Dominic garrett studio 4 3 portfolio by dominicgarrett

Dominic Garrett

Studio 4.3 Portfolio

Studio 4.3 Project timeline This studio module has been another very educational experience, looking at how as architects we interpret space and what relationship this can have with different users of different cultures backgrounds and how this changes over time. It has provided an opportunity to bring together experiences from workshops and my dissertation. The information work environment became the focus for majority of this studio time, something which i have not designed in the past and called for research into the basic principles that make up ofice design but also how these can be improved. The qed atelier remains focused on how through critical thinking we can develop and improve the connections between architecture and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surroundings and it is the integration of these techniques and this sort of thinking that inspires designs that have a greater impact than can be portrayed by a set of static images frozen in time.

Studio 4.2 submission

Contents Studio 4.3

Project Rural Routes to Roots

IWE project Metamorphofice

Creative Conditions C3o

Appendix Project Briefs Model photos Atelier research book

RSA submission 10.03.2016

Studio 4.3 submission 24.04.2016

Re evaluation of research strategy and atelier plan of collective framework.

Student led meeting 25.01.16 Discussions concerning ofice spaces and creative environment strategies

Student led meeting 18.02.16

Meeting with Lee Treanor and Atul 22.01.16

Jan

Visit to 5 Plus architects (The Hive) and discussion concerning Airport City Masterplan

Feb

Presentation of Research strategy and initial content

Studio meeting 19.02.16

Meeting with Phil Doyle 12.02.16

March

Preperation for meeting with 5 Plus architects

Dissertation submission 11.04.16

May

April

Re evaluation of research strategy and atelier plan of collective framework.

Studio meeting 09.02.16

Biomimicry in Architecture Benyus et al. versus Kaplinsky et al.

Supercrit Presentations 11.03.16

Student led meeting 16.02.16

Workshop: Mapping controversies submission 08.02.16

Studio Meeting 22.01.16

Presentation of RSA entries and initial IWE project ideas

RSA Creative Conditions deadline 10.03.16 Submission of all RSA entries

Student led meeting 15.03.16

Studio tutorial 15.04.16

Evaluation of the key strategies in the 5 plus masterplan

Review of IWE work and manufacturing lecture (SAPA curtain walling) Studio 4.3 submission 25.04..16

RSA compeition: Project Rural

(The Brief) (Appendix) http://sda.thersa.org/en/challenge/rsa-student-design-awards-2016/phase/rsastudent-design-awards-2016/track/project-rural-en

The Project Rural brief asked for us to â&#x20AC;&#x153;design a product, system or campaign that is specifically intended to help people and communities in rural areas to flourish.â&#x20AC;? The project enabled us to introduce some of the themes from previous competitions and consider how this project will develop over time and adapt depending on the location and users. It is important to consider the resilience of Architectural projects as this can directly relate to the environmental impact and their project longevity. This project developed out of looking at mobile, lightweight and deployable structures and aimed to make informed decision on the choice of materials and systems that were implemented within the proposal. Rural communities cannot simply be aided with one single tool and this project aimed to create the connections that can allow the needs of the rural communities to be met and over time flourish.

Contents Reflection on 4.2 Content and development goals Improved content Overall reflection Design team members Dominic Garrett

See Sern Khor

Other themes and links from previous projects are listed below which i aimed to integrate into the creative conditions project:

LAKA - Development of adaptive building elements to change with envrionmental conidtions - Adaptable spaces and furniture

One Manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Waste - Reuse of materials or built objects

Waste Not Want Not - Creating social interactions around skill sharing and education - Integration of electronic paradigm to consider new interactions

Reflection on 4.2 and development

Key improvement points

At this point in the project it was important to reflect on the progress we had made so far and look at what our aims of the project were to make sure we had hit these targets.

-Identify and portray the key drivers and principles behind the project

Overall the visual nature of the project needed improving to better explain and illustrate the experience and impact that the architecture could take place. Also the project, although existing in ideal theories the evidence in our drawings needed backing up so this became a driver behind the next stage to review our drawings and development to portray a clearer development of the project that existed within out minds.

-Consider the and represent the ecology of the building (production-process-in use)

Below: Project content from Studio 4.2 Portfolio

Improved submission content

-Improve overall visual style

-Illustrate the thinking behind the program and layout

Project Abstract Routes to Roots Sitting lightly on the rural pond providing opportunity and innovation the digital connection centre unfolds gently into the community. The importance of the sense of place is recognised and retained through this project whilst providing means of connection to other rural and urban developments. There is power in this connection by not only providing services for the needs of the community and allowing them to flourish and prosper in the regions of the hills, but also through converging smaller communities, creating conversation, trading tips and exchanging favours. Easily transported and assembled the modular components inspired by structures in nature create a building type that is strong and resilient to change over time. A smart dome houses the main courtyard of the building regulating the interior environment with modular furniture allowing users to adapt and co-ordinate the space to suit their needs. An Internet hub with open access in the open main space encourages face-to-face interactions by providing a place where the digital and rural can be connected improving business productivity by initialising that outer connection. The building can change and adapt over time as pre-fabricated elements plug in and out of the buildings perimeter creating a resilient architecture that improves the lives of rural families and businesses. Acting as a catalyst for sustained communities this project will bring rural inhabitants together in a re-imagined harmonious space that values both the place of inhabitants and their vital connection to a wider environment. initialising that outer connection.

RURAL/ URBAN DIVIDE

THE CURRENT PARADIGM OF PROBLEMS

Plant Rural areas can be difficult to deliver materials to so all the building materials are modular and prefabricated offsite. Each container houses the required ammenities for each particular rural community. The pad foundation system that capable to cope with any uneven ground is first laid out before fixing the floor panels. Columns and wall panels are erected alongside with roof components. Roof is lifted and fixed onto columns followed by attaching and filling the EtFE pillows. The containers is plugged in to complete the construction process. This modular system means the design is resilent and can adapt to different rural communities needs.

routes to roots RECONNECTING RURAL COMMUNITIES Research into the existing UK rural paradigm leads to discovery that a disconnection of services and transport as part of a complex system has lead to the social malfunction of rural communities. The rural/ urban divide is only growing and with an aging population the need to retain the connection of rural communities is as salient as ever. This project aims to tackle the goals established to allow rural communities to flourish in their reconnected paradigm, retaining their sense of place (roots) and forming new relationships that benefit their future (routes).

1. TRANSPORTATION

2. UNLOAD

3. FOUNDATION

4. FLOOR PANELS

5. WALL PANELS

6. ROOF COMPONENTS

7. ETFE CUSHIONS

8. CONTAINERS

RURAL DEMOGRAPHIC

PROJECT GOALS

PRIVATE/PUBLIC

UNOBSTRUCTED VIEW

RAINWATER COLLECTION

GREEN DESIGN

Nurture

Grow

Buildings often required a total overhaul to serve the new needs of their inhabitants and this can be costly and represents the poor resilience of these buildings. Through creating a system where by pre-fabrication units can be easily plugged and unplugged, we are proposing a place with high adaptability that can suit and serveany communitywithout creating permanently binding infrastructure. This allows the building to sit lightly on the pond of rural communities without intruding the special qualities of the space.

People will always adapt a space to suit their needs and with this flat packed and easily transportable furniture module, available in two sizes, it can be manipulated and arranged to suit multiple functions. The triangular prism module can is composed of an insert that can form shelves and storage but this can be customized to establish a desired aesthetic or acoustic function developing an intricate and personalized social realm. The system is therefore highly resilient and can adapt to the needs of its users.

FLAT PACK CONSTRUCTION

INSERT OPTIONS

SHELVES

STORAGE

SEATING

DESKS

PROJECTION WALL

PARTITION WALLS

routes to roots RECONNECTING RURAL COMMUNITIES DEVELOPS NEED FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT

COMMUNICATES NEEDS FOR HEALTH SERVICES

INCREASES DESIRABILITY FOR YOUNGER INHABITANTS

BOOSTS LOCAL BUSINESS CONNECTIONS

IMPROVES RESILIENCE OF SENSE OF PLACE

REJUVENATES SOCIAL CONNECTIONS REDUCING DEPRESSION

ELIMINATES LONG BUSINESS COMMUTING

IMPROVES AWARENESS OF HEALTH ISSUES

BRINGS EDUCATION CLOSER TO RURAL COMMUNITIES

Project Reflection Routes to Roots This is the content that we entered for the Project Rudal RSA compeition. The submission was a hero image and 4 supplementary A3 pages accompanied with our ten research book pages (See appendix) . To review the content and identify key areas of potential improvement i have identified strengths and weaknesses of the pages for development in the future. Strengths - A variance in visuals to keep the viewer engaged. - A clear break down of building process and considertation to application. - The project considers change over time through use of the plug in system. - The proposal could work in many different rural environments. Weaknesses -The proposal has not been developed to show an understanding of the detailed elements of construction - The research for the project is not portrayed in the final outcome. - The Hero image does not show change over time.

Personal reflection It is important to reflect on my own person input to the project to help understand more about myself a consider my how my actions and approach compared to others. It also provides a way of extracting what might need to change in my approach to future projects. What unqiue skills did i bring to the project? In this project i brought skills of representation and graphic design style. How doid I manage my time? During the early stage of the project for the 4.2 portfolio submission time was not manged as well which led to a rushed and sub optimal output. In the lead up to the final submission we would work on each section at a time and consider how and what we wanted to improve before progressing leading to a better use of time. How do I relate to others? Working with See was a really good experience. We would always review each others decisions and provide advise resulting in assured choices. How do I assign work? What do I expect from the work of others? How do I complete work myself? We assigned work by establishing who had the best understanding of different aspects of the project. At times See would tell me an idea that i couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t necessarily visual so it would be his opporunity to portray it. We would always consult the other work to develop a consistent graphical style. How do my behavioral preferences (my expressiveness, assertiveness, and flexibility) impact my personal energy levels? Do I gain or lose energy around other people? I feel that i gained energy through working with See as he was also very interested in the project and wanted to see it progress well. It is always good to have someone else who is involved in the project to add a level of reassurance and design critique.

RSA compeition: Creative conditions

(The Brief) (Appendix) http://sda.thersa.org/en/challenge/rsa-student-design-awards-2016/phase/rsastudent-design-awards-2016/track/creative-conditions-en-1

The Creative conditions brief asked for us to “design and develop a compelling vision and business case for an environment or situation that prompts and fosters creative thinking.” The project enabled us to introduce some of the themes from previous competitions and consider how this project will be usefully integrated into the future IWE project which considers office design in the context of the Airport City Masterplan for Manchester Airport. Our initial defining decision was to tackle the project from the perspective of the office (information) worker, someone who makes up over half of the working population of the UK and is therefore a very relevant target client but also because of the flow of which this would create into integrating the design into the social element of the Airport City Masterplan.

Contents Research development book Sketches and Concepts Submission content Improved content Overall reflection Design team members Dominic Garrett

Panayiotis Paschalis

Other themes and links from previous projects are listed below which i aimed to integrate into the creative conditions project:

Oliver Pozegic

Shahrukh Ahmed Sheikh

Project Rural - Connecting communities - Improving Skills

One Man’s Waste - Seeing Noise as a valuable asset in the workplace

Waste Not Want Not - Creating social interactions around food cultures - Integration of electronic paradigm to consider new interactions

Research development

Research sketchbook and development (10 Pages)

Key literature sources

- Provided facts and figures regarding employee wellbeing - Considered factors beyond immediate architectural elements - Identified key areas of focus - Helped us identify what workers recognised as being the most important aspects to working

- Provided a source book of projects that have influenced Hertzberger

- Showcased unique work spaces highlighting key concepts of unique businesses

- Aided an understanding of the relationships that can be created through space manipulation

- Developed an understanding of the importance of collaboration

- Developed an recognition of the importance of spatial arrangements

- Provided a source of spatial arrangements and concepts

Research sketchbook As a group we developed a research strategy that would create an output which would also fulfill some of the needs of the RSA compeition brief which was the “10 pages of sketches and development.” We structured it so that we could cover a number of case studies and research avenues to create a well informed response. Contents Defining ‘Creativity” Theories of creativity Exemplar examples of office design Evolution of the workplace and strategies Future offices

Project development plan

Research office work and creativity

Develop goals for the project

Propose initial ideas and concepts

Develop competition sheets

Review and revise sheets

Development of ideas Following the research booklet as a group we were able to use this as a driver for better informed ideas and what to begin to integrate when developing ideas. The following sketches represent different aspects of development of project and acted as a vehicle for discussion for other ideas that were expressed in verbal means.

Reflection Developing a research book as a collective pool of ideas was very useful and i feel like it was a useful way to share ideas and collate in a way that made our intentions clear for further developments. The structure of the booklet meant that every group member would contribute to each section and was therefore fully engaged in the project from the beginning. I think this was a useful strategy and put us in a good position with a library of knowledge and facts to backup our ideas and proposals.

An alternative hierarchy of space considered a community driven space, a collaboration and concentration space. By establishing the sort of conditions we aimed to produce for each informed by the research booklet this sketch shows a tiered system that considers this idea.

With the open plan office becoming a popular design approach to work environments we considered how we could create more intimate concentration spaces. Concentration is important as this is where the majority of work will take place according to the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Gensler workplace surveyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. By protruding through the skin of the building we aimed to develop a unique space that is accessible yet provides a distraction free environment with degrees of ownership.

Another key driver for the office layout and design approach was the target of increasing social interactions. A series of bridges, balconies and split floor plates would aim to produce areas of collaboration between those that would normally be isolated.

Submission content

Project Abstract C3o

We as humans interact in many more ways than we did previously. We spend more time in the office and yet our social interaction in these places is currently stifled due to the traditional office layout. To develop a strategy to create this new paradigm we have defined core goals based on our research that can help refocus the priorities of an office environment to a creative environment that recognises the value of the inhabitants and creates an effectively positive space. We have taken time to look at what creates a satisfied worker and how people may perceive their environment and what impact on their work this may have. This allows us to propose solutions that can be measured against these goals. It is important that architecture should emphasise the intelligent use of space not just the economic and creative attractive hubs of social interaction. The new creative paradigm is split into three aspects, community, collaboration and concentration recognising the importance of social interaction, effective team and group work zones and focus areas. The strategies proposed can be transferred to any work environment; a few adopted into existing and define new innovative and exciting workplaces of the future. The new creative office paradigm not only offers a better sense of wellbeing for inhabitants, establishing a unrecognised value in spaces that offer so much more than static office space. The mobile worker needs choice and motion to become lost in the flow of work and embrace the collisions of creativity and this proposal embraces and celebrates the creativity of human kind.

One design idea which did not continue considered the often changing paradigm of office work and the need for different conditions to stimulate and excite inhabitants. The sketch above explores the idea of moving floor plates to allow different masses of collaboration zones to grow and shrink depending on the user requirements.

A very interesting piece of information that came from the research was the influence of acoustics on the work environment. A level of ambient noise (50db) not only reduces distraction for those concentrating but encourages conversation in collaborative zones. We then considered how this could become part of the design strategy. The sketch above considered acoustics as part of a buildings system and where it might be used.

Competition entry reflection C3o This is the content that we entered for the Creative Conditions RSA compeition. The submission was a hero image and 4 supplementary A3 pages accompanied with our ten research book pages. To review the content and identify key areas of improvement i have identified strengths and weaknesses of the pages for development in the future. Strengths - A variance in visuals to keep the viewer engaged. - A clear break down of building layers and the Community, Collaborate and Concentrate hierarchy of the office. - Lots of information backed up by studies in relevant fields - The proposal makes use of a number of different strategies rather than one and is therefore applicable to different scenarios. Weaknesses -The grey people on the visuals do not represent the interactive and social aspects of the proposed idea which is something i wanted to change during the development of the images but was not accepted. - Too much content on some of the supplementary pages may not be suitable in a competition entry as the judge may want a quick understanding of the concept. - Hero image needs to reinforce the concept of the three Cs

Improvement intentions The images below represent the intended improvements for the final images that would incorporate live people to bring a better realised and truer expression of the intentions of the space. The people in the top image represented a very static and non human experience of the space and i feel the developed image gives a more engaging perception of what the intentions of the space are. In particular in the RSA competition this may have been vital in progression.

Personal reflection

Before

It is important to reflect on my own person input to the project to help understand more about myself a consider my how my actions and approach compared to others. It also provides a way of extracting what might need to change in my approach to future projects. What unqiue skills did i bring to the project? I feel i brought research skills to this project by providing useful tools of where to look for information using resources such as Scopus, Google scholar and other documents produced by larger businesses such as Gensler. I also helped develop and represent intial ideas through sketches which aided the group discussion and decision making. Further to this i brought photo editting skills to the project by editting renders and applying materials and other objects that would bring life to the ideas. How doid I manage my time? I felt i managed time well and so did the team. By spending time developing a research strategy and defining goals we were in plenty of time to develop our project. We would meet each day around midday. Personally i would spend the morning preparing ideas and setting up a framework for us to develop in the afternoons. Improved

How do I relate to others? The other team members were very easy to work with an i felt that i could tell them exactly how i felt about design decisions without any upsets. I tried to be as understanding as possible as team members had different sleep patterns and priorities but i think overall i, as well as the other members considered each other and worked synergetically. How do I assign work? What do I expect from the work of others? How do I complete work myself? I felt it was important that everyone was involved at every stage of the project so by developing the research book, then development and finally the competition piece. At time i may have expected more work or a faster pace of work from other team members. I would always complete the work as soon as possible because i feel there needs to be a number of iterations and revision before a piece of work is close to being finalised. I also wanted the final pieces to be improved and was happy to photo edit the renders but unfortunately the team could not bring these together. How do my behavioral preferences (my expressiveness, assertiveness, and flexibility) impact my personal energy levels? Do I gain or lose energy around other people? Working in a team definitely provides a boost of energy at times and i feel like i know when to sit back and listen and when the initiative needs to be taken. A negative side to team work is sometimes the compromises that do not necessarily result in the best output but this is part of any team dynamic. I definitely work well when working for a team as there is an underlying pressure to contribute.

The Airport City: A landscape of Opportunity (IWE project) Design journal

IWE â&#x20AC;&#x153;Your objective is to explore information work and the way it will develop and critically identify how buildings for information work can be `environmentally positive` in the context of materials, systems and operation over time as well as being a `useful` and sensually engaging place for twenty first century information workers.â&#x20AC;? (IWE Brief Appendix) Major airports have become key nodes in global production and enterprise systems offering them speed, agility, and connectivity. They are also powerful engines of local economic development, attracting aviation-linked businesses of all types to their environs. These include, among others, time-sensitive manufacturing and distribution facilities; hotel, entertainment, retail, convention, trade and exhibition complexes; and office buildings that house air-travel intensive executives and professionals. The rapid expansion of airport-linked commercial facilities is making today's air gateways anchors of 21st century metropolitan development where distant travelers and locals alike can conduct business, exchange knowledge, shop, eat, sleep, and be entertained without going more than 15 minutes from the airport. This functional and spatial evolution is transforming many city airports into airport cities.

Contents Atelier Research Book Project Integration Key references Development (Topos, Tectonics, Typos) Final presentation Reflection

Individual Project Dominic Garrett

Transport has always shaped the evolution and economics of our cities and air travel represents the latest form of this influence.

ATELIER RESEARCH BOOK Reflection The atelier research book has been very useful in aiding the development of my project as a point of reference for developing different aspects of the design. I feel that the idea of working together as an atelier to converge to a shared goal works well as a research strategy. There are a great selection of references and it is great to see how these can be interpreted into innovative design solutions. Being a member of the atelier that embellishes the thought of mass group collaboration i organised a number of atelier meetings and was fortunate to be supported by other members of the atelier. As with many group projects there are potential fall-backs and i feel the size of the group contributing led to delays due to some members not commiting to the cause. If this method of research and development was to be implemented again i would work in a team that had an earlier cut off point as there were times when this resource would have been useful but the information had not been collated.

