`fe Z\eki\ kf XnX`k [\gfikXk`fe% LE?:I [f\j efk _Xm\ ^\e\iXc XZZ\jj kf [\kXè\[ <k_`fg`Xej \oZ\gk è jg\Z`ÔZ ZXj\j Yifl^_k kf `kj Xkk\ek`fe Xe[ kf n_`Z_ `k i\hl\jk XZZ\jj% <k_`fg`Xej n_f i\XZ_ k_\ i\Z\gk`fe Z\eki\j Xi\ i\^`jk\i\[ Xe[ ^`m\e Xe Xggfèkd\ek jc`g Xe[ k_lj k_\ gfjj`Y`c`kp kf gi\j\ek Xe Xjpcld ZcX`d kf k_\ LE?:I 8[\e fi JXeXËX f]ÔZ\ n`k_è k\e [Xpj% 8ZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I# è )''- Xggifo`dXk\cp (#''' <k_`fg`Xej n\i\ [\gfik\[% ;\gfikXk`fe f] e\ncp Xii`m\[ <k_`fg`Xej# n_f _Xm\ X mXc`[ ]\Xi f] g\ij\Zlk`fe# n`k_flk k_\ gfjj`Y`c`kp f] gi\j\ekè^ X ZXj\ ]fi Xjpcld `j è m`fcXk`fe f] k_\ gièZ`gc\ f] efe$i\]flc\d\ek \ej_iè\[ è 8ik`Zc\ ** f] k_\ (0,( :fem\ek`fe I\cXkè^ kf k_\ JkXklj f] I\]l^\\j%

. ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

Kf X[[i\jj k_`j ZfeZ\ie# LE?:I `j [`jZljjè^ k_\ ('$Gfèk GcXe f] 8Zk`fe fe I\]l^\\ Gifk\Zk`fe Xe[ Dò\[ D`îXk`fe# n_`Z_# `] `dgc\d\ek\[ nflc[# èk\i Xc`X# gifm`[\ ]fi i\]l^\\ jkXklj [\k\idèXk`fe gifZ\[li\j Xe[ k_lj ]fi k_\ gfjj`Y`c`kp f] <k_`fg`Xej kf gi\j\ek Xjpcld ZcX`dj Xe[ ]fi LE?:I kf _Xm\ XZZ\jj kf [\kXè\[ <k_`fg`Xej%(+

>>> BV^c ÄcY^c\h

K_`j i\gfik `j YXj\[ gi`dXi`cp fe è]fidXk`fe ]ifd ),' èk\im`\nj ]ifd -0 YfXkj# [fZld\ek\[ è [\kX`c\[ hl\jk`feeXì\j# Xe[ (. k\jk`dfe`\j kXb\e n`k_ X i\Zfi[\i Xj n\cc Xj fe d\[`ZXc Xe[ Zflej\cè^ [XkX% @k Zfm\ij k_\ g\i`f[ f] J\gk\dY\i 0# )''. k_\ k`d\ k_\ DJ= gifa\Zk jkXik\[# kf 8gi`c *'# )''/% K_\ i\gfik ]fZlj\j fe k_\ YfXk aflie\pj ]ifd 9fjjXjf# k_\ gfik kfne fe k_\ efik_ \Xjk f] JfdXc`X ]ifd n_\i\ g\fgc\ Zifjj k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e# kf k_\ jflk_\ie ZfXjk f] P\d\e# dfi\ jg\Z`ÔZXccp fe Xii`mXcj Xcfe^ k_\ ).'$bd jki\kZ_ f] ZfXjk Zfm\i\[ Yp DJ=%

BH;

N_\i\ gfjj`Yc\# k_\ è]fidXk`fe i\Z\`m\[ nXj m\i`Ô\[% ?fn\m\i# k_`j jfd\k`d\j gifm\[ [`]ÔZlck# Xj k_\ j\kkè^ ]fi k_\ èk\im`\nj [liè^ k_\ dfY`c\ èk\im\ek`fej nXj efk Zfe[lZ`m\ kf è$[\gk_ èk\im`\nj% DJ= jkX]] ljlXccp ]fle[ îflgj f] e\n Xii`mXcj nX`kè^ fe k_\ j_fi\# Xcfe^j`[\ k_\ ifX[ fi Xk d`c`kXip Z_\Zbgfèkj% K_\ èk\im`\nj _X[ kf kXb\ gcXZ\ è k_\ fg\e# n`k_ g\fgc\ j`kkè^ è îflgj Xj k_\ i\]l^\\j& d`îXekj n\i\ nX`kè^ ]fi k_\ kilZb kf kXb\ k_\d kf k_\ LE?:I i\Z\gk`fe Z\eki\% 8 ]lik_\i ZfejkiXèk nXj XZZ\jj kf k_\ <k_`fg`Xej# Xj k_\p# le[\ijkXe[XYcp# n\i\ X]iX`[ f] Y\è^ Xii\jk\[ Xe[ nflc[ kip kf gXjj Xj JfdXc`j% BH; iZVb ^ciZgk^Zl^c\ V \gdje d[ HdbVa^ ldbZc VcY X]âYgZc

N`k_ k_\ fg\eè^ f] k_\ 8I:# Zfe[`k`fej ]fi èk\im`\nj `dgifm\[# Xj DJ= _Xj X gi`mXk\ jgXZ\ ]fi èk\im`\nj Xe[ `j XYc\ kf kXb\ dfi\ k`d\ ]fi ]fccfn$lg% K_`j `j i\Õ\Zk\[ è k_\ [XkX ^Xk_\i\[ ]ifd DXiZ_ fenXi[j%

I]Z WdVi _djgcZn

K_\ YfXk ki`g XZifjj k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e `j fe\ f] k_\ dfjk _XqXi[flj gXikj f] k_\ aflie\p% >`m\e k_\ XYj\eZ\ f] c\^Xc d`îXk`fe iflk\j# k_\ fecp fgk`fe i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj _Xm\ `j kf lj\ jdl^^c\ijË YfXkj% Jdl^^c\ij fg\iXkè^ è k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e Xi\ efkfi`flj ]fi k_\ì YilkXc`kp Xe[ kXb\ X[mXekX^\ f] k_\ \oki\d\ mlce\iXY`c`kp f] k_\ i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj% 8Ylj\j Xi\ k_\ ilc\# efk k_\ \oZ\gk`fe% 9fXkj Xi\ fm\iZifn[\[# n`k_ fm\i ('' gXjj\e^\ij gXZb\[ èkf \`^_k kf k\e d\ki\ m\jj\cj n_`Z_# le[\i i\^lcXi Zfe[`k`fej# kXb\ *' kf +' g\fgc\ Xk dfjk% GXjj\e^\ij Xi\ ]fiZ\[ kf j`k è k_\ jXd\ gfj`k`fe le[\i k_\ (+ K_\ (' Gfèk GcXe f] 8Zk`fe `j LE?:I¡j Xkk\dgk kf X[fgk X dfi\ Zfdgi\_\ej`m\ XggifXZ_ kf i\]l^\\ gifk\Zk`fe è k_\ Zfek\ok f] dò\[ d`îXk`fe% K_\ (' Gfèkj f] k_\ GcXe f] 8Zk`fe Xi\1 (% :ffg\iXk`fe Xdfe^ b\p gXike\ij% )% ;XkX Zfcc\Zk`fe Xe[ XeXcpj`j% *% Gifk\Zk`fe$j\ej`k`m\ \ekip jpjk\dj% +% I\Z\gk`fe XiiXe^\d\ekj% ,% D\Z_Xe`jdj ]fi gifÔcè^ Xe[ i\]\iiXc% -% ;`]]\i\ek`Xk\[ gifZ\jj\j Xe[ gifZ\[li\j% .% Jfclk`fej ]fi i\]l^\\j% /% 8[[i\jjè^ j\Zfe[Xip dfm\d\ekj% 0% I\klie$XiiXe^\d\ekj ]fi efe$i\]l^\\j Xe[ Xck\ieXk`m\ fgk`fej% ('% @e]fidXk`fe jkiXk\^p% J\\ LE?:I# I\]l^\\ Gifk\Zk`fe Xe[ Dò\[ D`îXk`fe1 8 ('$Gfèk GcXe f] 8Zk`fe# ( AXelXip )''.% :i`jg# gg% +# ,%

&% ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

jZfiZ_è^ jle# n`k_ X eldY\i jklZb è jdXcc jkfiX^\ gcXZ\j è k_\ _fc[% K_\p Xi\ jlYa\Zk\[ kf Y\Xkè^j Xe[# è k_\ dXafi`kp f] ZXj\j# [\gi`m\[ f] ]ff[ Xe[ nXk\i% ;\Xk_j Xi\ ]i\hl\ek% K_\ YfXk ki`g ]ifd 9fjjXjf kf k_\ P\d\e` ZfXjk kXb\j ]ifd )/ kf .) _flij# [\g\e[è^ fe n\Xk_\i Xe[ j\X Zfe[`k`fej Xe[ XZk`m`kp è k_\ >lc]% 8ii`mXc è P\d\e `j ]iXl^_k n`k_ [Xe^\ij Xj k_\ jdl^^c\ij ]i\hl\ekcp kXb\ \oki\d\ d\Xjli\j kf Xmf`[ [\k\Zk`fe Yp k_\ P\d\e` ZfXjk ^lXi[ Xe[ d`c`kXip% K_\ jdl^^c\ij f]k\e [f efk kXb\ k_\ dfjk [ì\Zk Zflij\ Ylk cfe^\i iflk\j kf Xmf`[ gXkifcj fe k_\ _`^_ j\Xj% @e i\jgfej\ kf èZi\Xj\[ gXkifccè^ XZk`m`k`\j# k_\ jdl^^c\ij _Xm\ j_`]k\[ iflk\j Xe[ è k_\ dXafi`kp f] ZXj\j# dXb\ g\fgc\ [`j\dYXib Xk e`^_k% 8cdfjk _Xc] k_\ YfXkj ]ifd n_`Z_ DJ= ^Xk_\i\[ è]fidXk`fe jkfgg\[ ]Xi ]ifd k_\ j_fi\ Xe[# è dfjk ZXj\j# gXjj\e^\ij Xi\ ]fiZ\[ kf aldg fm\iYfXi[ Xe[ jn`d kf k_\ j_fi\% DXep [ifne%

&#&

8dcY^i^dch dc i]Z WdVih

¹LZ lZgZ [dgXZY id hiVn ^c hVbZ eaVXZ lî]dji bdk^c\# I]Z hbj\\aZgh lZgZ WZVi^c\ jh ]VgY [gdb i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z igê jciâ aVcY^c\ VcY ZcYZY Wn [dgX^c\ jh id _jbe ^cid YZZe lViZgº '&"nZVg daY Dgdbd bVc [gdb 7VaZ gZ\^dc &-$%'$%-

¹I]Zn WZVi ndj WVYan dc i]Z WdVi! i]Zn ]VkZ \jch VcY `c^kZh# I]Z XdcY^i^dc dc i]Z WdVi lVh gZVaan kZgn WVY! > egZ[ZggZY id Y^Z! WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z WZVi^c\# LZ ]VY cd lViZg VcY cdi]^c\ id ZVi# >i ^h dkZgXgdlYZY! eZdeaZ VgZ h^ii^c\ dc ndj! ndj XVccdi bdkZ# EZdeaZ VgZ hdbZi^bZh eVhh^c\ jg^cZ VcY hidda dc ndjº *%"nZVg daY HdbVa^ bVc [gdb 6[\dnZ '*$%'$%,

&#&#& 8gdlY^c\

BH;

8cc k_fj\ èk\im`\n\[ \oZ\gk k_\ gXjj\e^\ij ]ifd knf jdXcc# ]Xjk YfXkj jX`[ k_Xk k_\ì YfXkj n\i\ \oki\d\cp Zifn[\[ n`k_ 0' kf ()' g\fgc\ $ è jfd\ ZXj\j lg kf (,' g\fgc\ $ ZiXdd\[ è / kf (' d\ki\ jkilZkli\j [\j`ê\[ kf Ôk X dXo`dld f] *' kf +' gXjj\e^\ij%

DcZ d[ i]Z WdVih aZ[i WZ]^cY Wn i]Z hbj\\aZgh

¹I]ZgZ VgZ hd bVcn eZdeaZ dc i]Z WdVi# LZ ValVnh ]VkZ id WZ ^c i]Z hVbZ XgdjX]ZY edhî^dc# I]Z cZmi eZghdc ^h hîi^c\ g^\]i WZ]^cY ndj lî] ]^h [ZZi ^c ndjg WVX` VcY hdbZi^bZh i]Zn ejh] ndj# >[ ndj hiVgi id bdkZ ZkZc V aîiaZ Wî! i]Z hbj\\aZgh WZVi ndj#º <gdje d[ V YdoZc HdbVa^ bZc &($&%$'%%,

9\ZXlj\ k_\ YfXkj Xi\ jf fm\icfX[\[# jfd\ g\fgc\ i\gfik\[ k_Xk k_\p n\i\ j`kkè^ fe kfg f] \XZ_ fk_\i% 8e (/$p\Xi fc[ JfdXc` gXk`\ek n_fd n\ ki\Xk\[ fe / DXiZ_ '/ ZfdgcXè\[ XYflk [`]ÔZlck`\j Yi\Xk_è^ Y\ZXlj\ jfd\fe\ jXk fe _`d%

&& ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

¹HdbZWdYn hVi dc bZ VcY > Vh`ZY ]^b id bdkZ# =Z idaY i]Z hbj\\aZgh# I]Zc i]Z hbj\\aZgh hV^Y id bZ i]Vi i]Zn ldjaY i]gdl bZ ^cid i]Z hZV ^[ > bV`Z Vcn egdWaZb#º &,"nZVg daY HdbVa^ ldbVc [gdb 7dhhVhd! l]d XVbZ

dc Vc -"bZigZ WdVi lî] &)- eVhhZc\Zgh dc &* 9ZX# %, DXep gXk`\ekj ZfdgcXè\[ XYflk Yf[p gXèj ]ifd j`kkè^ è k_\ jXd\ Zifn[\[ gfj`k`fe n`k_flk Y\è^ XYc\ kf dfm\% 8 eldY\i f] gXk`\ekj i\gfik\[ gXè è k_\ì YlkkfZbj Xe[ ^\e`kXcj# Xj k_\p _X[ kf j`k è j\XnXk\i Xe[ liè\$jfXb\[ Zcfk_\j% D\e \og\i`\eZ\[ jbè cfjj ]ifd k_\ì jZifkld# n_`c\ k_\ nfd\e jl]]\i\[ Z_XÔe^ Y\kn\\e k_\ì èe\i k_`^_j%

&#&#' 7Z^c\ eji ^cid i]Z ]daY

BH;

Kf ZiXd Xj dXep g\fgc\ Xj gfjj`Yc\ èkf k_\ YfXkj# jdl^^c\ij glk g\fgc\ Xcjf è k_\ _fc[ f] k_\ YfXkj ÆjdXcc# nè[fnc\jj jgXZ\j efidXccp d\Xek ]fi jkfiX^\Ç% 8j X -($p\Xi$fc[ ]Xid\i ]ifd DXibX i\dXib\[# ÈK_`j `j Ôj_ YfXk# k_\i\ `j X _fc[ n_`Z_ jlggfj\[ kf Y\ lj\[ ]fi Ôj_# Ylk k_\p glk _ldXe Y\è^j k_\i\%É ?\ kfc[ lj k_Xk k_\i\ n\i\ *' g\fgc\ è k_\ _fc[ f] _`j YfXk ()&'+&'/ % // f] k_\ èk\im`\n\\j i\gfik\[ k_Xk gXjj\e^\ij n\i\ jklZb è k_\ _fc[# k_\ì eldY\ij iXe^è^ ]ifd (, kf +'# fe Xm\iX^\ ),%

I]Z ]daY d[ i]Z WdVi! l]ZgZ eVhhZc\Zgh VgZ hijX`

:fe[`k`fej è k_\ _fc[ Xi\ nfij\# Y\ZXlj\ g\fgc\ Xi\ \m\e dfi\ Zifn[\[# j`kkè^ fe kfg f] \XZ_ fk_\i% K_\p cXZb Xì kf Yi\Xk_\ Xe[ dXep ZfdgcXè\[ XYflk i\jgìXkfip [`jki\jj kf fli d\[`ZXc k\Xd% =fi èjkXeZ\# fe\ f] fli gXk`\ekj# X (-$p\Xi fc[ pfle^ dXe# Xe Fifdf ]ifd >`ddX# kfc[ lj# È@ nXj è k_\ cfn\i gXik f] k_\ _lcc% @ ]\ck @ nXj jl]]fZXkè^%É (/&')&'/ G\fgc\ è k_\ _fc[ Xcjf jl]]\i ]ifd k_\ èk\ej`m\ _\Xk% Jfd\ i\gfik\[ k_Xk k_\p _X[ kf j`k è j\XnXk\i# liè\# jkffc Xe[ mfd`klj% DXep i\gfik\[ k_Xk n_\e k_\p Zflc[ efk jkXe[ `k Xepdfi\ Xe[ nXek\[ kf Zfd\ lg fe [\Zb# k_\p n\i\ Y\Xk\e Yp k_\ jdl^^c\ij Xe[ glj_\[ [fne X^Xè% Jfd\ kfc[ lj k_Xk k_\p n\i\ ]fiZ\[ kf gXp ]fi Y\è^ Xccfn\[ kf Zfd\ fe [\Zb# n_`c\ fk_\ij i\gfik\[ k_Xk \m\e `] k_\p gX`[ dfi\ dfe\p# k_\p n\i\ glk YXZb èkf k_\ _fc[%

¹> lVh ^c i]Z ]daY# >i add`h a^`Z V hbVaa hidgV\Z gddb! ^i ^h _jhi dcZ bZigZ# LZ lZgZ '% eZdeaZ i]ZgZ# LZ hj[[ZgZY V adi ^ch^YZ! ^i lVh gZVaan kZgn ]di! lZ ]VY cd V^g# LZ lZgZ V[gV^Y i]Vi dcZ d[ i]Z eZdeaZ l]d lVh ^ch^YZ lVh \d^c\ id Y^Z WZXVjhZ d[ hj[[dXVi^dc#º 6 ('"nZVg daY :i]^de^Vc bVc 6b]VgV l]dhZ aZ\ lVh

\gVoZY [gdb gjWW^c\ V\V^chi i]Z ]jaa %.$%($%-

¹I]Zn ]VkZ cd bZgXn# > lVh i]gdlc ^c i]Z ldghi eVgi d[ i]Z WdVi! ^c i]Z ]daY# L]ZcZkZg > gV^hZ bn ]ZVY [dg WgZVi]^c\! i]Z hbj\\aZgh WZVi bZ l^i] i]Z Wjiih d[ i]Z^g g^ÅZh#º )."nZVg daY XVg bZX]Vc^X [gdb Bd\VY^h]j %,$%&$%-

&' ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

&#&#( AVX` d[ [ddY VcY lViZg$i]Z[i d[ [ddY VcY WZadc\^c\h Fm\i /' f] fli èk\im`\n\\j d\ek`fe\[ k_Xk k_\p [`[ efk ^\k Xep ]ff[ Xe[ nXk\i [liè^ k_\ ki`g% N_\e i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj Xii`m\[ fe k_\ ZfXjk# X cXi^\ eldY\i n\i\ [\_p[iXk\[ Xe[ _leîp% 8 îflg f] k_i\\ JfdXc` d\e è k_\ì kn\ek`\j ]ifd Df^X[`j_l kfc[ lj# È<m\e `] pfl n\i\ [pè^# k_\p Rk_\ jdl^^c\ijT nflc[ efk ^`m\ pfl nXk\i%É ',&('&'. Jfd\ f] k_\ gXjj\e^\ij jX`[ k_Xk k_\p n\i\ jf [\jg\iXk\ k_Xk k_\p [iXeb fZ\Xe nXk\i% J\m\iXc gXjj\e^\ij i\gfik\[ k_Xk n_\e k_\p Xjb\[ ]fi nXk\i# k_\ jdl^^c\ij dX[\ k_\d gXp ]fi `k# n`k_ jfd\ k\ccè^ lj k_Xk# \m\e n_\e k_\p gX`[# k_\p [`[ efk i\Z\`m\ nXk\i% 8 eldY\i f] gXjj\e^\ij è[`ZXk\[ k_Xk jdl^^c\ij kffb k_\ì ]ff[ fi k_\ c`kkc\ dfe\p fi fk_\i Y\cfe^è^j k_\p _X[% 8 JfdXc` nfdXe n_fd n\ Zflej\cc\[ fe )+ ;\Z\dY\i '. nXj lgj\k Y\ZXlj\ k_\ jdl^^c\ij jkfc\ _\i dfe\p% J_\ kfc[ lj#

¹Dc i]Z WdVi! i]Z hbj\\aZgh \gVWWZY bZ Wn i]Z ]V^g# L]Zc > gZ[jhZY id _jbe ^cid i]Z lViZg! i]Zn Y^hXdkZgZY i]Z bdcZn ]^YYZc jcYZg bn hXVg[ VcY hidaZ î WZ[dgZ i]gdl^c\ bZ ^cid i]Z hZV#¼¼ ¹I]Zn idd` i]Z bâ`! YViZh! hlZZih > ]VY [dg i]Z X]âYgZc VcY i]gZl i]Zb ^cid i]Z hZV#º (%"nZVg"daY ldbVc [gdb Bd\VY^h]j l]d ]VY XdbZ dc ]Zg dlc lî] ]Zg ild

X]^aYgZc ild Wdnh! & &$' VcY * nZVgh daY ! %'$%)$%-

&#&#) 9^hXg^b^cVi^dc V\V^chi :i]^de^Vch 8 Zfej`[\iXYc\ eldY\i f] k_\ <k_`fg`Xej èk\im`\n\[ ZfdgcXè\[ XYflk [`jZi`dèXk`fe fe YfXi[ k_\ jdl^^c\ij n\i\ JfdXc` % 8 )($p\Xi fc[ ]Xid\i ]ifd 9Xc\ kfc[ DJ=# ÈK_\ jdl^^c\ij Y\Xk k_\ <k_`fg`Xej YX[cp% K_\p jfd\k`d\j k_i\n k_\ <k_`fg`Xej èkf k_\ j\X% Dfjk f] k_\ <k_`fg`Xej n\i\ è k_\ _fc[%É ')&'*&'/ JfdXc` gXjj\e^\ij Xcjf d\ek`fe\[ k_Xk `k nXj ]i\hl\ekcp k_\ <k_`fg`Xej n_f n\i\ glk è k_\ _fc[%

