Domingos Castelo Branco
Architecture Porfolio
2006 2014
Domingos Castelo Branco
Architecture Portfolio
Cal莽ada da Mem贸ria 14, 1300-396 Lisbon, Portugal domingoscb@gmail.com (+351) 916 791 119 online portfolio: http://issuu.com/domingoscb
2006 2014
about
concrete memorial
temporary housing
erasmus program
graduation project
lantern in the sky
around the way
“trojan� architecture
patrimonial rehabilitation
transforming an icon
selected projects
Bio / About / Profile / Resumé Born in Lisbon on the 28th of March of 1988, lived his early years between the city and the countryside, until he went to Colégio S. João de Brito where he graduated high-school in arts. Recently graduated from Faculdade de Arquitectura de Lisboa (U.T.L.), with a masters degree in architecture in which, during the course, spent a semester in Florianopolis, Brazil, enabling him to deal with cultural differences and new architectonic approaches, as well as growing his taste for travelling. Hopes of working abroad, in a place where he can learn and grow as an architect and as a person, discovering new ways of living and new cultures.
Personal information
Name: Domingos Andrade e Sousa Castelo Branco Date of birth: 28/03/1988 Nationality: Portuguese Marital status: Single Occupational field: Architecture Address: Calçada da Memória 14, 1300-396, Lisbon, Portugal Email: domingoscb@gmail.com Contact: (+351) 916 791 119 Online portfolio: http://issuu.com/domingoscb
Education 2006-2012 Title of qualification awarded: Masters Degree in Architecture Name of the institution: Faculdade de Arquitectura da U.T.L. Location: Lisbon, Portugal 2009-2010 Title of qualification awarded: Erasmus Exchange Program Name of the institution: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Location: Florianopolis, Brazil 2003-2006 Title of qualification awarded: High school degree in arts Name of the institution: Colégio S. João de Brito Location: Lisbon, Portugal
Relevant Experience
2014 _ Internship: RRJ Architects (1 year) 2013 _ Competition: Archiprix - Best graduation projects 2012 2013 _ Internship: Balonas & Menano - Architectural and Urban Concept. Lisbon, Portugal (3 months) 2013 _ Exhibition: Participant and organizer of the architecture and urbanism exhibition “ReUrb”. Odivelas City Hall, Odivelas, Portugal 2012 _ Competition: Tokyo Replay Center (Arch Medium) - Honorable Mention 2012 _ Competition: Northern Lights Observatory (Arch Medium) 2012 _ Workshop: TESS - Territorial Empowerment and Social Sustainability Vicenza, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Italy 2011 _ Competition: No Rules Great Spot: ideas for Praça de Lisboa, Oporto 2011 _ Workshop: Renewable Prosperity: Renewable Water - Agência Municipal de Energia. Lisbon, Portugal 2011 _ Cycle of Conferences: HUMAN HABITAT on Sustainable Living 2011 _ Internship: Arquitraço - Architecture Luis RA. Lisbon, Portugal (3 months) 2010 _ Workshop: Sustainable Urban Rehabilitation - Agência Municipal de Energia. Lisbon, Portugal 2010 _ Cycle of Conferences: Uma Utopia Sustentável. Seminar with Álvaro Siza, Aires Mateus, Mendes da Rocha Architecture and Urbanism Academy. Lisbon, Portugal 2009 _ Workshop: Architectural Drawing and Nude Model. Fine Arts National Society. Lisbon, Portugal
Skills Artistic and technical Good abilities with freehand drawing as well as model making Social Easily adaptable to new situations and work contexts. Great teamwork and cooperation skills Software Mac OS and Microsoft Windows: Office Adobe: Photoshop, Illustrator, Indesign 2D drawing: Autocad Modeling: Rhinoceros, Autocad 3D, SketchUp Pro Rendering: Rhinoceros, Artlantis, V-Ray Other: ArcGIS, CYPE
Interests
Cinema, music, design, photography, reading, drawing and travelling
Dead Poets Society Concrete Memorial [Ajuda] Lisbon, Portugal
fa.utl | 2nd year - first semester, 2008 Orientation: Arch. Duarte Cabral de Mello
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40
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160 m
This stage of the course aimed to incorporate multi-disciplinary techniques and conceptual thinking into the process of architectural thought. Therefore, this project had a substantially different beginning from all the other academic projects. It began with the creation of a conceptual and sculptural piece that had to fit in a standard portuguese post office box (33,2 x 25 x 12 cm). The piece had to be inspired by the text of the portuguese author António Mega Ferreira titled “Calvínia”, inspired by authors like Thomas Moore in “Utopia” and Ítalo Calvino in “Invisible Cities”. The objective was to create a conceptual piece according to our personal interpretation of the text taking into account that further on, the morphology of this piece, would serve as a basis for the development of an architectural proposal. The piece designed here is essentially associated with the idea of an invisible and idealized city that is constantly changing depending on the look of its users. A city that is never entirely known, which is elusive. A city that from a distance seems to be a thing that actually it is not. Therefore, the result is a series of acrylic plans that appear to form cubes, but do not since each plan never intersects with the next one. It is a succession of unfinished spaces, connected by faint structural lines, which allow the creation of several different ambiences.