Input Airport City Masterplan Atelier scale

Conceptual office space

Process Personal content input Research booklet/ framework This booklet contains information that can act as a resource for all paths that contribute to the realisation of projects within studio 4.3

Output During a day or two day workshop the atelier will analyse the current masterplan based on the research and knowledge acquired through development of the research booklet. The outcome will be a number of methods of seizing opportunities presented by the masterplan.

Working in groups of around 4, students will be creating an entry for RSA student awards â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Creative conditionsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; competition by combining their own research and intuition concerning creating creative environments with information from the research booklet to form a well developed and informed proposal.

Small group scale

Office design in the Context of Airport City Masterplan Individual

As individuals each student will be well educated in what constitutes to a creative space and be aware of the potentials of the Airport City masterplan. The outcome will be an office based design that showcases some of the most forward thinking strategies in architectural design.

qed masterplan analysis

The content which i put forward for the atelier research book concerned biophilic design. There were a number of key sources which i had encountered whilst doing research for my dissertation which concerned biomimicry in architecture. I feel that biophilia and green infrastructure is often something that is overlooked as a gimmick or only from an humanist aesthetic point of view but in fact research suggests the benefits are much greater. Biophilia is linked reduction in stress, lower blood pressure and reduction in anxiety. These are obviously important potential benefits that should be implemented within any work place and i felt it was salient to design some of the methodological tactics as to how these might be implemented into design. This was backed up by a couple of case studies and diagrams that explained where and how biophilic design could be implemented.

Atelier scale

Creative conditions

Small group scale

Individual office design in context of masterplan using concepts from creative conditions Individual

PROJECT INTEGRATION

DISSERTATION

Previous projects have involved much research and development in many different areas and it makes sense to bring aspects of these designs through into different projects. The thinking behind some of these project adds to the catalogue of design methods and thinking that can develop interesting aspects of design. The diagram below represents the paths of influence of past projects into the IWE project.

Sapa Tech Lecture (Manufacturing) The manufacturing session qed had with Sapa concerned curtain wall facades and what considerations you need when applying them and what system might be used. This helped me understand the fixing strategy for a curtain walling system in my design.

Creative conditions (Creative spaces) Creative conditions led to considering what makes a desirable and creative environment. We looked at a new office paradigm structure and how the arrangement of space can cause social collisions: something that progressed into the IWE project.

Project Rural (Space customisation) This project offered a customisable space for inhabitants to change depending on their needs allowing the communication of what was needed at different times. An office environment is also about providing choice and this extended to the design of the floor plates which can be reconstructed in accordance with user requirements.

THINK SEMINAR (NATURES)

Biomimicry in Architecture : Benyus et al. versus Kaplinsky et al. My dissertation aimed to develop a brief understanding of the reasoning behind the exploration of biomimicry and the opposition of humanism as a topic in architectural design, this included the development of the methodology in the collection of data and methods of analysis. I was able to use this to look at how in the past architects have looked to nature an was degree of inspiration they have used and ultimately what use it can be to architectural design. The argument as to what is the right way of approaching architectural design in reality is neither one humanist extreme or a naturalist extreme but somewhere in between. What i did conclude from the dissertation that i could take forward is that nature doesn’t offer solutions beyond material sciences and it provides a way of thinking that can be implemented into design if, like in qed, we are concerned with the ecological impact of the build.

Current Framing

Re-framing

IWE

Resilience

Dissertation/ Think seminar Both my dissertation and our Think seminar concerned our relationship with nature and design. What is important that there is a source of information and solutions in nature that can be used and this is represented in a few of the systems within the IWE project including the ventilation system which uses the model of termite mounds.

Taking “nature as a model as an idea is one of the oldest and most fundamental aesthetic concepts in western art and architecture theory.”(Old and New Organicism in Architecture: The Metamorphoses of an Aesthetic Idea Dorte Kuhlmann) A key idea that came from this text that translated into my design was considering the building as an ecology. Buildings are not self sufficient or independent. They always act in relation to the surrounding ecosystem. This was something that was important to consider in my design as it emphasized the importance of understanding the conditions that the building sits within. Another text “Defining New Architectural Design Principles with ‘Living’ Inorganic materials :University of Glasgow Leroy Cronin” looked at how taking a new approach to change the building materials paradigm at nano to micro scale design in inorganic material can be programmed to adapt in different conditions. Although this portrayed a future where architecture can emulate living systems through the use of organic materials the text advised that it should not become an active method of design until it has been tested further. What became useful from this text was the thinking behind the process rather than the process itself. As cells grown they adapt and change depending on their surroundings and this is the sort of thinking that can allow architecture to act in this way. From looking at nature we can learn from the models but there will always need to be a form a humanist interpretation because the built environment is a construct of the cultural adaptations of human kind.

Biomimetics

LAKA reacts (Adaptive architecture) The LAKA competition concerned adaptability and how a building changes to its users and environment. This led me to considering a number of systems that would react over time depending on a variety of stimuli.

During the period of 4.3 we managed to fit in one Think seminar this time on natures. The set of texts explored the history of man’s relationship with nature in architectural design.

Waste not Want not (Food cultures) This project created an awareness of how the current food culture in the UK is not necessarily the best and that there are ways of bringing communities together through consideration of their food network. This has been introduced in the IWE project through the consideration of Wythenshawe and integration of the food initiatives taking place in the local area.

Biomimicry

Sustainability

Biomimicry

What has potentially been misrepresented at the detriment of biomimetic design is that looking to nature is not simply an answer to sustainability but a way of creating resilient design and that this may be a better way of framing the topic. With this in mind i brought this ecosystem thinking and closed look cycle consideration into my office design looking at a mix of precedent from the biomimetic office, which approach each aspect of the office with the question,” how would nature do this” to Philip Beesley who looks to create a synthetic form of nature that reacts. This helped me consider how architecture is not a static product and needs to adapt and change over time.

Biomimietic Office

Hylozoic Ground

(Atelier10, (2014), Biomimietic Office [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.atelierten.com/wp-content/uploads/proj_3079_3.jpg [

(Philip Beesley, (2010), Hylozoic Ground [ONLINE]. Available at: http://canadianart.ca/online/features/2010/10/27/venice_img1.jpg

KEY REFERENCES

PERSONAL PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

A number of key pieces of literature provided information on different aspects of office design and aided development of ideas for the project. A+T - The Public Chance This book was great for understanding some of the key components that make up successful urban design strategies. If this project is to develop as part of the urban realm that 5 plus have intended then it is important to understand these. The IWE project can be seen as an intervention, one of the components of the urban design and this book allowed me to introduce some of the successful aspects of urban design into my architectural design. Some of these included - Allowing escapism - Allowing people to be different - Connecting with nature - Balancing a relationship between constructed fabric and empty spaces - Promoting mixed uses

Lightness When considering ecological design and materials one path to consider is the weight. Buckminster Fuller was popularly quoted asking “How much does your building weigh?” This book lead me onto learn about lightweight materials and provided a number of key projects that have use lightweight design methods. This is key because the ecology of a building is embodied within the manufacturing and transport process as well and this is where material weights and efficiencies become imperative. This led me onto the Dymaxion House by Fuller and also inspired me to consider bridge structures with their tensile components as an alternative design technique for a building.

William J Mitchell - ME++ This book was interesting for considering the different types of connections we have and how they progress over time. In particularly in the office environment the evolution of technology restructures the hierarchy and social connections within the office. It is interesting to consider that although we are more connected to those further and further away that we are potentially losing connection with those immediately in our physical vicinity. This book called for a rethink of physical space to actively or purposely boost these connections between people sharing a live environment.

The themes and thinking behind ecosystem inspired design are well described in this book. Pawlyn talks about material efficiency and harness energy from the sun alongside cradle to cradle design. This book provides not only a source book of environmentally positive ideologies but also a way of thinking about resilient design, something which is important to consider in the IWE project where the future functions and user typologies will twist and turn.

Read literature concerning ecological, electronic paradigms, space and change over time.

Refer back to literature to determine successful aspects of proposal and what’s been missed

DEGW - Design for Change Time is key theme within this book and it showcases some unique research on a depth of understanding of space and time that should be considered by all designers. DEGW’s architecture is unique in the way that they focus on the process of change over time and adaptability of buildings. They also consider the integration of the context into and the influence of the building outwards. It led me to consider aspects of my design that i wouldn’t have done otherwise.

Herman Hertzberger - Space and the Architect Michael Pawlyn - Biomimicry in Architecture

Develop an understanding of a creative space (Creative conditions)

Hertzberger deals with the very ambiguous topic of space in this book on a number of different levels from the physical to the metaphysical. What i was able to take from this book were a number of examples of space that has worked well and that there is a need for spaces that may not have an immediate or obvious value but impact the architecture as a whole. These spaces are combinations of, interactions, escapes, focus and social spaces. Bringing this into my IWE project i have considered how the office space is simply more than a work zone that brings together a collective of experiences.

Develop research for atelier research book

Speak to professional relevant to the masterplan design

Develop Typos, Topos and Tectonics aspects of the design.

Research exemplar case studies

Propose initial ideas and concepts

Review and refine concepts

Develop building design through anatomical aspects

Use Supercrit to review what are successful aspects of the design

TOPOS Airport City Masterplan

Masterplan analysis 1-2 Masterplan Group analysis and understanding (15.03.16)

This project asked for the development of a proposal for an information work environment that would sit in the proposed Masterplan for Airport City Manchester by 5 Plus Architects. The existing masterplan was composed of generic blocks to represent buildings as it had not reached a stage where occupiers had been determined and therefore the specifics had not been specified. Information regarding the masterplan strategies can be found in the atelier research book in the appendix which provided a good resource to understand key drivers behind the layout.

The research strategy for the atelier had broken down the masterplan section to be contributed by certain members of the atelier. Although there was adequate information in the research booklet i felt it was important to grasp an understanding of the masterplan by discussing this with other members of the atelier. We met up to discuss the strengths weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the existing masterplan and where there may be potential avenues to follow for projects of our own.

Key Facts: Airport City Manchester Predicted Capacity: 42000 Potential Occupiers: 60 Architects: 5-Plus 2400 Hotel beds 100,000 sqf of retail

Additional research information is available in the ‘Topos ‘chapter of the Atelier research book (see appendix)

Area of focus (Current site condition)

To do this we looked at the key strategies that we felt were important to the existing masterplan and over layered them on a drawing of the masterplan to consider how they work in correlation and whether the description of the strategy matched the illustrate proposal. We then discussed a number of questions concerning whether the masterplan was or wasn’t delivering on opportunities that were there or proposed and what we might do to develop these ideas. How does the Masterplan contribute to it’s context (Wythenshaw and other Airport Cities) Who is benefiting from this environment? Who can use and enjoy it? How affordable will it be? What is the sustainability strategy in construction and use? How many people will use the site? What are the needs of the users? What other opportunities does the site pose? The exercise allowed us to determine some potential key factors concerning the masterplan, split into strengths, weaknesses,opportunities and threats. This includes points made by the group which i have expanded on.

Layers above 1. Proposed building morphologies 2. Proposed road transport access 3. Existing site (source google earth)

Strengths - Whole site is accessible to everyone - Connections to Wythenshawe - Defined frontage onto green space - Pedestrian and cycle access - Consideration of storey height between airport and Wythenshawe - Developing sense of place through artwork Weaknesses - How have they considered noise? - Not enough green space - Green belt not oriented to suit public footpaths - Who is it benefiting other than those working in the space? - Does it consider future use? - Pedestrian access to terminals not considered Opportunities - More break out spaces - Worker and biophilic connections - Possible 2 green axis - 24/7 office culture - Residential and retail cultures - Bridge from T2 to the site Threats - Vandalism from neighbourhood community (Wythenshaw) - Sustainability is only considered through BREEAM - Whole project could fail. What if this happens? 3 A block of application The masterplan presents itself as a series of blocks of buildings defining different areas of activity and interaction between buildings. This pattern allows me to target one area of the masterplan rather than the whole area. By designing a smaller area i could then replicate this model in other areas of the masterplan if it was to be developed at a larger scale. This area has been identified on the previous page. 4-5 Google map images of the site in its present state

Area that will be visible from passing road

Contextual links

Environmental strategy research The Airport City presents a multiple of contextual relationships which can be interpreted in a number of ways. By learning about these connections and relationships it is possible to forge new connections that will benefit the network that they sit within. a) The airport city is in the neighbour of other airport cities connected through air transport

b) The airport city is neighbour of its immediate surrounding context of Wythenshawe and other areas in Manchester. It is important to identify and address both of these interpretations as they present different opportunities and both should be looked at. Social scientists (Marc Auge 1995) view airports as ‘non places’ as they recognise them as having no identity, social meaning or history. In response to this architects have attempted to change this by: - Naming or renaming the airport or terminal - Introducing local food and specialty shops 3. - Stimulating focused public art programs

These represent three prominent strategies currently being used to achieve this goal. The future suggests that the airport needs to be treated as an urban design project and greater understanding of the the way that is can be linked to its context is important to develop if an Airport City is to Flourish and integrate with its surroundings.

1 Airport City Network One interpretation of the site is that Manchester’s Airport City sits as a neighbour to other airport cities as visitors will experience one after another joined through flight. Therefore it is important to consider those visitors as potential inhabitants as much as those from Manchester.

In qed we aim to produce architecture that considers the environment that we live in, earth and how through architecture we can be ecologically positive by considering the systems and flows of energy that exist in the surrounding context of the building. By understanding these flows it is possible to interpret and manipulate them in a way that is an improving factor of an inhabitants experience of a an environment but is also a catalyst for improved awareness and actions that impact the earth.

2 Amsterdam’s Schiphol Airport presents a few of the potential directions of an Airport City with integration of a shopping centre immediately after exiting the airport and also a link to the train station. 3-5 Wythenshawe and beyond Wythenshaw is located at the opposite boundary of the site to the airport and there are opportunities for those living there to benefit from the site. Historical plans for Wythenshaw were based on Edenzer Howard’s ‘Garden City’ model and looked to embleish green space. Currently there is a ‘Real food’ program taking place in the community with the aim to help the community grow and cook fresh and sustainable food which poses an opportunity for the proposed site to link with.

1-2 Christian Kerez -Kanagawa institiue of technology Japan 2008 Water strategy The hung roof allows water to flow in from the perimeter and fall down apertures within the roof to form showers of rain within the space. This concept can be applied to the airport city masterplan but the water reintroduced inside the building for a cooling strategy ro as part of the greywater system.

Image 3: Garden City of Wythenshawe: Avaliable at (https://municipaldreams.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/ parker-plan.jpg?w=1070&h=1454) image 4: Aierial view of Wythenshawe Avaliable at: (http://www.wchg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/General-aerial-shot-of-Wythenshawe.jpg)

To to do this is important to identify the potential energy flows in the context of Airport city that will impact the inhabitable space in its nearby context.

ref: (Marc Auge, (1995) non-places introduction to the anthropology of supermodernity )

6-7 Acoustics Although the ETFE membrane does not offer good acoustic solutions the integration of vegetation absorbs noise from the loud airspace to improve the acoustic levels for those both within the buildings and the space inbetween. 8 Application By applying these methods of environmental control to a surface that is not strictly attached to but extends between two buildings the office buildings can change in relation to the faster changing office paradigm. Reflection It was vital at this time to begin to develop a library of systems and environmental strategies that would be able to work in the Airport City environment so i could consider their integration when developing my design.

3-4 Solar Media TIC building ETFE sytem An ETFE cushion systems offer both good insulation and translucency, due to the fact they trap a layer of air and can be adapted using dot matrix coatings to change the solar transmission. The weight and size of the EFTE has added benefits making it much more energy efficient than materials with the same desired architectural effect. For example, transportation of the material is much easier as it can be rolled, taking up less space, hence the need for less conveyance. The cleaning and maintenance of ETFE is also small, the majority of the time water will wash off any dirt, this is due to the smoothness and anti adhesive properties of the material.

TECTONICS Structure

Structure 1,2. Christian Kerez Highrise in Zhengzhou This building uses triangulated columns that extend outside of the building which creates an endless variety of spatial impressions within the building. By moving the structure outside of the building it prevents the monotony of many office buildings and is also structurally lighter than standard structural solutions.

3,4 Toyo Ito Mediateque The vertical load-bearing elements were initially conceived as ‘trees made of thin metal mesh’. The intent of the meshes was to dissolve the traditional notions of a column and make it instead a space itself. Conceived as spaces themselves, the bundles of tubes are appropriately highly programmatic. The four corner bundles contain elevators and stairs. In addition, mechanical systems such as air conditioning, water supply, sewage, drainage, electricity, communication cables, and dumbwaiters all extend through these sheaves of tubes.

8 Bridging structures By bridging the gap between two buildings with the structure the internal spaces could sit within this framework allowing growth and change to happen within the space. This is important to consider as the office paradigm is something that will change at a higher rate than the supporting structure. 9 Rearranging space This sketch explores the possibility of altering layouts within buildings considering the different requirements at different periods, therefore improving the resilience of the architecture.

Reflection I felt it was important to consider different approaches to structure through examination of precedents and review them in relation to not only their structural efficiency but the potential impact they could have on the inhabitants space and whether they offer flexibility for future alterations and developments as the project aims to allow future interventions.

5. Core and cantilever One strategy for the structure would be to use the core as the structural component and cantilever the floors out. In a similar way to Ito the intention would be to also use the core as a way of bringing services through the building. By being created out of triangulated components, the service core would be easily accessible and also free up the floor space.

1,2,3 Dymaxion House Considering material efficiency in the design of the office building led me to explore lightweight structures and inevitably the work of Buckminster Fuller. Despite being a model for a residential unit the structure of the Dymaxion house in its concept addressed many of the goals which i had for the office building. The structure which consists of a central core or mast hangs the floor plates through tension. I felt this could be interpreted into an office building which would allow not only a large area of floor plate to be undistributed by the structure but an opportunity to add variance to the floor plates as the tension cables run through them at different points throughout the the building. 6 Space frame construction One way of creating a lightweight structure is through hierarchical structures, something which is described in Micheal Pawlyn’s book “Biomimicry in Architecture.” This lead me onto looking at space frame structures which can cover large spans using less material. Another consideration was how this material could be reconstructed into a different form if needs be, therefore requiring use of a standardized or plentiful component. This was another aspect of the space frame design that i felt could become key part of the project.

7,8,9 The bridge as a public space Bridges play multiple roles in the built environment. As functional infrastructure, they facilitate transport for hundreds of thousands of people per day. They can be architectural marvels, cultural icons, and tourist attractions. While they are physical connectors, making movement possible between different geographical areas, they can also serve as social connectors, facilitating commerce and interaction between people. In some cases they can even be emotional connectors – symbols with which people identify, or visual icons that remind them of the places they call home. Originally i considered a suspension bridge as the structure for the building due to offering good material efficiency but i decided the use a cable stayed bridge for the following reasons. Key advantages of the cable-stayed form are as follows: -much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge, so that deformations of the deck under live loads are reduced -can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower - the cables act both as temporary and permanent supports to the bridge deck -for a symmetrical bridge (i.e. spans on either side of the tower are the same), the horizontal forces balance and large ground anchorages are not required

6,7 External structures Another consideration, inspired by Kerez was to move the structure to the outside of the building space again freeing up the internal space and creating a unqiue external experience. Suspension bridge

Cable stayed fan

Cable stayed harp design

figure list 1. Dymaxion house

TYPOS Social interactions

Creating a sense of community

Through developing the typology of the project i looked back to our creative conditions competition entry which had recognised and established conditions that could be implemented into design to create an environment that not only inspires workers but creates a better sense of wellbeing.