¹LZ aZ[i 7dhhVhd dc V WdVi lî] V adi d[ eZdeaZ! VWdji &(%# I]Z :i]^de^Vch lZgZ hZeVgViZY [gdb i]Z HdbVa^# I]Z HdbVa^ lZgZ igZViZY WZiiZg VcY lZgZ dc i]Z jeeZg YZX`# LZ :i]^de^Vch lZgZ Vi i]Z Wdiidb# EZdeaZ jg^cViZY VcY kdbîZY dc jh# I]Z XdcYî^dch lZgZ kZgn ]VgY# I]Z hbj\\aZgh WZVi jh lî] hi^X`h VcY ZkZc WZaih# L]Zc lZ Vgg^kZY XadhZ id i]Z h]dgZ i]Zn dgYZgZY jh id _jbe dji# HdbZ XdjaY cdi hl^b VcY ) eZdeaZ Y^ZY#º <gdje d[ h^m :i]^de^Vch %($&%$%,

&( ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

&#&#* K^daZcXZ 7ZVi^c\h VcY di]Zg [dgbh d[ k^daZcXZ

¹I]Zn ]VkZ cd bZgXn! i]Zn WZVi jh a^`Z Vc^bVah#º

BH;

''"nZVg"daY HdbVa^ bVc [gdb 7ZaZilZncZ &'$&'$%,

BH; YdXidg hjijg^c\ i]Z ldjcY d[ V eVi^Zci hZkZgZan WZViZc! DXidWZg '%%,

9\Xkè^j Xi\ ZfddfegcXZ\# Xe[ DJ= ki\Xk m`Zk`dj f] Y\Xkè^j# gi\j\ekè^ Yil`j\j# Yf[p gXèj Xe[ cXZ\iXk`fej ]ifd Xcdfjk \m\ip YfXk% K_\ Y\Xkè^j Xi\ jf YilkXc k_Xk fm\i _Xc] k_\ [i\jjè^j DJ= jkX]] g\i]fid\[ fe fli gXk`\ekj n\i\ kf ki\Xk k_\ nfle[j ]ifd m`fc\ek kiXldX% Fecp fe \`^_k flk f] -0 YfXkj ]ifd n_`Z_ n\ èk\im`\n\[ g\fgc\ [`[ k_\ gXjj\e^\ij i\gfik k_Xk g\fgc\ n\i\ efk Y\Xk\e%

¹I]Z hbj\\aZgh lZgZ WZVi^c\ jh [gdb i]Z WZ\^cc^c\ d[ i]Z ig^e a^`Z Vc^bVah# I]Zn ]VkZ cd bZgXn ZkZc ^[ ndj Y^Z ^c [gdci d[ i]Zb#º *%"nZVg daY HdbVa^ bVc [gdb 6[\dnZ '*$%'$%-

K_\ dfjk Zfddfe `dgc\d\ekj lj\[ Xi\ jk`Zbj# g`g\j Xe[ Y\ck YlZbc\j# Xck_fl^_ gXjj\e^\ij Xcjf d\ek`fe\[ Y\è^ Y\Xk\e n`k_ i`Õ\ Ylkj Xe[ jkXYY\[ n`k_ be`m\j% Fe jfd\ YfXkj g\fgc\ i\gfik\[ gXik`ZlcXicp _Xij_ Y\Xkè^j% =fi èjkXeZ\# Xcc k_\ gXjj\e^\ij n\ èk\im`\n\[ fe (*&((&'. i\gfik\[ Y\è^ Y\Xk\e n`k_ jk`Zbj Xe[ g`g\j% <`^_k flk f] k_\ kn\cm\ ZXj\j n_f e\\[\[ [i\jjè^j ]fi m`fc\ek kiXldX _X[ [\\g Zlkj fe k_\ì _\X[j k_Xk e\\[\[ jlkli\% Knf gXjj\e^\ij n_fd n\ èk\im`\n\[ j\gXiXk\cp kfc[ lj k_Xk k_\ Y\Xkè^j n\i\ jf YX[ k_Xk X dXe n_f Zflc[ efk jkXe[ k_\ Y\Xkè^j Xep cfe^\i Zfdd`kk\[ jl`Z`[\ Yp aldgè^ èkf k_\ j\X% Fe k_\ YfXk# n_`Z_ Xii`m\[ fe DXiZ_ )*# )''/# )0 f] Xii`mXcj# èZcl[è^ knf JfdXc` nfd\e# \og\i`\eZ\[ m`fc\ek kiXldX# èÕ`Zk\[ dXècp ]ifd Y\Xkè^j n`k_ jk`Zbj% @e jfd\ ZXj\j gXjj\e^\ij _X[ k_\ì c`dYj k`\[% @k j\\dj k_Xk jdl^^c\ij lj\ k_`j Xj X d\Xej kf Zfekifc gXjj\e^\ij n_f# fm\in_\cd\[ Yp k_\ì \dfk`fej# Y\Zfd\ \oki\d\cp X^`kXk\[% Fe ()&('&'. X Ôj_\idXe kfc[ lj k_Xk _\ ]fle[ k_i\\ [\X[ Yf[`\j fe k_\ j_fi\ n`k_ k_\ì _Xe[j Xe[ ]\\k k`\[% @e jò èjkXeZ\j# èk\im`\n\\j d\ek`fe\[ k_Xk k_\p n\i\ k`\[ lg fi k_Xk fe k_\ì YfXkj jfd\ gXjj\e^\ij _X[ k_\ì _Xe[j fi k_\ì _Xe[j Xe[ ]\\k k`\[% 8 ).$p\Xi fc[ JfdXc` ]Xid\i ]ifd NXcXn\pe# ;X]\\[# fYj\im\[ È@ nXj Y\Xk\e fe dp _\X[% K_\p fi[\i\[ d\ kf efk dfm\ Xe[ k`\[ dp _Xe[j Xe[ ]\\k# Y\ZXlj\ @ Y\ZXd\ X c`kkc\ ZiXqp%É ),&'*&'/ ?\ Zflc[ efk nXcb Xe[ nXj Yifl^_k kf k_\ DJ= Zcè`Z Yp _`j ]i`\e[j% Fe k_\ YfXk n_`Z_ Xii`m\[ fe (( 8gi`c '/ j\m\iXc èk\im`\n\\j d\ek`fe\[ k_Xk fe\ fi knf gXjj\e^\ij _X[ k_\ì _Xe[j Xe[ ]\\k k`\[% 8 )'$p\Xi fc[ JfdXc` nfdXe [\jZi`Y\[ k_\ j`klXk`fe Xj ]fccfnj# ÈKnf g\fgc\ Y\ZXd\ ZiXqp# Y\ZXlj\ k_\p n\i\ è k_\ _fc[% K_\p jkXik\[ Y`kè^ k_\ fk_\ij èj`[\% K_\e k_\ jdl^^c\ij Yifl^_k k_\d flk Xe[ Y\Xk k_\d% Fe\ f] k_\d nXj k_ifne èkf k_\ j\X# n_`c\ k_\ fk_\i g\ijfe nXj k`\[ lg%É

&) ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

K^daZcXZ V\V^chi i]dhZ ZheZX^Vaan kjacZgVWaZ/ ldbZc! X]âYgZc VcY daYZg eZdeaZ @k `j dfjkcp k_\ d\e n_f Xi\ jlYa\Zk kf j\m\i\ Y\Xkè^j# Ylk DJ= \eZflek\i\[ X eldY\i f] ZXj\j n_\i\ nfd\e n\i\ Y\Xk\e Xj n\cc% @e DXiZ_ '/# jò nfd\e i\gfik\[ m`fc\ek kiXldX% Fe (* DXiZ_ '/ k_\ DJ= k\Xd ki\Xk\[ X )'$p\Xi fc[ nfdXe ]ifd Df^X[`j_l n_f \ogcXè\[# ÈK_\ jdl^^c\ij n\i\ Y\Xkè^ lj ]ifd k_\ Y\^èeè^ f] k_\ ki`g% @ dpj\c] nXj Y\Xk\e n`k_ X be`]\%É <m\e gi\êXek nfd\e Xe[ Z_`c[i\e fe YfXi[ Xi\ efk jgXi\[% Fe ) DXiZ_ '/ k_\ DJ= k\Xd ki\Xk\[ X ))$p\Xi fc[ nfdXe ]ifd Df^X[`j_l n_f nXj kiXm\ccè^ fe _\i fne% J_\ kfc[ lj# ÈK_\ jdl^^c\ij n\i\ Y\Xkè^ lj# k_\p _Xm\ ef d\iZp ]fi Xep fe\% @ Xd +$dfek_ gi\êXek Xe[ @ nXj Y\Xk\e% @ ]\\c gXè è dp jkfdXZ_ Xe[ Xd X]iX`[ k_Xk jfd\k_è^ _Xgg\e\[ kf k_\ YXYp è dp jkfdXZ_%É J\m\iXc Z_`c[i\e gi\j\ek\[ kf fli d\[`ZXc k\Xd n`k_ Yil`j\j Xe[ èali`\j ]ifd Y\Xkè^j# \%^% X JfdXc` Yfp n`k_ X Zlk fe _`j _\X[ '-&('&'. Xe[ Xe <k_`fg`Xe Yfp n`k_ j\m\i\ Z_\jk gXè (,&'0&'. % GXi\ekj Xe[ k_\ì pfle^ Z_`c[i\e Xi\ gXik`ZlcXicp Xk i`jb% @e DXiZ_ n\ èk\im`\n\[ k_i\\ ]Xd`c`\j ]ifd [`]]\i\ek YfXkj% K_\p [\jZi`Y\[ _fn k_\p n\i\ Y\Xk\e Y\ZXlj\ k_\ì Z_`c[i\e n\i\ Zipè^ [liè^ k_\ ki`g% K_\p n\i\ X]iX`[ k_Xk k_\ jdl^^c\ij nflc[ k_ifn k_\ì Z_`c[i\e fm\iYfXi[2 k_`j _Xj Y\\e k_\ ZXj\ fe jfd\ YfXkj%

¹> XVbZ lî] ild d[ bn X]âYgZc! V \^ga d[ ' nZVgh VcY V +"bdci]h daY Wdn# > Vahd idd` lî] bZ bn aîiaZ h^hiZg l]d ^h hZkZc nZVgh daY! WZXVjhZ i]Z hîjVi^dc ^c HdbVa^V ^h \Zii^c\ ldghZ YVn V[iZg YVn# I]Z XdcYî^dc dc i]Z WdVi lVh gZVaan kZgn Y^[ÄXjai [dg bZ# I]Z hbj\\aZgh lZgZ WZVi^c\ bZ lî]dji bZgXn! WZXVjhZ bn X]âYgZc lZgZ Xgn^c\ VcY i]Zn Yd cdi lVci id ]ZVg hdbZdcZ iVa`^c\ dg Xgn^c\# > lVh Vh`^c\ <dY id gZVX] NZbZc Vh hddc Vh edhh^WaZ! WZXVjhZ > lVh V[gV^Y i]Vi i]Z hbj\\aZgh ldjaY i]gdl bn X]âYgZc dkZgWdVgY WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z Xgn^c\# I]Z hbj\\aZgh lZgZ jh^c\ Ygj\h VcY VaXd]da#º '*"nZVg daY ldbVc [gdb 7dhhVhd %.$%($%-

Fc[ g\fgc\ Xi\ efk jgXi\[ \`k_\i% Fe ).&'*&'/ n\ ki\Xk\[ X .-$p\Xi fc[ dXe ]ifd 8]^fp\ n_f _X[ Zfd\ Yp _`dj\c]% ?\ nXj èali\[ Yp Y\Xkè^j% ?\ \ogcXè\[ k_Xk _\ nXj gleZ_\[ è k_\ ]XZ\ Xe[ Y\Xk\e è k_\ j`[\ n`k_ X ZclY% È@ jX`[ kf k_\ jdl^^c\ij Ê@ Xd k_\ fc[\jk dXe fe k_\ YfXk Xe[ pfl j_flc[ i\jg\Zk d\%Ë 9lk k_\p èjlck\[ d\ Xe[ _`k d\ è k_\ ]XZ\#É _\ kfc[ lj%

HZmjVa VcY \ZcYZg"WVhZY k^daZcXZ DJ= jkX]] _\Xi[ fecp XYflk ]\n ZXj\j f] j\olXc _XiXjjd\ek fi m`fc\eZ\ fe k_\ YfXkj% K_`j c`d`k\[ i\gfikè^ Zflc[ _Xm\ Y\\e [l\ è gXik kf Zfe[`k`fej f] k_\ èk\im`\nj Xe[ k_\ d\[`ZXc ZfejlckXk`fej fe k_\ Y\XZ_ fi Xcfe^ k_\ ifX[j# f]k\e e\Xi Z_\Zbgfèkj %

&* ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

Knf èk\im`\n\\j n_f _X[ Xii`m\[ fe '(&'+&'/ i\gfik\[ k_\ [\Xk_ f] Xe <k_`fg`Xe nfdXe fe k_\ì YfXk Y\ZXlj\ k_\ jdl^^c\ij Y\Xk Xe[ iXg\[ _\i èk\im`\nj f] ')&'+ Xe[ ',&'+&'/ % 8 ),$p\Xi fc[ 8d_XiX dXe ]ifd Nfccf i\gfik\[ k_Xk n_\e fe\ f] k_\ jdl^^c\ij fe k_\ YfXk XggifXZ_\[ k_\ nfdXe Xjbè^ _\i kf _Xm\ j\o n`k_ _`d# j_\ i\]lj\[% K_\ jdl^^c\i ZXd\ YXZb cXk\i% 8j j_\ i\j`jk\[# _\ Y\Xk Xe[ iXg\[ _\i% K_\e Xefk_\i jdl^^c\i ZXd\ Xe[ iXg\[ _\i% 8j k_\ YfXk ZXd\ kfnXi[j k_\ P\d\e` ZfXjk# `k jkfgg\[ ]Xi f]] k_\ P\d\e` j_fi\ Xe[ k_\ gXjj\e^\ij n\i\ ]fiZ\[ kf aldg% K_\ jdl^^c\ij kffb k_\ nfdXe# n_f nXj m\ip n\Xb Xe[ Zflc[ efk dfm\ Xe[ k_i\n _\i èkf k_\ j\X% DJ= _\Xi[ f] j\m\iXc ZXj\j f] j\olXc _XiXjjd\ek% 8 )+$p\Xi$fc[ <k_`fg`Xe 8d_XiX nfdXe ]ifd 8[[`j kiXm\ccè^ n`k_ _\i leZc\# n_fd n\ èk\im`\n\[ fe )0 =\Y% '/# kfc[ lj XYflk Y\è^ _XiXjj\[# jXpè^# ÈG\fgc\ n\i\ j`kkè^ fe pfl% @ nXj \m\e X]iX`[ kf Y\ iXg\[ Y\ZXlj\ k_\p n\i\ kflZ_è^ dp Yf[p Xe[ cXl^_è^%È N\ Zflc[ efk Xjb _\i ]lik_\i hl\jk`fej Y\ZXlj\ _\i leZc\# n_f nXj n`k_ _\i# [`[ efk nXek _\i kf Zfekèl\ kf jg\Xb XYflk k_`j% @e jfd\ ZXj\j# jfd\ nfd\e i\dXè\[ fe k_\ YfXk X]k\i g\fgc\ n\i\ ]fiZ\[ kf aldg èkf k_\ [\\g j\X Xe[ i\klie\[ n`k_ k_\ jdl^^c\ij kf 9fjjXjf% K_`j nflc[ glk k_\d Xk i`jb f] j\olXc _XiXjjd\ek fi iXg\# Xj k_\ ZXj\ Y\cfn è[`ZXk\j%

¹L]Zc eZdeaZ lZgZ [dgXZY id Y^hZbWVg`! > lVciZY id _jbe! Wji i]ZgZ lVh V \^ga l]d Vh`ZY bZ id iV`Z ]Zg lî] bZ! WZXVjhZ h]Z lVh V[gV^Y i]Vi i]Z hbj\\aZgh ldjaY `ZZe ]Zg dc i]Z WdVi VcY bVnWZ gVeZ ]Zg WZXVjhZ h]Z lVh kZgn WZVji^[ja# > idd` ]Zg lî] bZ! ]ZaeZY ]Zg id XdbZ id i]Z h]dgZ# L]Zc lZ _jbeZY! i]Zn Pi]Z hbj\\aZghR WZVi bZ dc bn ]ZVY lî] V hi^X` WZXVjhZ > lVh ]Zae^c\ i]Z \^ga# > lVh WaZZY^c\#º '%"nZVg daY D\VYZc^ bVc [gdb ?^_^\V ')$%)$%-

9ZVi] i]gZVih DXep f] k_\ èk\im`\n\\j i\gfik\[ k_Xk k_\p n\i\ k_i\Xk\e\[ kf Y\ k_ifne èkf k_\ j\X `] k_\p dfm\[ fi [`[ efk ]fccfn k_\ jdl^^c\ijË fi[\ij% 8 )'$p\Xi fc[ Fifdf ]Xid\i kfc[ lj k_Xk _\ nXj Y\Xk\e lg Xe[ k_i\Xk\e\[ kf Y\ k_ifne èkf k_\ j\X (/&'(&'/ % K_\ gXk`\ekj n\ Zflej\cc\[ Xcjf n\i\ f]k\e XZlk\cp [`jki\jj\[ Yp k_i\Xkj X^Xèjk k_\ì c`m\j% =fi èjkXeZ\# [liè^ X îflg j\jj`fe fe (* Efm% '. j\m\iXc g\fgc\ jgfb\ f] Y\è^ Y\Xk\e lg# _Xmè^ ^lej gfèk\[ Xk k_\d Xe[ k_i\Xk\e\[ kf Y\ k_ifne èkf k_\ nXk\i%

¹> lVh ^c V cVggdl eaVXZ VcY lVciZY id bdkZ# I]Zc > lVh i]gZViZcZY id WZ i]gdlc ^cid i]Z hZV Wn dcZ d[ i]Z hbj\\aZgh ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z ig^e# I]Z ÄkZ di]Zg hbj\\aZgh hV^Y! »=Z ^h V X]^aY! eji ]^b Ydlc#¼ I]Zc i]Z hbj\\aZgh eji bZ ^cid i]Z ]daY#º &*"nZVg daY HdbVa^ Wdn [gdb ?d]lVg &'$&'$%,

&+ ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

K_\ j\i`flje\jj f] k_\j\ k_i\Xkj nXj fYm`flj kf k_\ gXjj\e^\ij# Xj è jfd\ èjkXeZ\j# k_\p n`ke\jj\[ k_Xk k_\ k_i\Xkj n\i\ ZXii`\[ flk Xe[ g\fgc\ k_ifne èkf k_\ j\X Xc`m\ j\\ Y\cfn %

&#&#+ 9ZVi]h Yjg^c\ i]Z kdnV\Z

¹DcZ d[ djg [g^ZcYh lVh h^X` dc i]Z WdVi# =Z lVciZY id \Zi je Wji lVh cdi VaadlZY id Yd hd# I]Z hbj\\aZgh WZVi ]^b! ]^h XdcY^i^dc ldghZcZY jci^a ]Z Y^ZY dc i]Z WdVi# =^h WdYn lVh i]gdlc dkZgWdVgY#º 6 \gdje d[ Dgdbd &'$&%$%,

;\Xk_j [liè^ k_\ YfXk ki`g Xi\ ]i\hl\ek Xj X Zfej\hl\eZ\ f] k_\ \oki\d\ Zfe[`k`fej% @ek\im`\n\\j ]ifd dfi\ k_Xe fe\ k_ì[ f] k_\ YfXkj kfc[ DJ= jkX]] k_Xk g\fgc\ _X[ [`\[ [liè^ k_\ì mfpX^\# k_\ eldY\ij iXe^è^ ]ifd fe\ kf k_i\\ Xe[ è jfd\ ZXj\j lg kf jò fi \`^_k% K_\ ZXlj\j ]fi [\Xk_ n\i\ j\m\i\ Y\Xkè^j# cXZb f] ]ff[ Xe[ nXk\i Xe[ jl]]fZXk`fe ]ifd Y\è^ è k_\ _fc[ f] k_\ YfXk% Jfd\ f] fli èk\im`\n\\j Xcjf i\gfik\[ b`ccè^j# n`k_ k_\ jdl^^c\ij k_ifnè^ g\fgc\ fm\iYfXi[% ;\Xk_j Xi\ dfi\ ]i\hl\ek Xdfe^ k_fj\ glk è k_\ _fc[% K_\ YfXk n_`Z_ Xii`m\[ fe (, ;\Z% '/# nXj gXik`ZlcXicp Zifn[\[ n`k_ (+/ g\fgc\ fe YfXi[% 8cc \`^_k gXjj\e^\ij èk\im`\n\[ i\gfik\[ kf DJ= k_Xk k_\i\ n\i\ Xk c\Xjk )' g\fgc\ è k_\ _fc[ Xe[ ]fli kf \`^_k g\fgc\ [`\[ [liè^ k_\ ki`g% Fe (/ =\YilXip '/# DJ= jkX]] gifm`[\[ Zflej\ccè^ kf X ))$p\Xi fc[ <k_`fg`Xe nfdXe# Xe Fifdf# ]ifd >`ddX i\^`fe# n_f nXj n`k_ _\i )$p\Xi fc[ [Xl^_k\i% ?\i _ljYXe[ _X[ [`\[ fe k_\ ki`g# Y\ZXlj\ k_\ jdl^^c\ij n\i\ Y\Xkè^ _`d j\m\i\cp Xe[ _\ nXj è k_\ _fc[% J\m\iXc fk_\i gXjj\e^\ij ]ifd k_Xk YfXk ZfeÔid\[ k_Xk fe\ gXjj\e^\i [`\[% J\m\iXc èk\im`\n\\j n_f Xii`m\[ fe ( 8gi`c '/ i\gfik\[ k_Xk lg kf k_i\\ gXjj\e^\ij [`\[ [liè^ k_\ ki`g% 8 (.$p\Xi fc[ <k_`fg`Xe ]Xid\i ]ifd >`ddX kfc[ lj# È@ nXj è k_\ _fc[ n_\e knf f] dp ]i`\e[j [`\[ k_\i\ ]ifd jl]]fZXk`fe%É Knf JfdXc` nfd\e *. Xe[ +' p\Xij fc[# ]ifd 9Xp[_XYf # n_f i\Z\`m\[ d\[`ZXc Xjj`jkXeZ\ fe (0&'(&'/# kfc[ DJ= k_Xk fe k_\ì YfXk j\m\iXc Z_`c[i\e [`\[% K_\ *.$p\Xi fc[ nfdXe jkXik\[ kf Zip Xj j_\ \ogcXè\[#