01 But who thinks he knows Calvinia through the thorough description of Marco Polo should read it again, once, twice, many times, because the city is elusive and multifaceted. Calvinia is to desire as light is to memory […] the more it becomes present, the less we see. [...] In it, you can only survive if you recognize in its streets the secret sign of something else. Nothing in Calvinia is what appears but a complicated and virtual geometry [...]. António Mega Ferreira Conceptual model. Acrylic
Main entrances - horizontal and vertical Central area of exhibition - “The Cave� Restrooms Cafeteria
Structural mesh - metal beams
Axonometric view of the project structure
For the second part of the project a site was given near Ajuda, Lisbon, where the architectural proposal would be developed based on the sculptural piece. The purpose of the project was to create the headquarters of the Dead Poets Society. The site is presented as a long, straight and regular area, situated on a lower level in relation to its surroundings, with the presence of a pipeline. The project consists of a succession of cubic volumes joined by small connections that create the transition of different atmospheres between each space. These environments are differentiated by their size, their light openings and their orientation, characterizing each space with different sensory experiences depending on their function. These light openings, like the initial model, are originated from the non-intersection of the planes that form the project, with concrete being the primary material in this case. The noticeable difference in the site levels, as mentioned above, enabled the use of three distinct levels: a superior level that enables the use of the rooftops of the volumes and presents itself as a sequence of belvederes; an intermediate level that develops inside the building; and one below the building, the floor level, that gives way to a large garden.
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restrooms horizontal entrance vertical entrance exhibition/“the cave� cafetaria
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Rear elevation (West) 5
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Street view of the complex
Ground view from the garden
Longitudinal perspective section
Emergency Prototypes Temporary Housing [Ajuda] Lisbon, Portugal
fa.utl | 3rd year - first semester, 2009 Orientation: Arch. JosĂŠ SimĂľes Neves
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45
90
180 m
new spot
This proposal aims to develop an urban system, which contains fourteen prototypes with small dimensions (up to 35 m2 of floor area), to temporarily accommodate three or more persons, taking into account the basic conditions for this need. More specifically this is a creation of a system of emergency housing. These buildings should be designed not only as a prototype, but also as a construction that could be grouped together, aggregated, creating an urban system. The site consists of an urban void originated by the removal of a warehouse in Ajuda, Lisbon, becoming a new pedestrian street that connects the existing street to the upper garden. Therefore, the need to raise the prototypes in relation to the outside level to give them privacy, as well as its access system, were the main constraints of this project.
02 Pressboard model - main entrance of the complex
The prototypes are presented in a “U” shape so that their aggregation with each other provide a greater privacy in relation to the street level. This system gives rise to a number of shafts that absorb much of the natural light not only into the prototypes but also to the pedestrian road, creating a light / shade rhythm. The prototype is divided into three main areas: the central area of the “engine” that integrates the kitchen and toilet; the social area on the right; and the private area on the left that incorporates three cells that can be double or individual, offering privacy to each user within the prototype. The access to the prototypes is an individual staircase that allows the extension of the social area to the exterior, as well as use of the storage area at the road level.