3,5 Vision for community space By sitting lightly on the ground the buildings allow the community space to extend infinitely underneath creating a series of interesting conditions for events to take place

The location of the project presented a number of opportunities for different types of users that may use the airport city environment. In the immediate context would be the office workers who would directly benefit from an improved work environment. Secondly in the close physical context are the residents of Wythenshawe and further to that Manchester. Therefore it is important to consider how the community of Manchester can be integrated in the project as part of a larger system. The hierarchy of the proposed office building will benefit from an open ground level integrating the urban sprawl of the surrounding context and allow for integration with contextual neighbours.

4. Community zone Typically in office parks the areas between buildings represents little more than a transport realm, alienated from one street to the next. A covered community zone would provide links between these spaces creating a new dynamic that celebrates the landscape.

1 Building as an Ecology of interaction Architecture can be portrayed in way that gives it purpose as a way of creating an ecology between organisms and their environment. In this project i wanted to explore how the building would change the way people experience their environment and the connections between each other. 2 Social interactions

6. Creative conditions paradigm The layout and organisation of space from the creative conditions project can be taken forward and manipulated as a starting point for the development of spatial layouts in the project

3 Opportunities of connection This cross sectional sketch provided me with a way to start mapping the potential connections that could take place within the built envionment. What was extablished early on is that the connections that extend outside of the envelope of energy that provides a physical boundary are just as important as the ones that happen internally. As discussed previously in Think seminars in qed a buildings boundary does not stop as the material ends. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s impact extends much further beyond that.

1. Goals for Creativity Take from the creative conditions project are the goals for creativity which will be taken forward into this project. They provide a good way of analysing elements of design and considerations for layouts. 2. Arrangement of space Brought forward from the creative conditions project is an alternative hierarchy of space to the traditional office paradigm. By creating community space, collaborative and concentrate space, all aspects of a productive and creative work environment can be established.

Looking at the work of Herman Herzberger the design of the floor plates was based on creating social collisions and encouraging interaction. In his books he identfies and draws ways in which these interactions can be created with architectural inteventions. This can be anything as simple as floor plate arrangements with balconies and changing of levels.

One of the most interesting an potentially beneficial spaces for inhabitants is the space inbetween buildings. This space represents so many different things and a simple intervention such as a protective skin could alter the entire ecoogy of a building by developing a need for a number of different systems.

TIME Contextual connections

Lifespans Actors at the airport

Future residents, airport city

The airport city presented a realm that will be visited by a variety of different actors throughout it’s lifetime for different periods of time and with different requirements. It is important to recognise how the architecture can house, influence and improve the needs and desires of those visiting the site, considering the greater impact and longevity of the project.

Manchester Residents

Wythenshaw Residents

Big businesses

Artists Office workers

Flights in visitors

Information workers The information workers will require a place to work that inspires creativity and boosts the wellbeing of the inhabitants. The proposal is to design a building that can accommodate a few different models of working. The current trend of businesses is to inhabit whole buildings isolating them from other businesses. This project will aim to bring these business together through chance interactions by situating them in the same buildings or in visibility close proximity. Another model of working that is growing in popularity due to the mobility of the worker is desk rental spaces, where workers can access Wythenshawe Residents With the residents of Wythenshawe in such close proximity there is an opportunity to develop on some of the positive work that is currently going on to develop their community. The food growing initiatives could extend their influence to the community zones within the building.

The office paradigm and trends change over time. With the airport city site it is important to consider the future evolution of the site and potential. By organising the structure in this way there is minimal material used in the building of the office space and over the time the external structure can remain to accommodate alternative futures.

Manchester Residents Manchester is a well known area for it’s music and arts scene and could be extended to the airport. With access growing to the airport and the potential for a new mixed crowd of aiport travelers and Manchester City dwellers there is opportunity for an engagement of the arts and performance.

9 lives of buildings (Jill Stoner) AD magazine Airport Visitors Visitors of the airport may be staying in Manchester anywhere from a few hours to a few months, by providing an immediately welcoming environment to go and experience, and connect with creatives and local residents the cultures of the contextual environment can be experienced closer to the airport.

1. Abandonment 2. Demolition 3. Deconstruction 4. Preservation, conservation, restoration 5. Renovation and rehabilitation 6. Adaptive Reuse 7. Reoccupation 8. Pure Expression 9. Resurrection

Artists The Airport City provides a new playing ground and exhibition opportunity for Artists and performers in a space so close to the airport, international connections can be made adding a new dynamic to the visitation potential. Future Residents Airport cities plans do not currently host any residential opportunities but there is potential for future residents, providing another source of connection to a future ecology.

Jill Stoner’s article in AD magazine examines a breakdown of the future lives of a building, something which is not always considered as part of an initial design but could be important as it can extend the lifespan and lessen the environmental footprint through the longevity of use of main components.

Fig 1 - How buildings learn (http://peterme.com/archives/6S.gif)

Office

Businesses Big businesses are always looking for a good place to base their employees and to establish a desirable working environment. By bringing businesses together and promoting creative and productive work environments there is an attraction for investment and residents.

Arts and performance

Residential

Arguably with a growing population there will be further need for residential areas in the future, a potential avenue for the building. Becoming an art related performance building also could become an option as the building sits within a masterplan that intends to develop as an urban realm. (Fig 2)

1 (How Buildings learn) A building can be split into different elements to treat them differently. An existing model of this is shown in Stewart Brands’s diagram “How buildings learn”(Fig 1). This will provide premise for considering the lifespan of different elements of the building and how i can design in a way that considers the environmental impact of the materials when used over the length of times listed next to each section. It is important not the consider the building as one static element that does not change over time. Considering the structure of the building and structure of the office as two separate elements when it comes to time means they can be approached in different ways. The most ecologically positive solution for the structure may be that it remains for a long period of time (ecological paradigm) as arguably the structure can house the different lives of the building within it which changes with culture and technology (electronic paradigm). 2 Thinking of the future The future of the office may be something completely different. One potential further use is the integration of the arts. Sitting within the proposed urban realm, arts and performance are used as a method of place-making. Through integration of this it will not only provide attraction for Manchester residents but a future life of the building when not in use. In a further future where the population of the earth has grown there may be a greater need for residential providing another direction for the building. It is important to consider there within the current proposal so that the future can be accommodated with little or no change.

Fig 2 - Thinking of the future

METAMORPHOFFICE

Morphological development

THE TRANSFORMATION OF OFFICE CULTURE

Original Masterplan block contains a set of 6 individual Office buildings.

By merging the office blocks on either side there is a greater opportunity for interaction between businesses but also a more dynamic space for growth.

Each block is split into 3, 14metre blocks considering natural ventilation and levels of daylight.

Project Abstract Metamorphoffice

Sitting within the Airport City Masterplan for Manchester Airport this project brings together member of big businesses, local residents and international travelers, offering an exciting experience for all that discover the site. Offering a work experience that takes advantage of the sites location Metamorphoffice has been designed to allow development and change to take place over time and for companies to grow in an effective way. The bridging physically and visually within the design promotes collaboration between a full social spectrum and encourages play to help promote and induce a happy and creative atmosphere.

The floors are then split and stepped to create visual connections between floor plates and develop a continuation of the public realm underneath.

A unique structural frame is developed to house the floor plates that creates unique relationships to the external depending on the location.

Anatomy of a building A building can be identified and understood by examining the anatomy of its makeup. The information work environment works as a results of these components working together to create a synergetic environment each with its own requirements, lifespans and change over time. This anatomy will form the explanation of the building and how it works as a system. -Structure -Circulation -Services -Skin -Space plan -Stuff (furniture) Services

Structure

Circulation

Lifespan of building elements By splitting up a building into different elements to understand the life cycle of each they can be treated differently. Above: Metacarpal bone from Vulture’s wing (D’Arcy Wentworth, On Growth and Form 1917)

Site Eternal Structure 30-300 years Skin 20 Years

Biomimetic structures

Services 7-15 years

The truss known as a warrens truss could be seen to be inspired by the metacarpal bone of the vulture’s wing which is a structure that can cope well with directional loading. This structure provided inspiration for the primary structure of the office building.

Space plan 3-30 years stuff 1 day to 1 month Skin

Space plan Photograph of card model (Authors own)

Structure (30 - 300 years)

Secondary Structure (Cables and columns) (Cables) Morphology The cables in the secondary structure echo the techniques used in cable stayed bridge structures by aiding the upholding of the floor plates. The cables follow the triangulated angled of the longest cable and then sit opposite to each other on ascending floors. This adds variety to each floor plate and creates a unique arrangement of spaces.

Regularity in the conventional forms of column and slab in an information work building can be cause for monotonous environment without stimulation or potential for further development and growth. With these in the project uses a structure that can allow further growth and change over time considering future uses and the changing office work paradigms. The structure is split into the following sections - Primary structure (Frame) - Secondary Structure (Cables and Columns) - Floor slab (Space frame) - Connecting structure (Bridge)

Material: Galvanized steel Inspired by the engineering wonders of bridges a number of suspension structures were analysed before this choice was made to help support the long spans between elements of the primary structure.

Primary Structure (Frame)

Lifespan The steel cables should match the lifespan of the main structure and can potentially move to consider different load distributions.

East - West Elevation 1:500 (A3)

Morphology The form of the structure for the frame was inspired by the trusses of bridges and other structures that extend over long spans. Although a standard column and slab layout would have worked this structure adds a variety of conditions for the inhabitants and creates future options for alternative uses. Material: GluLam As an alternative to steel structures GluLam structures offer a more eco friendly alternative despite the fact that more timber is required than steel. In the ecological paradigm, choice of materials is important. Further to this timber offers an element of biophilia to the project connecting inhabitants with natural textures which is linked to improve wellbeing.

(Columns) Morphology The columns reflect the triangulated pattern set by the cables strung from the top of the primary structure. They are required to be thicker than the cables to extend the same distance but also break each floor in a unique and expressive way. Material: Glulam timber and Cardboard The columns use glulam in a similar way to the primary structure but each column is coated with a cardboard tube to express the column in a similar way to the round nature of the cable.

Metamorphosis The primary structure will last for a long period of time potentially seeing a change of use of the functionality of the building. As this functionality changes the building may need to grow or shrink. The morphology of this structure means that it can be continued infinitely supposing there are no obstructions allowing the inner structure to inhabit it in different ways.

above : View from ground floor showing primary structure

Metamorphosis The Glulam columns will have the same lifespan as the primary structure but could be rearranged and re triangulated to accommodate alternative structures within the primary framework.

above: Expansion potential of structure

Plan (Cables) 1:1000 (A3)

Plan (Columns) 1:1000 (A3)

Perspective showing columns and cables

Floor plates (Space Frame)

Below: Plan view of floor grid layout for modular application

Morphology The floor plates is composed of standard aluminum elements which make up the 500mm deep plate. The make up of the space frame means that it can be reconfigured into different arrangements depending on the desired arrangements of the inhabitants of the space. The space frame structure also means that services can run inside the space extending to areas of need. Different materials can be applied to the top and underside of the structure to vary acoustic and lighting needs.

Many conventional offices make use of glass as a material because of the high levels of transparency it offers increasing the levels of daylight in the building. Progression in technology has led to new materials such as ETFE which allows the integration of other systems such as photo voltaic and other adaptive qualities which offer a superior choice. The skin is split into the following sections

Material: Aluminum Due to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s high strength to weight ratio aluminum is an appropriate reason for its use. Additionally as aluminum can be recycled so easily makes it a less ecologically negative material than alternatives.

- Curtain walling - ETFE systems - Visual branding

Lifespan The modularity of the space frame means that itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lifetime is extended as either a recreation of the existing space on the site or it is possible that it can be transported and used in alternative ways. The final alternative use is for the aluminum to be recycled and reformed in a different form.

Reconfigure

Redistribute

Skin (20 years)

Curtain Walling Below: Exploded view of floor plate options 1. Flooring materials 2. Deck 3. Space frame 4. Services 5. Ceiling materials

Recycle

Morphology The curtain wall system on all sides means that the skin does not need to extend down to ground level and therefore leaves the space open to improve accessibility into the realm below as the aim is to make it as inviting as possible.

South Facade uses a Nitrogen based ETFE pillow system

Roof uses a hung ETFE system that integrates Photo voltaics for energy generation and also solar shading.

Material: ETFE ETFE offers a number of beneficial properties that give it superiority in this project in comparison to its regularly used alternative, glass. Lightweight - For covering the same spans ETFE is 1percent of the same weight it would require in glass.

PV integration - Photovoltaics can now be printed on the surface of the ETFE pillows so they can be used for energy generation but also allow daylight. Solar shading - Printing of PVS can act as a brise solei system as pillows inflate and deflate.

Insulation - A layer of air in the ETFE cushion works as a layer of insulation.

Above: Space frame structure makes up the floor slabs

Above: Exploded view of ball and joint system

Due to the smoothness of the material it does not require much cleaning as most dirt will be washed off my rainwater.

Lifespan The expected lifespan of ETFE is beyond 50 years as it is unaffected by UV light, atmospheric pollution and other forms of environmental weathering.

South Facade System Adaptive shading system This South facing facade receives the most amount of sunlight throughout the say and can be cause for glare and other distractions. The system is filled with nitrogen which increases the air density and therefore filters solar radiation and blends the building into the clouds.

Curtain Wall The curtain wall system on all sides means that the skin does not need to extend down to ground level and therefore leaves the space open to improve accessibility into the realm below as the aim is to make it as inviting as possible. Detail of fixing Due to high wind speeds at the airport the systems would be fixed on the top and first floor with flexible fixtures on the intermittent floors.

Flexible connections Fixed connections

Lenticular System A lenticular pillow shape provides the solution to solar shading within the space. As sensors detect the level of sunlight the pillows fill with nitrogen and increases the air density and acts as a solar filter. The system still creates a translucent layer so a desirable level of light can enter into the space. Access under curtain wall

Solar radiation

Nitrogen filled pillow

Normal pillow

Nitrogen filled pillow

Adaptive shading system 2

Roof shading system

The skin that extends between the buildings creates acentral communal space. The inner edges of each building are left open to increase interaction with the space below, opening up the interpretation of the boundaries of work. The skin between them controls the solar shading but also generates electricity through photo voltaic printed pieces.

Hung panels The ETFE roof extends between the two buildings enclosing a central courtyard but also freeing up the facades to create a unique relationship to the space in between. Detail of fixing Initially a frame would be constructed in tension between the two buildings and then the ETFE pillows would be fitted into position by clips connected to the frame. Between clips would be a drainage change moving water from the surface of the skin.

3. 2.

1. ETFE pillows 2. Air flow tube 3. Fixing clip 4. Gutter channel 5. Frame Structure

PV shading System An alternative to the nitrogen filled pillows these ETFE pillows are printed on with photo voltaic material. Not only does this generate electricity for the building by being on an uninterpreted sun facing surface but as the pillows increase and decrease the level of solar radiation that enters into the space is monitored to create a thermally desirable environment and reduce distractors such as glare. The pillow is built up of three 2 chambers which not only increases insulation but vary in inflation to move a change the level of solar shading. Shading surfaces open

Shading surfaces closed

Services (7-15 years)

Ventilation (stack effect) Multiple intake points By leaving the ground floor space open, fresh air is introduced into the office environment at first level through louvres that open and close to control the flow of air. Accompanying this are ventilation holes in the roof skin that allow air the escape at the top of the space. The resultant outcome is a space that has a constant renewal of air as the stack effect ensure hot air from office technology and other sources is moved.

As technology progresses and internal environments in buildings change so do the services they require. Not only do this, as we strive in new ecological paradigm to act in a way that doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t harm the environment we look to alternative influences such as nature to help us use systems that are intelligent and passive reducing the energy demands on our buildings. The services is split into the following sections - Ventilation - Energy generation - Water management - Waste management

Overview of services

Vents in the curtain wall coated in titanium dioxide neutralise pollutants in the air from the airport and nearby road allowing an intake of clean air.

Water collected on the roof scape is diverted through the toilets and other services at the ends of the building and finally into the central garden space.

An anaerobic digester takes the food and other waste from the surrounding buildings and uses this to generate electricity through the production of biogas and digestate to feed the surrounding garden space.

Plant rooms and risers are located at the far ends of the buildings making them easy to access from inside and out.

Louvred units at the first floor regulate the levels of air coming in form the space below which at times contains a market environment, introducing desirable smells of fresh produce.

Neutralising Pollution Accompanying this system are inlets in the curtain wall that allow air to flow into the floor plate and into the outer edges of the floor space. The curtain wall where the inlets are located is coated in a titanium dioxide paint which acts as a photo-catalyst and removes pollutants from the air ensuring that inhabitants do not suffer from the airport and road pollution.

Airport

UV rays

Louvres control airflow into the building Pollution (NOx)

Hot air moves into the void and escapes through the roof.

Titanium dioxide panels neutalise pollution

Titanium dioxide pigment

Calcium nitrate Carbon dioxide Water Busy roads 30

Waste management and energy generation

Water management

Anaerobic Digester Considering the amount of organic waste produce by large offices and taking an ecosystem thinking approach an anaerobic digester is an appropriate way to deal with waste, generate electricity and also provide food source for the internal garden. The plant space in the building allows for the additional processes to take place in order for the digester to benefit the building.

Water collection The ETFE roof scape is sloped to channel the water to collection points where it can flow down the pipework of the facade into the system below. There is rainfall in Manchester over two thirds of each month, which otherwise is left unharvested. The second area of collection is the external walkway on the roof where special drainage panels that are fitted in the surface of the flooring collect water into the system below.

Bio Waste

This water is then channeled to the ends of the building where the risers extend the full height of the floor plates.

Inhabitants

Rain water use This rain water can then be used in to flush toilets which are situated by the risers reducing the distance of pipework needed. The use of rainwater within the building can aid considerably with the levels of water consumption from alternative sources.

Digester

Bio Gas

Electricity

High quality fertiliser

Food and relaxation space

Irrigation One the rainwater has gone through the toilet system it is classified as greywater, this is still useful in the building system as it can be used to water the central green space which otherwise would not receive adequate water unless there is constant maintenance of the site.

Feed garden space Powers heating

Above: Simplified diagram explaining the close loops cycle of anaerobic digester in relation to the inhabitants of the building

In the plant space food processing waste and other biowastes are grinded down and preheated ready to be sent to the digester.

Above: Housed in a mirrored panels the anaerobic digester reflects light into the surrounding office spaces and creates a unique experience in the garden whilst also dealing with aspects of waste management, generating electricity and fueling the garden space.

The digestion process takes place inside a large unit in the centre of the buildings, reminding inhabitants of the process that their waste goes through.

By products from the digestion process are collected in the plant process and distributed as electricity and added back into the garden space for growth.

Rainwater collection in roof

rainwater use in services

Garden irrigation with greywater

Circulation (7 -15 years)

Circulation structure

The way that humans circulate around a space is just as important as the way we inhabit the space. Movements can act as a catalyst for ideas, cause interactions and in the health benefits of being active are mostly positive. A well planned circulation layout is easy the understand yet can produce unique relationships between elements of the building and the people that inhabit it. The circulation is split into the following sections

Stair cores

- Location - Fire escape strategy - Circulation structure - Interaction points

The stair cores provide vertical circulation to both sides of the void space allowing users to observe their contextual workers and potential increase social collisions.

Location

Fire escape strategy

Space in the void The circulation is situated within the full height void spaces in the building creating dramatic relationships with the roof scape. The lift glazing also reflects lighting into the office spaces.

Considering the fire regulations in the office in relation to stair location the 4 stair cores within the building that were within 45 meters of any point in the building space. The initial plan consisted of moving the fire escape stairs to the external edges but by having them sitting within the building not only do they aid a dramatic experience looking into the surrounding spaces but provide efficient methods of entering and exiting the building.

45m

Lift shafts The lift shafts work provide access to all floors but at a different approach on each floor adding variety and a different threshold condition for each floor, requiring alternative layouts of furniture.

