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Br ief Co n t en t s Chapter 1 Thinking Like a Sociologist 1 Chapter 2 Examining Our Social World 20 Chapter 3 Culture 38 Chapter 4 Socialization 60 Chapter 5 Social Interaction and Social Structure 80 Chapter 6 Social Groups, Organizations, and Social Institutions 98 Chapter 7 Deviance, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System 116 Chapter 8 Social Stratifi ation: United States and Global 136 Chapter 9 Gender and Sexuality 156 Chapter 10 Race and Ethnicity 178 Chapter 11 The Economy and Politics 198 Chapter 12 Families and Aging 224 Chapter 13 Education and Religion 246 Chapter 14 Health and Medicine 272 Chapter 15 Population, Urbanization, and the Environment 292 Chapter 16 Social Change: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Technology 312
References 331 Name Index 367 Subject Index 375
Brief Contents
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Con te n t s 1 Thinking Like a Sociologist 1-1 What Is Sociology? 1 1-1a Are You Unique? 1 1-1b Isn’t Sociology Just Common Sense? 2
1-2 What Is a Sociological Imagination? 2 1-2a Micro-sociology: How People Affect Our Everyday Lives 3 1-2b Macrosociology: How Social Structure Affects Our Everyday Lives 3
1-3 Why Study Sociology? 4 1-3a Making Informed Decisions 4 1-3b Understanding Diversity 4 1-3c Shaping Social and Public Policies and Practices 5 1-3d Thinking Critically 5 1-3e Expanding Your Career Opportunities 5
1-4 Some Origins of Sociological Theory 6 1-4a Auguste Comte 7 1-4b Harriet Martineau 7 1-4c Émile Durkheim 8 1-4d Karl Marx 9 1-4e Max Weber 10 1-4f Jane Addams 11 1-4g W. E. B. Du Bois 12
1-5 Contemporary Sociological Theories 12 1-5a Functionalism 13 1-5b Conflict Theory 14 1-5c Feminist Theories 15 1-5d Symbolic Interactionism 17
2 Examining Our Social World 2-1 Doing Sociology: What Is Social Research? 21 2-2 Why Is Sociological Research Important in Our Everyday Lives? 21 2-3 The Scientific Method 23 2-3a Concepts, Variables, and Hypotheses 23 2-3b Reliability and Validity 24 2-3c Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 24 2-3d Sampling 24 2-3e The Research Process: The Basics 25 2-3f Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches 26 2-3g Correlation and Causation 27
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2-4 Some Major Data Collection Methods 27 2-4a Surveys 27 2-4b Secondary Analysis of Existing Data 29 2-4c Field Research 29 2-4d Content Analysis 31 2-4e Experiments 32 2-4f Evaluation Research 34
2-5 Ethics, Politics, and Sociological Research 34 2-5a Ethical Research 35 2-5b Scientific Dishonesty 35 2-5c Political, Religious, and Community Pressure on Researchers 37 2-5d Do People Believe Scientific Findings? 37
3 Culture 39 3-1 Culture and Society 39 3-1a Some Characteristics of Culture 39 3-1b Material and Nonmaterial Culture 40
3-2 The Building Blocks of Culture 41 3-2a Symbols 41 3-2b Language 42 3-2c Values 44 3-2d Norms 46
3-3 Some Cultural Similarities 48 3-3a Cultural Universals 48 3-3b Ideal Versus Real Culture 49 3-3c Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism 49
3-4 Some Cultural Variations 50 3-4a Subcultures 50 3-4b Countercultures 51
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3-4c Multiculturalism 51 3-4d Culture Shock 52
3-5 Popular Culture 52 3-5a The Impact of Popular Culture 52 3-5b Cultural Imperialism 54
3-6 Cultural Change and Technology 54 3-6a Cultural Persistence: Why Cultures Are Stable 54 3-6b Cultural Dynamics: Why Cultures Change 54 3-6c Technology and Cultural Lag 56
3-7 Sociological Perspectives on Culture 57 3-7a Functionalism 57 3-7b Conflict Theory 58 3-7c Feminist Theories 58 3-7d Symbolic Interactionism 59
CONTENTS
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4 Socialization 61 4-1 Socialization: Its Purpose and Importance 61 4-1a What Is the Purpose of Socialization? 61 4-1b Why Is Socialization Important? 62
4-2 Nature and Nurture 62 4-2a How Important Is Nature? 62 4-2b How Important Is Nurture? 64 4-2c Is the Nature–Nurture Debate Becoming Obsolete in Sociology? 65
4-3 Sociological Explanations of Socialization 66 4-3a Social Learning Theories 66 4-3b Symbolic Interaction Theories 67