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1. Section AA’ 2. Prototype plan 3. Section BB’ 3. 0
Axonometric view of the prototype
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Aggregation system
Axonometric view of the aggrgation
Longitudinal section
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Collective Housing Erasmus Exchange Program [C贸rrego Grande] Florianopolis, Brazill ufsc | 4th year - first semester, 2010 Orientation: Arch. Almir Francisco Reis
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180 m
This project aimed to invigorate an area with great potential in the center of the island of Florianopolis, with the main constraints being, in addition to its surroundings, the presence of a water line on the ground that frequently floods with the rains, the preservation of much of the existing vegetation and the need to introduce new types of commerce and services in the area as an attraction to external users. The main strategy of the urban phase proposes the conception of five mixed-use buildings (residential and commercial), associated with large parking areas, intensifying the street front and reinforcing the boundaries of the area. This geometry, as an organizational method, allows the release of the central area that presents itself as a large park, taking advantage of the natural characteristics such as the water line which is enlarged to create a retention basin in order to control the floods and stimulate the use of the public space. In this urban park a single cultural building is proposed to be placed in the center of the area, as a focal point of attraction for the whole complex.
03 Polystyrene model - urban proposal
Housing
Retention basin
Vertical and horizontal distribution
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Urban proposal plan
Site section
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80 m
The second phase of the project was focused on a more detailed development of at least one of the buildings and its typologies. In this context, I chose to design the two buildings further south because of the challenge of obtaining natural lighting, therefore I aimed to make the best use of natural lighting in both buildings by using similar typologies (being the buildings oriented North/South and East/West). Consequently, both buildings have a very similar structural mesh and development: a commercial ground floor with access to the apartments, four housing floors with two distinct typologies (one bedroom and three bedroom typologies), and a semi-public floor used only by the residents.
Axonometric view of both buildings, their typologies and their aggregation system
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Aggregation scheme of the apartments North/South building on top East/West building on bottom
As a solution to the referred problem, the apartments rotated in relation to the access halls maintaining the typologies but increasing their distance from each other, therein intensifying the entrance of natural light.
Apartment plans - North/South building One bedroon typology in light blue Three bedroon typology in grey
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The apartments presented, these being representative of one of the buildings only, are divided into two different types: a one-bedroom typology in light blue and a two story with three bedrooms in gray. The one bedroom typology (50 m2) is divided by a central corridor, which separates the three main areas of the house: bedroom, social area and functional area. The typology of three bedrooms offers 100 m2 and is divided into two floors: the entrance floor being more social and the second floor more functional and private. All typologies feature a balcony of 20 m2 as a form of use of the outer space.
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North/South building: 1. Main elevation 2. Longitudinal section through the balconies 3. Longitudinal section through the apartments and vertical distribution 4. Side elevation and transversal sections
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The Building as Intervention for Social Integration Graduation Project [Pombais] Odivelas, Portugal
fa.utl | 5th year - second semester, 2012 Orientation: Arch. Pedro Dias Rodrigues
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200 m
The presented project, the last academics project done, aims to intervene in interpersonal and social relationships of the population of Odivelas, a suburban town near Lisbon. The objective was to create a space that would allow greater interaction of its population and promote an everyday use of the space that belongs to them, avoiding a large movement that would require mechanical transportation. It was necessary, to restore an urban cohesion that represent a greater ease of access to certain areas of the city, to project a large public area that would serve as green lung that offered to the residents of Odivelas a common recreation space that would embody a new central area in the city.
04 The city is, par excellence, the place where human values see ​​ more expression. The city is the form of good for human civilization. It is, therefore, a complex, nuanced, and even delicate cultural instrument. Joseph Grange PVC model - One of the main entrances of the complex
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Urban plan
One of the main objectives of the urban project was to create a coherent link between commerce, public services and public equipment already in place, through the use of an urban park that requalifies the sense of centrality to the town of Odivelas and that helps with the mobility barrier generated by the large elevation difference of the terrain that separates the old part of the town from the most recent. Therefore, it was proposed an urban park that makes the connection between the existing green areas in Odivelas that, using this large elevation difference between the East/West areas of the city, incorporates an axis, that is the “engine� of this project, that includes several buildings with different uses such as offices for small and medium businesses companies, community center, markets, social center for the younger and older population, among others. Associated with this axis is a green structure, which also incorporates many uses such as urban gardens, sports areas, outdoor recreational areas and walking paths. This structure uses the natural resources of the place for its subsistence, such as the existing water line on the ground that it would be restructured to create a retention basin to prevent flooding and to facilitate its maintenance.