45m The lifts split in a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Vâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shape one half meeting the central floor plate, a potentially more collaborative zone, and the other half meet the focus zones where less distraction may be preferred.

45m

Structure The primary structure of the floor plates also determines the path of the lifts and means that there is no additional structural developments required.

Portals of interaction The section of the building can show the paths of visual connection (blue) that flow throughout the building joining floors and reminding inhabitants of the structural wonder of the building in which they inhabit.

6000

3800 3800 3800 3800

Undulating edges

132000

Scale 1:500 (A3)

Split floor plate In this section the split floor plate is visible. This is a tactic used to create visual connections between floor plates and increase views throughout the building with the goal to increase collaboration and for workers to feel like part of the bigger picture. The section is overlayed with vision areas from different positions within the buildings.

Interaction points Using a physical model i was able to test the potential scenarios of interaction that could take place with the office environment. The goal is to encourage interaction between workers and inhabitants, causing collaboration and getting closer to that creative eureka moment. In conclusion to this a three spatial tactics were implemented in the design.

4500 3800 3800 3800 3800 3800

31000

Split floor plates

Section East-West

54800

29340

54800

Section North -South Scale 1:500 (A3)

m0 SCALE

1:500

Portals of interaction 36

Space (3-30 years)

Community space

The way that humans move around a space is just as important as the way we inhabit the space. Movements can create ideas, cause interactions and in general someone who is moving more is more active. A well planned circulation layout is easy the understand yet can produce unique relationships between elements of the building and the people that inhabit it.

Community integration Colaborating with the community driven food initiatives in Wythenshawe the office space can accommodate pop up shops and markets housed in the under-croft of the building, sheltered from the floors above. This not only benefits the sellers but the visitors of the airport and information workers in the building above.

The Space is split into the following sections - Community spaces (Ground floor) - Work spaces (Typical floor plan) - Escape space (Roof plan) - Central space (Garden) N

Healthy Transport

Ground floor plan

1 12200

The ground floor offers space for bikes to be stored under the overhang of the building but changing facilities before entering the building on the ground floor. This not only encourages workers to cycle to work but to also explore the urban realm of Airport City.

12200

26500

Key 1. Community space 2. Lift shaft 3. Stairwell 4. Changing and storage facility 5. Plant room 6. Viewing portals above 7. Floor plate above 8. Garden space 9. Road 10. Bicycle stations

Connection to work environment Visual connections to the work space above can be beneficial to both sellers and workers. By improving the social aspects of work employees have been recognised to be happier and reported a greater sense of wellbeing. By integrating activities within the building the mix of diversity and variety can enhance the experience of the architectural environment.

10 9

132000

Scale 1:500 (A3)

m0 SCALE

1:500

Work space Providing choice When considering furniture and places to work it is important to consider the different tasks that workers will be undertaking that require different furniture types. Providing choices of places to work is also strongly linked to worker satisfaction and self reported productivity.

6000

Key 1. Office space 2. Lift shaft 3. Stairwell 4. Toilets and wash space 5. Riser 6. Viewing portals above 7. Floor plate above

14000

Typical Floor Plan 1

Biophilic thinking 2

5 2

14000

6000

14000

Links to nature within the office can aid with stress relief, lowering blood pressure and longer concentration periods. Moss carpets represent one method of implementation and require little maintenance and leave little trace once their time is up.

44000

Acoustic action Portals of visual connection through the office can aid connection but could cause distraction. The prevent this it is important to consider using softer materials around the areas to absorb sound such as cork and carpets, dampening unwanted noise traveling between floors.

44000

Scale 1:500 (A3)

m0 SCALE

1:500

Roof (Escpae space) Escape space When in an intense office environment having an escape space is very beneficial to employee wellbeing and also productivity. Making use of the roof space this project creates a space that has almost uninterrupted views to the external environment creating spaces of calm and relaxation but also those that encourage healthy activities.

N Roof Floor plan Key 1. Internal escape space 2. External escape space 3. Stairwell 4. Lift shaft 6. Roof above 7. Bridge

Roof garden Incorporating the value of biophilic design and making use of the rainwater collection on the roof skin the space brings nature inside to aid the tranquility of the environment.

14000

1 6000

Exercise space

6000

14000

4 4

Exercise and general health play a large part in the wellbeing of a person. Many office spaces will have gyms but these are experienced in potentially uninspiring spaces. The roof scape of this building provides opportunity to take part in health activities. This is only possible because of the large long span of the roof scape allowing integration of features such as running tracks in an open air yet partially protected zone.

3 4

14000

132000

Connection space

Scale 1:500 (A3)

m0 SCALE

25 1:500

At the roof level the connection between the two buildings is realised by two bridges spanning between the spaces providing a mutually shared community space and opportunity for interaction. This also doubles as an observation deck down into the central garden space.

Central garden space Activity space The size of the central garden space allows space for different activities from musical events to team activities. The space does not have a prescribed agenda and can therefore be used for whatever is desired.

Central garden plan Key 1. Garden space 2. External vehicle parking 3. Roof line 4. Revolving door 5. Anaerobic digester

29340

Customisable environment The space is populated with a number of modular furniture units that can be customised to make chairs, tables, platforms and even walls for privacy. This lets the users take control over the space and create the environments they require.

Growing spaces The central garden also provides opportunity for information workers to grow their own food sources and plants. This ties into the closed loop cycle incorporating the anaerobic digester as a link to help generate this restorative environment.

Seasonal retreat The central garden remains an indoor space, irrigated by the rainwater collection system on the roof. This means that despite seasonal change which creates undesirable external conditions outside the space will still be comfortably habitable.

Scale 1:500 (A3)

m0 SCALE

1:500

Multi functional spaces Open access At the far end of the space the lightweight ETFE walls can rotate on a central axis to allow pieces for larger events to be transported into the space.

Central garden section Key 1. Garden space 2. External vehicle parking 3. Revolving facade 4.Bridge

Performance layout The layout of the central space works well for observing a performance act. The balconies look down into the space are suitable for seating and the central square can host a large crowd of observers. 4

21700

24 hour functionality The integration of evening and night time activities means that the buildings operation extends beyond the typical 9-5 hours of an information work environment. This is something that is a unique and important part of the project to consider as when thinking of ecological systems there is always a constant use of resources and this is a step towards full time habitation.

87000

Scale 1:500 (A3)

m0 SCALE

1:500 Security By increasing the potential time of occupation for the building the security aspects of the building are less rigid and this can act as a deterrent to potential vandals.

Types of change

Adaptations

Change over time It is important to consider how a building can adapt and change over time. By doing this i have considered things within design of the current project which allow for these adaptations to happen seamlessly or with very few alterations compared to other pieces of architecture. Change over time is important to consider from the very beginning because it can not only increase a buildings longevity but adds value to the design. There is not enough of this type of thinking in the current architectural environment and it is important to consider the future as much as the present condition. Change in time can take place over days, weeks, months. It can be seasonal, cultural or technological and building resilience into design is imperative if these factors are to be considered. The diagram below explores some of these changes and how the building the building is designed to consider these changes

Hourly

Fresh air The passive ventilation system coupled with the internal garden keeps the air well oxygenated and flowing throughout the building Personal reflection

Residential Future One future described due to the change in population or population growth is how the building might adapt to house residential units. The average UK dwelling is 80m2 according to the “RIBA research symposium: Space at Home”. The solution below offers a 84m2 dwelling space on the typical floor plate of the office space with 2 metre circulation walkways around the perimeter of each block. The services of the building are easily accessible and the space frame system can be reconfigured to accommodate the dwellings. The existing placement of vertical circulation also works well with this layout.

Day / Night 24 hour

Extended work hours Night time worker habitation can be made more desirable through ETFE lighting system to emulate natural daylight levels

It is important to reflect on my own person performance in the project to help understand more about myself a consider my how my actions and approach compared to others. It also provides a way of extracting what might need to change in my approach to future projects.

Performance space The central garden space can accommodate live performance acts and remain open to visitors to occupy the space

This project presented a great opportunity to integrate some of the experiences and knowledge gained from other projects. I manged to integrate reactive elements such as the ETFE facade and consider user adaptability, taken from the LAKA competition in 4.2 The other RSA projects such as Waste no want not made me consider the food culture of the building, proving a place for growing plants but also using food culture to integrate the local community. The way that we had approached creative conditions was very useful in terms of understanding what spaces might stimulate creativity so this was directly relayed into the project.

Artists’ Exhibitions The community space and large open floor plans can accommodate artists installations

84 m2 apartment

Existing project design (Information work environment)

Growth of businesses

Reconfigurable floor plate The space frame system in the floor plate allows businesses to change the layout to their desires and create voids and connection points .

What unique skills did i bring to the project?

How did I manage my time? I felt i managed my time reasonably well for this project. I think a more committed approach to the design should have taken place earlier on so i could have produced a more resolved solution although i feel i gave myself enough time to at least determine my proposed solutions to building systems and ecologies. How do I relate to others? As an individual project i could have easily alienated myself from others. But as i realised from other projects it’s useless to discuss ideas and receive constructive criticism. With this in mind i met with other members of the atlelier at different periods to discuss ideas. How do I assign work? What do I expect from the work of others? How do I complete work myself?

Seasonal Scale 1:1000 (A3)

Controlled garden environment The central space between the buildings will remain a desirable space which feels external despite changing seasonal conditions

I assigned a set research and development strategy of developing typos, tectonics and topos which i think worked well and gave me clear avenues of development. When it came to developing aspects of the project i think by splitting it down to the anatomy of the building i was able to resolve and consider each area individually but then return to the whole building as a collective of systems working together. How do my behavioral preferences (my expressiveness, assertiveness, and flexibility) impact my personal energy levels? Do I gain or lose energy around other people? When working on an individual project and being in ‘the zone’ (see creative conditions) i feel that my work and energy levels were at their best. Although working with others is good for creation of ideas, when it comes to the generation of work i feel i am much more efficient when working alone. This is evident by the amount of work i was able to produce for this project in comparison to other projects.

Future years

Population growth With the world population ever growing there will inevitably be a need for more homes. The project is designed so that residential units could fit into the layour of existing floor plates making use of circulation and systems to integrate into the existing framework.

Project reflection Metamorphoffice This project is a product of consideration of a number of key issues that are becoming more and more recognised in architectural design. Form is something that has value but without reason and at the determent of the systems that inhabit it form does not conquer all. Some of the key aspects that were considered were: - Ecosystem thinking -Closed loop cycles -Environmental impact -Contextual integration (boundaries) - Adaptive systems - Food cultures - Value and use of space If i was to do this project again i think i would consider the greater contextual impact of the building and how it would begin to improve those buildings that sit in the surroundings. Also i would have liked to develop the interior layouts of offices further although i recognise this as something that canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be preconceived as every user is different and it is important to allow degrees of flexibility within the design. Overall as an individual project this has been very interesting to see how previous projects have merged and ideas have collaborated and i have been able to reflect on the skills and knowledge that i have gained since September.

Appendix

Project Briefs Model Photos ‘Metamorphoffice’ Atelier Research Book

Briefs

IWE atelier qed : Studio 4.3 iWe : information WORK environment Information work â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the process by which value is added to information is the dominant mode of working in the UK accounting for more than half the working population. Information work is also the primary mode of learning at all levels from primary school to doctoral degrees. Information work in a contemporary setting has both inspired and absorbed development in `digital media` that has redefined the function of `the office`. The èlectronic paradigm` has generated a trans global communication culture that has changed the scope of information work at all scales in all locations. The twenty first century is also characterised by the ècological paradigm` that increasingly demands that new buildings meet or exceed new targets for sustainable design, construction and operation. These structures will be subject to dynamic occupation patterns as information work reflects the ebbs and flows of organisations and projects. Many organisations have for example abandoned òffice space` in the conventional sense seeking environmental solutions that better `fit` the lifestyles of individuals and also reflect new ways of understanding `communities` of information workers. This is the I and We of the title for this project. You will enter the RSA `Creative Conditions` competition to explore this theme. Your objective is to explore information work and the way it will develop and critically identify how buildings for information work can be ènvironmentally positive` in the context of materials, systems and operation over time as well as being a ùseful` and sensually engaging place for twenty first century information workers. Your projects will be developed for specific application within the airport city masterplan that has been the subject of a specific workshop Phil Doyle (by 5 plus architects).This location exhibits immediate links to national and international transportation networks. We have collaborated with Lee Treanor (Bruntwood) and Atul Bansal (Sheila Bird) to consider the contemporary and forward demand for spaces for information work and the dynamics of buildings in use in respect of tenant `churn`, maintenance and other operational aspects that will help to inform viable trajectories. Your project is a `speculative` office building designed to create or meet `the market`. Your project will be `valid` for the immediate future as well as projection into the longer term where cultures may change. You will need to communicate `whole life` concepts in respect of programme, sustainability, associated technological change and the potential for reuse, recycling or disposal. Your work will be òriginal` relying on clearly articulated research strategies that substantiate the final proposition. The answer is a building defined by asking the right questions.

Model photos (Metamorphofice)

QED

CREATING THE FUTURE

The research booklet is a very useful and progressive resource in developing our projects. The diagram on this page explains the processes through which we will be integrating it into our design strategies.

STRATEGY

This booklet contains information that can act as a resource for all paths that contribute to the realisation of projects within studio 4.3/

Abstract: This research booklet is an collective information source of innovative and progressive strategies that are resourceful in our approach to a number of projects we are developing in Studio 4.3. The booklet is split into 4 sections: topos, tectonics typos (three interplaying factors that form the basis of the built coming into existence) and interviews/live studies, each section providing useful information towards developing each project with a condensed and informed collective pool to acquire key strategies and techniques.

Airport City Masterplan

TOPOS

TECTONICS

TYPOS

INTERVIEWS

CONTEXT

ABILITY OF SHIFTING TO ACCOMMODATE

HYBRID PROGRAMMING

LEE TREANOR (BRUNTWOODS)

CURRENT LAND USES

FURTHER USE

DIFFERENT TYPES OF OFFICE WORK

ATUL (SHEILA BIRD)

GREEN SPACE PROJECTS USE

SECURITY/ ACCESS CONTROL

HEALTH

PHIL DOYLE (5PLUS ARCHITECTS)

CAR PARKING PROJECTED USE

STRUCTURE

HAPPINESS

THE HIVE (5 PLUS ARCHITECTS)

WYTHENSHAWE GARDEN CITY

MATERIAL EFFICIENCY

SECURITY

CLIMATIC DATA

WASTE EMBODIED

FOOD CULTURE

TRANSPORT

WASTE OPERATIONAL

OCCUPANTS DEMANDS

CYCLE ROUTES

PERFORMANCE GAP

ENGAGEMENT TO PLACE (PLACEMAKING)

HS2 SHUTTLE

LIGHT/AIR QUALITY

MODIFICATION OVER TIME

METROLINK CONNECTIONS

INTERNET OF THINGS

HIERARCHY (OFFICE CULTURE)

NEW ROAD NETWORK

RESEARCH BOOKLET/ FRAMEWORK

Atelier scale

Conceptual office space

During a day or two day workshop the atelier will analyse and make improvements to optimise the current masterplan based on the research and knowledge acquired through development of the research booklet. The outcome will be a QED interpreseted masterplan that considers innovative theories and examples of compelling deisgn.

Working in groups of around 4, students will be creating an entry for RSA student awards ‘Creative conditions’ compeition by combining their own research and intuition concerning creativing creative environments with information from the research booklet to form a well developed and informed proposal.

Small group scale

QED masterplan

Atelier scale

Creative conditions Small group scale

BIOPHILIA

JOURNEY TIME / MODES OF TRANSPORT AIRPORT BUSINESS TOURISM PASSENGER FLOW NOISE

NEW PLANE ROUTES

Office design in the Context of Airport City Masterplan

AIRPORT CITY MASTERPLAN

Individual

FUTURE EXPANSION

As individuals each student will be well educated in what constitues to a creative space and be aware of the potentials of the Airport City masterplan. The outcome will be an office based design that showcases some of the most forward thinking strategies in architectural design.

Individual office design in context of masterplan using concepts from creative conditions Individual

AN INTERVIEW WITH ... ATUL BANSAL / SHIELA BIRD

AN INTERVIEW WITH ... PREPARED QUESTIONS

LEE TREANOR / BRUNTWOOD

-What are the most important contemporary themes, trends or ideas applied to the interior design and use of office environments?

accommodate people from different cultures etc (we`re thinking about airport city here).

-Are there any key principles you follow when trying to appeal to new clients when renovating an office space?

sustainability a major one among these factors?

-How do you design to create a specific atmosphere to enhance (for example) people’s productivity, mood and health?

-How do you sell or embed the idea of sustainability?

-How well is an innovative form of office accepted in the market (say an office space that you can comfortably live in/flexible/ portable or even automated)?

-How do you deal with change over time within the environments you design or the organisations you design for?

The interview with Atul Bansal consisted mainly of a discussion around how he and his company works with space, particularly in working environments. By defining an office as a ‘crib’, Atul spoke about the lifestyle and cultural aspects of design where he looks to surprise his clients.

-You’ve worked with many different clients – how do you categorise them? which clients do you prefer working with and why?

PREPARED QUESTIONS

-Can you give us a list of what you regard as the most valuable references (projects, publications etc) to the interior design of office environments available at the present time. -Identify the `next big thing(s)` in approaches to the design or use of information work environments (offices).

-In the current market, what characteristics define the best or most effective interior design for offices and the organisations that use them? -Which aspects of the design do you tend to focus on when working with clients? How do you create priorities? -How do you approach different user behaviour or cultural attitudes to space given that contemporary offices might

Lee Treanor discussed offices from a practical and economic point of view, where their aim is to provide an optimum style, finish , and price for prospective clients. He also discussed the financial impacts of locating businesses “up North”, and in turn to Airport City.

-How do plan for change over time with different occupants? How do you plan and manage maintenance and upgrading of services, skin, interior etc ? Is there a typical period of `down time` in the life of an office space or building that you factor in to your business plan for particular projects? -What are the biggest markets currently in the city and what do you do differently to target them? What do you think will happen at `airport city` in respect of tenants etc? -What sort of things do you consider when thinking about the sense of place or amenity surrounding your building and the impact this might have in marketing to clients? Are there other `peripherals` that influence attractiveness to clients?

-What makes an office design scheme competitive in the market? -What are the challenges in the office design market in Manchester? How do rental rates relate between different areas of the city (including airport city) and other places (say London, Leeds and Birmingham )? -What would represent the `ideal` office building from your perspective (maintenance, management, marketability, income etc)? -What should we look at (references etc) that might help us understand the issues of managing and marketing office `products` to the contemporary market.

-What are the most popular or important features of an office space from a client’s point of view? -What are the next `big thing(s)` in this market from your perspective. -What are the main factors that affect a client’s decision on choosing to invest in one office space rather than another? Is

MAIN DRIVERS

LIFESTYLE

GROWTH WITHOUT + SPACE

A main driver was forming a relationship between a persons work and their lifestyle.

Rather than encourage a move to a larger space this idea involves analysis of the current working culture and a remodel to fit within the existing space.

CULTURES

Cultures in the sense of working practices is addressed to provide a comfortable and productive environment for all users.

ENGAGEMENT

BUILDING WIDE EVENTS

MONITORNING

CUSTOMIZATION

‘NORTHSHORING’

User engagement is encouraged with the spaces created which provides a sense of ownership and creativity into the workplace.

To create place making within a number of buildings it is important to design for the possibility of building wide events.

When designing a building there is an opportunity to improve it through monitoring the usage to recognise and eliminate unneccessary use of energy.

An occupier will want to have the potential to customise the space themselves and so it is useful to allow for flexibility by not over developing a design.

Corporations practice ‘Northshoring’ where location does not matter and therefore branches can be moved to ‘cheaper’ cities in the North.

AN INTERVIEW WITH ...