¹LZ i]dj\]i lZ ldjaY Vgg^kZ ^c NZbZc fj^Xàn PVh i]Zn ]VY XdbZ dc V hbVaaZg! [VhiZg WdViR Wji i]Zc djg WdVi ]VY V egdWaZb VcY lZ i]dj\]i lZ ldjaY Y^Z ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z hZV# H^m X]âYgZc Y^ZY WZXVjhZ lZ gVc dji d[ [ddY VcY lViZg# I]Zc i]Zn i]gZl i]Zb [gdb i]Z WdVi# I]Z WdVi idd` * YVnh [dg i]Z Xgdhh^c\# I]ZgZ lVh Vahd V ldbVc l]d ijgcZY XgVon VcY hiVgiZY id WîZ jh! hVn^c\ »> Vb ]jc\gn¼#º J_\ j_fn\[ lj k_\ dXibj f] Y`kè^ fe _\i c\^%

&, ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

EZdeaZ WZ^c\ i]gdlc dkZgWdVgY Va^kZ N_`c\ [\X[ Yf[`\j Xi\ ljlXccp k_ifne fm\iYfXi[ [liè^ k_\ ki`g# j\m\iXc èk\im`\n\\j kfc[ lj XYflk g\fgc\ Y\è^ k_ifne èkf k_\ j\X n_`c\ Xc`m\# èZcl[è^ Z_`c[i\e%

¹L]Zc i]Z WdVi lVh hiâa cZVg 7dhhVhd î ]î V gdX`# I]Z hbj\\aZgh lZgZ V[gV^Y i]Vi i]Z WdVi ldjaY h^c` VcY hiVgiZY i]gdl^c\ eZdeaZ dkZgWdVgY# I]Zn idd` bn \gVcYhdc VcY i]gZl ]^b ^c i]Z lViZg VcY Vahd hdbZ di]Zgh# > lVciZY id \gVW ]^b id \Zi ]^b WVX` ^cid i]Z WdVi! Wji i]Z hbj\\aZgh egZkZciZY i]Zb [gdb \Zii^c\ ^cid i]Z WdVi VcY ejh]ZY i]Zb Ydlc ^cid i]Z lViZg# 6i aZVhi i]gZZ eZdeaZ Y^ZY i]Vi lVn#º 6c daYZg ldbVc [gdb Bd\VY^h]j! l]d lVh igVkZaa^c\ lî] ]Zg hdc! gZXVaa^c\

i]Z YZVi] d[ ]Zg ,"nZVg"daY \gVcYhdc &%$&'$%,

J\m\iXc f] k_\ gXjj\e^\ij èk\im`\n\[ fe (, ;\Z% '. i\ZXcc\[ k_Xk Xdfe^ k_\ g\fgc\ n_f [`\[ [liè^ k_\ì ki`g nXj Xe è]Xek f] \`^_k dfek_j n_f nXj k_ifne èkf k_\ j\X Yp k_\ jdl^^c\ij è k_\ d`[jk f] k_\ aflie\p Y\ZXlj\ _\ nXj Zipè^% ?`j dfk_\i [`\[ n_`c\ cXe[è^% Fe\ f] k_\ gXjj\e^\ij kfc[ fli Zflej\ccfi ÈK_\i\ nXj X nfdXe n`k_ Xe è]Xek f] jò kf \`^_k dfek_j fc[% K_\ YXYp nXj Zipè^ Xe[ k_\ jdl^^c\i kfc[ k_\ nfdXe kf j_lk k_\ YXYp lg% K_\ nfdXe i\gc`\[ ¡@ _Xm\ efk_è^ kf ^`m\ _`d# efk \m\e nXk\i% N_\i\ ZXe @ ^\k jfd\ nXk\i6Ë K_\ jdl^^c\i kffb k_\ YXYp Xe[ k_i\n _`d èkf k_\ j\X# jXpè^ Êefn _\ ZXe [ièb nXk\i%ËÉ Knf f] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj èk\im`\n\[ fe , AXelXip '/ Xcjf i\gfik\[ k_Xk j\m\iXc g\fgc\ n\i\ k_ifne fm\iYfXi[% 8j X )-$p\Xi dXe fc[ ]ifd Df^X[`j_l i\ZXcc\[# ÉK_i\\ g\fgc\ [`\[ n_`c\ Zifjjè^# fe\ nXj Xci\X[p [\X[# k_\ fk_\i knf n\i\ Xc`m\ Xe[ k_\p n\i\ Y\^^è^ k_\ jdl^^c\ij kf c\Xm\ k_\d Xcfe\# Ylk k_\ jdl^^c\ij k_i\n k_\d èkf k_\ j\X%É 8 nfdXe ]ifd Df^X[`j_l X[[\[# È8k k_Xk k`d\ k_\ jdl^^c\ij Xcjf nXek\[ kf k_ifn X Yfp XYflk (/$p\Xij$fc[ èkf k_\ j\X# Ylk jfd\ g\fgc\ dXeX^\[ kf ZXcd [fne k_\ jdl^^c\ij Xe[ i\jZl\[ k_\ Yfp%É N\ Zflej\cc\[ k_\ pfle^ dXe è hl\jk`fe# n_f kfc[ lj k_Xk è k_\ d`[[c\ f] k_\ aflie\p _\ n`ke\jj\[ k_\ jdl^^c\ij k_ifnè^ jfd\ g\fgc\ èkf k_\ j\X% K_\e k_\ jdl^^c\ij ZXd\ Xe[ glcc\[ _`d ]ifd k_\ gXjj\e^\ij% 8j k_\p n\i\ [iX^^è^ _`d kf k_ifn _`d èkf k_\ j\X# jfd\ g\fgc\ ki`\[ kf ZXcd [fne k_\ jdl^^c\ij Xe[ dXeX^\[ kf i\jZl\ _`d%

Hj^X^YZh 8 eldY\i f] k_\ èk\im`\n\\j kfc[ lj XYflk ZXj\j f] jl`Z`[\j [liè^ k_\ mfpX^\# n_\e g\fgc\ Zflc[ efk jkXe[ k_\ Zfe[`k`fej fe k_\ YfXk Xep cfe^\i Xe[ aldg\[ èkf k_\ j\X% Knf JfdXc` nfd\e# n_fd n\ èk\im`\n\[ è[\g\e[\ekcp fe (* Efm% '.# [\jZi`Y\[ gXik`ZlcXicp _Xij_ Y\Xkè^j [liè^ k_\ ki`g Xe[ i\gfik\[ k_Xk X dXe Zfdd`kk\[ jl`Z`[\ Yp aldgè^ èkf k_\ j\X% 8efk_\i ZXj\ nXj i\gfik\[ kf lj fe (, ;\Z% '. Yp knf èk\im`\n\\j% Fe\ f] k_\d# X )-$p\Xi fc[ Fifdf# kfc[ lj ÈFe\ f] k_\d nXj Y\Xk\e jf dlZ_# _\ k_i\n _`dj\c] èkf k_\ nXk\i Xe[ [`\[%É

&- ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

&#' 8dcYî^dch Yjg^c\ aVcY^c\ &#'#& AVcY^c\ [Vg [gdb i]Z h]dgZ$ ;dgXZY id _jbe ^cid i]Z dXZVc 8cdfjk _Xc] f] k_\ YfXkj# +) # [`[ efk Zfd\ Zcfj\ kf k_\ j_fi\ Xj k_\ jdl^^c\ij ki`\[ kf Xmf`[ Y\è^ jgfkk\[ Yp k_\ P\d\e` d`c`kXip% GXjj\e^\ij n\i\ ]fiZ\[ kf [`j\dYXib è [\\g nXk\i# _Xmè^ kf jn`d kf k_\ j_fi\% 9lk Xcjf ]ifd YfXkj k_Xk ^fk Zcfj\i g\fgc\ n\i\ ]fiZ\[ kf aldg èkf k_\ j\X% Fm\i /' f] fli i\jgfe[\ekj i\gfik\[ Y\è^ ]fiZ\[ kf aldg% ÈN_\e k_\ YfXk nXj jk`cc ]Xi ]ifd k_\ j_fi\#É X )/$p\Xi$fc[ dXe ]ifd Df^X[`j_l n_f Xii`m\[ fe ')&')&'/ \ogcXè\[# Èk_\ jdl^^c\ij ]fiZ\[ g\fgc\ kf aldg% +' i\]lj\[ kf aldg# k_\p n\i\ k_ifne èkf k_\ j\X%É G\fgc\ n\i\ Y\Xk\e# k_i\Xk\e\[ Xe[# è dXep ZXj\j# k_ifne fm\iYfXi[# `] k_\p i\]lj\[ kf aldg Y\ZXlj\ `k nXj kff ]Xi ]ifd k_\ j_fi\ Xe[ k_\p Zflc[ efk jn`d%

¹> lVh [dgXZY id _jbe# L]Zc > gZ[jhZY! i]Zn hcViX]ZY bn WVWn VcY i]gZl ]^b ^cid i]Z lViZg# > _jbeZY V[iZg ]^b! aZVk^c\ WZ]^cY i]Z ild di]Zg X]âYgZc# ;dgijcViZan i]Z lViZg lVh cdi YZZe VcY > hVkZY ]^b VcY lZ XVbZ id i]Z h]dgZ# 7ji > lVh ldgg^ZY VWdji i]Z ild di]Zg X]âYgZc# 7ji i]Zc V bVc Wgdj\]i i]Zb id bZ dc i]Z WZVX]! i]Vc` <dY#º 6 '*"nZVg daY ldbVc [gdb 7dhhVhd l]d XVbZ lî] ild d[ ]Zg X]âYgZc!

]Zg '"nZVg"daY YVj\]iZg VcY +"bdci]"daY hdc! VcY ]Zg a^iiaZ h^hiZg V\ZY , nZVgh %.$%($%-

¹I]Z WdVi hideeZY [Vg VcY i]Z hbj\\aZgh lZgZ [dgX^c\ i]Z eZdeaZ id _jbe# I]Z dcZh l]d `cZl ]dl id hl^b _jbeZY! Wji Vh > Yd cdi `cdl ]dl id hl^b! > lVh V[gV^Y# ;^cVaan > lVh [dgXZY id _jbe! Wji > ]ZaY dc id i]Z WdVi# I]Z hbj\\aZgh idd` V `c^[Z VcY ]^i bZ dc bn ]VcYh id aZi \d d[ i]Z WdVi# 6h > lVh ]daY^c\ dc! i]Zn WZVi bZ V\V^c dc bn ]ZVY# > lVh WaZZY^c\ i]Vi i^bZ VcY XdjaY cdi Yd Vcni]^c\# Bn [g^ZcYh ]ZaeZY bZ id XdbZ id i]Z h]dgZ#º &-"nZVg daY :i]^de^Vc [VgbZg [gdb <^bbV! l]db BH; igZViZY [dg WZVi^c\h

l^i] V `c^[Z dc ]^h ]VcYh &,$%($%-

Fe * Efm% '. DJ= jkX]] ki\Xk\[ j\m\iXc gXk`\ekj n`k_ Yil`j\j Xe[ nfle[j n_f n\i\ Y\Xk\e Y\ZXlj\ k_\ [`[ efk nXek kf aldg èkf k_\ nXk\i# èZcl[è^ X *($p\Xi fc[ JfdXc` nfdXe n`k_ X nfle[ fe _\i c\^ Xe[ X (0$p\Xi fc[ JfdXc` dXe n`k_ dXep Yil`j\j Xe[ nfle[j fe _`j Z_\jk# YXZb# Xidj# Xe[ c\^j%

&#'#' 9ZVi]h [gdb Ygdlc^c\ ;\Xk_j ]ifd [ifne`e^ Xi\ ]i\hl\ek Xj dXep g\fgc\# \jg\Z`Xccp k_fj\ ]ifd k_\ `ek\i`fi f] <k_`fg`X fi JfdXc`X# ZXeefk jn`d% 8cdfjk fe\

&. ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

BH;

k_ì[ f] k_\ i\jgfe[\ekj# i\gfik\[ [\Xk_j ]ifd [ifneè^% K_\ XZklXc eldY\i f] ZXj\j `j dfjk c`b\cp _`^_\i# Xj leZfeÔid\[ ZXj\j Xi\ efk èZcl[\[% 8ZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I jkXk`jk`Zj# ]ifd J\gk\dY\i )''. kf AXelXip )''/ k_\ eldY\i f] [\Xk_j Xe[ d`jjè^ g\i dfek_ nXj Xifle[ )'' fi dfi\% @e DXiZ_ Xe[ 8gi`c k_\ [\Xk_ kfcc nXj cfn\i% K_`j Zflc[ Y\ è gXik [l\ kf k_\ ]XZk k_Xk dfi\ jdXcc\i# ]Xjk\i YfXkj n\i\ lj\[% N_\e k_\i\ n\i\ [\Xk_j ]ifd [ifneè^# DJ= k\Xdj ]i\hl\ekcp jXn [\X[ Yf[`\j fe k_\ j_fi\# jfd\k`d\j X ]\n Ylk è j\m\iXc ZXj\j X [fq\e fi dfi\%

C^\]i Vgg^kVa/ BH; iZVb egdk^Y^c\ >K Åj^Y id V YZ]nYgViZY eVi^Zci! HZeiZbWZg '%%,

F]k\e k_\ YfXkj Zfd\ kfnXi[j k_\ j_fi\ Xk e`^_k kf Xmf`[ Y\è^ jgfkk\[ Yp k_\ P\d\e` d`c`kXip# n_`Z_ ]lik_\i \oXZ\iYXk\j k_\ i`jb f] [ifneè^% 8 nfdXe ]ifd Df^X[`j_l [\jZi`Y\[ k_\ Xii`mXc f] k_\ì YfXk jXpè^# ÊÊ@k nXj kff [\\g# [Xib Xe[ Zfc[ n_\e n\ k_\ YfXk ZXd\ e\Xi k_\ ZfXjk% Jfd\ g\fgc\ [ifne\[%É ',&'(&'/ 8k k_Xk k`d\ (/ g\fgc\ [ifne\[% <m\e n_\e k_\ nXk\i `j efk k_Xk [\\g# g\fgc\ Xi\ X]iX`[# \jg\Z`Xccp `] `k `j e`^_kk`d\% K_\p gXe`Z# ^\k [`jfi`\ek\[ Xe[ [ifne% K_`j nXj k_\ ZXj\ fe (/ DXiZ_ '/# n_\e j\m\iXc gXjj\e^\ij kfc[ lj k_Xk jò <k_`fg`Xej [ifne\[# jfd\ f] k_\d Y\ZXlj\ k_\p Zflc[ efk jn`d Ylk fk_\ij# Xj X (.$P\Xi fc[ ]\dXc\ jkl[\ek ]ifd Df^X[`j_l n_f _X[ Zfd\ n`k_ _\i ]Xd`cp glk `k# ÈY\ZXlj\ k_\p jnXd èkf k_\ nife^ [ì\Zk`fe# Xj `k nXj kff [Xib%É G\fgc\ è k_\ _fc[ Xi\ gXik`ZlcXicp Xk i`jb f] [ifneè^% 8j k_\p _Xm\ kf j`k è Xe \m\e dfi\ ZiXdd\[ gfj`k`fe n`k_flk dfmè^# k_\p cffj\ k_\ì dfY`c`kp Xe[ Xi\ j\m\i\cp _Xe[`ZXgg\[ feZ\ è k_\ nXk\i% 8cjf# n_\e YfXkj ZXgj`q\# k_\ g\fgc\ è k_\ _fc[ ljlXccp _Xm\ ef Z_XeZ\ kf jlim`m\# Xj k_\p Xi\ kiXgg\[ le[\ie\Xk_ k_\ YfXk Xe[ ZXeefk ^\k flk% Fe (* Efm% '. DJ= Zflej\cc\[ k_i\\ g\fgc\ n_f _X[ cfjk i\cXk`m\j ]fid [ifneè^% 8 )+$p\Xi fc[ JfdXc` nfdXe# X JfdXc` dXe Xe[ X **$ p\Xi fc[ <k_`fg`Xe dXe% K_\ ZXj\ f] k_\ Fifdf dXe n_f nXj dflieè^ k_\ cfjj f] _`j n`]\ Xe[ Z_`c[ nXj gXik`ZlcXicp j_fZbè^% ?\ \ogcXè\[ k_Xk _\ nXj kiXm\ccè^ n`k_ _`j n`]\# k_\ì YXYp Xe[ k_\ n`]\Ëj j`jk\i% ?`j n`]\# n`k_ k_\ì YXYp ZclkZ_\[ è _\i Xidj# nXj k_ifne èkf k_\ j\X Yp k_\ jdl^^c\ij% ?\ ki`\[ kf i\jZl\ Yfk_ Yp îXjgè^ k_\ì _Xe[j Ylk# le]fikleXk\cp# dfi\ g\fgc\ n\i\ k_ifne fm\iYfXi[ Xe[ cXe[\[ fe kfg f] _`j n`]\# glj_è^ _\i le[\i nXk\i% J_\ Xe[ k_\ YXYp [ifne\[% N\ n\i\ kfc[ k_Xk j\m\e [\X[ _X[ Y\\e Yli`\[# èZcl[è^ X Z_`c[%

BH;

>i`\] fm\i k_\ cfjj f] X cfm\[ fe\ `j fe\ f] k_\ dXè i\Xjfej ]fi è[`m`[lXc Zflej\ccè^% @e ;\Z\dY\i '. k_`j XZZflek\[ ]fi .( f] Xcc k_\ è[`m`[lXc Zflej\ccè^ j\jj`fej% K_\ i\Xjfe ]fi k_`j \oki\d\cp _`^_ g\iZ\ekX^\ nXj k_Xk ]ifd k_\ YfXk n_`Z_ Xii`m\[ fe (, ;\Z% '/# fecp +0 flk f] (+/ gXjj\e^\ij jlim`m\[%

7dY^Zh Vadc\ i]Z h]dgZ V[iZg V YZVYan Vgg^kVa ^c 9ZXZbWZg '%%,

Fe (,&()&'. DJ= Xjj`jk\[ X îflg f] e\n Xii`mXcj Xk ?fjjle Z_\Zbgfèk e\Xi 8ihX# dXep f] k_\d \o_Xljk\[ Xe[ \oki\d\cp jX[% J\m\iXc g\fgc\ kfc[ lj k_Xk k_\ì YfXk _X[ c\]k 9fjjXjf n`k_ (+/ gXjj\e^\ij% K_\ YfXk# Xe Xggifo`dXk\cp /$d\ki\ ÔYi\^cXjj jkilZkli\# nXj \m\e dfi\ Zifn[\[ k_Xe ljlXccp% K_\ DJ= k\Xd Zflek\[ k_\ jlim`mfij Æ k_\i\ n\i\ +0# n_`Z_ d\Xek k_Xk Xcdfjk ('' g\fgc\ n\i\ [\X[ fi d`jjè^% @k j\\d\[ k_Xk m\ip ]\n f] k_\ <k_`fg`Xej fe YfXi[ _X[ jlim`m\[2 fe\ <k_`fg`Xe n_fd n\ èk\im`\n\[ jX`[# ÈN\ n\i\ ,' R<k_`fg`XejT n_\e n\ c\]k Xe[ efn n\ Xi\ fecp \`^_k%É(, 8 pfle^ Fifdf n_f kiXm\cc\[ n`k_ X îflg ]ifd _`j m`ccX^\ è 9Xc\ I\^`fe kfc[ lj# ÈN\ n\i\ k\e ]ifd fli m`ccX^\ fe k_\ YfXk# Xe[ efn n\ Xi\ fecp k_i\\% @ `[\ek`Ô\[ dp [\X[ Yifk_\i fe k_\ Y\XZ_ Ylk k_\ fk_\i fe\j Xi\ d`jjè^%É

(, CXk\i fe n\ \eZflek\i\[ knf dfi\ <k_`fg`Xej

'% ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

N_\e k_\ YfXk Xii`m\[ Xk Xifle[ d`[e`^_k# k_\ jdl^^c\ij ]fiZ\[ g\fgc\ kf aldg% 8 ),$p\Xi fc[ JfdXc` nfdXe ]ifd Df^X[`j_l kfc[ lj# ÈK_\ jdl^^c\ij jkfgg\[ ]Xi XnXp Xe[ ]fiZ\[ k_\ gXjj\e^\ij kf aldg% K_\ gXjj\e^\ij i\]lj\[# Y\ZXlj\ `k nXj [\\g Xe[ Xjb\[ k_\ jdl^^c\ij kf ^f e\Xi\i% K_\ jdl^^c\ij jkXik\[ kf Y\Xk lj j\m\i\cp% K_\e dfjk f] k_\ gXjj\e^\ij dfm\[ kf fe\ j`[\ f] k_\ YfXk# Xe[ k_\ YfXk ZXgj`q\[% Dfjk f] k_\ g\fgc\ [ifne\[ Xj k_\p Zflc[ efk jn`d%É N_\e k_\ YfXk ZXgj`q\[# k_\ g\fgc\ è k_\ cfn\i gXik# Xk c\Xjk )'# n\ n\i\ kfc[# n\i\ kiXgg\[ le[\i k_\ YfXk Xe[ [`\[% 8 ),$p\Xi fc[ JfdXc` dXe ]ifd DXibX# n_f _X[ Zfd\ n`k_ _`j n`]\# ) Z_`c[i\e# _`j j`jk\i Xe[ Xefk_\i Zcfj\ i\cXk`m\# [\jZi`Y\[ _fn _\ cfjk Xcc _`j ]Xd`cp d\dY\ij È@k nXj cXjk e`^_k k_Xk k_\ jdl^^c\ij jX`[ k_Xk k_\p n`cc [`j\dYXib lj% 8k k_Xk k`d\ @ nXj k\ccè^ dp n`]\ kf aldg kf^\k_\i jf n\ ZXe i\jZl\ fli Z_`c[i\e% N_`c\ n\ n\i\ gcXeeè^ nXpj kf i\jZl\ fli Z_`c[i\e# k_\ jdl^^c\ij Y\^Xe kf ]fiZ\ k_\ g\fgc\ kf aldg% K_\ g\fgc\ jkXik\[ kf dfm\ Xe[ k_\ YfXk klie\[ fm\i Xj `k nXj fm\iZifn[\[% @ Xe[ dp n`]\ jnXd kf j_fi\% N_\e n\ i\XZ_\[ k_\ j_fi\ dp n`]\ [`\[ Xe[ @ jXn dp Z_`c[i\e Æ k_\p n\i\ [\X[%É ?\ kfc[ lj k_Xk _`j j`jk\i Xe[ Xefk_\i ]\dXc\ i\cXk`m\ Xcjf [`\[%É Fe k_\ j_fi\ k_\ DJ= k\Xd jXn ,/ [\X[ Yf[`\j# jfd\ n`k_ m`j`Yc\ j`êj f] Y\Xkè^j% 8dfe^ k_\d n\i\ X cXi^\ eldY\i f] nfd\e Xe[ Ôm\ Z_`c[i\e# k_\ pfle^\jk fe\ DJ= jkX]] nXj cXk\i kfc[ nXj \`^_k dfek_j fc[% DJ= nXj kfc[ Yp k_\ gXjj\e^\ij Xii`mè^ fe (( 8gi`c '/ k_\i\ n\i\ (0 [\X[ Xe[ jfd\ fk_\ij d`jjè^% DJ= Zflej\cc\[ X +'$p\Xi fc[ nfdXe ]ifd 9fjjXjf n_fj\ _ljYXe[ nXj b`cc\[ Yp k_\ jdl^^c\ij Xe[ n_f ZXd\ n`k_ _\i Ôm\ Z_`c[i\e% J_\ i\Zflek\[1