Longitudinal section of the area
Transversal section of the area
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Sociological studies and analysis conducted at the site showed a high need for an equipment that promotes social relations especially among the older population and the younger age group. Therefore, the program of this project has three main levels of development: the first level corresponds to the program more targeted for young people as the school library, day care center and after-school club; the second level corresponds to the common uses of these two age groups and the remaining population of Odivelas creating the opportunity for interaction and social integration, as is the example of the health center, library, commercial spaces, restaurant, multipurpose spaces and public parking; and the third level corresponds to the program mainly directed to the older population as the day center and the nursing home. The building presents itself as a single and compact volume that occupies much of the ground but, inside it, releases a central courtyard open but sheltered, associated with a number of galleries. This formalization of the building proposes a new way of urban experience that relates the building to the city by offering its users an alternative space for social interaction. Its composition in “H shape� allows a direct relationship with its immediate surroundings keeping, however, the necessary privacy for a sense of safety and proper use. As mentioned, the large elevation difference of the terrain provides a use of the building as a method of transposition of levels. To this end, the formalization of the building had a central role since his multiple entries as well as its exterior pathways dynamizes not only the inside as its exterior, integrating the building in its surroundings.
1. Youth population General population Elderly population
2. Public outdoor public space Semi-public outdoor semi-public space Private private space
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1. Age groups scheme 2. Public/private scheme 3. Outdoor paths scheme
Health Center Public areas (waiting rooms, access, restrooms) Administration Technical areas General medicine Specific medicine
Library Administration Computers and periodicals area Private rooms Reception and restrooms. Loung area and bar Reading area
Day Care Center Playground Nursery and playrooms Technical and administration areas
Vertical access with atrium Vertical access without atrium
Cafeteria and restrooms Reception and locker room
After-school Club Parking lot
Classrooms Playground
Commerce and Services Supermarket Stores and multipurpose rooms
Cafeteria and restrooms Technical and administration areas Reception and locker room
Restrooms Restaurant
Nursing Home Technical areas, restrooms and access Administration Social area (living room and cafeteria) Health departmente Double rooms Individual rooms Shared balcony
Day Center Administration Social area (living room and cafeteria) Technical areas, restrooms and access Multipurpose rooms General services (auditorium and gym)
Axonometric scheme of the programmatic distribution
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Main Elevations 1. Southwest 2. Northeast 3. Southeast 4. Northwest
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Sections 1. SW Transversal 2. SE Longitudinal 3. NW Longitudina
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1. Portuguese limestone pavement 2. Gravel 3. Riprap 4. Screed settlement 5. Limestone rock 6. Concrete cleaning 7. Metal drain 8. Protective layer with pitons 9. Waterproofing layer 10. Vapor barrier 11. Retaining wall in reinforced concrete 12. Galvanized metal gutter 13. Grey epoxy 14. Compacted earth 15. Geotextile filter 16. Boulder 17. Plastic protective layer 18. Metal drain 19. Limestone rock 20. Reinforced concrete waffle slab 21. Limestone rock 22. White sanded grout 23. Polyurethane insulation 24. Metal profile of u-section 25. Plasterboard plate
26. Engaging screed 27. Solid oak boards 28. Sound insulation - cellulose 29. Wood flooring - diagonally guidance 30. Wood beam 31. Acoustic and thermal insulation - termipolacoustic 32. Metal profile 33. Plasterboard plate 34. White sanded grout 35. Wood joist 36. Air gap 37. Double glazing 38. Fixed frames in anodized aluminum 39. Limestone 40. Glass mosaic 41. Plank floor with floor heating 42. Synthetic fiber carpeting 43. Double sheet aluminum frame 44. Reinforced concrete beam 45. Aluminum tipper frame 46. Galvanized metal profile 47. Single glazing 48. Humus 49. Reinforced concrete flat slab 50. Reinforced concrete
Detailed section
Tridimensional image of the lateral staircase
PVC model
Northern Lights Observatory Lantern in the Sky [Rovaniemi] Lapland, Finland
ARCHmedium competition | Student Ideas Competition, 2012 Co-authors: AntĂłnio Botelho, Francisco Silva, Maria Martins, Rita Folgado
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240 m
A tower in the woods, a lantern in the sky. At the bottom of the tower a large dome emerges – the planetary – visible only through the large triangular entrance door. This entrance is elevated over this dome and the access is made through a long wooden stairway that distances itself from the tower into the path of arrival. This tower emerges from the idea of lifting the main program above the trees in order to allow for a clearer view of the sky and the surroundings. Besides working as an hotel and observatory the volume of the tower constitutes an experience in itself. The organic shaped void in the interior of the tower creates a contrast with the pure forms of the exterior. This same void organizes a spiralling stairway that leads to the top where the observatory is located. This is a path of resistance, an experience that starts with the viewing of this void right before entering and ends after the climb of this long long stairway. The very end of this void can be lit to illuminate the night in Rovaniemi or be turned off to allow for a more natural experience of the aurora borealis.