PHIL DOYLE / 5 PLUS ARCHITECTS

PREPARED QUESTIONS

THE HIVE

-Assuming the buildings will operate 24/7, what strategy measures and technology do you think will be used to keep the buildings operational? (Security, accessible)

The visit to The Hive has informed this Case Study on a successful office environment, particularly working with creative industries. The architects looked to provide a building which worked from an inteligent system in order to become as efficient as possible.

-What are the ambitions of your office buildings in relation to regulations/best practice (BREEAM etc.) What would it take to exceed these targets? -How do you see the use of the office changing over time? Do you think that the office building will more redundant due to technology? - How does your office design enable growth of businesses and the dynamic nature of companies in terms of employee

numbers and amenities? -The airport is an area in which noise pollution is a concern is there an acoustic strategy being applied for the office buildings around the airport? -During the time you’ve spent as a BCO Regional Awards Judge, what would you say has been the most innovative and relatively unusual aspect of office design that you’ve come across to date? -What is your approach to the building envelope and air,lighting and acoustic regulation system? If a mechanical solution is proposed what happens if it fails?

PHIL DOYLE / 5 PLUS ARCHITECTS

PREPARED QUESTIONS

AIRPORT CITY MASTERPLAN

- Who are you expecting to go to Airport City and what do you predict will be the turnover rate? -Is the Masterplan tailored in any way to certain users and if so what is it that justifies the value of investing to them?

Phil Doyle spoke about 5 plus’ attitude towards the Airport City Matserplan as trying to place make and provide a positive environment, rather than a business park. He spoke mainly about the plan as a whole, rather than the singular buildings.

-If you were not bound by client requirements is there a different approach you would take to developing the Masterplan?

-Can the masterplan be radically optimised to become a hyperspace? (Make better use of the available resources amenities in the surrounding area) -The Masterplan is for 2030, presumably new technologies will emerge in this time, allowing us to be more sustainable, have you allowed for future innovation in your masterplan? if so how?

-What are the parameters that drive your version of the Airport City masterplan? -What is the hierarchy of design decisions that made up the development of the masterplan? -What are is the system and strategy that establishes and develops the connection with the transport infrastructure within and around Airport City?

-A development in the city would have opportunity to grow and develop over time. The site of Airport City is landlocked, how do you see the growth of this site being realised? -Do you have a plan if Airport City is not successful and no one establishes themselves there? -What would you define as the ‘Northern Powerhouse’ and how do you see the Airport City relating to this?

Post Occupancy Evaluation is key in the lifecycle of the Hive.

-What role have 5Plus got in the branding and social profile of the masterplan? -How does the masterplan change/improve the surrounding context from a environmental, economic and and equitable perspective?

MAIN DRIVERS

-There are areas of water included in the masterplan. Has this been considered as a problem in regards to attracting birds in an area so close to the airport?

MAIN DRIVERS

SYSTEMS

FORM FOLLOWS EFFICIENCY

EVALUATION

PERSONALISATION

PLACEMAKING

INTERCHANGE AS A GATEWAY

WYTHENSHAWE

COMMERCIAL IDENTITY

By designing intelligent systems, evaluating can be undertaken to ensure the most efficient use of the building

Planning the most efficient orientation of space depending on environmental conditions and users drives the form of the building.

Continuously evaluating the performance of the building and its users allows the design to positively adapt and change over time.

Users can personalise their own space within the building which allows the creation of identity for different companies.

Airport City had to be designed to promote a healthy way of working and to be an attractive prospect to future tenants.

A gateway to the new urban realm was imagined to give a first impression on arrival. Similar to that of Manchester Piccadilly.

Connecting Wythenshawe to the development was key as part of placemaking to integrate local population of which a majority work at the airport.

Providing the design with a sese of commercial identity similar to that of Spinningfields was key in attracting investment and potential tenants.

PRESENT DAY LAND USE

MANCHESTER AIRPORT The overall land requirements for ancillary commercial activities are not significant and can generally be accommodated in redevelopment proposals. The space requirements for essential operational uses such as apron, terminals and taxiways will always take precedence and in such cases ancillary uses will either be directed to the periphery of the Operational Area or off-site.

ETR

2L IN

OLI NK

CAR PARKING

PRO POS E

There is continuing high demand for facilities to accommodate spectators. The airport is a significant visitor attraction and viewing facilities are provided at the Runway Visitor Park which attracts over a third of a million visitors a year. These dedicated facilities ease pressure on the central terminal complex and the local road network. The centrepiece of the Park is the Concorde exhibit in its own purpose-built hangar which carries a licence to be used as a wedding venue and is popular for a wide range of events.

CAR PARKING AIRPORT CITY NORTH

CAR PARKING

AIRPORT CITY APRON

PRESENT & FUTURE LAND USE ANALYSIS

TERMINAL CAMPUS

CAR PARKING

CAR PARKING RE

CARGO &

MANCHESTER AIRPORT

MAINTENANCE

AIRPORT CITY SOUTH

RUNWAY VISITOR PARK

References

GREEN SPACE FUTURE LAND USES MANCHESTER AIRPORT

AIRPORT CITY NORTH

142,000m2 GREEN SPACE

Jet Blue Food Growing at JFK

References

AVG. 900 LETTUCE / m2

Singapore Changi Airport

127,800,000 LETTUCES

894,600,000 LETTUCES / YR

Singapore Changi Airport

References

CAR PARKING FUTURE LAND USES MANCHESTER AIRPORT

Car Parking at Manchester Airport

Excess heat from the cars that are parked can be utilised when they are initially parked.

AIRPORT CITY NORTH

References

010

51,000m2 CAR PARKING

AVG. 4500 CARS

2HR OF HEAT

AVG HEAT XXX DEGREES

51,000m2 CAR PARKING

800MM RAINFALL / YR

AVG. 69 LITRES / m2

33,048,000,000 LITRES / YR

References

011

WYTHENSHAWE FUTURE LAND USES MANCHESTER AIRPORT

Wythenshawe, Manchester, UK, was built to emulate the style of Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City concept. It was developed between the 1930’s and 1960 and the centre was the last area to be built which did not get the archetypal decorous central green space intended to attract and entertain shoppers. This design was a scenario analysis for Wythenshawe Regeneration Trust who wish to see Wythenshawe valued as ‘Manchester’s Garden City’.

Debbie Ellen, the lead researcher on the project and food expert explains: By the year 2050 it is estimated that nearly 80% of the world’s population will live in urban centres. Our current food system is very vulnerable to weather events as well as being unsustainable in terms of how food reaches us...Vertical farms, which use existing buildings offer the potential to become productive food hubs which will increase community’s resilience by growing food locally. Encouraging local people to engage with the project is very important, because by learning about food growing, people become much more aware of its value, the difference in taste of food that has only travelled a small distance and the possibilities that exist for them to grow food for their families.”

This design created a multifunctional masterplan for a public ‘café garden’, community cooperative herb hill and fruit orchard car parks, greenroofs supporting both biodiversity and commercial food production, plus a transport interchange that is a municipal greenhouse, using it’s own grey water and lighting itself through a EVC roofing. All woven together by a storm water-cleaning system underfoot, a community event space and self-sustaining planting. The accommodating spaces are climate adaptable, socially flexible, with realistic financial and management plans. Bringing the ‘park’ to the people by weaving it through the places already in heavy use increases the proven health and social benefits of green

The Real Food Wythenshawe programme is focused on delivering: A network of community growing and cooking initiatives, engaging with those most in need of access to healthy food and exercise, and develop new initiatives where there is an unmet need. Increasing the scale, variety and connectivity of local food production – maximising the use of local green spaces at all scales and moving towards continuous urban food production.

His second innovation was neighbourhood units set around green spaces and tree-lined roads with, in this instance, Wythenshawe Hall and Park preserved at their centre. This principle has been better honoured – some 30 areas of park and woodland remain.

A programme that helps more people in Wythenshawe to enjoy reasonably priced, sustainably produced and locally grown food through development of food businesses, social enterprises and markets which meet community needs.

Incredible Edible - Todmorden

Green City Context

An increased understanding across the community of the benefits of a more sustainable diet, both to the climate and to individuals’ health.

1,000,000 m2 GREEN SPACE

References

012

52 % REDUNDANCY

900 LETTUCE / m2

3,150,000,000 LETTUCE / YR

Projects that look to generate employment and training initiatives, with real jobs, apprenticeships and internships.

References http://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2011/jul/26/vertical-farm-manchester-withenshawe-urbed-dickson-despommier-columbia-university

013

TRANSPORT TYPOLOGIES

MANCHESTER AIRPORT Whilst the airport would prefer the majority of passengers to arrive via public transport, however that is not currently the case. There are high numbers of private car use as well as many people being dropped off, the least preferred option as it causes the highest amount of congestion.

Most Desirable

Description of Key Issue Manchester is the works major uk airport for car use, with 86% of people arriving via car or taxi, creating congestion and pollution on the roads leading to the airport. This is a strong contrast to london airports where many passengers use public transport.

Public Transport

13%

On-Site Parking

36%

Taxis

26%

Pick Up / Drop Off

31% Least Desirable

MANCHESTER

TRANSPORT ANALYSIS

HEATHROW

MANCHESTER AIRPORT

STANSTED GATWICK Private/Hire Car

Bus/Coach

Taxi

Tube/Tram

Rail

Other

References

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015

CYCLING & WALKING ROUTES MANCHESTER AIRPORT

Allows for easy access to work, with changing facilities etc.

Cycle to Work Concept

References

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References

017

TRAIN & METROLINK CONNECTIONS MANCHESTER AIRPORT

In the long term, there are emerging concepts for high quality east west rail links across the North. The airport could be a key node in such a network.

The Station will get busier with growth in passengers, the development of Airport City and greater use of public transport. • The Station will remain the focus of all public transport operations. • Long term investment plan for the Station to support our targets for increased public transport use. • A new access to the bus and coach station will be created from Outwood Lane. • Land will be reserved for any future expansion of The Station. • A direct pedestrian link will be provided to the Airport City development.

HEAVY RAIL POLICY • To integrate the proposed HS2 station with our future development, including road access, car parking provision and links to The Station and Terminal 2. METROLINK • Land will be safeguarded within the airport site for a western extension to Metrolink and a possible link to the proposed HS2 station.

Relevance to Our Project Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here Descriptive text here

References

018

References

019

HS2 FUTURE SHUTTLE STRATEGY MANCHESTER AIRPORT

References

020

References

021

FUTURE ROAD NETWORKS

MANCHESTER AIRPORT Annual passenger throughput was 22.32 million passengers in March 2015, a rise of 7.4% over the previous year.

It is, by some considerable distance, the pre-eminent airport in the north of the country and attracts passengers from a considerable catchment area. The population contained within the 1 hour drivetime catchment is approximately 8.9 million, whilst within the 2 hour drive-time this increases to almost 22 million. The strength and scale of Manchesterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing offer, both in terms of network and frequency, make the airport more comparable with other European major cities ather than other UK regional airports.

Over 76 airlines serve over 200 destinations worldwide with a wide mix of full service, charter and lowcost airlines. Manchester is also an important cargo airport handling just under 100,000 tonnes of freight in 2014.

â&#x2030;

1/3 of UK population within 2 hour (by road) distance of the airport.

EXISTING HIGHWAYS

DRIVING DISTANCE

PROPOSED HIGHWAYS

References

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References

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COACH / BUS ACCESSIBILITY

MANCHESTER AIRPORT

References

024

References

025

BUSINESS TOURISM MANCHESTER AIRPORT This data compiled from the CAA passenger survey 2014 idicates key information about business tourism going through Manchester Airport specifically.

69 %

The Culture of occupants in an “open” office environment is a key consideration to ensure that every user is able to feel comfortable when working.

Business Tourism is a large contributor to the national economy and is beingsignificantly addressed the Manchester Airport City Masterplan.

TYPICAL OFFICE ENVIRONMENT

Relevance to Our Project The analysis of passenger typology is key when considering the user for the IWE project. As the project is centered around Airport City the main user will be business tourists. By understanding the type of persons most likely to use our offices we can better design the way in which they work.

NON UK

31 %

GERMAN PASSENGERS

FRENCH PASSENGERS

NLD PASSENGERS

UK PASSENGERS

50.7%

44.7%

38.2%

15.2%

Percentage of Business tourists UK vs Non UK.

CULTURES

Percentage of passengers flying to Manchester Airport for business purposes.

CREATIVE CONDITION

82.7% PRIVATE

16% PUBLIC

1.3% OTHER

CAA Passenger Survey Report 2014, Business Intelligence (Shared Service Centre), www.caa. co.uk

FUTURE EXPANSION PLANS MANCHESTER AIRPORT

It will b particularly important to improve airport transport links as well as airport facilities over the next decade as the airport attempts to reach 50 million passengers per year, achieved by merging and expanding Terminals 1 and 3 for a 30 million passenger capacity, as well as expanding Terminal 2 for a 20 million passenger capacity.

References

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References

027

ENVIRONMENT CLIMATIC ANALYSIS Climate has ever been a problem in the design of buildings, and its control a major factor governing architecture. The shape of buildings has been greatly influenced by the requirements of climate, because climate imposes limitations. Though climatology may appear to be a new science, the architect has been a climatologist far longer than he may realize, because the architect throughout the ages has been exercising control over climate through orientation, site and town-planning devices, such as brisesoleil, tree-planting, wind-breaks, etc. Before we go into the physics of the influence of sun, temperature, wind precipitation and humidity, it would be appropriate at the outset to clarify what is meant by “climate” and “architectural expression”. CLIMATE

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS MANCHESTER AIRPORT

The dictionary meaning of the word is, “the temperature and the meteorological conditions of a locality”. ‘Climate’ could be substituted with ‘macro-climate’, and ‘micro-climate’. Macro-climate denotes the general meteorological conditions of a region or country and accounts for the major phenomena of the region. ‘Micro-climate’ denotes the meteorological conditions local only to a particular place, like the radiation, air currents at ground level, temperature, humidity and precipitation peculiar only to a limited area. It is the latter which architects have to encounter and intimately know, so that they do not compete against it, but go along with it and derive the best results from its beneficial qualities, and guard against the ravages of its undesirable qualities. It can be said to be the part of nature, that immediately surrounds a building and enters it, not just superficially but deep into its character.

SUNLIGHT/SUN HOURS Designing for Environmentally Positive Buildings Solar gain is important to consider when designing an environmentally positive building. It can be harnessed for energy, effect the natural lighting of a space and effect material selection of a proposal. Manchester gains an average of 1372.6 hours of sunlight annually.

ANNUAL SOLAR PATH _ ELEVATION

LAT: 53.3743172 LON: -2.1141815 AZIM.: 154.89 ELEV.: 29.57 21 June Solstice

ELEVATION

OPTIMISING NATURAL SUNLIGHT

ANNUAL SOLAR PATH _ MANCHESTER AIRPORT

Strategic Solutions Sunlight can be an incredibly useful resource when it comes to lighting, heating and energy harvesting in buildings. It is important to consider not only the passive benefits of strategic sunlight optimisation but also the innovative and smart technologies that are available.

21 May-July

21 April-Aug

The sun’s intensity is often called “insolation” (short for “INcident SOLar radiATION”) and is important for passive design strategies and energy generation. Incident solar radiation is dependant on two main elements: direct radiation from the sun and diffuse radiation scattered by cloud coverage or reflected off the ground infront of the surface.

21 March-Sept

1_Building Orientation In order to receive maximum daylight and heat gains into the internal spaces, the building orientation should be utilised to make use of the residing light conditions on the site. In the Northern hemisphere, south facing facades will optimise this, however the Northern facade should also be utilised to make the most of indirect diffuse lighting. The building footprint should be enlarged to increase daylighting internally. In terms of energy harvesting, a longer, thinner structure with considerations for atrium spaces will maximise the potential for this.

21 Feb-Oct

Direct solar gain is dependent on cloud conditions in the atmosphere as they diffuse light and generally effect the distribution of light in a space. As can be seen from the ‘cloudy days’ graph, the Manchester Airport area doesn’t receive an awful lot of direct sunlight as its often overcast. This creates certain perameters when thinking about use of passive design, PV panels and other solar harnessing technologies. [1]

21 December Solstice

2_Size Form and Glazing Treatments Analysis of the climate manifests itself into regard for the four forms of daylight for each façade - including the roof: 1. Direct sun, 2. Indirect sun due to reflection from other buildings, 3. Direct cloudy sky and 4. Indirect cloudy sky, which is reflected on the ground. In the northern hemisphere, the south windows should not be oversized and they need protection against direct sunlight to avoid glare and heat. In contrast, the cool north façades mainly receive diffuse light and require window treatments with low heat losses.

AZIMUTH

SUNSHINE (HOURS)

Sun Path and Solar Position The sun’s movement through the day and through the year is one of the most crucial environmental factors to understand when designing high performance and passive buildings.

PERCENTAGE OF CLOUDY DAYS

It is important to understand the relative positioning of the sun throughout the year and day. At any given point on the sun’s path, its height in the sky is called its altitude and its horizontal angle relative to true north called its azimuth. These values are essential in providing calculations for passive solar design.

3_Shading for Visual Comfort and Cooling The intense rays of sunlight are critical for visual and thermal comfort. Therefore block the direct sunlight for workplaces and provide screens for glaring sources like neighbouring glass facades, which reflect the sunlight. In summer daylight could easily lead to overheating in buildings with large glass façades. This results in higher energy consumption for cooling. For that reason shading is essential to control thermal comfort.

With careful consideration of the sun’s path, one can take advantage of strategies such as natural daylighting, passive heating, PV energy generation and natural ventilation. These need to be considered in order to reduce glare or overheating.

20% Altitude is the vertical angle the sun makes with the ground plane (0° < alt < 90°). Azimuth is the horizontal angle between the sun and true north (–180° < azi < 180°, positive in a clockwise direction from north) References

AVERAGE

80%

CLOUDY DAYS

4_Bright Surfaces for Light Interior Spaces Designing interior surfaces with high reflectance increases the daylight level in the depth of the space. Using matte light colours improves the visual comfort. Keeping walls lightly coloured increases the brightness, especially on back walls.

CLEAR DAYS

5 References ‘Light Matters: 7 Ways Daylight Can Make Design More Sustainable’, 2014. . ArchDaily. URL [http://www.archdaily.com/471249/lightmatters-7-ways-daylight-can-make-designmore-sustainable/]

6 5_Locate Task Areas Near Windows Keeping service rooms in the core of the building and offering workplaces access to daylight means that sunlight is utilised to full potential. Functions that would benefit the most from daylight in relation to the time of occupation should be detected and considered. Natural light can be provided to corridors through the use of translucent partition walls.

7 6_Daylight Reflector Systems Direct sunlight can be easily reflected onto the ceiling for indirect lighting. Use light surface colours for the reflecting surface and the ceiling. Increase the reflectance in front of the window to make it more effective. Locating the reflector system above eye-level, better avoids glare.

7_Energy Harvesting Through Solar Radiation Beyond improving the light situation within the building, you could also use the power of the sun for solar water heating and install photovoltaic systems for electric devices. The sun is a cost-free medium to cut down your carbon footprint.

SUNLIGHT/SUN HOURS CASE STUDY : SMART

CASE STUDY : PASSIVE

Energy Harvesting

Herman Teirlinck Building Location : Brussels Architect : Neutelings Riedijk Architecten

Sunlight can be an incredibly useful resource when it comes to energy harvesting and heating buildings. It is important to consider not only the passive benefits of strategic sunlight optimisation but also the innovative and smart technologies that are available.

When construction of this project is completed it will be the largest singular office building in Brussels and will fulfil the strict criteria defined by the Brussels regional government to receive a passive certification label.