4-4 Primary Socialization Agents 70 4-4a Family 70 4-4b Play, Peer Groups, and Friends 72 4-4c Teachers and Schools 73 4-4d Popular Culture and the Media 73
4-5 Socialization Throughout Life 75 4-5a Infancy 76 4-5b Childhood 76 4-5c Adolescence 76 4-5d Adulthood 77 4-5e Later Life 78
4-6 Resocialization 79
5 Social Interaction and Social Structure 5-1 Social Structure 81 5-2 Status 82 5-2a Status Set 82 5-2b Ascribed and Achieved Status 83 5-2c Master Status 83 5-2d Status Inconsistency 83
5-3 Role 84 5-3a Role Performance 84 5-3b Role Set 84 5-3c Role Conflict and Role Strain 85 5-3d Coping With Role Conflict and Role Strain 85
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5-4 Explaining Social Interaction 86 5-4a Symbolic Interactionism 86 5-4b Social Exchange Theory 89 5-4c Feminist Theories 89
5-5 Nonverbal Communication 90 5-5a Silence 90 5-5b Visual Cues 91 5-5c Touch 92 5-5d Personal Space 93
5-6 Online Interaction 94 5-6a Who’s Online and Why? 94 5-6b How Beneficial and Harmful Is Online Interaction? 95
6 S ocial Groups, Organizations, and Social Institutions 99
6-1 Social Groups 99 6-1a Primary Groups and Secondary Groups 99 6-1b In-Groups and Out-Groups 100 6-1c Reference Groups 101 6-1d Group Conformity 102 6-1e Social Networks 104
6-2 Formal Organizations 104 6-2a Characteristics of Formal Organizations 104 6-2b Voluntary Associations 105 6-2c Bureaucracies 105 6-2d The Informal Side of Bureaucracy 108
6-3 Sociological Perspectives on Social Groups and Organizations 110 6-3a Functionalism: Social Groups and Organizations Benefit Society 110 6-3b Conflict Theory: Some Benefit More Than Others 112 6-3c Feminist Theories: Men Benefit More Than Women 113 6-3d Symbolic Interactionism: People Define and Shape Their Situations 113
6-4 Social Institutions 114 6-4a Why Social Institutions Are Important 114 6-4b How Social Institutions Are Interconnected 114
Contents
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7D eviance, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System 117
7-1 What Is Deviance? 117 7-1a Some Key Characteristics of Deviance 117 7-1b Who Decides What’s Deviant? 119
7-2 What Is Crime? 119 7-2a Measuring Crime 119 7-2b How Much Crime Is There? 120 7-2c Victims and Offenders 120
7-3 Controlling Deviance and Crime 122 7-3a Informal and Formal Social Control 122 7-3b Positive and Negative Sanctions 122
7-4 Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance and Crime 123 7-4a Deviance and Crime Can Be Dysfunctional and Functional 123 7-4b Anomie and Social Strain 124 7-4c Critical Evaluation 125
7-5 Conflict Perspectives on Deviance and Crime 125 7-5a Capitalism, Power, Social Inequality, and Crime 126 7-5b Law Enforcement, Power, and Crime 127 7-5c Critical Evaluation 127
7-6 Feminist Perspectives on Deviance and Crime 128 7-6a Women as Victims 128 7-6b Women as Offenders 129 7-6c Critical Evaluation 129
7-7 Symbolic Interaction Perspectives on Deviance and Crime 130 7-7a Differential Association Theory 130 7-7b Labeling Theories 130 7-7c Critical Evaluation 132
7-8 The Criminal Justice System and Social Control 132 7-8a Prevention and Intervention 132 7-8b Punishment 133 7-8c Rehabilitation 135
8 Social Stratification: United States and Global 8-1 What Is Social Stratification? 137 8-1a Closed Stratification Systems 138 8-1b Open Stratification Systems 138
8-2 Dimensions of Stratification 138 8-2a Wealth 139 8-2b Prestige 140 8-2c Power 140
8-3 Social Class in America 141 8-3a The Upper Class 141 8-3b The Middle Class 142 8-3c The Working Class 143 8-3d The Lower Class 144 8-3e How Social Class Affects Us 144
8-4 Poverty in America 144 8-4a What Is Poverty? 145 8-4b Who Are The Poor? 145 8-4c Why Are People Poor? 146
9 Gender and Sexuality 9-1 How Women and Men Are Similar and Different 157 9-1a Sex and Gender 157 9-1b Gender Identity and Gender Roles 158
9-2 Contemporary Gender Stratification and Inequality 159 9-2a Gender and Family Life 160 9-2b Gender and Education 160
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8-5 Social Mobility 147 8-5a Types of Social Mobility 147 8-5b Recent Trends in Social Mobility 148 8-5c What Affects Social Mobility? 148
8-6 Global Inequality 150 8-6a Living Worlds Apart 150 8-6b Why Is Inequality Universal? 151