05 “There we shall be able to take baths of darkness, and for our diversion, from time to time the Aurora Borealis shall scatter its rosy sheaves before us, like reflections of the fireworks of Hell!� Charles Baudelaire Photograph alluding to the concept of the project - Peter Zumthor
Conceptual scheme
1. Interior view of the central shaft 2. Street view of the building j.
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Floor plans
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planetary reception kitchen storage eating area sauna social area dressing room quadruple room double room observatory balcony
Perspectived section
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Bedroom 2 beds
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Sauna
Restaurant
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Tokyo Replay Center Around the Way
[Akihabara Station] Tokyo, Japan
ARCHmedium competition | Student Ideas Competition, 2012 Co-authors: AntĂłnio Botelho, Francisco Silva, Maria Martins, Rita Folgado
Competition Panel
Honorable Mention
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200 m
Publhished in: WA Magazine - Wettbewerb Aktuell Future Arquitecturas Magazine Domus MĂŠxico Magazine
Around the Way is about public. Sometimes one does not need a building to dwell or to play. Around the way is made of three different types of spaces. The first, ground floor area social workshop, is a lightly-covered large open space with only two enclosed areas (two shops – manga/anime and films/video games). This space can be simply walked through just to go from one street to the other. It is a large extension of the My Way passage. It is a sociable place for people to gather and do as they please but it is not a building. It is a place intimately connected with the street. Two, the upper level open-air plaza, can be accessed through the spiral staircase, the stores or through the auditorium stairs. The auditorium is a special element that connects both floors. Anyone can come and speak up or just sing a song. This upper plaza is a gathering place, a dating space, a space to bring your lunch and sit quietly eating, a space to have a sake. It gives access to the wheel, the third and most important element. The wheel is a ferris-wheel we designed based on the common aspects of such a typology. We wanted a different way of offering the karaoke rooms. Something that would allow for isolated, enclosed spaces, but that felt a little more refreshing than a series of rooms in a building. People can relate to the city but they can also distance themselves while engaging in this ever so popular activity. So these elements come together to create something that is quite rare in Tokyo. We propose this mix of public, semi-public and private, this openness of programs, spaces that can change and that can be used for many things and a ferris-wheel that appears as a new icon, something that enlightens the city and that makes this place recognizable.
06 “Beyond the edge of the world there’s a space where emptiness and substance neatly overlap, where past and future form a continuous, endless loop. And, hovering about, there are signs no one has ever read, chords no one has ever heard.” Haruki Murakami Photograph alluding to the concept of the project
Concept connect & wander
1st Floor enjoy & shop
2nd Floor go around & dwell
Conceptual plans
1. Longitudinal section 2. 1st floor plan 3. 2nd floor plan
The Capsule is a Karaoke Box. It replaces the traditional room. It can also serve just as a way of looking at the city from above.
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Each capsule is a karaoke room that people can rent for as long as they feel like, two, three or ten spins of the wheel. If they don’t want to sing but only enjoy a quiet view of the city they can only play music and go for a ride. The stores are glass boxes that cross the roof to come out at the upper-level as lanterns. The remaining open space around them can be filtered through the rolling up of curtains on all of the outside perimeter. This space is illuminated by the natural light coming from the glass stores, the exterior light and little light holes on the concrete roof. There are tables and plants and places to sit. People can bring their own playing devices or rent some at the stores. They can also bring board games and card games or even play hide and seek.