An Energy Harvesting Algae Wall Architect practice SPLITTERWERK has designed the first building worldwide to include a bioreactor façade. This building is setting the scene with its two red-white-red-white striped sunny-sided algae bioreactor façades. They consist of glazed elements filled with water, in which micro-algae are bred in order to generate energy, for light control, and for shade provision. [1]

The focus of the design of the building has always primarily been on sustainability and excellent internal comfort for the occupants. Throughout the conception and design development phase the project was modelled utilizing computer programming that dynamically simulated the internal environment based on the weather profile of a reference year. In doing so the most important parameters of the building envelope (such as the ratio of transparent to opaque areas and insulation thickness) could be determined and optimised. The end result is the optimized low energy usage required to cool and heat the interior of the building while also achieving excellent daylight performance that is fully BREEAM compliant.

“It is a test for the technology, but it also represents a huge step forward. If we can demonstrate that microalgae biofaçades can become a viable new source of sustainable energy production, we can transform the urban environment.” Jan Wurm, Arup Europe Research Leader [2]

Ground source heat pumps will warm water required for heating the building, over 90% of all primary energy demand within the building will be fuelled in this renewable way. Water from ground water wells will be used during the warmer period of the year for cooling and during the colder periods for heating. Additionally, innovative air handling units using adiabatic cooling and integrated compressor cooling will provide fresh air. Within this adiabatic principle, water is being vaporised in the extract air flow. The water vaporises and thus extracts a lot of energy out of the fresh air flow, cooling it down to a suitable temperature for cooling down the interior of the building.

Mounted on the southwest and southeast sides of the building, to make use of solar gains, are 129 bioreactors, flat glass panels on exterior louvers that serve as an optimum environment for the algae to flourish. The bioreactors act as transparent containers which create a controlled environment for photosynthesis. In order to promote rapid growth, the algae are fed liquid nutrients and carbon dioxide. To further increase growth, as well as to avoid any build-up of microorganisms on the glass which could cause rot, pressurised air is pumped into the panels. As well as this, scrubbers in the panels automatically keep the glass clean. The panels double as solar thermal collectors to convert sunlight into usable energy.

Heating and cooling of the office spaces will be achieved using Concrete Core Activation (CCA). Along with CCA, the dynamic loads will be managed by the ventilation system that will be dynamically regulated with the help of VAV boxes equipped with air quality and temperature sensors. Comfortable lighting is attained using the latest generation of T5 appliances, all will be dimmed and centrally controlled and automated. Additionally, the light fixtures will be activated using a controlled base system that responds to the daylight luminance values (light intensity values) and occupancy (presence detectors) in any given space.

The light left over from photosynthesis in the algae is converted into heat and then either immediately used to heat water or stored in the building’s underground geothermal system. References [1] Herman Teirlinck building – Passive building for the administration of the Flemish Government in Brussels [Website], n.d. URL http://www. boydens.be/en/references/office/herman_teirlinck_building_%26_8211%3B_passive_building_for_the_administration_of_the_flemish_government_ in_brussels-876.html (accessed 9.2.16). [2] Santos, S., 2015. Neutelings Riedijk Architects Begins Construction on Largest Passive Office Building in Belgium [Website]. ArchDaily. URL http://www.archdaily.com/770045/neutelings-riedijk-architects-begins-construction-on-largest-passive-office-building-in-belgium (accessed 9.2.16).

References [1 ]Algae-architecture | Eine weitere Word Press Site, n.d. URL: [http://algae-architecture.com/?p=142#more-142] [2] World’s first microalgae façade goes “live”, Arup [Website], 2013. URL [http://www. arup.com/News/2013_04_April/25_April_World_first_microalgae_facade_goes_live. aspx]

A local energy company then buys stockpiled and harvested algae and transports the biomass to a nearby heat and power plant, where it will undergo fermentation. The process produces methane gas to generate electricity and stays completely carbon neutral. [2]

TEMPERATURE KEEPING COOL Temperature varies throughout the day and throughout the year and is the most obvious metric to consider for passive heating and cooling design. The Manchester Airport area has an average maximum temperature of 13.2 degrees Celsius and an average minimum temperature of 5.5 degrees Celsius. [2] Degree Days To understand the heating and cooling requirements of our office buildings, a comfortable temperature range needs to be set. This range, often referred to as the “comfort zone,” can then be compared to the building site’s actual temperatures over time. When the site’s temperature is outside of the comfort zone, it is measured in heating or cooling “degree days.”

400

343

303

300

HEATING DEGREE DAYS

COOLING DEGREE DAYS

Celsius-based 5-year-average (2011 to 2015) heating degree days for a base temperature of 16C

293

288 230

199

200

140

100

139 71

26 0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

0 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Degree days are not just useful to estimate heating and cooling needs; they also help make comparisons between buildings more fair. Comparing the energy intensities of different buildings with the heating and cooling degree days at each site helps make these comparisons more accurate representations of how efficiently the buildings are designed. [3]

MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEGREES CELCIUS)

20%

AVERAGE

80%

MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (DEGREES CELCIUS)

20%

AVERAGE

80%

References [1] Heating & Cooling Degree Days - Free Worldwide Data Calculation [Website], n.d. URL http://www. degreedays.net/ (accessed 3.10.16). [2] Manchester Airport - Climatic Data [Website], n.d. URL http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/ climate/gcqrs3mr5t/ (accessed 3.10.16). [3] Autodesk Sustainability Workshop | Temperature [Website], n.d. URL http://sustainabilityworkshop. autodesk.com/buildings/temperature#sthash.iBw13LoC.dpuf

TEMPERATURE CASE STUDY : PASSIVE

CASE STUDY : SMART Aldar Central Market Location : Abu Dabi Architect : Fosters + Partners Technology : Hoberman

Smart Solutions As well as hollistic passive solutions to cope with direct and indirect solar rays, alternative strategies can manifest in smart, biomimmetic solutions that require little to no energy to function.

Through the use of smart technologies, this Abu Dabi market stays cool throughout the day. Solar tracking shades that fan out, protect space below from direct sunlight. These are programmable, automatic shades that can be engineered to cope with a broad range of climatic conditions.

‘Bloom’, Breathable Skin by USC Architecture This project, an installation by professor Doris Kim Sung, is a sun-tracking instrument, indexing time and temperature. It mimics the human body to keep whatever its protecting cool by creating an environmental response using thermobimetal - a material that’s composed of two different metals with their own thermal expansion coefficient. Each side has a separate reaction to sunlight, causing it to contract and curl at different rates. The tension between the two surfaces causes the skin to curl up, allowing more air to pass in the space below, once its cooled, the skin closes up again.

The self contained shading system controls its own permeability, adjusting smoothly between completely covered roofing and mostly open. The shades also protect against dust and debris. The panels move parallel to the building’s surface which allows layers to be hidden when retracted. The unit is completely integrated into the building which offers an unprecedented level of control for the users. Adaptivity Benefits Ventilation and airflow control Dust and debris protection Reduced solar gain and glare Shading control

By applying this kind of technology to buildings, we would be able to passively regulate their internal temperatures without the need for bulky, energy inefficient mechanical systems.

010

References

[1] dO|Su STUDIO ARCHITECTURE [Website], 2011. URL http://dosu-arch.com/bloom.html# (accessed 2.2.16).

[1] Adaptive Building Initiative [Website] URL: [http://www.adaptivebuildings.com/permea-surface.html]

[2] Doris Kim Sung: Metal that breathes | TED Talk, 2012. . TED Talk.

[2] Hoberman Associates Inc. | Projects | Aldar Central Market [Website], 2011. URL [http://www.hoberman.com/portfolio/aldarcentralmarket.php?projectname=Aldar+Central+Market]

011

NOISE MANCHESTER AIRPORT POSITIVE COMMUNICATION

Manchester Airport complies with current EU and national legislation regarding noise impact of aviation. It takles a balanced approach by follwing four key systems to ensure that aircraft and operational noise pollution is kept to a minimum.

FLEXIBILITY high

low

NOISE REDUCTION AT SOURCE

LAND USE AND PLANNING MANAGEMENT

NOISE ABATEMENT OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

OPERATING RESTRICTIONS

SOUND INSULATION AND NOISE CANCELLATION TECHNOLOGIES

SEND

SPACE

RECIEVE

SOUND MASKING

NEGATIVE COMMUINICATION NOISE

SEND

SPACE

low

ARCHITECTURAL MITIGATION

BALANCED APPROACH

PRODUCTIVITY

Where the Airport has a system in place to reduce noise pollution, proposals for work environments in the near proximity should create a noise strategy to create a good working environment.

high

The way in which noise affects the working environment can vary from a small nuiscance to causing long term health issues to users subject to it. It is important to promote flexible working programmes in order to ensure users are able to find the most comfortable working environment even with a high ambient noise level.

RECIEVE

Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s typical office building Creative Conditions

NOISE

Positive Communication In an office environment communication is the largest contributor to productivity and ensures a positive working ecology. When communication becomes a problem in offices due to excess noise this can have negative effects on the productivity and health of the users.

DESIGN FOR TASK

The above diagram illustrates the relationship between flexibility and productivity in current information work buildings, and the buildings required to promote a creative condition.

EMPLOYEE CUSTOMIZATION

Design for Change, the Architecture of DEGW.

URBAN STRUCTURE GATEWAYS, VISTAS, FRONTAGE A series of gateways are created via the integration of the parcel/plot structure and the movement network. These gateways require specific attention to the treatment of buildings and spaces. Key views and vistas are to be maintained to key focal buildings. In combination with the movement network and with the central park all buildings/plots will be afforded a positive and legible commercial address when arriving by foot, car or taxi.

AIRPORT CITY MASTERPLAN

MANCHESTER AIRPORT

Gateways - Buildings fronting The T2 roundabout – plots 106 and 108 - are to be of a quality befi tting the “front door” to Airport City North. - A “threshold” space is to be created within the road network linking the two sides of the central park and allowing the visitor to take in the full central park space as an arrival experience. - The principal roundabout on the new link road must form an obvious front door into the main development to the right. - A view into the central park is to be retained arriving on the link road from Styal Road. - An “arrival” space will be provided at the tip of the central park at the junction with Thorley Lane. - The buildings fronting the new T-junction to the M56 spur must be of a quality and design that befi ts their position at the gateway to both Airport City North and the airport itself. - A gateway space will be formed between the interchange and Airport City North. Building Address / Frontage - All buildings within each plot to have a distinct front and back. - All buildings to have their primary address facing the main public space or route. - Service vehicle entries to be located away from the principle public address.

Views, Vistas & Focal Buildings “Focal Buildings” are indicated as they serve an importance. Primary Frontages are located adjacent to gateway spaces. These are important to support high quality immediate and mid- range views. A principal “social/amenity/heart” building is to be developed to the centre of the central park. Secondary focal buildings are located at the entrances to the central park. View 1 - Principle arrival (T2) park view corridor. View 2 - Entry roundabout to central park view corridor. View 3 - Secondary arrival (Styal Road) parek view corridor. View 4 - Interchange to central park view corridor

084

085

OVERALL REGULATORY PLAN

MOVEMENT FRAMEWORK

The overall regulatory plan for Airport City North controls development across 16 development parcels that can accommodate either large single buildings or multiple buildings in a fl exible manner. A generous central park will form the centrepiece of the framework. Development will take advantage of the natural topography of the existing site.

The movement frameworks work alongside the central park to underpin the regulatory plan. New walking and cycling routes form North-South and East-West spines to Airport City North. These are positioned to promote the use of sustainable transport modes over car use.

PARCELS, TOPOGRAPHY & LEVELS

VEHICLE, CYCLIST, PEDESTRIANS

Roads A new link road will be created between Ringway Road West and T2 roundabout. This road will form the principle access to all development north of the M56 spur. - Access to the airport terminals will be retained as a road network priority. - The new road network will be designed with reduced traffi c speeds (maximum of 30 mph) so as to support an urban centre rather than typical ‘out of town’ business park environment.

Parcels - The development will be delivered across 16 development parcels. - Each parcel is of sufficient scale to deliver the primary urban structure and the desired city scale. Topography - The park is to have a maximum width of 100 metres and a minimum width of 20 metres in order to support a variety of functions and uses. - The park must facilitate pedestrian and cycle routes across its width and along its length to connect with Painswick Park and the “Black path”. - The park is to be predominantly of a soft landscape nature but with elements of hard landscape at its centre to support major events. - The Central park is to be capable of being phased and must be delivered alongside each adjacent plot as development progresses.

Cycle & Pedestrians - A new North –South route will connect the transport interchange with Painswick Park. - A new East-West route will connect Painswick Park with the “Black Path”. - Pedestrian and cycle priority crossings will be integrated across the Airport City spine road. - Secondary cycle and pedestrian routes will be provided alongside the Airport City Spine Road. - Bike hire locations / hubs will be provided in the central park.

Levels - Finished Levels and gradients are set to afford “Access for All” throughout the public realm. - Finished levels within the parcels are set to afford undercroft parking adjacent to the central park. - Finished levels within the development parcels are controlled by existing and new highway network provision and affording statutory compliant gradients and alignment.

Central Focal Area The central park attracts visitors and surrounding buildings will be benefit from the lively environment, soft landscpae nature and good views. Taking advantage of the natural topography of the exisitng site, some plots will have a higher finished levels and is assumed to be more desirable.

086

Modes of Transports Within the central park, sustainable modes of transport are promoted with the main pedestrian and cycle given prority supported by three major bicycle hub along the central park with an additional one at the interchange, creating a vehicle-free zone.

087

MOVEMENT FRAMEWORK

URBAN FORM

DROPOFF ROUTES, CAR PARKING

HEIGHT, AREAS, LAND USE

Taxi and courier drop off will be afforded to all development plots and all buildings within each development plot. The framework recognises the commercial importance of integrating the appropriate level of car parking provision but wishes to support more sustainable modes of transport.

Urban form and height principles are controlled to create a distinctly new urban district in character. Airport City North will be a place of many places. The framework supports the creation of a number of distinct character areas without being overly prescriptive as to the nature of each of these. The framework will support a high quality mixed use development whilst ensuring that building types and land uses are appropriate to their location.

Taxi, Courier & Emergency Vehicle Routes - A dedicated taxi, courier and emergency vehicle route will be integrated within all parts of the central park to afford access to all buildings and plots. - A dedicated taxi, courier and emergency vehicle route will be integrated between the interchange and those plots to the south of the M56 spur. - The pedestrian bridge crossing the M56 spur WILL NOT be capable of supporting vehicles.

Guilding Height Principle - Building heights are generally to be higher towards the GTI. - Gateway buildings of greater height are located at principle junctions and arrival points. Gateway buildings should be of a greater scale or unique form. - Buildings are generally intended to be placed to the maximum extent of the parcel boundary to create strong urban edges to all streets and spaces. - Story heights based on: Under croft / lower ground car parking levels: 3.0m; Ground fl oor level: 4.5m; Upper fl oor levels: 4.0m.

Car Parking - A maximum car parking ratio of 1:750 sq.ft. will apply for offi ce development south of the M56 spur. - A maximum car parking ratio of 1:300 sq.ft. will apply for offi ce development to the north of the M56 spur. - A maximum car parking ratio of 1:650 sq.ft. will apply for advanced manufacturing development. - A maximum car parking ratio of 1:600 sq.ft. will apply for hotel development. - A maximum car parking ratio of 1:750 sq.ft. will apply for retail development. - It is not intended that the maximum car parking provision for each building will provided “on plot”. Shared surface, multi storey and undercroft car parking will be located in distinct areas so as to promote footfall through the site along the principle walking routes and to take vehicles off the highway network as quickly as possible. - The minimum statutory requirement for parking provision for disabled people should be met whether the requirement is set by the Local Authority or by the Enterprise zone requirements.

Character Areas -Material detailing and townscape character are to be more urban adjacent to the interchange. - A progressively greener and suburban character is to be supported moving towards Painswick Park. - Refer to each plot or character area for further guidance

Visitor Accessibility An area with easy visitor access is determined by overlapping the drop off points with car parking facilities avaiilability. Highlighted area provides ease of access for travelling visitors to the Airport City.

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Land Use Retail and Leisure facilities will generally be located between the interchange and the central park to create a “high street” and generate footfall and 24/7 activity to this principal route. While advanced Manufacturing buildings will be located away from the central park. Hotel facilities will be located closest to the interchange.

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CASE STUDY ALAN GILBERT LEARNING COMMONS The Alan Gilbert Learning Commons at Manchester University operate a 24hr workspace for students from all courses. The building is programatically set up to cater for any working needs from solitary silent work to group sessions, and lounge areas.

The Culture of occupants in an â&#x20AC;&#x153;openâ&#x20AC;? office environment is a key consideration to ensure that every user is able to feel comfortable when working.

WORKING CULTURES

Cultures In terms of diversity, universities can be said to be the most culturally diverse establishments. This is an aspect that must be addressed by a building such as AGLC to ensure that all students cultural aswell as working conditions are considered.

Distinct working environments

SOLITARY ZONES

QUIET WORK ZONES

BREAKOUT / CAFE SPACE

GROUP STUDY ROOMS

24 HR Working We can use the AGLC as a 24hr template for the IWE project in order to analyse and evaluate how a 24 hr working space operates whilst taking into account various user working cultures.

BUSINESS TOURISM YOUTUBE SPACE The Youtube Spaces are branches of youtube offices placed in major cities around the world. They cater for a highly transient user and have to provide a creative space for a wide range of proffessions within the industry.

LOCAL TRANSPORT

AIRPORT

LOCAL TRANSPORT

As a precedent the Youtube Space is a successful example of how a transient, interdisciplinary population of users can be accomodated in one space.

System Template A template can be created by analysing the Youtube Spaces when placed in relation to the airport. It illustrates an environment which allows the user to work in a creative condition that can be specific to their working needs. The Airport acts as a gateway for the transient user population, whilst local more permanent users can also be integrated.

IDENTITY/OWNERSHIP

WORK FACILITY

CREATIVE CONDITION

WORK FACILITY

Users The users of the Youtube Space are all youtubers with their own online channels, however each user will be part of their own unique ‘discipline’. As a case study the Youtube Space shows how users from varying disciplines can work in the same space and customize it to their needs accordingly.

WORK FACILITY

HEALTH & WELLBEING IN THE WORKPLACE

MEDIBANK HASSELLARCHITECTS Health (n) ; 1.The state of being free from illness or injury. 2.A person’s mental or physical condition.

Well-Being (n); The state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy.

Healthy Eating.

Stretching.

Drinking water.

Regular breaks.

Eating better foods in the workplace encourages better health and well-being.

Walking around the workplace and stretching regularly helps to prevent repetitive strain injury and regulates circulation.

2 litres a day . This is particularly important in air conditioned spaces as it is very dehydrating and causes dry skin and eyes.

Regular screen breaks will take strain off the eyes and helps refocus and gives you more energy

The NHS encourage employees to take regular breaks, drink lots of water and avoid sitting for long period of time at work. “If someone goes to the gym or walks for 30 to 45 minutes a day, but sits down the rest of the time, then they are still described as having a ‘sedentary lifestyle’. “All-day movement is now seen as being just as important for the maintenance of good health as traditional exercise.” -David Dunstan of the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.

HEALTH & WELLBEING IN THE WORKPLACE THE FUTURE OFFICE DESIGN

References: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ english/well-being http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/fitness/Pages/ sitting-and-sedentary-behaviour-are-bad-foryour-health.aspx http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/workplacehealth/ Pages/workplacehome.aspx

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HEALTH & WELLBEING IN THE WORKPLACE

MEDIBANK HASSELLARCHITECTS Hassell Architects design for Medibank was designed with the health of its employees n mind. The office building features inviting walkways, cycling ramps and sports facilities. The concept behind the building was the switch from activity based working to health based working, an approach that places mental and physical health at its priority.

APPLICATION

Working styles The building allows for a more flexible working culture. Emplyees are free to work wherever they choose, with 26 varieties of setting in which to work, from indoor to outdoor, collaborative to solitary. The ides is for employees to move to the zone in which they feel most comfortable, using a variety of different spaces helps keep the user focused.