¹>i lVh YZZe VcY YVg`! hdbZ eZdeaZ XdjaY cdi hl^b! WZXVjhZ i]Zn lZgZ ^c i]Z ]daY [dg )% ]djgh# 6cY ndj XVc ^bV\^cZ i]Z hîjVi^dc ^c i]Z ]daY# >i lVh kZgn XgdlYZY! eZdeaZ hî dc ndj0 ndj [ZZa ndj hj[[dXViZ## HdbZ d[ i]Z eZdeaZ XdjaY cdi hl^b WZXVjhZ i]Zn XdjaY cdi bdkZ# L]âZ aVcY^c\! i]Zn Y^ZY°#6h i]Z WdVi lVh Xdb^c\ idlVgYh i]Z h]dgZ! bn ]jhWVcY lVh \Zii^c\ i]Z X]âYgZc gZVYn# =Z lVciZY id \^kZ i]Zb W^hXjîh! Wji i]Z hbj\\aZgh i]gZl i]Z W^hXjîh ^c i]Z hZV# I]Zc hjYYZcan i]Z hbj\\aZgh i]gZl ]^b ^cid i]Z hZV Wn \gVWW^c\ ]^h aZ\h# =Z gZh^hiZY! ]daY^c\ dc id i]Z WdVi! Wji i]Zn ]î ]^b lî] `c^kZh# I]Zc i]Z hbj\\aZgh i]gZl bn ild YVj\]iZgh ^cid i]Z hZV# > ]ZaY dc id bn ndjc\Zhi hdc# I]Z X]âYgZc lZgZ Xgn^c\# 7ji i]Vc` <dY i]ZgZ lVh V ndjc\ bVc l]d XdjaY hl^b kZgn lZaa l]d ]ZaeZY bn X]âYgZc id gZVX] i]Z h]dgZ# LZ haZei dc i]Z h]dgZ# >c i]Z bdgc^c\! > hVl i]Z YZVY WdYn d[ bn ]jhWVcY#º

'& ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

&#'#( H]ddih ÄgZY Wn i]Z NZbZc^ HZXjg^in ;dgXZh

N_\e YfXkj Xi\ `ek\iZ\gk\[ Yp k_\ P\d\e` ZfXjk ^lXi[ fi Yp k_\ d`c`kXip ]ifd k_\ j_fi\# j_fkj Xi\ jfd\k`d\j Ôi\[ kf [\k\i k_\ jdl^^c\ij% N\ _Xm\ [fZld\ek\[ (( ZXj\j n_\i\ k_`j fZZlii\[% Jfd\ jfc[`\ij n\ d\k fe k_\ j_fi\ jX`[ k_Xk k_\p _X[ fi[\ij kf Ôi\ j_fkj fecp feZ\ g\fgc\ _X[ [`j\dYXib\[# Ylk k_`j nXj efk XcnXpj k_\ ZXj\# Xj gXjj\e^\ij kfc[ lj% N_\e j_fkj Xi\ Ôi\[# k_\ YfXkj jfd\k`d\j i\klie kf k_\ _`^_ j\X% 8 JfdXc` dXe# n_fd n\ `ek\im`\n\[ fe ( FZk% '. i\Zflek\[#

¹I]Zn ÄgZY h]dih Vi i]Z WdVi! lZ lZgZ V[gV^Y i]Z WdVi ldjaY XVehôZ# DcZ HdbVa^ bVc _jbeZY ^cid i]Z lViZg l]Zc i]Z h]dih lZgZ ÄgZY VcY lZ Ydc¼i `cdl ^[ ]Z Y^ZY# I]Zc i]Z WdVi lZci WVX` VlVn ^cid i]Z hZV VcY lZ lZgZ adhi ¸lZ Y^Y cdi `cdl l]ZgZ lZ lZgZ \d^c\# LZ lZgZ ^c i]Z hZV [dg h^m bdgZ ]djgh# LZ lZgZ gZVYn id Y^Z! WZXVjhZ i]Zn WZVi jh bVcn i^bZh! lZ lZgZ hîi^c\ ^c V WVY edhî^dc! lZ lZgZ i]^ghin¸#º N_\e YfXkj Xi\ èk\iZ\gk\[ Yp k_\ d`c`kXip Xe[ j_fkj Ôi\[ k_\ YfXkj jfd\k`d\j i\klie YXZb kf 9fjjXjf n`k_ gXjj\e^\ij fe YfXi[% DJ= \eZflek\i\[ j\m\iXc jlZ_ ZXj\j% =fi èjkXeZ\ fe ), J\gk% '. k_\ DJ= k\Xd ]fle[ X îflg f] j\m\e JfdXc` d\e Xe[ X ]fli$p\Xi fc[ Yfp e\Xi 8c Elj_\`dX% K_\p kfc[ DJ= k_Xk k_\p _X[ Xii`m\[ fe\ _fli Y\]fi\ fe X YfXk n`k_ Y\kn\\e ()' Xe[ (,' gXjj\e^\ij% N_\e Xjb\[ XYflk k_\ fk_\i gXjj\e^\ij k_\p \ogcXè\[ k_Xk n_\e k_\ YfXk ZXd\ e\Xi k_\ j_fi\# k_\ ZfXjk ^lXi[j Ôi\[ è k_\ Xì Xe[ fecp k_\p [\Z`[\[ kf aldg% Fe\ f] k_\d jX`[ k_Xk _\ kffb k_\ Z_`c[ n`k_ _`d Xe[ aldg\[ kf k_\ j\X Xe[ ZXd\ kf k_\ j_fi\ jX]\cp% N_\e DJ= Xjb\[ k_\d k_\ i\Xjfe n_p k_\ aldg\[# k_\p \ogcXè\[# ÈN\ Xcc gi\]\ii\[ kf aldg èjk\X[ f] Y\è^ fe k_\ YfXk# Y\ZXlj\ k_\ ki`g nXj m\ip [`]ÔZlck ]fi lj%É

&#( 6WjhZ V[iZg aVcY^c\

¹I]Zn i]Z gZ[j\ZZh hj[[Zg dc i]Z hZV VcY i]Zn hj[[Zg dc aVcY#º ;^h]ZgbVc ^c 6a Cjh]Z^bV &'$&%$%,

FeZ\ k_\ i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj _Xm\ Xii`m\[ Xj_fi\# k_\ì gc`^_k `j efk fm\i% N_\e k_\ P\d\e` d`c`kXip \eZflek\i k_\ i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj fe k_\ j_fi\# k_\p ljlXccp j\XiZ_ k_\d ]fi n\Xgfej Xe[ [il^j% @] k_\i\ Xi\ <k_`fg`Xej è k_\ îflg f] e\n Xii`mXcj# k_\p Xi\ ljlXccp j\gXiXk\[ ]ifd k_\ JfdXc`j# Xj k_\p Xi\ jlYa\Zk kf Xii\jk Xe[ [\gfikXk`fe% K_lj# dXep f] k_\ <k_`fg`Xej n`cc jkXik kf nXcb jffe X]k\i k_\p Xii`m\ kf Xmf`[ Y\è^ Xggi\_\e[\[ Yp k_\ d`c`kXip% DJ= [fZld\ek\[ k\e ZXj\j f] \okfik`fe# n`k_ P\d\e` d`c`kXip ]fiZè^ k_\ i\]l^\\j&d`îXekj kf _Xe[ fm\i k_\ì dfe\p Xe[&fi Xep mXclXYc\j k_\p _X[ c\]k% ?fn\m\i# è j\m\iXc fk_\i ZXj\j# èk\im`\n\\j kfc[ DJ= k_Xk k_\ d`c`kXip _\cg\[ k_\d# ]fi èjkXeZ\ j_èè^ k_\ì c`^_kj fe k_\ ZfXjk kf è[`ZXk\ k_\ [ì\Zk`fe f] k_\ j_fi\ è k_\ ZXj\ f] Xii`mXcj Xk e`^_k \%^% (,&()&'. fi ^`mè^ k_\d ]ff[ Xe[ nXk\i%

'' ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

Fe (* FZk% '. X îflg f] ]fli d\e# fe\ JfdXc` Xe[ k_i\\ <k_`fg`Xej kfc[ lj k_Xk# Xj k_\p n\i\ nX`kè^ ]fi k_\ kilZb kf ^f kf DXp]X_ i\Z\gk`fe Z\eki\# k_\ d`c`kXip ZXd\ è X ZXi# jkfgg\[ Xe[ ]fiZ\[ k_\d kf _Xe[ fm\i k_\ì dfe\p% Fe )) DXiZ_ '/ DJ= Zflej\cc\[ Xe (/$p\Xi fc[ JfdXc` nfdXe Y\ZXlj\ j_\ nXj j`c\ek Xe[ X]iX`[% J_\ \ogcXè\[ k_Xk j_\ nXj Y\Xk\e Yp k_\ d`c`kXip# n_f j\XiZ_\[ _\i Xe[ kffb LJ ,' ]ifd _\i% 8 (+$ p\Xi fc[ ^ìc ]ifd Af_nXi n_f kiXm\ccè^ n`k_ _\i Yifk_\i kfc[ lj k_Xk j_\ nXj n`k_ k_\ jXd\ îflg f] ร m\ JfdXc` nfd\e n_f n\i\ Xcc j\XiZ_\[% J_\ i\ZXcc\[ k_Xk j_\ nXj ]fiZ\[ kf kXb\ f]] _\i Zcfk_\j Xe[ Y\Xk\e n_\e j_\ i\]lj\[%

<ZcYZg d[ EZdeaZ ^ciZgk^ZlZY

'#& <ZcYZg

BVaZ

(% ;ZbVaZ

8dbedh^i^dc d[ i]Z cZl Vgg^kVah

F] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj n\ èk\im`\n\[# .' n\i\ d\e Xe[ *' nfd\e% K_`j i\ร \Zkj k_\ ^\e\iXc Zfdgfj`k`fe f] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj fe k_\ ZfXjk%(- K_\ dXafi`kp f] k_fj\ èk\im`\n\[# ,+ # n\i\ dXii`\[# n_`c\ +- n\i\ jè^c\% K_\ dXafi`kp n\i\ kiXm\ccè^ n`k_ ]Xd`cp fi ]i`\e[j# `%\%# ,. # n_`c\ +* jX`[ k_\p n\i\ kiXm\ccè^ Xcfe\% Dfjk f] k_fj\ kiXm\ccè^ Xcfe\ n\i\ d\e% K_\ dXafi`kp f] k_\ nfd\e n\ èk\im`\n\[ ZXd\ \`k_\i n`k_ k_\ì _ljYXe[j# i\cXk`m\j fi ]i`\e[j% ?fn\m\i# X Zfej`[\iXYc\ eldY\i# ). # jX`[ k_\p ZXd\ fe k_\ì fne% 8ck_fl^_ dfjk nfd\e c\]k Y\ZXlj\ f] Zfeร `Zk# X eldY\i f] k_\d c\]k k_\ì ]Xd`c`\j Y\_è[ Y\ZXlj\ k_\p _X[ ef fgk`fe Ylk kf ^f Xe[ ร e[ X afY \cj\n_\i\ kf jlggfik k_\ì Z_`c[i\e% N_`c\ k_\ dXafi`kp f] k_fj\ j\\bè^ kf ^f XYifX[ kf gifm`[\ ]fi k_\ì ]Xd`c`\j n\i\ d\e# k_\i\ n\i\ Xcjf X eldY\i f] nfd\e n_f kffb k_\ g\i`cflj aflie\p kf ร e[ X afY% =fi èjkXeZ\# fe k_\ ร ijk Xii`mXc k_\ DJ= k\Xd Xjj`jk\[ fe / J\gk% '. n\ jgfb\ kf X (0$p\Xi$fc[ JfdXc` nfdXe n_f _X[ Zfd\ n`k_ _\i j`jk\i Xe[ Xefk_\i pfle^ nfdXe f] k_\ jXd\ ZcXe% J_\ kfc[ lj1

ยนLZ VgZ [gdb Bd\VY^h]j VcY aZ[i djg Xdjcign WZXVjhZ d[ i]Z lVg! edkZgin VcY i]Z Y^[ร Xjain id ร cY V _dW# > Vb i]Z daYZhi! i]ZgZ ^h cdWdYn id ]Zae i]Z [Vbân# > ]VkZ Wgdi]Zgh VcY h^hiZgh Vi ]dbZ# > XVbZ id NZbZc id ร cY V _dW VcY id hZcY bdcZn id bn bdi]Zg l]d ^h ^c V kZgn WVY hîjVi^dc#ยบ Jfd\k`d\j \m\e n_\e k_\p Xi\ gi\êXek# nfd\e i`jb k_\ì c`m\j fe k_\ [Xe^\iflj aflie\p kf Xjjli\ k_\ \Zfefd`Z jlim`mXc f] k_\ì ]Xd`cp% K_lj# [liè^ DXiZ_ DJ= Xjj`jk\[ \`^_k gi\êXek nfd\e Xk k_\ 8I:% Dfjk f] k_\d _X[ Zfd\ n`k_flk k_\ì _ljYXe[j%

(- 8ZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I jkXk`jk`Zj# .0 f] k_fj\ Xii`mè^ Xk DXp]X_ I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\ è )''. n\i\ d\e# )( nfd\e% =fi k_\ ร ijk dfek_j f] )''/# k_\ g\iZ\ekX^\ f] nfd\e nXj jc`^_kcp _`^_\i# )/ %

'( ยฅ

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

:i]c^X Dg^\^c d[ >ciZgk^ZlZZh

HdbVa^

=Xd`c`\j Xi\ ]i\hl\ekcp j\gXiXk\[# n`k_ fe\ fi j\m\iXc ]Xd`cp d\dY\ij kXbè^ k_\ aflie\p Xe[ k_\ fk_\ij jkXpè^ Y\_è[# jfd\k`d\j Y\ZXlj\ k_\p ZXeefk X]]fi[ kf Xcc Zfd\ Xk k_\ jXd\ k`d\% Fe * Efm% '. n\ jgfb\ kf X )/$p\Xi$fc[ dfk_\i f] Ôm\ Z_`c[i\e ]ifd Df^X[`j_l n_f _X[ Zfd\ n`k_ k_i\\ f] _\i Z_`c[i\e# X^\[ ]fli# Ôm\ Xe[ jò p\Xij# c\Xmè^ _\i _ljYXe[ Xe[ knf fk_\i Z_`c[i\e è JfdXc`X Y\ZXlj\ k_\p [`[ efk _Xm\ \efl^_ dfe\p ]fi Xcc f] k_\d kf kiXm\c%

:i]^de^Vc

'#' 6\Z K_\ dXafi`kp f] k_\ g\fgc\ kXbè^ k_\ [Xe^\iflj mfpX^\ n\i\ è k_\ì d`[$kn\ek`\j% K_\i\ n\i\ X ]\n fc[\i g\fgc\# è k_\ì ]fik`\j Xe[ Ô]k`\j# Xe[ Xcjf jfd\ pfle^ Z_`c[i\e% Flk f] k_\ kfkXc eldY\i f] gXjj\e^\ij DJ= Xjj`jk\[ Y\kn\\e J\gk\dY\i )''. Xe[ 8gi`c )''/ XYflk ( n\i\ Z_`c[i\e le[\i (, p\Xij f] X^\% K_\ pfle^ Z_`c[i\e n\ \eZflek\i\[ n\i\ n`k_ k_\ì ]Xd`c`\j fi# è ZXj\j n_\i\ k_\ gXi\ek n`k_ n_fd k_\p n\i\ kiXm\ccè^ _X[ [`\[# n`k_ i\cXk`m\j fi ]i`\e[j f] k_\ ]Xd`cp% Jfd\k`d\j k_\i\ n\i\ Xcjf YXY`\j fe YfXi[%

GZ\^dc d[ Dg^\^c d[ i]Z HdbVa^h ^ciZgk^ZlZY Wn BH;

Di]Zg VgZVh d[ Hdji] 8ZcigVa HdbVa^V

Bd\VY^h]j

8 i\cXk`m\cp cXi^\ eldY\i f] X[fc\jZ\ekj# k_\ dXafi`kp Y\kn\\e (- fi (. p\Xij fc[# le[\ikffb k_\ aflie\p kf j\\b \dgcfpd\ek Xe[ gifm`[\ ]fi k_\ì ]Xd`c`\j%(. <`^_k g\iZ\ek f] fli èk\im`\n\\j n\i\ X[fc\jZ\ekj le[\i (/# dfjk f] k_\d (- fi (. p\Xij fc[# k_\ pfle^\jk (+% Dfjk f] k_\d kfc[ lj k_\p c\]k è fi[\i kf Ôe[ X afY kf jlggfik k_\ì ]Xd`c`\j% 8j X (-$p\Xi fc[ ^ìc ]ifd Df^X[`j_l# n_f nXj kiXm\ccè^ fe _\i fne# glk `k# È@ _fg\ kf Ôe[ X afY Xj jffe Xj gfjj`Yc\ kf jlggfik dp ]Xd`cp è JfdXc`X# Y\ZXlj\ k_\p c`m\ è m\ip YX[ Zfe[`k`fej#É X[[è^# È@ nXek kf Yiè^ dp gXi\ekj kf P\d\e# k_\p [f efk _Xm\ Xepk_è^ kf \Xk%É '+&((&'.

'#(

EjciaVcY HdbVa^aVcY

:i]^de^Vch":i]c^X <gdje d[ i]dhZ ^ciZgk^ZlZY Wn BH;

,( Dgdbd

&- 6b]VgV

- I^\g^cnVch & <jgV\Z

:i]c^X dg^\^c

F] k_fj\ èk\im`\n\[# -/ n\i\ JfdXc`j Xe[ *) <k_`fg`Xej# fe\ nXj <i`ki\Xe% K_`j g\iZ\ekX^\ i\Õ\Zkj k_\ Zfdgfj`k`fe f] k_fj\ e\n Xii`mXcj DJ= Xjj`jk\[%(/ ?Xc] ,( f] k_\ JfdXc`j n_f ^Xm\ è]fidXk`fe fe k_\ì i\^`fe ZXd\ ]ifd Df^X[`j_l# dfjk f] k_\ i\jk +) ]ifd fk_\i i\^`fej è Jflk_ Xe[ :\ekiXc JfdXc`X# n`k_ X ]\n Xcjf ]ifd JfdXc`cXe[ Xe[ GlekcXe[ . % .* f] k_\ <k_`fg`Xej n_f ^Xm\ è]fidXk`fe XYflk k_\ì i\^`fe kfc[ DJ= k_\p n\i\ Fifdf# k_\ i\jk 8d_XiX (/ # K`îèpXej / Xe[ >liX^\ ( % ?fn\m\i# k_\ è]fidXk`fe i\^Xi[è^ k_\ eldY\i Xe[ \k_e`Z Zfdgfj`k`fe f] <k_`fg`Xej Xii`mè^ Xk k_\ j_fi\j f] P\d\e e\\[j kf Y\ kXb\e n`k_ ZXlk`fe# Xj k_`j [f\j efk èZcl[\ g\ijfej Zfdè^ ]ifd k_\ JfdXc` i\^`fe F^X[\e %(0 F^X[\e`j Xi\ \k_e`Z JfdXc` Xe[ n`cc gi\j\ek Xj jlZ_ Xe[ Xi\ c`b\cp efk kf jg\Z`]p k_\ì i\^`fe% @e DXiZ_ Xe[ 8gi`c )''/ n\ jgfb\ kf knf gXjj\e^\ij n_f gi\j\ek\[ Xj JfdXc` Xe[ kfc[ DJ= k_Xk k_\p ZXd\ ]ifd F^X[\e% @k `j èk\i\jkè^ kf efk\ k_Xk è 9fjjXjf k_\ \k_e`Z JfdXc`j ]ifd <k_`fg`X Xi\ XZklXccp Zfej`[\i\[ @;Gj Xe[ efk i\]l^\\j Yp k_\ GlekcXe[ ^fm\ied\ek# LE?:I Xe[ k_\ fk_\i fi^Xe`qXk`fej%

(. 8ZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I jkXk`jk`Zj# fe\ k_ì[ f] k_fj\ Xii`mè^ Xk DXp]X_ [liè^ )''. n\i\ le[\i (/% (/ 8ZZfi[è^ kf LE?:I jkXk`jk`Zj# )''. XYflk -( f] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj n\i\ JfdXc`j Xe[ *0 <k_`fg`Xej# n_`c\ ]fi k_\ Ôijk + dfek_j f] )''/# k_\ iXk`f nXj -, kf *, % (0 K_lj F^X[\e`j Xi\ efk i\Õ\Zk\[ è k_\ îXg_%

') ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

(

GZVhdch [dg aZVk^c\

(#&

HdbVa^h

Dfjk f] k_\ JfdXc` i\jgfe[\ekj c`jk\[ dlck`gc\ i\Xjfej ]fi c\Xmè^# n`k_ m`fc\eZ\ Xe[&fi èj\Zli`kp Y\è^ k_\ dXè fe\ ÆÈk_\ èk\idèXYc\ XkkXZbj#É Xj X )'$p\Xi fc[ jkl[\ek ]ifd Df^X[`j_l glk `k '+&'(&'/ % DXep Xcjf efk\[ k_Xk `k nXj `dgfjj`Yc\ ]fi k_\d kf Ôe[ fi Zfekèl\ kf nfib Xe[ k_lj jlggfik k_\ì ]Xd`cp% J\m\iXc g\fgc\ DJ= èk\im`\n\[ [\jZi`Y\[ k_Xk k_\p _X[ Y\\e nfibè^ Xk k_\ 9XbXiX dXib\k è Df^X[`j_l Ylk Y\ZXlj\ f] k_\ i\Zliiè^ Ô^_kè^ k_\p Zflc[ ef cfe^\i ^f k_\i\ Xe[ k_lj k_\ì jfliZ\ f] c`m\c`_ff[ _X[ Y\\e [\jkifp\[% M\ip ]\n JfdXc`j ^Xm\ cXZb f] \dgcfpd\ek Xj gi`dXip ZXlj\ ]fi c\Xmè^ k_\ì Zflekip% Jfd\ JfdXc`j d\ek`fe\[ k_Xk k_\p c\]k kf ^f Xe[ jkl[p# Xj [l\ kf k_\ nXi `k nXj m\ip [`]ÔZlck kf ^\k Xe \[lZXk`fe è JfdXc`X%

8^kâ^Vch k^Xi^bh d[ lVg/ VgWîgVgn YZiZci^dc! `âa^c\h! [dgXZY gZXgjîbZci VcY gVeZ DXep f] k_\ JfdXc`j# \jg\Z`Xccp k_fj\ Zfdè^ ]ifd Df^X[`j_l# jgfb\ XYflk k_\ èk\ej`ÔZXk`fe f] Ô^_kè^ Xe[ \ogcfj`fej# jXpè^ k_Xk k_\p ]\ck èZi\Xjè^cp k_i\Xk\e\[ Xe[ èj\Zli\% JèZ\ k_\ Y\^èeè^ f] )''/# DJ= _Xj i\Z\`m\[ dfi\ k\jk`dfe`\j f] g\ijfej [ì\Zkcp X]]\Zk\[ Yp k_\ ZfeÕ`Zk% K_\p [\jZi`Y\[ XkkXZbj fe k_\ì _flj\j fi gcXZ\j f] nfib# b`ccè^j f] ]Xd`cp d\dY\ij fi ]i`\e[j Xe[ XiY`kiXip Xii\jkj%

¹> Vb [gdb Bd\VY^h]j! > ]VY V [Vbân i]ZgZ# > lVh ldg`^c\ Vh V Yg^kZg# DcZ YVn! > lZci id ldg` Vh jhjVa VcY l]Zc > XVbZ WVX` [gdb ldg`! > hVl V adi d[ eZdeaZ l]d \Vi]ZgZY VgdjcY bn ]djhZ# 6 b^hhâZ ]VY [VaaZc dc bn ]djhZ! `âa^c\ bn l^[Z! ild d[ bn X]âYgZc VcY bn bdi]Zg# ;dgijcViZan dcZ d[ bn X]âYgZc hjgk^kZY! WZXVjhZ ]Z lVh cdi Vi ]dbZ i]Vi bdbZci! ]Z lVh Vi FjgVc^X hX]dda# 6[iZg i]Vi! > YZX^YZY id aZVkZ HdbVa^V lî] bn hdc#º ('"nZVg daY Yg^kZg [gdb Bd\VY^h]j &($%($%-

¹;^[iZZc YVnh V\d lZ lZgZ ^c djg ]djhZ lî] djg [Vi]Zg# >c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z c^\]i lZ ]ZVgY V `cdX` Vi i]Z Yddg# LZ \di kZgn hXVgZY! WZXVjhZ i]^h lVh cdi V gZVhdcVWaZ i^bZ [dg VcndcZ id `cdX`# LZ \Vi]ZgZY id\Zi]Zg ^c dcZ gddb VcY [Vi]Zg lZci id deZc i]Z Yddg# L]Zc ]Z deZcZY i]Z Yddg! VgbZY bZc \gVWWZY ]^b VcY WZVi ]^b# I]Zn idd` ]^b lî] i]Zb ^c i]Z^g XVg# AViZg dc i]Z [daadl^c\ bdgc^c\ lZ [djcY [Vi]Zg¼h YZVY WdYn ^c i]Z cZ^\]Wdjg]ddY# 9jg^c\ i]ZhZ YVnh i]ZgZ VgZ V adi d[ YZVY WdY^Zh d[ ndjc\ HdbVa^ bZc ^c i]Z higZZih d[ Bd\VY^h]j° LZ [Zai i]Vi lZ lâa cd adc\Zg WZ hV[Z ^c Bd\VY^h]j

'* ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

VcY i]Vi ^h l]n lZ YZX^YZY id aZVkZ# CdlVYVnh! Bd\VY^h]j ^h V X^in d[ i]Z YZVY#º &,"nZVg daY HdbVa^ \^ga [gdb Bd\VY^h]j l]d XVbZ l^i]

]Zg Wgdi]Zg VcY h^hiZg &-$%'$%-

@eZi\Xjè^cp# pfle^ JfdXc` d\e c\Xm\ Df^X[`j_l Y\ZXlj\ k_\p Xi\ X]iX`[ kf ^\k Xii\jk\[ fi [iXne èkf k_\ Ô^_kè^% =fi èjkXeZ\# fe ). DXiZ_ '/ X îflg f] eè\ pfle^ d\e ]ifd Df^X[`j_l è k_\ì cXk\ k\\ej Xe[ \Xicp kn\ek`\j \ogcXè\[ kf lj#

¹LZ a^kZY ^c Bd\VY^h]j Vaa djg a^kZh! Wji i]Z hîjVi^dc ^h \Zii^c\ ldghZ Wn i]Z YVn# L]Zc i]Zn hZZ jh! hdaY^Zgh VggZhi jh WZXVjhZ i]Zn i]^c` lZ VgZ lî] i]Z deedhî^dc VcY eji jh ^c _Vâ# I]Zn ^ciZggd\ViZ VcY idgijgZ jh# LZ VgZ Vahd V[gV^Y d[ i]Z di]Zg h^YZ! WZXVjhZ ZkZgn YVn i]Zn VgZ add`^c\ [dg ndjc\ bZc id _d^c i]Zb#º ;liè^ DXiZ_ DJ= gifm`[\[ d\[`ZXc Xe[ Zflej\ccè^ Xjj`jkXeZ\ Xk k_\ 8_nXi I\Z\gk`fe :\ek\i 8I: kf k_i\\ nfd\e n_f _X[ Y\\e iXg\[ è JfdXc`X Xe[ èk\im`\n\[ knf f] k_\d% 8 ).$p\Xi fc[ nfdXe ]ifd 9lib_XYX kfc[ DJ= jkX]] k_Xk j_\ _X[ Zfd\ kf P\d\e feZ\ Y\]fi\ n`k_ _\i _ljYXe[ è )''(% K_\p n\ek kf JXl[` 8iXY`X n_\i\ k_\p jkXp\[ è _\i _ljYXe[Ëj dfk_\iËj _flj\ lek`c j_\# Xe[ cXk\i fe _\i _ljYXe[# n\i\ [\gfik\[% J_\ [\jZi`Y\[ n_Xk _Xgg\e\[ kf _\i X]k\i _\i i\klie1

¹7VX` ^c HdbVa^V > hiVgiZY ldg`^c\ ^c V gZhiVjgVci# DcZ YVn! l]Zc > Äc^h]ZY bn ldg`! > lVciZY id \d WVX` ]dbZ! ^i lVh VgdjcY .#%% Vi c^\]i! i]gZZ VgbZY bZc! XVbZ VcY hideeZY bZ ^c i]Z b^YYaZ d[ i]Z higZZi! i]Zn idd` bZ Wn [dgXZ VcY gVeZY bZ dcZ Wn dcZ# > lVh Xgn^c\ i]Vi i^bZ# Bn ]jhWVcY ]ZVgY VWdji i]Z gVeZ VcY Y^kdgXZY bZ# > XdjaY cdi hiVn ^c HdbVa^V V[iZg i]^h hXVcYVa! eZdeaZ ValVnh iVa`^c\ VWdji bZ#º '*$%($%-

Jfd\ fk_\i nfd\e ]\Xi\[ kf Y\ iXg\[ `] k_\p jkXp\[ è JfdXc`X% =fi èjkXeZ\# fe )+ ;\Z% '/# DJ= jkX]] Zflej\cc\[ X JfdXc` nfdXe n_f kfc[ lj j_\ c\]k JfdXc`X Y\ZXlj\ k_\ j`klXk`fe nXj ^\kkè^ nfij\% J_\ nXj Xcjf X]iX`[ k_Xk j_\ nflc[ Y\ iXg\[ Y\ZXlj\ j_\ _X[ _\Xi[ f] jlZ_ èZ`[\ekj%

(#'

:i]^de^Vch

AVX` d[ ldg`! Y^hXg^b^cVi^dc! edaî^XVa eZghZXji^dc! XdchXgêi^dc K_\ dXafi`kp f] <k_`fg`Xej èk\im`\n\[ ^Xm\ cXZb f] nfib Xe[&fi gfm\ikp Xj k_\ì dXè i\Xjfe ]fi c\Xmè^# dfjk f] k_\d è[`ZXkè^ k_Xk k_\p nXek\[ kf ^f kf JXl[` 8iXY`X kf nfib%

'+ ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

?fn\m\i# fe\ ]flik_ f] k_\ èk\im`\n\\j d\ek`fe\[ èj\Zli`kp fi gfc`k`ZXc i\Xjfej# n`k_ jfd\ Xcjf jkXkè^ cXZb f] nfib% K_\ dXè i\Xjfej gi\j\ek\[ n\i\ [`jZi`dèXk`fe fe îfle[j f] i\c`^`fe Xe[&fi \k_e`Z`kp2 Xii\jkj Xe[ `dgi`jfed\ek fe îfle[j f] Y\cfe^è^ fi jljg`Z`fe f] Y\cfe^è^ kf k_\ fggfj`k`fe Fifdf C`Y\iXk`fe =ifek# fi _Xmè^ mfk\[ ]fi k_\ :fXc`k`fe ]fi Le`kp Xe[ ;\dfZiXZp :L; è k_\ )'', \c\Zk`fej# Xe[ ]\Xi f] ZfejZi`gk`fe èkf k_\ d`c`kXip% J\m\e èk\im`\n\\j jò Fifdf Xe[ fe\ 8d_XiX jgfb\ XYflk [`jZi`dèXk`fe% J\m\iXc jgfb\ f] g\ij\Zlk`fe fe îfle[j f] i\c`^`fe% @e 8gi`c knf f] k_\ èk\im`\n\\j# fe\ X HliXe k\XZ_\i# k_\ fk_\i X jkl[\ek# [\jZi`Y\[ g\ij\Zlk`fe fe i\c`^`flj îfle[j% K_\ +'$p\Xi$fc[ HliXe k\XZ_\i# Xe Fifdf ]ifd ?Xii\i# \ogcXè\[# ÈDp knf Yifk_\ij n\i\ Xii\jk\[ Yp k_\ ^fm\ied\ek# k_\p ZXgkli\ pfl n`k_flk Xep i\Xjfe% K_\p [f efk c`b\ fli g\fgc\# k_\ Fifdf% @ nXj k\XZ_è^ k_\ HliXe% @ _X[ ,' jkl[\ekj# Ylk [Xp X]k\i [Xp# @ nXj cffjè^ jfd\ jkl[\ekj Xe[ n_\e @ n\ek kf k_\ì ]Xd`c`\j kf Xjb k_\d# k_\p kfc[ d\ k_Xk k_\ì Z_`c[i\e n\i\ Xii\jk\[ Yp k_\ ^fm\ied\ek%É )+&'+&'/ Jò Fifdf kfc[ lj k_Xk k_\p c\]k \`k_\i Y\ZXlj\ k_\p n\i\ jljg\Zk\[ f] Y\cfe^è^ kf k_\ Fifdf C`Y\iXk`fe =ifek FC= fi Y\ZXlj\ f] jlggfikè^ k_\ FC=2 Ôm\ _X[ Y\\e Xii\jk\[ Xe[ `dgi`jfe\[ fe k_fj\ îfle[j% 8 îflg f] pfle^ Fifdf [\jZi`Y\[ _fn k_\p ]\ck èZi\Xjè^cp èj\Zli\% ÈN\ _Xm\ ef [`ê`kp% N\ Xi\ efk i\jg\Zk\[ è fli fne Zflekip% N_\e n\ j\\ k_\ d`c`kXip n\ Xi\ j_Xbè^ n`k_ ]\Xi%É )+&'+&'/ K_i\\ fk_\i <k_`fg`Xej d\ek`fe\[ ]\Xi f] g\ij\Zlk`fe i\cXk\[ kf k_\ )'', gi\j`[\ek`Xc \c\Zk`fe% 8 )'$p\Xi fc[ Fifdf nfdXe ]ifd 8ilj`# kiXm\ccè^ Xcfe\# i\gfik\[ k_Xk j_\ Xe[ _\i _ljYXe[ n\i\ Xii\jk\[ X]k\i k_\ gi\j`[\ek`Xc \c\Zk`fej k_i\\ p\Xij X^f Y\ZXlj\ k_\p mfk\[ ]fi k_\ fggfj`k`fe :fXc`k`fe ]fi Le`kp Xe[ ;\dfZiXZp :L; % J_\ nXj i\c\Xj\[ X]k\i fe\ n\\b Y\ZXlj\ j_\ nXj gi\êXek% ?\i _ljYXe[ nXj b\gk è gi`jfe Xe[ [`\[ k_\i\% 8j j_\ Zflc[ efk gifm`[\ ]fi _\i k_i\\ Z_`c[i\e# j_\ c\]k k_\d n`k_ _\i dfk_\i Xe[ ZXd\ kf P\d\e ),&'+&'/ % 8cjf# [liè^ Zflej\ccè^# j\m\iXc fk_\i <k_`fg`Xej \ogcXè\[ k_Xk k_\p n\i\ Y\è^ g\ij\Zlk\[ Yp k_\ ^fm\ied\ek ]fi Y\è^ jljg\Zk\[ f] jlggfikè^ k_\ fggfj`k`fe fi Y\cfe^è^ kf X [`]]\i\ek \k_e`Z îflg k_Xe k_Xk _fc[è^ gfn\i% K_i\\ <k_`fg`Xe d\e jX`[ k_Xk k_\p c\]k kf Xmf`[ Y\è^ ZfejZi`gk\[% 8j X )'$p\Xi fc[ dXe ]ifd 9Xc\ glk `k ÈFifdf Xi\ ]fiZ\[ kf ^f Xe[ Ô^_k è Df^X[`j_l% N\ [`[ efk nXek kf Ô^_k jf n\ iXe XnXp%É (,&()&'. 8ii`mXcj ]ifd k_\ F^X[\e&JfdXc` i\^`fe efidXccp gi\j\ek Xj JfdXc`j# Xj k_\p Xi\ \k_e`Z JfdXc`j Xe[ n`cc efk e\Z\jjXi`cp ^`m\ dfi\ [\kX`c XYflk n_\i\ k_\p Zfd\ ]ifd% K_lj# n\ n\i\ XYc\ kf èk\im`\n fecp knf g\ijfej ]ifd k_Xk îflg# X )/$p\Xi fc[ ]Xid\i n_f ^Xm\ èj\Zli`kp Xj i\Xjfe ]fi c\Xmè^# Xe[ X )'$p\Xi fc[ dXe ]ifd Aà`^X n_f jX`[ _\ c\]k Y\ZXlj\ f] cXZb f] afY fggfikle`k`\j Xe[ èj\Zli`kp%

', ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

)

IgVkZa id 7dhhVhd · V eZg^adjh _djgcZn

K_\ aflie\p kf 9fjjXjf ]ifd \`k_\i JfdXc`X fi <k_`fg`X `j \og\ej`m\ Xe[ _XqXi[flj% G\fgc\ _Xm\ kf dfY`c`j\ Zfej`[\iXYc\ i\jfliZ\j kf gXp ]fi k_\ ki`g# n`k_ k_\ì ]Xd`c`\j jZiXgè^ kf^\k_\i dfe\p ]fi k_\ [`]]\i\ek j\^d\ekj f] k_\ aflie\p# jfd\k`d\j _Xmè^ kf j\cc Xjj\kj fi èZli [\Yk%)' 9\ZXlj\ f] k`d\ Xe[ fk_\i ZfejkiXèkj n\ Zflc[ fecp Xjb XYflk /' f] k_fj\ n\ èk\im`\n\[ XYflk Zfe[`k`fej è 9fjjXjf Xe[ [liè^ k_\ì kiXm\c kf 9fjjXjf% K_\ dXafi`kp kfc[ lj k_Xk k_\ì ki`g kf 9fjjXjf kffb Y\kn\\e X ]\n [Xpj Xe[ knf n\\bj% @e jfd\ ZXj\j# n_\e k_\i\ nXj Ô^_kè^ Xcfe^ k_\ ifX[# fi n_\e k_\p _X[ kf jkfg Xcfe^ k_\ nXp kf nfib kf \Xie dfe\p kf Zfekèl\# `k kffb cfe^\i% I\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj DJ= èk\im`\n\[ i\gfik\[ dXep XYlj\j [liè^ k_\ ki`g# èZcl[è^ Y\è^ jkfgg\[ Xe[ ]fiZ\[ kf gXp Xk eld\iflj Z_\Zbgfèkj Xcfe^ k_\ ifX[% K_\p Xcjf i\gfik\[ XkkXZbj Yp Xid\[ YXe[`kj Xe[ Y\è^ ifYY\[ f] k_\ì dfe\p Xe[ Y\cfe^è^j# n`k_ gXjj\e^\ij b`cc\[ è j\m\iXc ZXj\j%)( JèZ\ AXelXip )''/# èk\im`\n\\j i\gfik\[ Xe èZi\Xj\ f] Z_\Zbgfèkj Xcfe^ k_\ ifX[ ]ifd Df^X[`j_l kf 9fjjXjf# n`k_ dfi\ g\fgc\ i\gfikè^ k_Xk k_\p n\i\ jkfgg\[ Xe[ ifYY\[% @e DXiZ_# _Xc] f] k_\ èk\im`\n\\j i\gfik\[ Y\è^ jkfgg\[ Xk Z_\Zbgfèkj Xe[ ifYY\[# n`k_ knf f] k_\d k\ccè^ lj k_Xk X gXjj\e^\i è k_\ì ZXi [`\[ Y\ZXlj\ k_\p n\i\ j_fk Xk% 8 )*$p\Xi fc[ JfdXc` dXe n_f nXj kiXm\ccè^ n`k_ _`j Zfljèj kfc[ lj# ÈK_\i\ Xi\ dfi\ Z_\Zbgfèkj Y\kn\\e Af_nXi Xe[ 9fjjXjf% 8k jfd\ k_\p n\i\ Ôiè^ ^lej kf jkfg k_\ ZXi% N\ dXeX^\[ kf gXjj dfjk f] k_\ Z_\Zbgfèkj# Ylk Xk fe\ Z_\Zbgfèk è 9Xe[XiXc\p Y\]fi\ >Xc^X[ll[ i\^`fe X gXjj\e^\i ]ifd fli ZXi nXj b`cc\[%É ')&'*&'/ <k_`fg`Xej Xcjf i\gfik\[ k_Xk k_\p \eZflek\i\[ dfi\ gifYc\dj Xk Z_\Zbgfèkj Xe[ n\i\ ifYY\[ f] k_\ì dfe\p% 8 îflg f] k_i\\ <k_`fg`Xe nfd\e n_fd n\ èk\im`\n\[ Xk 8I: fe (* 8gi`c '/ [\jZi`Y\[ _fn k_\p n\i\ ifYY\[ Xe[ YXi\cp \jZXg\[ j\olXc m`fc\eZ\% Fe\ f] k_\d# X )'$p\Xi fc[ 8d_XiX ]ifd Nfccf i\^`fe i\ZXcc\[1

¹LZ lZgZ igVkZaa^c\ lî] V \gdje d[ [djg bZc# >c =Vgi^hX]Z` Vi i]Z :i]^de^Vc$HdbVa^ WdgYZg lZ eV^Y V igjX` Yg^kZg id iV`Z jh id 7jgd¼d# Dc i]Z lVn lZ lZgZ hideeZY Wn gdWWZgh ^c V hbVaa XVg# I]Zn lZgZ VgbZY lî] e^hidah VcY `c^kZh# I]Zn dgYZgZY jh id \Zi dji VcY idd` jh id i]Z Wjh]# I]ZgZ! i]Z gdWWZgh dgYZgZY i]Z bZc id iV`Z d[[ i]Z^g Xadi]Zh VcY idd` i]Z^g bdcZn! V[iZg i]Vi i]Zn dgYZgZY jh id Yd i]Z hVbZ# I]Zn idd` djg bdcZn! ZkZc i]Z bdcZn i]Vi lZ ]VY ]^YYZc ^ch^YZ djg ]V^g# I]Zc i]Z gdWWZgh dgYZgZY i]Z ldbZc id \d lî] i]Zb ^c i]Z^g XVg# LZ gVc ^cid i]Z Wjh]! l]âZ i]Z bZc lZgZ i]gdl^c\ )' @:DG;# g% (.% )( K_\ i\Z\ek i\gfik Yp 8de\jkp @ek\ieXk`feXc# Iflkè\cp KXi^\k\[1 8kkXZbj fe :`m`c$ `Xej è JfdXc`X# 8@ @e[\o 8=I ,)&''-&)''/ Xcjf i\]\ij kf X eldY\i f] jlZ_ XkkXZbj# j\\ gg )'$)(%

'- ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

hidcZh Vi i]Z XVg# LZ lZgZ h]di Vi! Wji ÄcVaan lZ bVcV\ZY id ZhXVeZ VcY `Zei \d^c\ jci^a lZ gZVX]ZY V k^aaV\Z#º

BH;