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Axonometric scheme of the project conception
Tridimensional view of the project
Pestana Eco-Resort “Trojan” Architecture [Tróia] Setúbal, Portugal
RRJ Arquitectos | August 2013 Co-authors: Arch. Rui Pinto Gonçalves, Arch. Susana Baeta
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800 m
This project is a response to an open competition established by the Pestana Hotel chain group. The site is located in an area with typically coastal features like good sun exposure, mainly sandy soils, low vegetation and proximity to sea. Being inserted in an existing urbanization this accommodation unit has a similar concept to the remaining lots. With the purpose to maintain the morphology of the existing ground it was used modular construction and platforms, adaptable to the altimetry of the terrain and the shape of the lot. The dwelling is formed by two rectangular volumes, one with two floors and the other with only a ground floor. The entrance volume, that connects these two volumes, is built in glass in order to give the impression that they are two independent bodies. Between these volumes arise several outdoor zones more reserved, combined with pergolas that dematerialize the facades. The creation of windows with generous dimensions makes the interior and exterior communicate, making these spaces extensions of the social space of the house. Regarding to the interior distribution, these volumes present two different areas: a more private situated on the 1st floor that incorporate the suite whit its balcony; and a social area, located on the ground level, with direct access to the outdoor living areas, porches and gardens.
07 PVC and pressboard model - Street view of the complex
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1. SW elevation 2. Transversal section 3. Ground floor plan 4. First floor plan 5. NE elevation 6. SE elevation 7. NW elevation 8. Longitudinal sectio
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Detailed section
Tridimensional view of the complex
“Prata” Hotel
Patrimonial Rehabilitation [Baixa] Lisboa, Portugal
RRJ Arquitectos | December 2013 Co-authors: Arch. Rui Pinto Gonçalves, Arch. Susana Baeta
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40
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160 m
The presented project concerns a work of interior, exterior alterations and reconstruction of two parallel buildings connected by a central shaft, which aims to get a draft permit to implement a hotel development. Both buildings, original eighteenth century, are in the historic center of Lisbon, in the area of “Baixa”, which is characterized by strict architectural standards resulting from the post-earthquake of 1755. The main objective of this project is to rehabilitate the facades facing the street, respecting the metric and the language of the surrounding architecture, for a revitalization of the downtown area. In the interior, the buildings were adapted to the new use of the hotel, changing its design in order to meet current regulatory requirements. It is proposed a development with 6 floors above ground on one of the buildings and 4 on the other. A development that incorporates 50 accommodation units, each with its separate toilet, and all public and private areas necessary for successful operation of the establishment, such as social areas (reception, lounge, bar, restaurant and business center); and service areas (stores, kitchen, floor pantries and laundry room).
08 Reference photograph of one of the streets - Rua dos Correeiros, 1910
1. Tridimensional view Front elevation (East) 2. Tridimensional view Rear elevation (West) 3. Tridimensional view Shaft between the two buildings
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1. Basement floor plan 2. Groung floor plan 3. First floor plan 4. Second/Third floor plan 5. Fourth floor plan 6. Fifth floor plan
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Transversal section (C)
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Interior Rehabilitation Transforming an Icon [Lapa] Lisboa, Portugal
RRJ Arquitectos | April 2014 Co-authors: Arch. Rui Pinto Gonçalves, Arch. Susana Baeta
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This project is developed in an iconic building in Lisbon designed by the architects Alberto Pessoa, Hernâni Gandra and Abel João Manta. The aim was to transform the initial 7 room apartment in an apartment with 5 more generous rooms, without losing its structure and distribution system. As a request from the clients, owners of the apartment, it was taken as preferred material for the pavement oak wood plank flooring. To maintain a more cohesive language, the same material was used not only as pavement but also as walls and ceilings coating of the transition areas of the spaces, giving an idea of tunnels that separate in a clear way the different environments of the apartment. The whole project was developed around a centerpiece that represents the major element of this rehabilitation: the stairs to the upper floor. This almost sculptural element, besides serving its purpose of access to the 1st floor, also becomes a bookcase and a decorative element that frames the living room, making the separation with the kitchen.
09 Photograph of the original builgings - Alberto Pessoa, Hern창ni Gandra and Jo찾o Abel Manta, 1955
1. Transversal section 2. Transversal section 3. First floor plan 4. Ground floor plan 5. Longitudinal section
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First floor - original
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Ground floor - original 1. Stairs detail 2. Window frame detail 3. Molding detail 4. Footer detail 5. Riamesio door detail 6. Closet detail 7. Wall coating detail 4.
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