Circulation Circularion should be implemented to encourage movement throughout the space, creating an attractive mode of circulation and by connecting directly to specific nodes of interest can be an avenue to explore when thinking of circulation.

We can translate the idea of a healthy building through implementing a variety of strategies such as introducing health and fitness facitities and creating a variety of spaces throughout the space to encourage a better sense of wellbeing in a space.

Rather than simply having a core, the idea of movement can be better articulted by connecting main areas of interest, encouraging people to walk as it will be both more efficient and more aesthetically pleasing.

Circulation The circulation strategy is at the core of the building, creating an attractive and inviting area and encouraging users to move through the space. Cycle paths through the building have also been used to encourage employees to cycle to work by employing attractive and practical architectural devices.

freedom of movement Encouraging employees to move location whilst working is a device that can be implemented through creating a variety of different work zones that emplyees can move to if they are most comfortable, this can encourage workers to sit outside, or in a more collaborative and social environment, all of which can improve welbeing and movement.

Hollistic approach The building also offers an edible garden to encourage users to eat fresh produce. Devices to improve air quality and introduce natural light were also a high priority. If employees want to exercise during the day they can visit the multi purpose indoor or outdoor sports facilities on the ground floor. In post occupancy evaluation, 66% of employees said that they were more productive, 70% said that they were healthier and Medibank stated a 5% reduction in absenteeism.

Sports/recreation areas Circulation/Stairs

References http://www.dezeen.com/2016/01/21/video-interview-hassell-office-building-medibank-health-get-people-moving-rob-backhouse-movie/ http://www.archdaily.com/769154/mediabank-hassell http://www.hassellstudio.com/en/cms-projects/ detail/medibank-place-720-bourke-street/w

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SECURITY

Building and Campus

Customers from all around the world such as Airbus Group, Saudi Aramco, Dow Chemical, DONG Energy, Bharti Airtel, BMW Brilliance Automotive China, Chicago O’Hare, Tata, Huawei, DuPont, IKEA, Vodafone as well as

PHYSICAL Definition: Security, The state of being free from danger or threat. Definition: Control, The power to influence or direct people’s behaviour or the course of events. Security is one of the most important enablers for the way we live and do business in a globalised world. Perfecting protection through advanced security management and services means safeguarding the basis of sustained competitiveness and business continuity

of the largest global players listed on the German stock market* – including Bayer, Deutsche Bank, SAP and ThyssenKrupp– rely on security solutions and services from Siemens.

For a single building or a campus requiring traditional security solutions with an option for tight integration into existing building automation systems.

Corporate Security Integrated security solutions for companies with multiple locations local or global, with unified or distributed identity management.

Critical Infrastructure Optimally tailored solutions for individual industries such as manufacturing, power utilities, life sciences and airports.

SECURITY IN THE WORKPLACE PHYSICAL

WHILE EFFECTIVE RESPONSE CAN EVEN HAVE A POSITIVE IMPACT OF +5% ON SHAREHOLDER VALUE IN THE LONG TERM

References Brandel, M. (2016) Biometrics: What, Where and Why. CSO Online. [Online] [Accessed on 22 February 2016] http://www.csoonline.com/article/2124928/identity-access/biometrics--what--where-and-why.html. Buildings.com, (2016) Your Building’s Worst Security Problems. [Online] [Accessed on 22 February 2016] http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/8363/title/your-building-s-worst-security-problems.aspx. Buildingtechnologies.siemens.com, (2016) Security - Building Technologies - Siemens. [Online] [Accessed on 22 February 2016] http://www. buildingtechnologies.siemens.com/bt/global/en/security-solution/pages/security-solution.aspx. Goodchild, J. (2016) Seven Deadly Sins of Building Security. CSO Online. [Online] [Accessed on 22 February 2016] http://www.csoonline.com/ article/2124303/physical-security/seven-deadly-sins-of-building-security.html.

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SECURITY

BIOMETRICS- CASE STUDY- ALLAM MARINE OFFICES

Head/ Face Typically used for main entrance doors or rooms that should have extra access or restricted to most persons in the building.

PROBLEMS Taken from Tim Giles Book ‘How to Develop and Implement a Security Master Plan’ Some of the potential problems of keeping a building secure could be:

Could be used for directors offices, stores, and places only certain people can access, or rooms that are not frequently used or needed to access, due to the time needed for the scanners to recognise the face.

Creating post orders without advanced analysis: He states that most companies do not correctly analyse the building and potential threats. He states that experience is a key driver in analysing and spotting these problems. All buildings are unique and require different levels of security, checks of the site and building should be carried out before posting a security personnel in the building.

You can use biometrics to tighten up security by: Eyes/ Iris Could be used for external and internal spaces or doors, main probable use would be for spaces that have more frequent access, maybe meeting rooms or store rooms.

Neglecting to secure entrances and exits: Any open door is a potential threat to the system. He suggested alarms at all doors that have been designated as emergency. Employees should also be asked to demand ID or badges from individuals entering a secure building. Understanding Technology: There is a problem with people understanding how to use the technologies in their buildings. Giles said another common scenario is a building with 40 or more cameras around the facility which use a multiplexer to toggle between cameras and record images. But the switching is done at random and is therefore of little use. How can you come up with a systems that allows ease of access and use? Overdosing Security: The level of security needs to fit the risks imposed on that particular business. One size does not fit all so it is important to assess the situation before applying potential technologies to your building. “If you overdo it to where it doesn’t make sense, within six months people will have figured out ways to get around security and it will be a waste of money. It has to match the risk and culture of the business. (Giles, 2008). Advancements in biometric technology have improved performance and reliability and lowered costs have made these options affordable beyond high-security applications. Read on to learn about emerging uses for biometrics

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Biometrics offer building owners a scalable solution that reduces many of the inconveniences of traditional access control, such as undocumented access, ID swapping, credential replacement, and manual badge checks. Advancements in biometric technology have improved performance and reliability and lowered costs have made these options affordable beyond high-security applications. (Morton, 2012)

This specific system involved a circlelock as Allam Marine required standard access along with secondary opening actions from dedicated readers elsewhere in the building. The system was specifically designed in order to provide the ability to “latch” open the circle lock in the event of corporate open days. (N/A, 2016)

Placing aesthetics over security: He claims that seeing a security camera is 50% of the job done, if the potential offender would see the camera this would deter them from creating a potential threat.

How to apply to offices

This approach is quicker than the face scan but could still be more time consuming for areas that require more frequent use.

-Restricting sensitive healthcare areas, such as medical supply, surgery suites, maternity wards, pharmacies, and office areas -Approving IT professionals to access server rooms Preventing non-essential employees from accessing to storage rooms, docks, basements, mechanical rooms, and service corridors -Strengthening dorm safety by eliminating tailgating and piggybacking from swapped IDs Improving the usability of hotel key cards -Gaining better control over secondary entrances

This particular client had very high standards and he wanted a particular look for his door access system along with a specific set of access requirements. The ievo fingerprint readers were connected to a Paxton Net2 Pro system and configured for a number of different actions depending upon the specific finger offered.” Cobus Communications Group. (N/A, 2016)

Hand/ Fingers Fingerprint biometrics is a easy and accessible way to get to and from spaces and places. Sometimes can be a much quicker way than ID cards. This approach cuts out the need for each person to have keycards and loss of cards or fobs.

The member registers their print upon joining the business. This print now acts as the identification method, replacing the traditional identification card. When the member arrives at the offices they simply press their finger onto the reader and this opens the first door of the Circlelock. The Circlelock consists of two sliding doors, which will open one after the other, creating an interlocking security booth. The access-control system is a bi-directional security door allowing entry and exit in turn. (N/A, 2016)

This approach is being widely adopted in many office and education buildings and the costs are low in the long running life of a building.

References

Giles, T. (2009) How to develop and implement a security master plan. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.

Morton, J. (2016) Scanning the Benefits of Biometrics. Buildings.com. [Online] [Accessed on 21 February 2016] http://www.buildings.com/article-details/ articleid/14825/title/scanning-the-benefits-of-biometrics/viewall/true.aspx.

“If access control systems are to control where people, not credentials, can and cannot go, then only a biometric device truly provides this capability,” stresses Emily Flink, associate product marketing manager, readers, credentials, and biometrics for Ingersoll Rand Security Technologies. (Morton, 2016) Creating a creative condition These approaches to office access and security are a simple and minimal way of setting the scene, they allow people to feel extra safe knowing only they can enter and exit a certain room. This could allow a person to be more creative with the freedom of intimidating security guards or locks that could be lost or taken.

N/A, I. (2016) Allam Marine Door Entry Office Security. Ievoreader.com. [Online] [Accessed on 21 February 2016] http://www.ievoreader.com/case-studies/allam-marine-offices-.

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SECURITY PERSONAL Definition: Security, The state of being free from danger or threat.

SELF ACTUALISATION

Definition: Control, The power to influence or direct people’s behaviour or the course of events. As humans we must feel safety, belonging and mattering. Without these a person cannot get into their smart state, so what do we need as humans to feel safe?

SELF ESTEEM

SAFETY + BELONGING + MATTER = TRUST Without these three essential keys a person cannot get in their Smart State—we cannot perform, innovate, feel emotionally engaged, agree, and move forward. Safety, belonging, and mattering are essential to your brain and your ability to perform at work, at home, and in life overall. The greater the feeling of safety, both emotional and physical so we can take risks.

SECURITY IN THE WORKPLACE PERSONAL

LOVE AND BELONGING

Feeling secure is different from being secure, security is both a reality and a feeling. Bruce Schneier believes this and states “The reality of security is mathematical, based on the probability of different risks and the effectiveness of different countermeasures. But security is also a feeling, based on individual psychological reactions to both the risks and the countermeasures. And the two things are different: You can be secure even though you don’t feel secure, and you can feel secure even though you’re not really secure.” TED TALK https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGd_M_ CpeDI

SAFETY AND SECURITY

BASIC PHYSIOLOGICAL MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

References McLeod, S. (2007) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Simply Psychology. [Online] [Accessed on 18 February 2016] http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html.

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SECURITY

THE EDGE AMSTERDAM THEORIES

PROBLEMS Living and working in high-security private environments enables wealthy professionals to move almost seamlessly from office to luxury waterfront apartment or from conference centre to airport with minimal contact with the surrounding environment. The problem is that, even if the journey to and from work involves driving from one secure carpark to another, there will be times when contact with the outside world cannot be avoided. When this happens, new research is highlighting that people who are normally insulated in private environments become unusually anxious (Ground Control, P.14) CCTV has a ‘counter intuitive effect of increasing fear of crime’ (Ground Control, P.23)

People overestimate risks situations they don’t control.

People underestimate risks situations they do control.

Kevin Lynch theories of mental mapping, could this be used in the office environment? Could we make people feel secure without them actually knowing about this?

Most used that day

Paths consists of the “channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves” (Lynch, p. 47). These can include streets, paths, transit routes, or any other defined path of movement.

If we look at Jane Jacobs, her theories of surveillance or natural surveillance. Natural surveillance occurs when the space has been designed to maximise physical features, activities and people in a way to maximise the visibility and promote positive interaction. As people move through an area they should be able to observe what is going on around them, providing the area is open and well lit. Promoting diverse uses in public spaces is highly effective. Any architectural design that enhances the chance that a potential offender will be, or might be, seen is a form of natural surveillance. Often, it is not just the fact that the offender might be seen that matters. It is that the offender “thinks” they will be seen that can help deter the opportunity for crime.

Its important for those of us who design security, who look at security policy, or even look at public policy in ways that affect security. It’s not just reality; it’s feeling and reality. What’s important is that they be about the same. It’s important that, if our feelings match reality, we make better security trade-offs.

These repetitive systems can do things that require rule based operations. The EDGE uses complicated systems and robots to control and secure the building, this is good as it creates the feeling that no threat is currently around the building. It is more subtle than having a security guard walking around the building, creating that sense that something may happen. When applying this to office design, it is key to think of the possibilities of this implementation, what kind of requirements does the building need? Can these robots work around the clock and adequately provide security for the people inside 24/7. This can often lead to a more creative and happy environment.

Edges provide the boundaries that separate one region from another, the seams that join two regions together, or the barriers that close one region from another.

There is now a growing body of research into the relationship between security and fear, in the US and in the UK, which shows that taking more precautions against crime and strengthening security can increase levels of fear and social isolation. In the U.K research commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, which looked at extra security in a relatively low-crime neighbourhood, concluded that an ‘unintended consequence’ of extra security, including intruder alarms and other security measures, was ‘to raise concerns over security and safety’. Book: Minton, A (2009) Ground Control

PRECEDENTS

It knows where you live. It knows what car you drive. It knows who you’re meeting with today and how much sugar you take in your coffee. From the minute you wake up, you’re connected. The app checks your schedule, and the building recognizes your car when you arrive and directs you to a parking spot. Then the app finds you a desk. Because at the Edge, you don’t have one. No one does. Workspaces are based on your schedule: sitting desk, standing desk, work booth, meeting room, balcony seat, or “concentration room.” Wherever you go, the app knows your preferences. Security at the highest level, it knows who enters the building and when and who leaves, all through the app. Security cameras recognise registration plates and allow for entry. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-09-23/see-the-world-sgreenest-office-building-the-edge

Security of: Body, Employment, Resources, Morality, Family, Health, Property Safety is one of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, when we have our physiological needs for food and water met, our safety needs dominate our behaviour. These needs have to do with our natural desire for a predictable, orderly world that is somewhat within our control. Safety needs in today’s world can manifest themselves as job security, savings accounts, insurance policies, financial security, and health and well-being.

The EDGE uses cutting edge design, in the daytime there is a security guard posted in the main atrium and reception, to both greet people and watch over the day to day business of the building. At nighttime, the robots come into action, sensing and monitoring who is coming in and out of the building. With the use of mobile phone access at all times the robots can detect who it is they are looking at and where they should be at any given time. This is smart security you may consider. The diagram on the left shows the most used rooms in a building that current day, the robots naturally target these rooms to be checked and cleaned first. Something to think about with this technology is the hybrid use of the robots, they are used to clean and surveillance the spaces in the building.

This little robot (bottom left) comes out at night to patrol the grounds. If an alarm goes off, the camera-equipped automaton can identify the culprit or let security know it was a false alarm. It cruises around automatically like a Roomba or can be commandeered by remote control. A similar principle as robots in shipyards. http://ovgrealestate.nl/ http://www.ifsecglobal.com/8-innovative-security-products-unveiled-ces-2015/ https://zeltser.com/importance-of-feeling-secure/

References James, J. (2011) 10 security problems you might not realize you have - TechRepublic. TechRepublic. [Online] [Accessed on 18 February 2016] http:// www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-security-problems-you-might-not-realize-you-have/. Jefferies, A. (2015) See the World’s Greenest Office Building: The Edge. Bloomberg.com. [Online] [Accessed on 18 February 2016] http://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-09-23/see-the-world-s-greenest-office-building-the-edge. Schilling, D. (2015) On The Edge of Glory: The World’s Greenest Office Building - Industry Tap. Industry Tap. [Online] [Accessed on 18 February 2016] http://www.industrytap.com/edge-glory-worlds-greenest-office-building/31856. Walker, B. (2016) The World’s Smartest Office Building Knows How You Like Your Coffee. Bloomberg.com. [Online] [Accessed on 18 February 2016] http://www.bloomberg.com/features/2015-the-edge-the-worlds-greenest-building/.

KEVIN LYNCH THEORY

JANE JACOBS THEORY

5 ELEMENTS TO CREATING A MENTAL IMAGE

Natural surveillance creates the perception that criminals have no place to hide. You can implement natural surveillance in two ways: maintain clear sight lines around your property, and encourage positive social interaction.

Paths : are always the channels along which the observer moves. Edges: are the linear elements not used as paths by the observer. They are the boundaries and linear breaks in continuity.

The idea of the design is to create features to maximise the visibility if people, parking areas and building entrances. The way this can be done is by having doors and windows that look out onto streets, see through barriers/ fences. One of the most important aspects is night time lighting, high intensity light in large areas is discouraged as light glare can serve a problem to the observer. Instead it is encouraged to use feature lighting that would naturally draw the observers/ security guards attention to entrances, control points and potential hiding places.

District: are the medium to large sections which the observer mentally enters, which have some identifying character. Nodes: are points, or places where things meet, they are junctions or concentrations. They are spots which an observer can enter and people can gather. Monuments: points of reference, they are external and allow the person to know where they are, gives a sense of place and an identity.

When applying light sources, they are typically lower to the ground with high density and lower intensity that the light it is supposed to replace.

At every instant, there is more than the eye can see, more than the ear can hear, a setting or a view waiting to be explored. Nothing is experienced by itself, but always in relation to its surroundings, the sequences of events leading up to it, the memory of past experiences. Lynch (1960). The plan on the left shows a possibility of applying Lynch’s theory. The light blue areas being district spaces, The dark blue lines being paths and the sky blue circles are nodes. The ladder style pattern represents edges in the plan. The plan simply suggests theories of creating a mental image in office space.

The key is to always think about how people can be seen trough this intervention. Any form of architectural design that enhances the chance of being seen or might be seen is natural surveillance. GLASS FACADE AND PERMEABLE FENCES

LOW SHRUBS/ BUSHES AROUND THE BUILDING

WELL LIT AREAS OF DAYTIIME AND NIGHTTIME LIGHTING

SOCIAL INTERVENTION/ INTERACTION

It is not always the chance that the offender will be seen, it is sometimes the chance they ‘might’ be seen that deters the potential offender, and prevents the opportunity for a crime.

The problem you may face with applying this approach is that it is dated and does not take into account the implications of technological advancements and change of use.

References

Danielsson, C. (2016) Arkitekturforskning.net. [Online] [Accessed on 18 February 2016] http://arkitekturforskning.net/na/article/viewFile/168/131.

Deutsch, W. (2016) Increased Visibility Means Increased Security. About.com Money. [Online] [Accessed on 17 February 2016] http://bizsecurity.about. com/od/physicalsecurity/a/natural_surv.htm.

Lynch, K. (1960). The Image of the City (Sixth Paperback Printing ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press Division, H. (2016) Natural Surveilance - County of Henrico. Henrico.us. [Online] [Accessed on 17 February 2016] http://henrico.us/police/crime-prevention/safe-design/natural-surveilance/.

TBWA\CHIAT\DAY - LA, USA - CLIVE WILKINSON ARCHI-

Meeting Rooms Traditional Desk Work Informal shared Work Space Informal Meeting/Breakout Space

The design for the TBWA\Chiat\Day offices was a direct response to their previous, Ghery designed offices based on desk sharing and mobile ‘hoteling’ system. The design is based on the city and, more specifically, Greenwich Village in New York even having its own Central Park! This was supposed mimic the social ties and networks that exist in any city but, as anyone who has read Jane Jacobs will know, Greenwich Village is well known for.

Team Work Pods

The effect of this is that Workers are imbued with a sense of ownership and a certain amount of privacy while the office remains connected and open. Here there are a mix of private and public amenities catering for team spaces specifically with fabric, double height ‘dens’ for project teams and custom designed

Central Core

SALLY AUGUSTIN - APPLIED DESIGN PSYCHOLOGIST “We need to remember that humans evolve extremely slowly and people working today have the same psychological needs that their grandparents had. When spaces are designed to support human’s psychological needs (for things such as control of their experience, privacy when desired, tools to do their jobs well), stress levels fall and human relationships flourish.” “Positive relationships also are supported by creating natural drawing points that gather employees together spontaneously, such as coffee bars with good and free coffee. If these spaces are pleasant places to be, those in them are more likely to be in a good mood, which has positive repercussions for human relationships. Research shows that people naturally want to gather with their co-workers, and offices must support the professional activities likely to ensue when people co-locate.” Sally Augustin, an applied design psychologist and a fellow of the American Psychological Association BLURRING OF WORK/LIFE BOUNDARY As our society become more global and our economy becomes more and more intertwined with the economies of other nations, the need to communicate means that the traditional 9-5 work pattern may become redundant and a competitive capitalist culture requires long working hours. The workplace has reacted by blurring the boundaries between a traditionally disciplined office and a relaxed space more like a home or social space.