8-7 Sociological Explanations: Why There Are Haves and Have-Nots 151 8-7a Functionalist Perspectives: Stratification Benefits Society 151 8-7b Conflict Perspectives: Stratification Harms Society 153 8-7c Feminist Perspectives: Women Are Almost Always at the Bottom 154 8-7d Symbolic Interaction Perspectives: People Create and Shape Stratification 155
157 9-2c Gender and the Workplace 161 9-2d Gender and Politics 163
9-3 Sexuality 164 9-3a Sexual Identity 164 9-3b Sexual Orientation 164 9-3c Sexual Scripts 165 9-3d Heterosexism and Homophobia 166
CONTENTS
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9-4 Some Current Controversies About Sexuality 166 9-4a Abortion 167 9-4b Same-Sex Marriage 168 9-4c Pornography 168
9-5 Gender and Sexuality Across Cultures 169 9-5a Gender Inequality 170 9-5b Sexual Violence and Oppression 171
10 Race and Ethnicity 10-1 U.S. Racial and Ethnic Diversity 179 10-2 The Social Significance of Race and Ethnicity 180 10-2a Race 180 10-2b Ethnicity 180 10-2c Racial-Ethnic Group 181
10-3 Our Changing Immigration Mosaic 181 10-3a Unauthorized Immigrants 181 10-3b Reactions to Unauthorized Immigrants 182
10-4 Dominant and Minority Groups 183 10-4a What Is a Dominant Group? 183 10-4b What Is a Minority? 183 10-4c Patterns of Dominant-Minority Group Relations 183
10-5 Some Sources of Racial-Ethnic Friction 185 10-5a Racism 185 10-5b Prejudice 185 10-5c Discrimination 186 10-5d Relationship Between Prejudice and Discrimination 186
9-6 Sociological Explanations of Gender and Sexuality 171 9-6a Functionalism 171 9-6b Conflict Theory 173 9-6c Feminist Theories 174 9-6d Symbolic Interactionism 176
179 10-6 Major Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States 187 10-6a European Americans: A Declining Majority 187 10-6b Latinos: A Growing Minority 188 10-6c African Americans: A Major Source of Diversity 189 10-6d Asian Americans: A Model Minority? 190 10-6e American Indians: A Growing Nation 191 10-6f Middle Eastern Americans: An Emerging Group 192
10-7 Sociological Explanations of Racial-Ethnic Inequality 193 10-7a Functionalism 193 10-7b Conflict Theory 194 10-7c Feminist Theories 195 10-7d Symbolic Interactionism 195
10-8 Interracial and Interethnic Relationships 196 10-8a Growing Multiracial Diversity 197 10-8b Interracial Dating and Marriage 197
11 The Economy and Politics
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11-1 Global Economic Systems 199 11-1a Capitalism 199 11-1b Socialism 200 11-1c Mixed Economies 200
11-2 Corporations and the Economy 201 11-2a Corporations 201 11-2b Conglomerates 201 11-2c Interlocking Directorates 201 11-2d Transnational Corporations and Conglomerates 202
11-3 Work in U.S. Society Today 202 11-3a Deindustrialization and Globalization 202 11-3b Labor Unions 203 11-3c Offshoring 204 11-3d How Americans’ Work Has Changed 204 11-3e Job Satisfaction and Stress 206 11-3f Women and Minorities in the Workplace 206
11-4 Sociological Explanations of Work and the Economy 208 11-4a Functionalist Theories: The Economy Provides Many Societal Benefits 208 11-4b Conflict Theory: The Economy Can Be Hazardous to Your Health 209
11-4c Feminist Theories: The Economy Creates and Reinforces Sex Inequality in the Workplace 210 11-4d Symbolic Interaction Theories: We Learn Work Roles 211
11-5 Global Political Systems 211 11-5a Democracy 211 11-5b Totalitarianism and Dictatorships 212 11-5c Authoritarianism and Monarchies 212
11-6 Politics, Power, and Authority 213 11-6a Power 213 11-6b Authority 214
11-7 Politics and Power in U.S. Society 215 11-7a Political Parties 215 11-7b Who Votes, Who Doesn’t, and Why 217
11-8 Sociological Perspectives on Politics and Power 219 11-8a Functionalism: A Pluralist Model 219 11-8b Conflict Theory: A Power Elite Model 221 11-8c Feminist Theories: A Patriarchal Model 222
Contents
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12 Families and Aging
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12-1 What Is a Family? 225
12-4 Family Conflict and Violence 237
12-1a How Families Are Similar 225 12-1b How Families Differ 226
12-2 How U.S. Families Are Changing 229 12-2a Divorce 229 12-2b Singlehood and Postponing Marriage 231 12-2c Cohabitation 231 12-2d Nonmarital Childbearing 233 12-2e Two-Income Families 234