>ciZgcVaan 9^heaVXZY EZghdc >9E hZiiaZbZci ^c 7dhhVhd

HiVn ^c 7dhhVhd · 8dcY^i^dch

K_\ YfXk aflie\p XZifjj k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e jkXikj ]ifd 9fjjXjf# X Y`^ Yljkcè^ gfik kfne è GlekcXe[ è k_\ Efik_\Xjk f] JfdXc`X% N`k_ ),'#''' è_XY`kXekj# 9fjjXjf `j k_\ dXè JfdXc` j\Xgfik ]fi kiX[\ n`k_ P\d\e Xe[ k_\ >lc] JkXk\j% GlekcXe[# n_`Z_ [\ZcXi\[ `kj\c] Xe Xlkfefdflj i\^`fe è (00/# nXj lek`c i\Z\ekcp Zfej`[\i\[ i\cXk`m\cp jX]\ ZfdgXi\[ kf k_\ i\jk f] JfdXc`X% JèZ\ k_\ flkYi\Xb f] k_\ Z`m`c nXi è JfdXc`X è (00(# g\fgc\ ]ifd Jflk_ Xe[ :\ekiXc JfdXc`X Õ\[ kf GlekcXe[# dXep f] k_\d kf 9fjjXjf% N_`c\ X eldY\i f] k_\d Zfekèl\[ XZifjj k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e# dXep fk_\ij jkXp\[% K_\i\ Xi\ Zlii\ekcp jfd\ *'#''' g\fgc\ c`mè^ le[\i _Xij_ Zfe[`k`fej è k_\ @ek\ieXccp ;`jgcXZ\[ G\ijfe @;G j\kkc\d\ekj jZXkk\i\[ k_ifl^_flk k_\ kfne% JèZ\ k_\ j\Zfe[ _Xc] f] )''. j\Zli`kp è GlekcXe[ _Xj [\k\i`fiXk\[% @k Y\ZXd\ dfi\ [`]ÔZlck ]fi _ldXe`kXi`Xe fi^Xe`jXk`fej kf fg\iXk\# n`k_ j\m\iXc XkkXZbj Xe[ b`[eXggè^j f] aflieXc`jkj Xe[ ]fi\`ê X`[ nfib\ij# èZcl[è^ knf DJ= \ogXki`Xk\ jkX]] è ;\Z\dY\i )''.% :fej\hl\eZ\j ]fi k_\ [`jgcXZ\[ n\i\ i\[lZk`fe f] \ogXki`Xk\ gi\j\eZ\ Xe[ cXZb f] X[\hlXk\ _ldXe`kXi`Xe Xjj`jkXeZ\# Xk X k`d\ n_\e k_\ èk\ieXk`feXc Zfddle`kp _X[ ÔeXccp [\Z`[\[ kf [\[`ZXk\ dfi\ i\jfliZ\j kf `dgifm\ k_\ c`mè^ Zfe[`k`fej f] k_\ [`jgcXZ\[ è 9fjjXjf% I\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj nX`kè^ kf Zifjj _Xm\ Xcjf Y\\e X]]\Zk\[ [ì\Zkcp Yp èZi\Xjè^ èj\Zli`kp% 8Yflk _Xc] k_\ èk\im`\n\\j jX`[ k_Xk k_\p jkXp\[ fe\ dfek_ fi c\jj è 9fjjXjf# n_`c\ X eldY\i jX`[ k_\p jkXp\[ j\m\iXc dfek_j# Xe[ X ]\n fe\ p\Xi fi dfi\% @e j\m\iXc èjkXeZ\j g\fgc\ n\i\ jkXpè^ cfe^\i kf \Xie dfe\p kf gXp ]fi k_\ aflie\p% K_\ dXafi`kp f] k_\ e\ncp Xii`m\[ JfdXc`j èZcl[è^ k_fj\ Zfdè^ ]ifd k_\ F^X[\e i\^`fe jkXp\[ n`k_ i\cXk`m\j fi ]i`\e[j è k_\ @;G j\kkc\d\ekj% C`mè^ Zfe[`k`fej k_\i\ Xi\ \oki\d\cp gi\ZXi`flj% K_\ cXi^\ dXafi`kp f] j_\ck\ij è k_\ @;G j\kkc\d\ekj Xi\ dXb\j_`]k ifle[ fi fmXc jkilZkli\j n`k_ X ]iXd\ f] nff[\e jk`Zbj Zfm\i\[ Yp g`\Z\j f] ZXi[YfXi[# jXZbj# gcXjk`Z YX^j \kZ% ?p^`\e\ `j m\ip gffi# n`k_ ^XiYX^\# \jg\Z`Xccp gcXjk`Z# XYle[Xek% K_\ cXZb f] cXkiè\j `j X gifYc\d# Xj cXe[cfi[j Xi\ i\j`jkXek kf k_\ ZfejkilZk`fe f] jfc`[ jkilZkli\j% ?\Xck_ Zfm\iX^\ Xe[ XZZ\jj Xi\ gffi% K_\i\ `j ef ^\e\iXc ]ff[ [`jki`Ylk`fe Xe[ dXcelki`k`fe `j X dXafi ZfeZ\ie% 8 DJ= elki`k`feXc jlim\p f] Z_`c[i\e le[\i , p\Xij è 0'. _flj\_fc[j le[\ikXb\e è Efm\dY\i )''. ]fle[ X ^cfYXc XZlk\ dXcelki`k`fe iXk\ f] )*%* Xe[ +%0 f] j\m\i\ XZlk\ dXcelki`k`fe%)) 8 ^cfYXc dXcelki`k`fe f] fm\i (' è[`ZXk\j X Zi`j`j è ]ff[ j\Zli`kp% K_`j d\Xej k_Xk k_\i\ `j e\`k_\i \efl^_ ]ff[ efi X[\hlXk\ XZZ\jj kf Xep ]ff[% K_`j Zfii\jgfe[j kf k_\ Ôe[è^j ]ifd fli èk\im`\nj# Xj X eldY\i f] g\fgc\ kfc[ lj k_Xk k_\ì \Zfefd`Z j`klXk`fe nXj m\ip [`]ÔZlck è 9fjjXjf Xe[ k_Xk k_\p Zflc[ fecp X]]fi[ fe\ d\Xc g\i [Xp%

)) DJ= Xe[ <g`Z\eki\# I\kifjg\Zk`m\ DfikXc`kp# Elki`k`fe Xe[ D\Xjc\j MXZZ`eXk`fe :fm$ \iX^\ Jlim\p# 9fjjXjf# JfdXc`X# Efm\dY\i )''.# ;\Z\dY\i )''.%

'. ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

K_\ j`klXk`fe è 9fjjXjf `j nfij\ ]fi k_\ <k_`fg`Xej% K_\ dXafi`kp [f efk _Xm\ i\cXk`m\j fi ]i`\e[j kf jkXp n`k_ Xe[ Xi\ _`^_cp mlce\iXYc\ kf \ogcf`kXk`fe Xe[ XYlj\ Yp k_\ jdl^^c\ij% K_\ì c`mè^ Zfe[`k`fej Xi\ _Xij_# n`k_ dXep f] k_\d jkXpè^ è k_\ gfik Xi\X# jc\\gè^ fe ZXi[YfXi[ fe k_\ ifZbp jf`c è Xe fg\e Zfdgfle[% CXkiè\j Xe[ nXj_è^ ]XZ`c`k`\j Xi\ cXZbè^% =ifd =\YilXip fe# j\m\iXc èk\im`\n\\j kfc[ DJ= k_Xk k_\ j`klXk`fe nXj ^\kkè^ nfij\ è 9fjjXjf# Yfk_ \Zfefd`ZXccp Xe[ è k\idj f] èZi\Xjè^ èj\Zli`kp% 8 ,'$p\Xi$fc[ JfdXc` dXe ]ifd 8]^fp\ n_f _X[ c\]k _`j n`]\ Xe[ j\m\e Z_`c[i\e k_\i\ Y\ZXlj\ k_\p [`[ efk _Xm\ \efl^_ dfe\p ]fi Xcc f] k_\d kf Zfd\ \ogcXè\[# ร @e 9fjjXjf @ nXj nfibè^ j\ccè^ m\^\kXYc\j è k_\ dXib\k% 8 îflg f] ร m\ d\e ZXd\ Xe[ kffb Xcc k_\ dfe\p @ _X[% K_\p _Xm\ ^lej Xe[ be`m\j% @ Zflc[ efk [f Xepk_è^# Y\ZXlj\ `] @ kXcb# k_\p n`cc b`cc d\% 8]k\i k_Xk @ [\Z`[\[ kf hl`k JfdXc`X%ร ),&')&'/ K_\ j`klXk`fe nXj ^\kkè^ dfi\ [`]ร Zlck# \jg\Z`Xccp ]fi <k_`fg`Xej $ \oZcl[è^ F^X[\e`j n_f Xi\ \k_e`Z JfdXc`j% J\m\iXc f] k_\ k_\d d\ek`fe\[ k_\ èZi\Xjè^ Xe`dfj`kp kfnXi[j k_\d [l\ kf k_\ gi\j\eZ\ f] <k_`fg`Xe kiffgj è JfdXc`X% Fe =\YilXip ,# )''/ X YfdY \ogcf[\[ è k_\ gfik Xi\X# b`ccè^ )) <k_`fg`Xej Xe[ nfle[è^ .+# dXep f] k_\d j\m\i\cp% J\m\iXc f] k_\ èk\im`\n\\j jgfb\ f] <k_`fg`Xej ]\\cè^ èj\Zli\ X]k\i k_\ YfdY XkkXZb% N\ Xjj`jk\[ j\m\iXc <k_`fg`Xej Xk k_\ 8I: n_f _X[ Y\\e èali\[ Yp k_\ YfdY \ogcfj`fe è 9fjjXjf# èZcl[è^ X )'$p\Xi fc[ 8d_XiX dXe ]ifd Nfccf% ?\ kfc[ lj1

ยนL]Zc > lVh ^c 7dhhVhd! dcXZ > lZci lî] bn [g^ZcYh id ]VkZ Y^ccZg! î lVh VgdjcY -/%% eb# LZ lZci id V gZhiVjgVci cZVg i]Z edgi! lZ lZgZ Vaa ZVi^c\ i]Z Y^ccZg# > ร c^h]ZY bn Y^ccZg# > lVh i]Z ร ghi dcZ l]d ร c^h]ZY VcY > lZci dji! hjYYZcan! > ]ZVgY Vc Zmeadh^dc d[ V WdbW! > hVl bVcn d[ bn [g^ZcYh l]d Y^ZY ^c [gdci d[ bZ! i]ZgZ lVh V adi d[ WaddY! > lVh Vahd ^c_jgZY dc bn ]VcY VcY i]Vi i^bZ! > Y^Y cdi `cdl Vcni]^c\! > [djcY bnhZa[ ^c i]Z ]dheîVa l]ZgZ > lVh igZViZY# > hiVnZY '% YVnh ^c i]Z ]dheîVa! V[iZg i]Vi > YZX^YZY id fjî 7dhhVhd#ยบ &%$%($%-

9\]fi\ j\kkè^ flk fe k_\ YfXk aflie\p# g\fgc\ jg\e[ Xe Xm\iX^\ f] knf [Xpj Xe[ knf e`^_kj fe k_\ j_fi\ e\Xi k_\ dflekXèj XYflk ) $ * _flij nXcbè^ [`jkXeZ\ ]ifd 9fjjXjf% DXep i\gfik\[ k_Xk ]ff[ nXj gif_`Y`k`m\cp \og\ej`m\ k_\i\% 8 ]\n jkXk\[ k_Xk k_\p _X[ kf nX`k cfe^\i e\Xi k_\ j_fi\ ]fi k_\ YfXk kf ร cc lg% 8 (.$p\Xi fc[ nfdXe n_f nXj kiXm\ccè^ n`k_ ]Xd`cp d\dY\ij kfc[ lj k_Xk# ร n\ _X[ kf nX`k fe j_fi\ / [Xpj Xe[ _X[ efk_è^ kf \Xk [liè^ k_\j\ [Xpj nX`kè^ ]fi k_\ YfXkร '*&')&'/ % 8 ]\n èk\im`\n\\j i\]\ii\[ kf m`fc\eZ\ n_`c\ \dYXibè^# Ylk n\ Zflc[ efk ^\k dfi\ è]fidXk`fe% 8 )0$p\Xi fc[ 8d_XiX ]ifd Nfccf kfc[ DJ=# ร >led\e jkfc\ fli dfe\p n_`c\ n\ n\i\ nX`kè^ ]fi k_\ YfXk%ร ',&'(&'/ K_\ ]XZk k_Xk g\fgc\ jk`cc dXb\ k_\ g\i`cflj aflie\p ]ifd 9fjjXjf# efkn`k_jkXe[è^ [`jjlXj`m\ ZXdgX`êj Yp @ek\ieXk`feXc Fi^Xe`qXk`fe

(% ยฅ

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

]fi D`îXk`fe @FD Xe[ LE?:I gfèkè^ kf k_\ [Xe^\ij f] k_\ ki`g# `ccljkiXk\j k_\ [\jg\iXk\ j`klXk`fe f] k_\ [`jgcXZ\[% K_\p ]\\c k_\p _Xm\ ef fk_\i fgk`fe k_Xe kf i`jb k_\ì c`m\j fe k_\ g\i`cflj mfpX^\% 8j X )'$p\Xi fc[ dXe ]ifd Df^X[`j_l kfc[ lj# È@ d\k X cfk f] g\fgc\ è 9fjjXjf nX`kè^ kf ^f kf P\d\e% K_\p [feËk nXek kf ^f YXZb kf Df^X[`j_l% K_\p gi\]\i kf [`\ Xk j\X kf ^fè^ YXZb kf k_\ nXi%É ()&()&'.

EaVch [dg i]Z [jijgZ

8jb\[ XYflk k_\ì gcXej# dXep e\n Xii`mXcj Xejn\i\[# Èkf c`m\ è X jX]\ gcXZ\ Xe[ Ôe[ X afY%É K_\ dXafi`kp f] k_\ JfdXc`j jX`[ k_Xk k_\p nXek\[ kf jkXp è P\d\e Xe[ nfib# n_`c\ dfjk f] k_\ <k_`fg`Xej jX`[ k_\p nXek kf ^f kf JXl[` 8iXY`X Xe[ Ôe[ X afY% 8 jdXcc\i eldY\i f] JfdXc`j Xcjf \ogi\jj\[ Xe èk\i\jk è ^fè^ kf nfib è JXl[` 8iXY`X% J\m\iXc f] k_fj\ n\ èk\im`\n\[ _X[ i\cXk`m\j è P\d\e# Xe[ X ]\n f] k_\d è JXl[` 8iXY`X# Xe[ jX`[ k_\p nXek\[ kf afè k_\d% 8 ]\n pfle^ JfdXc`j jX`[ k_Xk k_\p _X[ Zfd\ kf jkl[p# jèZ\ `k nXj m\ip _Xi[ kf ^\k Xe \[lZXk`fe è JfdXc`X% Jfd\ pfle^ <k_`fg`Xej Xcjf jX`[ k_\p c\]k kf ^\k Xe \[lZXk`fe% @k nXj jligi`jè^ kf efk\ k_Xk X jlYjkXek`Xc eldY\i f] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj# dfjk f] k_\d <k_`fg`Xej# kfc[ lj k_Xk k_\p _X[ Zfd\ kf P\d\e gi\m`fljcp% 8 hlXik\i f] k_\ i\jgfe[\ekj [liè^ k_\ g\i`f[ ]ifd AXelXip kf 8gi`c )''/ kfc[ lj k_Xk k_`j nXj efk k_\ì Ôijk k`d\% K_\ dXafi`kp _X[ ^fe\ feZ\ Y\]fi\ Xe[ _X[ Y\\e [\gfik\[ ]ifd JXl[` 8iXY`X% 8 ]\n f] k_\d jX`[ k_Xk k_\p _X[ kiXm\cc\[ k_`j nXp j\m\iXc k`d\j% N_`c\ dfjk f] k_\ <k_`fg`Xej n_f i\jgfe[\[ kf k_`j hl\jk`fe kfc[ lj k_Xk k_\p n\i\ [\gfik\[ ]ifd JXl[` 8iXY`X# X )'$p\Xi$fc[ 8d_XiX ]ifd Nfccf# èali\[ Yp k_\ =\YilXip )''/ 9fjjXjf YfdY YcXjk# [\jZi`Y\[ _fn _\ nXj Xii\jk\[ è P\d\e Xe[ [\gfik\[# jXpè^1

¹I]^h ^h i]Z i]^gY i^bZ > XVbZ# I]Z Äghi i^bZ! > ig^ZY id \d id HVjY^ 6gVW^V! Wji i]Zn VggZhiZY bZ VcY > lVh YZedgiZY id :i]^de^V# I]Z hZXdcY i^bZ! l]Zc > Vgg^kZY ^c NZbZc! i]Z XdVhi \jVgYh VggZhiZY bZ VcY hZci id bZ id HVcV¼V l]ZgZ > lVh ^c i]Z _V^a [dg '% YVnh! V[iZg i]Vi > lVh YZedgiZY id :i]^de^V#º &%$($%-

K_\ DJ= k\Xd gifm`[\[ Zflej\ccè^ kf _`d Y\ZXlj\ _\ nXj ZfeZ\ie\[ XYflk _`j èalip Xe[ X]iX`[ f] Y\è^ Xii\jk\[ X^Xè% K_\ ]XZk k_Xk _\# c`b\ jfd\ fk_\ij# kffb k_\ g\i`cflj aflie\p X^Xè# Xk î\Xk i`jb kf _`j c`]\# `ccljkiXk\j k_\ì [\jg\iXk\ j`klXk`fe%

(& ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

>K BZY^XVa VcY ]jbVc^iVg^Vc XdchZfjZcXZh

DJ= _Xj ]fZlj\[ fe k_\ gifm`j`fe f] Ôijk X`[ Xe[ d\[`ZXc Xjj`jkXeZ\# X[[i\jjè^ Zfe[`k`fej i\jlckè^ ]ifd k_\ YfXk aflie\p# Xj n\cc Xj X`cd\ekj k_Xk Xifj\ [liè^ k_\ gXk`\ekj kiXm\c kf 9fjjXjf Xe[ k_\ì jkXp k_\i\% JèZ\ k_\ jkXik f] k_\ d\[`ZXc XZk`m`k`\j Xk k_\ Xii`mXc j`k\j# DJ= le[\ikffb 0-) ZfejlckXk`fej% =ifd 0 DXiZ_ )''/# n_\e k_\ 8I: nXj fg\e\[ lek`c *' 8gi`c )''/# ..) d\[`ZXc ZfejlckXk`fej n\i\ g\i]fid\[% K_\ kfkXc eldY\i f] ZfejlckXk`fej èZcl[\j ZfejlckXk`fej ]fi (+ Z_`c[i\e le[\i Ôm\ p\Xij f] X^\ Xe[ ]fi (/ gi\êXek nfd\e% K_\ i\Xjfej ]fi k_\ ZfdgXiXk`m\cp _`^_\i eldY\i f] ZfejlckXk`fej Xk 8I: `j [l\ kf k_\ ]XZk k_Xk g\fgc\ jkXp ]fi knf fi k_i\\ [Xpj Xk k_\ 8I: Xe[ k_lj _Xm\ k_\ fggfikle`kp kf XZZ\jj k_\ _\Xck_ j\im`Z\j%

BV^c eVi]dad\^Zh Vbdc\ i]Z cZl Vgg^kVah ^c BH; h egd_ZXi! HZeiZbWZg '%%, id 6eg^a '%%-

K_\ gifÔc\ f] ZfejlckXk`fej# _Xj Y\\e k_\ jXd\ `e Yfk_ k_\ Xii`mXc j`k\ Xe[ Xk 8I:# n`k_ X[[`k`feXc [`X^efj\j `[\ek`Ô\[ Xk 8I:%

HdjgXZ/ BH; HeV^c YViV#

) Di]Zg ' H`^c Y^hZVhZ ' 9^Vgg]dZV ( 6cZb^V Xa^c^XVa ( <Vhigd^ciZhi^cVa YZhdgYZg ) Jg^cVg^ igVXi ^c[ZXi^dc ) 9Z]nYgVi^dc * JeeZg GI>

;liè^ k_\ g\i`f[ Zfm\i\[# k_\ ^\e\iXc ki\e[ f] dfiY`[`kp nXj1 ^\e\iXc Yf[p gXè >9G ** # _\X[XZ_\ (/ # m`fc\ek kiXldX (+ # Xe[ XZZ`[\ekXc kiXldX / % 8cc k_\j\ Zfe[`k`fej Xi\ i\cXk\[ kf k_\ \oki\d\ _Xi[j_`g gXk`\ekj jl]]\i\[ [liè^ k_\ì aflie\p j`kkè^ è X m\ip Zifn[\[# leZfd]fikXYc\ gfj`k`fe ]fi knf [Xpj fi cfe^\i# \ogfjli\ kf k_\ jle n`k_flk \efl^_ nXk\i Xe[ ]ff[# Y\Xkè^j Xe[ fk_\i ]fidj f] m`fc\eZ\ Xj n\cc Xj k_\ leZ\ikXèkp f] n_Xk nXj ^fè^ kf _Xgg\e [liè^ fi X]k\i k_\ aflie\p % Fk_\i ZfdgcXèkj# jlZ_ Xj [\_p[iXk`fe# lièXip kiXZk è]\Zk`fej# [`Xii_f\X# jbè [`j\Xj\j# fi XZZ`[\ekXc kiXldX Xi\ i\cXk\[ kf Zfe[`k`fej [liè^ k_\ ki`g Xj n\cc Xj gifYc\dj \eZflek\i\[ Xk [`j\dYXibXk`fe èali`\j jljkXè\[ n_\e Y\è^ ]fiZ\[ kf aldg ]ifd k_\ YfXk Xe[ fe k_\ ifZbj f]]j_fi\ % M`fc\ek kiXldX# i\gi\j\ekè^ (+ f] k_\ [`Xêfj\j# nXj èÕ`Zk\[ fe gXjj\e^\ij [liè^ k_\ ki`g è k_\ ]fid f] Y\Xkè^j kf b\\g k_\d ]ifd dfmè^ Xe[&fi ]fiZ\ k_\d kf aldg ]ifd k_\ YfXk n_\e Xii`mè^ e\Xi k_\ j_fi\% @dgc\d\ekj lj\[ èZcl[\ Y\ckj# jk`Zbj# i`Õ\ Ylkj Xe[ be`m\j% =lik_\idfi\# b`Zbè^ kf k_\ Z_\jk nXj X ]i\hl\ek ZfdgcXèk ]ifd gXk`\ekj% @e knf c`]\$jXmè^ ZXj\j k_\ DJ= k\Xd Xggc`\[ ZXi[`fglcdfeXip i\Xe`dXk`fe i\hlì\[ è i\jgfej\ kf m`fc\ek kiXldX%

((

<ZcZgVa WdYn eV^c

6XX^YZciVa $ IgVjbV

&) &- K^daZcXZ $ IgVjbV

BZY^XVa ^beVXi

=ZVY]VX]Z

K_\ [`Xii_f\X d`^_k Y\ i\cXk\[ Xj n\cc kf gi\$\o`jkè^ Zfe[`k`fej è k_\ Zfleki`\j f] fi`^è f] k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj# JfdXc`X Xe[ <k_`fg`X# n_\i\ k_\ gifYc\d f] nXk\i XmX`cXY`c`kp Xe[ hlXc`kp ]i\hl\ekcp ZXlj\j XZlk\ nXk\ip [`Xii_f\X flkYi\Xbj Xe[ jfd\k`d\j \m\e Z_fc\iX% 8eX\d`X Xe[ n\Xbe\jj dXp Xcjf Y\ i\cXk\[ kf k_\ gffi èkXb\ f] ìfe è k_\ i\^lcXi [`\k Xj n\cc Xj k_\ cfe^ ki`g k_Xk jfd\ _Xm\ \e[li\[ kf i\XZ_ k_\ gfik f] 9fjjXjf%

BH;

K_\ èZi\Xj\ è k_\ [`Xêfj`j f] j\olXccp kiXejd`kk\[ @e]\Zk`fej () ZXj\j Y\kn\\e DXiZ_ Xe[ 8gi`c )''/ Zflc[ Y\ Xe è[`ZXkfi f] jljg\Zk\[ ZXj\j f] j\olXc Xe[ ^\e[\i$YXj\[ m`fc\eZ\ J>9M # Xck_fl^_ efe\ n\i\ i\gfik\[ kf k_\ Zcè`Z%

6 \gdje d[ gZ[j\ZZh igZViZY [dg VXjiZ lViZgn Y^Vgg]dZV ^c 6]lVg! BVn '%%-

Knf i\]\iiXcj n\i\ dX[\ kf 8c >fd_fi`X k\XZ_è^ _fjg`kXc è 8[\e# ]fi ]lik_\i èm\jk`^Xk`fe Xe[ dfi\ Zi`k`ZXc ZXi\ Z\i\YiXc f\[\dX [l\ kf Y\Xkè^ Xe[ X ^Xjkifèk\jkèXc _X\dfii_X^\ [l\ kf X jki\jj$i\cXk\[ [lf[\eXc lcZ\i 8]k\i `dgifm\d\ek# k_\ gXk`\ekj n\i\ kXb\e kf B_XiXq ZXdg% 8j ]fi Zfddle`ZXYc\ [`j\Xj\j# k_\i\ _Xj Y\\e fecp fe\ ZfeÔid\[ ZXj\ f] Z_fc\iX Xdfe^ k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj [liè^ k_\ k`d\ Zfm\i\[ Yp

(' ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

k_`j i\gfik% ?fn\m\i# DJ= _Xj Y\\e dfe`kfiè^ k_\ dfiY`[`kp gifÔc\ f] k_\ gcXZ\j f] fi`^è Xe[ `j gi\gXi\[ kf èk\im\e\ kf ZfekXè gfk\ek`Xc flkYi\Xbj f] Z_fc\iX# dXcXi`X# d\Xjc\j fi d\eè^`k`j%

EhnX]dad\^XVa XdchZfjZcXZh

JèZ\ k_\ fg\eè^ f] k_\ gifa\Zk è J\gk\dY\i )''.# DJ= _Xj le[\ikXb\e gjpZ_fjfZ`Xc XZk`m`k`\j ]fi e\n Xii`mXcj gifm`[è^ è[`m`[lXc Xe[&fi îflg Zflej\cè^ j\jj`fej% GjpZ_fcf^`ZXc ZXi\ `j gifm`[\[ Xk k_\ cXe[è^ j`k\ Xe[ è k_\ 8_nXi I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\% Dfjk f] DJ=Ëj Y\e\ÔZ`Xi`\j è k_\ 8_nXi gifa\Zk _Xm\ \og\i`\eZ\[ kiXldXk`Z \m\ekj è k_\ gXjk# Yfk_ Xk k_\ì gcXZ\ f] fi`^è Xe[ [liè^ k_\ aflie\p% K_fj\ Xii`mè^ f]k\e gi\j\ek n`k_ X j\i`\j f] jpdgkfdj# kpg`ZXc è k_\ c`^_k f] k_\ì \og\i`\eZ\j% K_\ i\jlckè^ df[`ÔZXk`fej kf k_\ì gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc \hl`c`Yi`ld X]]\Zk k_\ì g_pj`ZXc _\Xck_ Xj n\cc Xj k_\ì ]Xd`cp Xe[ jfZ`Xc c`m\j% K_\ Zfej\hl\eZ\j f] gXjk Xe[ gi\j\ek [`jki\jj ]XZkfij Xi\ fYj\im\[ [X`cp Yp k_\ d\[`ZXc Xe[ gjpZ_fjfZ`Xc k\Xdj nfibè^ è k_\ 8_nXi I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\% K_\ dfjk ]i\hl\ek gjpZ_fjfZ`Xc gifYc\dj \eZflek\i\[ Xdfe^jk k_\ DJ= Y\e\ÔZ`Xi`\j Xi\ \ogcXè\[ Y\ccfn%

'#& IgVjbVi^X \g^Z[ =i\hl\ekcp# DJ= k\Xdj gifm`[\ Zflej\cè^ kf g\fgc\ _Xmè^ n`ke\jj\[ k_\ [\Xk_ f] X j`ê`ÔZXek g\ijfe è k_\ d`[jk f] _fii`ÔZ# c`]\$k_i\Xk\eè^ ZìZldjkXeZ\j Xk k_\ gcXZ\ f] fi`^è Xe[&fi [liè^ k_\ aflie\p% K_`j cfjj f] cfm\[ fe\j le[\i kiXldXk`Z ZìZldjkXeZ\j `j [\mXjkXkè^ Xe[ fm\i k`d\ î\Xkcp Zfdgc`ZXk\j k_\ î`\mè^ gifZ\jj% ;\gi\jj`m\ jpdgkfdj f]k\e fZZli è ZfealeZk`fe n`k_ k_`j Zfdgc`ZXk\[ î`\mè^ gifZ\jj Xe[ èZcl[\ ]\\cè^j f] jX[e\jj# _fg\c\jje\jj# jc\\g gifYc\dj [`]ÔZlckp è ]Xccè^ Xjc\\g Xe[ gi\dXkli\ XnXb\eè^ # \Xkè^ gifYc\dj cXZb f] Xgg\k`k\# n\`^_k cfjj # Xe[ gif]fle[ ]\\cè^j f] lj\c\jje\jj Xe[ ^l`ck% K_\j\ \oki\d\# e\^Xk`m\ \dfk`fej Y\Zfd\ m\ip gXè]lc# [`]ÔZlck Xe[ Z_Xcc\e^è^# \jg\Z`Xccp ]fi Xcc Z_`c[i\e Xe[ X[fc\jZ\ekj n_f le[\in\ek k_\ fi[\Xcj f] k_\ aflie\p%

'#' IgVjbVi^X higZhh DJ= k\Xdj _Xm\ kf [\Xc fe X [X`cp YXj`j n`k_ XZlk\ jki\jj i\XZk`fej ZXlj\[ Yp k_\ m`fc\ek \m\ekj k_Xk c\[ kf [`jgcXZ\d\ek Xe[ fk_\i \m\ekj k_Xk kffb gcXZ\ [liè^ k_\ aflie\p% KiXldXk`Z jki\jj `j ZXlj\[ Yp Zfe]ifekXk`fe n`k_ _\cgc\jje\jj Xe[ [\Xk_# Xe[ X Zfdgc\k\ cfjj f] Zfekifc% Jki\jj i\XZk`fej Xi\ \ogi\jj\[ è [`]]\i\ek nXpj% Jfd\ gXk`\ekj \ogi\jj k_\ì \dfk`fej Yp Zipè^# jZi\Xdè^ fi gXe`Zbè^% Fk_\ij jkXp hl`\k# j\\d [\kXZ_\[ Xe[ [f efk j_fn Xep \dfk`feXc i\XZk`fej% K_\p dXp _Xm\ [`]ÔZlck`\j fi Xi\ leXYc\ kf i\d\dY\i Xe `dgfikXek Xjg\Zk f] k_\ kiXldXk`Z \m\ek% Fk_\ij Xmf`[ Xep jk`dlclj1 k_fl^_kj# ]\\cè^j# XZk`m`k`\j# gcXZ\j Xe[ g\fgc\ k_Xk i\ZXcc k_\ kiXldXk`Z \m\ek% ?fn\m\i# èkilj`m\ d\dfi`\j Zfekèl\ kf ZXlj\ k_\ jlim`mfi X^fep% Jfd\ gXk`\ekj dXp [\dfejkiXk\ X jkXk\ f] _pg\i m`^`cXeZ\# [`jkliY\[ jc\\g# _Xm\ [`]ÔZlck`\j è ZfeZ\ekiXkè^ Xe[ Xi\ \Xj`cp jkXikc\[% DXep gXk`\ekj gi\j\ek kf k_\ DJ= d\[`ZXc k\Xd n`k_ gjpZ_fjfdXk`Z gifYc\dj# Xj gXk`\ekj kiXejcXk\ k_\ì jl]]\iè^# [`jki\jj fi jX[e\jj èkf

(( ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

g_pj`ZXc j`êj Xe[ [\m\cfg jpdgkfdj jlZ_ Xj ^\e\iXc Yf[p gXè# _\X[XZ_\# ]\\cè^ f] jl]]fZXk`fe# mfd`kè^% K_\ \ogi\jj`fe f] k_fj\ i\XZk`fej `j i\^Xi[\[ Xj efidXc ^`m\e k_\ j`klXk`fej k_\ è[`m`[lXc _Xj _X[ kf Zfe]ifek# \m\e `] k_\p dXp j\\d ÊèXggifgi`Xk\Ë fi ÊXYefidXcË# Ylk k_`j [f\j efk d\Xe k_\p Xi\ \Xjp ]fi k_\ i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj kf Zfg\ n`k_% =fi jfd\fe\ n_f _Xj \og\i`\eZ\[ kiXldX# c`]\ j\\dj kf _Xm\ cfjk `kj d\Xeè^ Xe[ gi\[`ZkXY`c`kp% Lgiffkè^# k_\ \og\i`\eZ\ f] Y\è^ ]fiZ\[ kf c\Xm\ fe\Ëj ]Xd`c`Xi jliifle[è^j# Xe[ _Xmè^ kf j\kkc\ è X e\n Xe[ le]Xd` c`Xi \emìfed\ek# Xi\ Zfddfe ]\Xkli\j Xdfe^ k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj% K_\p [`[ efk _Xm\ k`d\ kf XYjfiY k_\ j_fZb k_Xk k_\p _Xm\ kf ]XZ\ X e\n j`klXk`fe1 k_\p n`cc _Xm\ kf Zfekèl\ kf c`m\ è X gi\ZXi`flj jkXk\ è k_\ i\]l^\\ ZXdg fi \cj\n_\i\# è gfm\ikp# Xe[# ]fi efe$ JfdXc`j# `cc\^Xc`kp # c\X[è^ kf \oki\d\ leZ\ikXèkp Xe[ Xe^l`j_ è ]XZè^ k_\ ]lkli\%

K 8dcXajh^dch VcY gZXdbbZc" YVi^dch

8dcXajh^dch

K_`j i\gfik _Xj [fZld\ek\[ k_\ jZfg\ Xe[ èk\ej`kp f] k_\ XYlj\j jl]]\i\[ Yp k_\ i\]l^\\j# Xjpcld j\\b\ij Xe[ d`îXekj Zifjjè^ k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e% =c\\è^ m`fc\eZ\# ZfeÕ`Zk Xe[ \oki\d\ \Zfefd`Z _Xi[j_`g# k_\p \dYXib fe X [Xe^\iflj aflie\p% DXep cffj\ k_\ì c`m\j% N`k_ k_\ èk\ej`]pè^ ZfeÕ`Zk Xe[ nfij\eè^ _ldXe`kXi`Xe j`klXk`fe è JfdXc`X Xe[ [ifl^_k è gXikj f] <k_`fg`X Xj n\cc Xj k_\ ZfeÕ`Zk è k_\ F^X[\e i\^`fe# k_\ eldY\i f] g\fgc\ kXbè^ k_\ g\i`cflj aflie\p n`cc Zfekèl\ kf èZi\Xj\% I\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj# è m`\n f] X cXZb f] Xck\ieXk`m\j# _Xm\ kf lj\ k_\ j\im`Z\j f] jdl^^c\ij kf Zifjj k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e% K_\ YilkXc jdl^^c\ij kXb\ X[mXekX^\ f] k_\ \oki\d\ mlce\iXY`c`kp f] k_\ì gXjj\e^\ij% JèZ\ k_\ Y\^èeè^ f] k_\ gifa\Zk è J\gk\dY\i )''.# DJ= _Xj n`ke\jj\[ k_\ d\[`ZXc Xe[ _ldXe`kXi`Xe Zfej\hl\eZ\j f] k_\ XYlj\j Yp k_\ jdl^^c\ij Xe[ gifm`[\[ Xjj`jkXeZ\ kf k_fj\ n_f jlim`m\ k_\ mfpX^\% G\fgc\ Xii`m\ \o_Xljk\[# dXep f] k_\d `cc Xe[ \dfk`feXccp j_Xkk\i\[% DJ= k\Xdj _Xm\ ki\Xk\[ gXk`\ekj ]fi èali`\j ]ifd j\m\i\ Y\Xkè^j# [\_p[iXk`fe# i\jgìXkfip Xe[ fk_\i gifYc\dj% DXep gXk`\ekj gi\j\ek\[ n`k_ ^\e\iXc Yf[p gXèj fi _\X[XZ_\j Æ g_pj`ZXc dXe`]\jkXk`fej f] k_\ gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc Zfej\hl\eZ\j% DXep jlim`mfij _Xm\ efk fecp Y\\e k_ifl^_ kiXldXk`Z \m\ekj k_\dj\cm\j Ylk k_\p _Xm\ n`ke\jj\[ b`ccè^j fe k_\ YfXk fi cfjk cfm\[ fe\j ]ifd m`fc\eZ\ fi [ifneè^% K_\ dXafi`kp f] k_fj\ Zifjjè^ n\i\ XnXi\ f] k_\ gfk\ek`Xc i`jbj# Ylk kfc[ DJ= k_Xk k_\p _X[ ef Z_f`Z\% =fi k_\d kXbè^ k_\ [Xe^\iflj ki`g [f\j efk Zfejk`klk\ Xe fgk`fe Xdfe^ j\m\iXc# Ylk k_\ì fecp jlim`mXc jkiXk\^p kf \jZXg\ m`fc\eZ\# èj\Zli`kp Xe[ [\jk`klk`fe% K_lj# k_\ Zfddfe g\iZ\gk`fe f] d`îXk`fe Y\è^ gi`dXi`cp ZXlj\[ Yp \Zfefd`Z _Xi[j_`g [f\j efk Zfii\jgfe[ kf k_\ _Xij_ i\Xc`k`\j n`ke\jj\[ fm\i Xe[ X^Xè è k_\ èk\im`\nj [fe\ Yp k_\ DJ= k\Xdj% @dgfj`k`fe f] jki`Zk\i Yfi[\i Zfekifcj ZXeefk Y\ k_\ Xejn\i kf Xe èZi\Xj\ è k_\ eldY\i f] g\fgc\ Õ\\è^% <og\i`\eZ\ ]ifd fk_\i i\^`fej Çk_\ D\[`k\iiXe\Xe# ]fi èjkXeZ\Ç _Xj j_fne k_Xk i\jki`Zk`m\ gfc`Z`\j _Xm\ Zfeki`Ylk\[ kf k_\ i`j\ è jdl^^cè^ f] d`îXekj# kf j_`]kj è iflk\j \ekX`cè^ cfe^\i Xe[ dfi\ [Xe^\iflj aflie\pj Xe[

() ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

Xe èZi\Xj\ è XYlj\j%)* I\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj e\\[ kf Y\ gifm`[\[ n`k_ Xck\ieXk`m\j kf glkkè^ k_\dj\cm\j è k_\ _Xe[j f] YilkXc jdl^^c\ij% K_\ D`îXk`fe Gfc`Zp =iXd\nfib ]fi 8]i`ZX X[fgk\[ Yp k_\ 8]i`ZXe Le`fe è Ale\ )''- gifgfj\j èk\i Xc`X È[\m\cfgè^ Xe[ jlggfikè^ c\^Xc Xm\el\j ]fi \Zfefd`Z d`îXekj kf j\\b \dgcfpd\ek%É K_\ Gfc`Zp =iXd\nfib Xcjf i\Zfdd\e[j kf Ègifj\Zlk\ jdl^^c\ij Xe[ fk_\ij èmfcm\[ è jlZ_ Rjdl^^cè^T XZk`m`k`\j# n_`c\¿ gifm`[è^ _ldXe\ ki\Xkd\ek ]fi d`îXekj%É)+ @e]fidXk`fe ZXdgX`êj XYflk k_\ [Xe^\ij f] k_\ aflie\p), j_flc[ efk Y\ lj\[ Xj [\k\ii\ek jkiXk\^`\j èk\e[\[ kf [`jjlX[\ g\fgc\ ]ifd \o\iZ`jè^ k_\ì ]le[Xd\ekXc i`^_kj kf ]i\\[fd f] dfm\d\ek# kf ]i\\cp c\Xm\ k_\ì fne Zfleki`\j# Xe[ kf j\\b Xe[ \eafp Xjpcld%)N_`c\ P\d\e _Xj kiX[`k`feXccp Y\\e n\cZfdè^ kf e\n Xii`mXcj# \jg\Z`Xccp JfdXc`j# k_\ _`^_ èÕlo f] i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj gfj\j X dXafi Z_Xcc\e^\ ]fi k_\ Zflekip% 8j nXj i\Zfê`q\[ Xk X I\^`feXc :fe]\i\eZ\ fe I\]l^\\ Gifk\Zk`fe Xe[ @ek\ieXk`feXc D`îXk`fe è k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e è JXeXËX (0 kf )' DXp )''/ dfi\ èk\ieXk`feXc Xjj`jkXeZ\ `j li^\ekcp e\\[\[% @k nXj efk\[ k_Xk d\Xjli\j kf gifk\Zk k_\ i`^_kj Xe[ n\c]Xi\ j_flc[ èZcl[\ Xcc e\n Xii`mXcj i\^Xi[c\jj f] k_\ì \k_e`Z`kp Xe[ jkXklj% Jf ]Xi# k_\ _ldXe`kXi`Xe i\jgfej\ kf k_fj\ Xii`mè^ Xk k_\ j_fi\ Xj n\cc Xj kf k_\ i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj Xci\X[p è P\d\e _Xj Y\\e ]Xi ]ifd X[\hlXk\% K_\ i\jgfej\ ZXgXZ`kp f] k_\ XZkfij Zlii\ekcp gi\j\ek Xk k_\ ZfXjk e\\[j kf Y\ jki\e^k_\e\[% 8k k_\ jXd\ k`d\# Xj k_\i\ Xi\ ]\n XZkfij fe k_\ îfle[# dfi\ fi^Xe`qXk`fej j_flc[ èk\im\e\ kf X[[i\jj k_\ `dgXZk f] k_`j _ldXe`kXi`Xe Zi`j`j%

)* @:DG;# g% **2 >iXek# g% ,% )+ K_\ D`îXk`fe Gfc`Zp =iXd\nfib ]fi 8]i`ZX# X[fgk\[ Yp k_\ <o\Zlk`m\ :fleZ`c f] k_\ 8]i`ZXe Le`fe# ),$)0 Ale\ )''-# ;fZ% <O%:C&).- @O % ), JlZ_ ZXdgX`êj Xi\ Zlii\ekcp ZXii`\[ flk Yp @FD Xe[ LE?:I è JfdXc`X Xe[ <k_`f$ g`X# j\\ Dò\[ D`îXk`fe KXjb =fiZ\ i\gfik# g% (/2 Xe[ (' Gfèk GcXe f] 8Zk`fe ]fi <k_`fg`X% )- ?ldXe I`^_kj NXkZ_# @ek\ieXk`feXc :Xk_fc`Z D`îXk`fe :fdd`kk\\# Nfic[ :fleZ`c f] :_liZ_\j \k Xc% E>F 9XZbîfle[ GXg\i fe k_\ I\]l^\\ Xe[ D`îXk`fe @ek\i]XZ\ gi\j\ek\[ kf k_\ LE?:I >cfYXc :fejlckXk`fej fe @ek\ieXk`feXc Gifk\Zk`fe# >\e\mX# Ale\ )''(# g% (*%

(* ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

GZXdbbZcYVi^dch

Kf k_\ >fm\ied\ek f] P\d\e Kf gcXp X jkife^\i ifc\ i\^Xi[è^ `kj i\jgfej`Y`c`k`\j ]fi k_\ gifk\Zk`fe f] Xe[ _ldXe`kXi`Xe Xjj`jkXeZ\ ]fi i\]l^\\j# Xjpcld j\\b\ij Xe[ d`îXekj Yp1 jki\e^k_\eè^ k_\ ZXgXZ`kp f] cfZXc Xe[ eXk`feXc Xlk_fi`k`\j kf i\jgfe[ kf k_\ e\\[j f] e\n Xii`mXcj2 Xccfnè^ efe$JfdXc`j XZZ\jj kf Xjpcld gifZ\[li\j2 \ejliè^ k_Xk J\Zli`kp =fiZ\j Xi\ XnXi\ f] Xe[ i\jg\Zk k_\ i`^_kj f] e\n Xii`mXcj%

Kf LE?:I Kf Xjjld\ X dfi\ gif$XZk`m\ Xe[ jkife^\i ifc\ XZZfi[è^ kf `kj Xjj`jkXeZ\ Xe[ gifk\Zk`fe dXe[Xk\ Yp1 èZi\Xjè^ i\jgfej\ ZXgXZ`kp fe k_\ ZfXjk f] P\d\e kf èk\im\e\ hl`Zbcp kf gifm`[\ Ôijk Xjj`jkXeZ\ Xe[ gifk\Zk`fe kf k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj2 `dgifmè^ gifk\Zk`fe Xe[ Xjj`jkXeZ\ ]fi i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj è k_\ I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\j Xe[ k_\ I\]l^\\ :Xdg% Jg\Z`ÔZ i\Zfdd\e[Xk`fej ]fi k_\ 8_nXi I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\ èZcl[\1 Ç\ejliè^ k`d\cp i\^`jkiXk`fe f] e\n Xii`mXcj2 Çgifm`[è^ e\n Xii`mXcj n`k_ è]fidXk`fe è k_\ì i\jg\Zk`m\ cXe^lX^\j XYflk k_\ fgk`fej XmX`cXYc\ kf k_\d2 Ç`dgifmè^ k_\ Zfe[`k`fej f] j_\ck\i2 Çgifm`[è^ jl]ÔZ`\ek Xe[ ZlckliXccp Xggifgi`Xk\ ]ff[ iXk`fej2 Çgifm`[è^ k`d\cp Xe[ Xggifgi`Xk\ kiXejgfikXk`fe%