12-3 Diversity in American Families 234
12-4a Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse 237 12-4b Child Maltreatment 238 12-4c Elder Abuse and Neglect 239
12-5 Our Aging Society 239 12-5a When Is “Old”? 239 12-5b Life Expectancy and Multigenerational Families 240 12-5c Who Will Care for Our Graying Population? 241
12-6 Sociological Explanations of Family and Aging 241 12-6a Functionalism 241 12-6b Conflict Theory 243 12-6c Feminist Theories 243 12-6d Symbolic Interaction 244
12-3a Social Class Variations 234 12-3b Racial and Ethnic Families 235 12-3c Gay and Lesbian Families 236
13 Education and Religion 13-1 What Is Education? 247 13-2 Sociological Perspectives on Education 247 13-2a Functionalism: What Are the Benefits of Education? 247 13-2b Conflict Theory: Does Education Perpetuate Social Inequality? 250 13-2c Feminist Theories: Is There a Gender Gap in Education? 253 13-2d Symbolic Interactionism: How Do Social Contexts Affect Education? 254
13-3 Some Problems With U.S. Education 256 13-3a Quality and Quantity of Schooling 256 13-3b Teachers’ Effectiveness 257 13-3c Dropping Out 258 13-3d Grade Inflation 259 13-3e Cheating 259
13-4 What Is Religion? 260 13-4a The Sacred and the Secular 260 13-4b Religion, Religiosity, and Spirituality 260
14 Health and Medicine 14-1 Health and Illness in the United States 273 14-1a Epidemiology 274 14-1b Some Reasons for Contemporary Illness and Early Death 274
14-2 Health Care: The United States and Around the World 281 14-2a U.S. Health Care Coverage and Who Pays for Medical Care 281 14-2b The United States Compared With Other Countries 282 14-2c What Kind of Health Reform Should Americans Endorse? 283
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13-5 Types of Religious Organization and Some Major World Religions 260 13-5a Cults (New Religious Movements) 260 13-5b Sects 261 13-5c Denominations 261 13-5d Churches 261 13-5e Some Major World Religions 262
13-6 Religion in the United States 262 13-6a Religious Belief 262 13-6b Religious Affiliation 262 13-6c Religious Participation 262 13-6d Some Characteristics of Religious Participants 263 13-6e Secularization: Is Religion Declining? 264
13-7 Sociological Perspectives on Religion 266 13-7a Functionalism: Religion Benefits Society 266 13-7b Conflict Theory: Religion Promotes Social Inequality 268 13-7c Feminist Theories: Religion Subordinates and Excludes Women 269 13-7d Symbolic Interactionism: Religion Is Socially Constructed 270
273 14-3 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Medicine 284 14-3a Functionalism: Good Health and Medicine Benefit Society 284 14-3b Conflict Theory: Health Care and Medicine Benefit Some More Than Others 285 14-3c Feminist Theories: Health and Medicine Benefit Men More Than Women 287 14-3d Symbolic Interactionism: Health, Illness, and Medicine Are Socially Constructed 289
CONTENTS
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15 P opulation, Urbanization, and the Environment 293
15-1 Population Dynamics 293 15-1a Why Populations Change 293 15-1b Population Composition and Structure 296 15-1c Population Growth: A Ticking Bomb? 297
15-3 Environmental Issues 305 15-3a Water 306 15-3b Air Pollution and Global Warming 308 15-3c Is Sustainable Development Possible? 310
15-2 Urbanization 299 15-2a Urbanization: A Global View 299 15-2b Urbanization in the United States 301 15-2c Sociological Explanations of Urbanization 303
16 S ocial Change: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Technology 313
16-1 Collective Behavior 313 16-1a What Is Collective Behavior? 313 16-1b When Does Collective Behavior Occur? 314 16-1c Varieties of Collective Behavior 315
16-3 Technology and Social Change 326 16-3a Some Recent Technological Advances 326 16-3b Some Benefits and Costs of Technology 328 16-3c Some Ethical Issues 330
16-2 Social Movements 321 16-2a What Is a Social Movement? 321 16-2b Types of Social Movements 321 16-2c Why Social Movements Emerge 322 16-2d The Stages of Social Movements 324 16-2e Why Social Movements Matter 326
References 331 Name Index 367 Subject Index 375
Contents
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