Kf [fefi Xe[ fk_\i >fm\ied\ekj

Kf i\Zfê`q\ k_\ Zfej\hl\eZ\j f] k_\ [Xe^\iflj aflie\p fe k_fj\ Zifjjè^ k_\ >lc] f] 8[\e Xe[ kf kXb\ d\Xjli\j kf X[[i\jj Xe[ gi\m\ek k_\ì jl]]\iè^% Kf gifm`[\ X[[`k`feXc jlggfik ]fi k_\ >fm\ied\ek f] P\d\e# LE?:I Xe[ efe$^fm\ied\ekXc fi^Xe`qXk`fej kf Xccfn k_\d kf i\jgfe[ X[\hlXk\cp kf k_\ e\\[j f] i\]l^\\j# Xjpcld j\\b\ij Xe[ d`îXekj Xii`mè^ è P\d\e%

(+ ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

6ccZm > BH; ^c NZbZc

EVhi ^ciZgkZci^dch DJ= Xii`m\[ è P\d\e [liè^ (0/- Xe[ nfib\[ kf `dgifm\ `ddle`jXk`fe Zfm\iX^\ [`g_k_\i`X# k\kXelj# gfc`f# g\iklj`j# klY\iZlcfj`j# d\Xjc\j è Xcc jflk_\ie ^fm\iefiXk\j% 8]k\i le`ÔZXk`fe# DJ= i\jgfe[\[ kf X i\hl\jk Yp k_\ _\Xck_ Xlk_fi`k`\j Xe[ `dgc\d\ek\[ X Ôm\$p\Xi Gi`dXip ?\Xck_ :Xi\ gifa\Zk è ;_` Jl]Xc @YY >fm\iefiXk\ % =ifd (00)$0+ DJ= gifm`[\[ d\[`ZXc Xjj`jkXeZ\ è k_\ i\]l^\\ ZXdg Ôijk è J_XËXY è 8[\e# Xe[ k_\e è 8c Bf[ è 8Y`pXe >fm\iefiXk\ % @e X[[`k`fe# DJ= èk\im\e\[ è j\m\iXc \d\i^\eZ`\j Z_fc\iX è 0'# Ycff[p [`Xii_f\X è 0*# Z`m`c nXi è 0+# Õff[j è 0- Xe[ dXcXi`X è 0/ % =ifd (00/$)'') DJ= ZXii`\[ flk knf gifa\Zkj n`k_ k_\ fYa\Zk`m\ kf `dgifm\ XZZ\jj f] k_\ gffi\jk j\Zkfij f] k_\ gfglcXk`fe# gXik`ZlcXicp nfd\e Xe[ Z_`c[i\e# kf _\Xck_ ZXi\ è k_\ dflekXèflj [`jki`Zk f] ?Xqd 8c L[Xpe è @YY >fm\iefiXk\ Xe[ è k_\ liYXe Xi\X f] 8[\e >fm\iefiXk\% @e k_\ d\Xek`d\# DJ= Zfekèl\[ kf gifm`[\ k\Z_e`ZXc jlggfik kf k_\ [`jki`Zk f] ;_` Jl]Xc Xj e\\[\[ Xe[ kf i\jgfe[ kf \d\i^\eZ`\j%

8jggZci BH; egd_ZXih @e )''.# DJ= i\klie\[ kf P\d\e# nfibè^ le[\i Xe Xî\\d\ek n`k_ k_\ Dè`jkip f] GcXeeè^ Xe[ @ek\ieXk`feXc :ffg\iXk`fe Xe[ X jlY$ Xî\\d\ek n`k_ k_\ Dè`jkip f] ?\Xck_% @e J\gk\dY\i )''.# DJ= \jkXYc`j_\[ X gifa\Zk fe k_\ jflk_\ie j_fi\j f] P\d\e kf gifm`[\ d\[`ZXc# gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc Xe[ _ldXe`kXi`Xe Xjj`jkXeZ\ kf e\n Xii`mXcj% 8k k_\ jXd\ k`d\# DJ= Y\^Xe Xe èk\im\ek`fe è k_\ Efik_ f] k_\ Zflekip JXX[X i\^`fe # jlggfikè^ * _fjg`kXcj%

BH;¼h egd_ZXi dc i]Z Hdji]Zgc 8dVhi d[ NZbZc K_\ gifa\Zk _Xj knf Zfdgfe\ekj1 gifm`[è^ d\[`ZXc# gjpZ_fjfZ`Xc Xe[ _ldXe`kXi`Xe Xjj`jkXeZ\ kf i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj Xii`mè^ Xk k_\ ZfXjk è 8Yp`Xe Xe[ J_XYnX >fm\iefiXk\j Xe[ X[mfZXZp# [iXnè^ Xkk\ek`fe kf d\[`ZXc Xe[ gjpZ_f$jfZ`Xc Zfej\hl\eZ\j f] k_\ XYlj\ Xe[ _Xi[j_`g k_\p jl]]\i è fi[\i kf j\\b Xe `dgifm\d\ek è k_\ì j`klXk`fe% DJ= gifm`[\j Ôijk Xjj`jkXeZ\ kf e\n Xii`mXcj fe k_\ ZfXjk Xe[ fg\iXk\j k_\ \d\i^\eZp _\Xck_ Z\eki\ è k_\ e\ncp \jkXYc`j_\[ I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\ Xk 8_nXi 8I: % >`m\e k_\ [\cXpj è j\kkè^ lg k_\ 8I: DJ= ]fZljj\[ k_\ Ôijk jò dfek_j fe Xjj`jkè^ e\n Xii`mXcj Xk k_\ ZfXjk Y\kn\\e J_lihX \Xjk f] 8[\e Xe[ 8c <pe e\Xi 8c Elj_\`dX % DJ= Zfm\ij k_\ ).'$bd jki\kZ_ f] k_\ ZfXjk n`k_ dfY`c\ k\Xdj Xe[ _Xj \jkXYc`j_\[ X jpjk\d f] ]fZXc gfèkj è k_\ Zfddle`k`\j Xcfe^ k_\ ZfXjk kf Xc\ik DJ= n_\e YfXkj Xii`m\% N_\e e\n Xii`mXcj Xi\ j`êXcc\[# k_\ DJ= dfY`c\ k\Xdj ^f kf k_\ ZfXjk kf gifm`[\ \d\i^\eZp d\[`ZXc Xe[ gjpZ_fjfZ`Xc Xjj`jkXeZ\# ]ff[ Xe[ nXk\i Xe[ b`kj n`k_ efe$]ff[ `k\dj% K_\ b`kj èZcl[\ Zcfk_è^ jlZ_ Xj K$j_ìkj Xe[ jXife^j ]fi d\e# [i\jj\j Xe[ jZXim\j ]fi nfd\e# jdXcc K$j_ìkj Xe[ j_fikj ]fi Z_`c[i\e# jXe[Xcj# jfXg# Xe[# ]fi nfd\e# jXe`kXip kfn\cj% 8]k\i k_\ e\n Xii`mXcj i\XZ_ k_\ 8I:# k_\ DJ= k\Xd jZi\\ej k_\d Xe[ gifm`[\j d\[`ZXc Xe[ Zflej\ccè^ jlggfik kf k_fj\ n_f e\\[ `k% DJ= jkX]] Xcjf èk\im`\nj jfd\ f] k_\ i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj kf Ôe[ flk dfi\ XYflk k_\ì YXZbîfle[# k_\ì i\Xjfej ]fi c\Xmè^ Xe[ k_\ì aflie\p%

(, ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

=ifd k_\ Y\^èeè^ f] k_\ gifa\Zk è J\gk\dY\i )''. kf k_\ \e[ f] 8gi`c )''/# DJ= _Xj gifm`[\[ Xjj`jkXeZ\ kf -#'/. i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj Xii`mè^ Xk k_\ ZfXjk f] 8Y`pXe Xe[ J_XYnX >fm\iefiXk\j% K_\ eldY\i f] d\[`ZXc ZfejlckXk`fej nXj (#.*+% @e DXiZ_ Xe[ 8gi`c )''/# n_\e DJ= jkXik\[ kf le[\ikXb\ jpjk\dXk`Z è[`m`[lXc Zflej\cè^ j\jj`fej Xk 8I:# /( g\ijfej i\Z\`m\[ è[`m`[lXc Zflej\cè^% =ifd J\gk\dY\i )''. kf =\YilXip )''/# DJ= Zflc[ Xjj`jk i\]l^\\j Xe[ d`îXekj fecp Xk k_\ Xii`mXc j`k\% D\[`ZXc j\im`Z\j gifm`[\[ n\i\ dXècp ^\e\iXc ZfejlckXk`fe# [i\jjè^ f] nfle[j# Xe[ \d\i^\eZ`\j [\Xcè^ n`k_ j\m\i\ ZXj\j f] [\_p[iXk`fe Xe[ k_\ Zfej\hl\eZ\j f] j\i`flj kiXldX% N`k_ k_\ fg\eè^ f] k_\ 8_nXi I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\# j\im`Z\j n\i\ \ok\e[\[ kf Zfdgc\k\ flkgXk`\ek j\im`Z\j ]fi jZi\\eè^# [`Xêfj`j# ki\Xkd\ek Xe[ ]fccfn$lg f] è]\Zk`flj [`j\Xj\j% DJ= Xcjf gifm`[\j Xek\eXkXc ZXi\ ]fi gi\êXek nfd\e% :_`c[i\e le[\i X^\ Ôm\ Xi\ Z_\Zb\[ jpjk\dXk`ZXccp Xe[ ^`m\e mXZZèXk`fe X^Xèjk d\Xjc\j Xe[ k\kXelj% Nfd\e Y\kn\\e (, Xe[ +, Xi\ mXZZèXk\[ X^Xèjk k\kXelj% DJ= gifm`[\j ki\Xkd\ek ]fi j\olXccp kiXejd`kk\[ è]\Zk`fej Xe[ X ]lcc ki\Xkd\ek gifîXdd\ ]fi J>9M jlim`mfij%

BV^c deZgVi^dcVa X]VaaZc\Zh Fe\ dXafi Z_Xcc\e^\ `j k_\ ]XZk k_Xk YfXkj Xii`m\ fm\i X cXi^\ jki\kZ_ f] ZfXjk# [\g\e[è^ fe n\Xk_\i Zfe[`k`fej Xe[ gXkifccè^ XZk`m`k`\j% @e X[[`k`fe# k_\ dXafi`kp f] k_\ Xii`mXcj kXb\ gcXZ\ Xk e`^_k# Xj k_\ jdl^^c\ij nXek kf Xmf`[ Y\è^ [\k\Zk\[ Yp k_\ P\d\e` j\Zli`kp ]fiZ\j% Cffbè^ Xk gXkk\iej f] Xii`mXcj f] k_\ YfXkj fm\i k_\ gXjk p\Xij# DJ= ZfeZcl[\[ k_Xk k_\p kXb\ gcXZ\ Xk [`]]\i\ek \ekip gfèkj Xcfe^ X ZfXjkcè\ f] XYflk ,'' b`cfd\ki\j# jkXikè^ <Xjk f] 8[\e Xe[ ^fè^ Y\pfe[ 8c DlbXccX_% DJ= j_Xi\j Zfm\iX^\ f] k_\ \ekip gfèkj Xcfe^ k_\ ZfXjk n`k_ J?J# LE?:IËj `dgc\d\ekè^ gXike\i è fi[\i kf \ejli\ X Y\kk\i _ldXe`kXi`Xe i\jgfej\% K_\ c\e^k_ f] k_\ ZfXjkcè\ Xe[ k_\ ]XZk k_Xk jdl^^c\ij f]k\e Z_Xe^\ k_\ gfèkj f] \ekip i\gi\j\ek X ]fid`[XYc\ Z_Xcc\e^\ è fg\iXk`feXc k\idj% DJ=Ëj fYa\Zk`m\# è X[[`k`fe kf gifm`[è^ d\[`ZXc Xe[ gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc ZXi\ Xk 8I:# `j kf gifm`[\ \d\i^\eZp d\[`ZXc# gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc Xe[ _ldXe`kXi`Xe Xjj`jkXeZ\ Xk k_\ Xii`mXc gfèkj fe k_\ j_fi\ n`k_è knf _flij f] Xii`mXc% Kf i\XZ_ k_`j fYa\Zk`m\# DJ= k\Xdj le[\ikffb [X`cp gXkifcj Xcfe^ k_\ ZfXjk ]ifd J\gk\dY\i kf ;\Z\dY\i )''.% >`m\e k_\ ]XZk k_Xk gfèkj f] Xii`mXc mXip Xcfe^ k_\ ZfXjk Xe[ k_Xk dfjk Xii`mXcj kXb\ gcXZ\ Xk e`^_k# k_\ i\jlckj f] k_`j jlim\`ccXeZ\ jpjk\d n\i\ fecp gXik`Xccp jXk`j]XZkfip% K_lj# DJ= \jkXYc`j_\[ Xe È\Xicp nXieè^ jkiXk\^pÉ k_ifl^_ [\j`êXkè^ ]fZXc gfèkj è ]fli jkiXk\^`Z m`ccX^\j Xcfe^ k_\ j_fi\% N_\e Xe Xii`mXc kXb\j gcXZ\# k_\ DJ= =fZXc G\ijfej# Xggfèk\[ è \XZ_ f] k_\j\ m`ccX^\j# _Xm\ knf dXè [lk`\j1 Ôijk kf `dd\[`Xk\cp è]fid k_\ DJ= k\Xdj è 8_nXi Xe[ j\Zfe[ kf gifm`[\ `dd\[`Xk\ _ldXe`kXi`Xe i\jgfej\ è k_\ ]fid f] [`jki`Ylk`fe f] _ldXe`kXi`Xe b`kj# èZcl[è^ ]ff[ Xe[ efe ]ff[ `k\dj% DJ= _Xj k\Xdj fe jkXe[Yp )+ _flij g\i [Xp ]fi j\m\e [Xpj g\i n\\b% 8]k\i i\Z\`mè^ k_\ è]fidXk`fe Xe[ ZifjjZ_\Zbè^ k_\ j\Zli`kp j`klXk`fe# k_\ DJ= k\Xdj dfm\ kf k_\ Xii`mXc gfèk kf gifm`[\ Ôijk Xjj`jkXeZ\% JèZ\ k_\ `dgc\d\ekXk`fe f] k_`j jpjk\d ]ifd k_\ Y\^èeè^ f] )''/# k_\ DJ= k\Xdj Zfej`[\iXYcp `dgifm\[ k_\ì k`d\cè\jj f] i\XZk`fe# Xjj`jkè^ Xe \jk`dXk\[ .' f] k_\ Xii`mXcj è DJ=Ëj Xi\X f] èk\im\ek`fe n`k_è k_\ Ôijk ]\n _flij X]k\i [`j\dYXibXk`fe%

(- ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

J\m\iXc j\Zli`kp Z_Xcc\e^\j _Xm\# _fn\m\i# X]]\Zk\[ DJ=Ëj i\jgfej\ ZXgXZ`kp% K_\i\ _Xm\ Y\\e èjkXeZ\j n_\i\ jfd\ f] k_\ ki`Y\j c`mè^ Xcfe^ k_\ ZfXjk _Xm\ YcfZb\[ XZZ\jj fi k_i\Xk\e\[ kf kXb\ DJ= ZXij# jfd\k`d\j kf \ogi\jj k_\ì [`jZfek\ek XYflk k_\ \oki\d\cp _`^_ le\dgcfpd\ek iXk\j è k_\ Xi\X% @e fi[\i kf [`dè`j_ k_`j k_i\Xk# DJ= _Xj Zcfj\cp e\knfib\[ n`k_ k_\ c\X[\ij j_\`b_j f] k_\j\ Zfddle`k`\j Xe[ \ogcXè\[ DJ= gièZ`gc\j Xe[ mXcl\j# `dgifmè^ XZZ\jj Zfej`[\iXYcp% @e ^\e\iXc# Zfddle`kp XZZ\gkXeZ\ _Xj Y\\e Xefk_\i fg\iXk`feXc Z_Xcc\e^\% DJ=Ëj gifa\Zk ]fZlj\[ fe JfdXc`j Xe[ <k_`fg`Xej Xii`mè^ fe k_\ j_fi\j f] P\d\e# n`k_flk \em`jX^è^ gfjj`Yc\ jlggfik XZk`m`k`\j ]fi k_\ _fjk gfglcXk`fe% 8]k\i [\k\Zkè^ k_`j n\Xbe\jj è `kj XggifXZ_# DJ= [\Z`[\[ kf gifm`[\ d\[`ZXc Xe[ cf^`jk`ZXc jlggfik kf k_\ cfZXc _fjg`kXc% K_`j# kf^\k_\i n`k_ X cfZXc Zfddle`ZXk`fe ZXdgX`ê# \ogcXèè^ DJ= gièZ`gc\j Xe[ nfib# `dgifm\[ XZZ\gkXeZ\ Xk Zfddle`kp c\m\c% K_`j `j k_\ dfi\ `dgfikXek Xj ]fi DJ= gifo`d`kp kf k_\ gfglcXk`fe `j Xk m\ip YXj`j f] `kj j\Zli`kp jkiXk\^p% @e P\d\e# Xj è fk_\i Zfleki`\j# DJ= [f\j efk lj\ d\Xjli\j jlZ_ Xj Xid\[ \jZfikj fi Xid\[ nXkZ_d\e% @e k_\ I\^`feXc :fe]\i\eZ\ fe I\]l^\\ Gifk\Zk`fe Xe[ @ek\ieXk`feXc D`îXk`fe è k_\ >lc] I\^`fe _\c[ (0$)' DXp )''/# DJ= \ogi\jj\[ ZfeZ\iej XYflk k_\ e\\[ ]fi `dgifmè^ i\XZk`fe Yp jki\e^k_\eè^ k_\ Xc\ik nXieè^ jpjk\d% 8 Z_fc\iX flkYi\Xb# [\k\Zk\[ è d`[$DXp )''/ Xe[ Zfekifcc\[ è k_\ DJ= ]XZ`c`k`\j è k_\ 8_nXi I\Z\gk`fe :\eki\# `ccljkiXk\[ k_\ e\\[ ]fi jki\e^k_\eè^ k_\ \d\i^\eZp i\jgfej\ ZXgXZ`kp f] k_\ XZkfij Zlii\ekcp gi\j\ek Xe[ ]fi X[[`k`feXc XZkfij i\X[p kf èk\im\e\% K_\ cXZb f] i\jgfej`m\e\jj ]ifd i\c\mXek XZkfij fe j\ej`k`m\ `jjl\j jlZ_ Xj k_\ `[\ek`ÔZXk`fe Xe[ Xggifgi`Xk\ Xe[ k`d\cp Yli`Xc f] k_\ [\X[# efk fecp _Xj ZXlj\[ ZfeZ\iej Xdfe^ k_\ Zfddle`k`\j Xcfe^ k_\ Zfjk Ylk Xcjf X]]\Zk\[ g\iZ\gk`fej m`j$~$m`j DJ=% @e k_\ gXjk# cfZXc Ôj_\id\e _Xm\ Xk k`d\j Yli`\[ k_\ [\X[ fe k_\ j_fi\% DJ= _Xj gifm`[\[ Yf[p YX^j# n_`k\ Zcfk_# ^cfm\j Xe[ j_fm\cj kf k_\ Zfddle`k`\j# gXik`ZlcXicp k_\ dfjhl\j# Xcfe^ k_\ gXik f] k_\ ZfXjk `k Zfm\ij% ?fn\m\i# \jg\Z`Xccp Xj k_\i\ _Xm\ Y\\e X eldY\i f] cXe[è^j n`k_ _`^_ eldY\ij f] [\X[# m`ccX^\ij Xe[ cfZXc Xlk_fi`k`\j _Xm\ Y\Zfd\ èZi\Xjè^cp ZfeZ\ie\[% 8ZZfi[è^ kf k_\ cXn# Y\]fi\ Yli`Xcj ZXe kXb\ gcXZ\# X i\gi\j\ekXk`m\ f] k_\ 8kkfie\p >\e\iXcËj f]ÔZ\ dljk Zfd\ kf k_\ j`k\ kf ^`m\ g\id`jj`fe ]fi Yli`Xc% K_`j f]k\e kXb\j X cfe^ k`d\% K_\i\ `j X e\\[ ]fi dfi\ Õ\o`Yc\ gifZ\[li\j# ]fi [\j`êXk`fe f] Xggifgi`Xk\ j`k\j ]fi dXjj îXm\j Xe[ ]fi X dfi\ XZk`m\ i\jgfej\ i\^Xi[è^ k_\ cf^`jk`ZXc j`[\% 8ggifgi`Xk\ [fZld\ekXk`fe ]fi `[\ek`ÔZXk`fe f] k_\ [\X[ `j Xe `dgfikXek ZfeZ\ieÆ ]fi k_\ jlim`mfij n_f Xi\ d`jjè^ cfm\[ fe\j Xj n\cc Xj ]fi k_\ì ]Xd`c`\j YXZb _fd\% N_`c\ k_`j `j efk gXik f] DJ=Ëj dXe[Xk\# dXep jlim`mfij klie\[ kf DJ= Xj fli k\Xdj n\i\ f]k\e k_\ Ôijk fe\j Xk k_\ j_fi\% @k `j `dgfikXek k_Xk X jpjk\d ]fi gifg\i [fZld\ekXk`fe n`k_ Zc\Xi i\jgfej`Y`c`k`\j `j \jkXYc`j_\[%

(. ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc

6ccZm >> <ja[ d[ 6YZc gZ\^dc bVe

H6J9> 6G67>6

DB6C

:G>IG:6 H6C6¼6

N:B:C

6HB6G6

BVn[V] 6]lVg 6YZc @]VgVo

:cign ed^ci 9ZeVgijgZ ed^ci GZXZei^dc 8ZciZg GZ[j\ZZ 8Vbe

HdXdigV NZbZc

9?>7DJI> <ja[ d[ 6YZc

8: 6C

9?>7DJI>

7dhhVhd

:I=>DE>6

>C 9> 6C D

=V[jc

=Vg\ZnhV

699>H 67:76

Z Zaa ZW H]

HDB6A>6

V ^jW

7ZaZi JZc

BZg`V

BD<69>H=J

@:CN6

@^hbVnj C6>GD7>

)% ¥

CD 8=D>8:/ HdbVa^ VcY :i]^de^Vc GZ[j\ZZh! 6hnajb HZZ`Zgh VcY B^\gVcih 8gdhh^c\ I]Z <ja[ d[ 6YZc