The separation of external and internal fabric allows for an evolving interior that can keep page with changing work trends and environments without a total over-hall. This also adds extra weight to the city metaphor as the interior is free to create a ‘skyline’ and enables the creation of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ space within the shell of the building. The building was completed in 1998 but has a strong relevance to today, 18 years later, and can be seen as a direct response to the problem of the ‘non committal’ relationship Kaika describes, showing that flexibility and a sense of place can coexist. The drawback of this design is its inefficient use of space, meaning it would be shunned by many companies who may, quite reasonably, be looking for a more economically efficient configuration.

A VARIETY OF SPACES

As the way we work becomes more and more mobile, there is an increasing need to accommodate for a number of working patterns. This includes a variety of different work spaces enabling collaboration, private, meeting and realisation/breakout

Here is shown a variety of types of spaces with varying levels of ownership. As is shown, these spaces can expand or contract with demand or to accomodate differing professions or types of work.

spaces.

references

Fitzgerald, C; Danner, K (2012) ‘Evolution in the office: How evolutionary psychology can increase employee health, happiness, and productivity’, Evolutionary Psychology, 10(5), pp. 770 - 781. Haller, K (2014) ‘the psychology behind the tech giants office design’, Karen Haller colour and design consultancy, [Online]. Available at: http://karenhaller.co.uk/blog/the-psychology-behind-the-tech-giants-office-design/ (Accessed: 21 January 2016). Kaika, M (2011) ‘Autistic architecture: The fall of the icon and the rise of the serial object of architecture’, Environ-

References

Haller, K (2014) ‘the psychology behind the tech giants office design’, Karen Haller colour and design consultancy, [Online]. Available at: http://karenhaller.co.uk/ blog/the-psychology-behind-the-tech-giants-office-design/ (Accessed: 21 January 2016). Kaika, M (2011) ‘Autistic architecture: The fall of the icon and the rise of the serial object of architecture’, Environment and Planning D Society and Space, 29(), pp. pg 968 - 992. Steelcase 360 (2011) ‘The Next Office: Why CEOs are paying attention’, Steelcase.com, 63(), pp. 1-86 [Online]. Available at: http://www.steelcase.com/content/ uploads/2014/11/Steelcase-360-Issue63.pdf (Accessed: 21st January 2016).

ment and Planning D Society and Space, 29(), pp. pg 968 - 992.

DIVERSITY The Hive in Manchester is a great example of an office block with great diversity. Pie and Ale below means that there is a constant flow of people on the site, not just during office hours. This fits well with Jane Jacob’s writing. In death and Life of Great American Cities, she speaks out against zoning systems that left some areas packed during the day but empty at night. Edward Glaeser has built on this theory and talks about the importance of the facilitation of socialising as important for business.

Medium and Large firms are able to occupy larger spaces (one or more whole floors)

Phil Doyle of 5 Plus Architects who designed the Hive and the Airport City masterplan, expressed his concern that they were unable to include a mix of different programs in the airport city masterplan. He claimed that residential and educational facilities would have added to the site claiming: ‘people make places’.

The idea of a mixed size of let-able space could be very useful in the Airport City master-plan context and certainly in its relationship to Wythenshawe. Larger businesses, with perhaps more certain futures would provide the majority of the income for the developers meaning they may be more able to offer smaller spaces to small businesses that have just started up and whose futures may be less certain. It would certainly be nice to think that some of these spaces could be offered to entrepreneurs in Wythenshawe and, so, giving the masterplan a connection to the surrounding communities.

Doyle also told us that small units on ground floor were serving small businesses, some of which have moved to larger spaces in the building, showing the social benefit such projects can provide.

Smaller businesses can occupy smaller spaces (subdivided floors).

PERSONALISATION THE RESEARCH Research shows we are happier and more productive in personalised space. Dr Craig Knight found that employees increased in productivity by 38% and their well-being by 45% when employees could influence design decisions in their office including introducing plants as well as pictures.

It may be difficult to align the need for a mobile workforce that interact with one another and convey the values of the brand they work for, with the need to personalise their space. However, improved technology may help us bridge this gap. ‘The Edge’ is a building in Amsterdam that uses an app on employees phones to allow the building to interact with the needs of the user. Perhaps this technology could be used in a way that makes it possible to intantly personalise space.

On top of this, studies by Alex Haslam and Craig Knight show that those who cannot personalise there work desks take twice as many sick days as those who can. They also identify less with the company itself. Given this information, it is worrying that generally, office workers have no say in the designing of their environment, instead the interior design aims to convey the office brand’s values both to internal and external audiences. A paper by Maria Kaika talks about the ‘non-committal’ relationship between employer and employee that exists in the contemporary office. Many companies require employees book spaces or ‘hot-desk’ without any assigned workspace. This relationship could make it easier for companies to hire and fire employees with no noticeable spacial effect.

Solution?

Haslam and Knight believe that office spaces should communicate a feeling of inclusiveness to employees and, they feel, ‘if you are given input into the design of space this demonstrates quite powerfully that you are respected and valued and that you matter’.

Contemporary Office Space

Traditional Office Space

45% 06

More Creative

47%

Increased well-being

38%

More Productive

80%

Less likely to complain of ‘sick office syndrome’

BIOPHILIA

Over the last decades, however, considerable research has been carried out looking at the effects of being in Nature, and of adding plants to otherwise sterile environments. When looking at workplace it is important to consider the well-being of the inhabitants directly in relation to their potential for creativity. Much of the evidence for biophilia can be linked to research in one or more of three overarching mind-body systems – cognitive, psychological and physiological – that have been explored and verified to varying degrees, in laboratory or field studies, to help explain how people’s health and well-being are impacted by their environment Biophilic design patterns have been developed through extensive interdisciplinary research and are supported by empirical evidence and the work of Christopher Alexander, Judith Heerwagen, Rachel and Stephen Kaplan, Stephen Kellert, Roger Ulrich, and many others. These 14 patterns have a wide range of applications for both interior and exterior environments, and are meant to be flexible and adaptive, allowing for project-appropriate implementation:

HUMANS AND NATURE Definition The term ‘biophilia’ was first coined by social psychologist Eric Fromm (5. The Heart of Man, 1964 ) and later popularized by biologist Edward Wilson (Biophilia, 1984). A somewhat controversial hypothesis put forward by Edward Wilson is the idea that humans evolved as creatures deeply enmeshed with the intricacies of nature, and that we still have this affinity with nature ingrained in our genotype. “Biophilia implies affection for plants and other living things. Cities and indoor environments are dominated by manmade objects; the question is whether the concomitant depletion of natural elements has a negative impact on the human mind.” (Grinde and Patil, 2009) In cities and urban areas trees are planted as an obvious way of improving the environment, there is a clear view that nature can improve the visuals of an environment but what is important may be intrinsically deeper.

BIOPHILIA HUMANS AND NATURE

Importance Biophilic design can reduce stress, improve cognitive function and creativity, improve our well-being and expedite healing; as the world population continues to urbanize, these qualities are ever more important. Given how quickly an experience of nature can elicit a restorative response, and the fact that U.S. businesses squander billions of dollars each year on lost productivity due to stress-related illnesses, design that reconnects us with nature – biophilic design – is essential for providing people opportunities to live and work in healthy places and spaces with less stress and greater overall health and well-being.

References Grinde, B., Patil, G.G., 2009. Biophilia: Does Visual Contact with Nature Impact on Health and Well-Being? Int J Environ Res Public Health 6, 2332–2343. http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/report/14-patterns/

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BIOPHILIA HUMANS AND NATURE Case Study - Herman Miller “GreenHouses” Location: Holland Michigan Architect: William McDonough Completed: 1995 The Herman Miller “GreenHouse” office and manufacturing facility has become a case study in how a sustaining approach can enhance the physical and mental health of its occupants—not to mention corporate productivity and profits. Herman Miller, Inc., a manufacturer of interior furnishings and accents, has coined the term Phylogenetic Design to refer to design that is based on an understanding of the evolved relationships between people and nature. The natural habitat becomes a model for creating a “habitable workplace.”

IMAGES / DIAGRAMS HERE THAT SHOW / EXPLAIN THE KEY ISSUE OR THEME/ PRCEDENT Worker Wellbeing Site strategy The building could pay for itself through increasA created wetland processes and purifies the CASE STUDIES/THEORIES es in worker productivity alone. Because this SIDE building’s stormwater. building was also designed with consideration for the feelings of the workers, increases in productivity were noteworthy: worker effectiveness rose from 98.54% to 99.53% and work quality rose from 98.97% to 99.23%. Considering the volume of manufacturing at Miller SQA, and considering that most companies have a spell of decreased productivity following a move of this magnitude, the increases demonstrate how well the new building fit the role for which it was designed.

The Miller SQA group chose a “natural” landscape that eliminates the need for herbicides, fertilizers, and regular mowing, and over the years will reduce operating costs as well as contamination to groundwater. The site is devoted to wetlands, wildflowers, and wildlife.

The interior and exterior landscapes of the GreenHouse are visually and physically integrated with the site. Maximum interior daylighting and fresh air in both office and manufacturing spaces optimize its occupants’ comfort, health and communication while yielding responsible, cost-effective operations. All spaces feed into The Street, an open corridor that runs the length of the building. This urban public space connects people across departmental lines and to nature with views to the outside. These connections have led researchers to strong evidence that enhanced habitability is associated with increases in psychological and social well being. The passive solar heating and natural ventilation, high-efficiency lights with electronic sensors, natural drainage, native plantings, constructed wetlands, and commitment to recycling have substantially increased both worker productivity and quality of work, and decreased natural gas consumption, water and sewer costs, and electric costs when compared to their previous facility. Executives tracking the savings associated with the advanced energy strategy of the building estimate annual savings in excess of $35,000. However, the building could pay for itself through increases in worker productivity alone. Because this building was also designed with consideration for the feelings of the workers, increases in productivity were noteworthy: worker effectiveness rose from 98.54% to 99.53% and work quality rose from 98.97% to 99.23%. Considering the volume of manufacturing at Miller SQA, and considering that most companies have a spell of decreased productivity following a move of this magnitude, the increases demonstrate how well the new building fit the role for which it was designed.

External relationship strategy When creating a green space near buildings it is important to consider the potential biophilic relationship that can take place and what layout with optimise this connection and have the greatest positive impact. However, creating external views to nature is pointless if there is no nature. A designer may accommodate external views through nearby windows for occupants to create a biophilic environment, but landscape architects play a vital role in creating those same views.

Green belt between buildings with only one facade having a relationship with the space.

Relevance to Projects

Through 45 degree rotation two facades of each building can have a relationship with the green space and increasing the positive effect of a biophilic connection.

Internal relationship strategy With larger floor plate sizes a visual link withe exterior may not be possible so interior spaces that are more open that can be looked onto may be a solution in the form of an atrium, square of street that is situated within the building to promote social interaction and iprove the wellbeing of inhabitants. So multiple, micro-restorative spaces or pocket parks could provide psychological restoration for an urban population. Such spaces could be integrated into larger green infrastructure strategies for cities.

Interior Environment The design provides for openness to the outside environment and openness for communications inside. There are few doors or walls and lots of amenities to promote interaction among employees. The interior “street,” which is ventilated with filtered fresh air, filled with interior greenery, and sited so that the exterior wildflower landscape is almost always visible through the tilted roof glass, gives the occupants a feeling of being outdoors.

references http://www.mcdonoughpartners.com/projects/greenhouse-factory-offices/

Phylogenetic Design Design that is based on an understanding of the evolved relationships between people and nature

Moss matts and plants can thrive in an internal environment requiring no maintanence and leave no trace in their wake, cleaning the air and establishing a biophlic relationship. References http://humanspaces.com/2015/10/19/the-role-of-landscape-architecture-in-creating-biophilic-environments/

Green walls can be set up with a simple drip irrigation system with the potential to be fuelled from collected rainwater.

Airport City Masterplan When considering the layout of buildings in the Master-plan is will be important to consider how green spaces will impact the building. To create the most ‘value’ for this green spaces it would be important to consider how visible they are from the surrounding buildings and how the relationship between these objects can be orchestrated in a harmonious manner. Landscape, whether urban or rural, is the medium through which we move, from space to space, building to building. The experience of the journey between these spaces and buildings is crucial to their success. Landscape architects are well versed in creating spaces that facilitate movement and have intuitively been implementing patterns of biophilic design in their work, such as prospect, refuge and mystery. These patterns are vital for drawing users into a space, through a space, to a destination, while also making them feel safe and in control. . By making our landscapes more ‘biophilic‘, they will be perceived as safer, comfortable and more enticing. Creative conditions The proposal for creative conditions is about creating a creative environment. With the clear link between worker happiness and well being and nature shown in the case study this environment could be a place that is separate but linked to the workplace that explores the value of the biophilic space and it’s potential to contribute to a more creative work environment. The emphasis on access to visible natural light is also a large factor in improving workers sense of well-being and should be considered a factor in any creative environment. The research behind this relationship is not simply just supporting having a actual plants in view but natural colours and textures within the space and even on screens can promote a happy working environment.

A biophilic relationship can even be developed through intuitive design of office furniture adding another element of value to those partitioning units.

Office Design In relation to individual office design the green spaces will form some dictating features of an office space due to research that supports the link. This could be in the form of an area that can house plants or the way the morphology of the building can help improve the relationship. By considering biophilic design it is important to think about the surrounding context of the building and the landscape design.

http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/External/Docs8543.pdf http://www.buildinggreen.com/hpb/learnmore.cfm?ProjectID=27

BIOPHILIA HUMANS AND NATURE

IMAGES / DIAGRAMS HERE THAT SHOW / EXPLAIN THE KEY ISSUE OR THEME/ PRCEDENT CASE STUDIES/THEORIES SIDE Decigenous trees filter sunlight through the summer months and during winter shed their leaves allowing higher levels of sunlight to heat the interior spaces.

Case Study - BOSCO VERTICALE Location Milan, Italy Arhitect: Stefano Boeri Architetti and Barreca & La Varra Completed: 2014

Application to projects

The twin residential buildings are planted with trees and other plants, which the designers say is equivalent to 10,000 sq m of forest. The vegetal system of the Vertical Forest aids in the construction of a microclimate, produces humidity, absorbs CO2 and dust particles and produces oxygen. The first example of the Vertical Forest composed of two residential towers of 110 and 76 m height, will be realized in the centre of Milan, on the edge of the Isola neighbourhood, and will host 900 trees (each measuring 3, 6 or 9 meters tall) and over 2000 plants from a wide range of shrubs and floral plants that are distributed in relation to the façade’s position to towards the sun.

The choice of species and their distribution according to the orientation and height of façades is the result of three years of studies carried out alongside a group of botanists and ethologists. The plants which are used on the building were pre-cultivated in a nursery in order for them to become accustomed to similar conditions to those which they will find on the balconies.

The Vertical Forest is an architectural concept which replaces traditional materials on urban surfaces using the changing polychromy of leaves for its walls. The biological architect relies on a screen of vegetation, needing to create a suitable microclimate and filter sunlight, and rejecting the narrow technological and mechanical approach to environmental sustainability. The Vertical Forest helps to build a microclimate and to filter fine particles contained in the urban environment. The diversity of plants helps to develop the microclimate which produces humidity, absorbs CO2 and particles, produces oxygen, and protects against radiation and noise pollution.

Noise pollution is a salient issue in close proximity to the airport. The vegetation can aid in reducing the decibel levels of unwanted noise from overhead aerial vehicles. See the report in the references for exact levels of noise pollution from noise mapping.

In areas where green spaces are not possible due to space or other constraints this proposal establishes links back to nature and enhances the aesthetics of the building.

Plants are distributed in relation to the façades orientation to the sun.

references http://www.designcurial.com/news/biophilic-design-and-architecture---10-ofthe-best-biophilic-buildings-4527750/7

Provides a visual link for workers within the offices to nature reducing stress levels and also reducing the CO2 levels that are linked to fatigue and unhappiness at work.

Creative conditions Concerning creativity an immediate source of vegetation on the external rather than internal provides the visual benefits of the biophilic relationship with nature not only for those inhabiting the space but those in the context as well. Not only is a visual link a benefit of this strategy but the trees or plants will provide elements of solar shading and also clean the air for humans by increasing the oxygen levels. This strategy has a number of positive reasons that it could boost creativity in a place that otherwise may not be able to host a green and natural space. Office design (Airport City) In the context of the Airport City Masterplan this could aid not only the office workers within the space but those around. The surrounding buildings may not have their own vegetated balconies but this strategy could have a positive influence on those in the surrounding offices and therefore improve their productivity giving economic value to the balconies which could be seen as a wasted space. Another issue with the airport is noise which is addressed on another page but this type of proposal offers reduced noise pollution which again adds value to this approach as another solution may be costly without offering all the other benefits. One issue may be the encouragement of bird life to sustain on the vegetation on the balconies and in the context of the airport this could pose an issue.

The towers will host more than 900 trees. These trees are there to mitgate smog and produce oxygen and also can help attenuate noise.

References http://mag-umbraco-media-live.s3.amazonaws.com/1021/man_noise_action_ plan_2013_2018.pdf

http://www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/en/portfolios/bosco-verticale/

BIO-CLIMATIC INTEGRATING CLIMATE AND ENERGY WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS Building designs that take into account climate and environmental conditions to help achieve optimal thermal comfort inside. It deals with design and architectural elements, avoiding complete dependence on mechanical systems, which are regarded as support. Many traditional architecture styles work according to bio-climatic principles. Also, designing with Nature means accounting for multi-seasonal considerations, for example, reducing heating needs with maximum sunlight from Southern oriented windows. If these techniques have worked for generations in these communities designed for their geographic region, then clearly modern design could benefit from careful integration of these traditional principles. It is entirely possible to design modern bioclimatic housing and architecture, using natural ventilation, passive solar design, sustainable materials, and many other traditional site specific techniques.

BIO CLIMATIC

ENVIRONMENTS

The environmental or bio-centric perspective that Nature is at the centre and humans depend on it for knowledge, inspiration, and survival is representative of a ‘deep ecologist’ view; although this perspective is flawed by its inherent dichotomy—humans and nature, and nature as something unchanging, needing to be preserved. The social ecologist or “shallow ecology” perspective is that people start from an assumption, often unexamined, that human beings are the central species in the Earth’s ecosystem, and that other beings and parts of systems are of less importance or value. In its extreme manifestations, shallow ecology views other beings and features of the Earth as resources for human use, and fails to see their intrinsic value or their value to each other.

References: Scott Campbell, “Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities: Urban Planning and the Contradiction of Sustainable Development,” in APA Journal (Summer 1996): p 296-312 Stephen R. Kellert, The Biophilia Hypothesis. (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1993) Steven Vogel, “Introduction,” in Against Nature: The Concept of Nature in Critical Theory (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996), p 1-12. Andrew Feenburg, “Subversive Rationalization: Technology, Power, and Democracy,” in Technology and the Politics of Knowledge, Andrew Feenburg and Alastair Hannay, Eds., (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1995).

EXPO 2000 DUTCH PAVILION - MVRDV Location: Hannover, Germany Year: 1997-2000 Client: Foundation Holland World Fairs, The Hague Netherland Program: 8.000m² exhibition pavilion The greenery protected from direct sunlight. The strong sunlight passes through the leaves and changes the internal ambient light.

Main Concepts “Holland creates Space”: the theme for the Netherlands Pavilion at the 2000 World Expo in Hanover was to showcase a country making the most out of limited space. Six stacked Dutch landscapes form an independent ecosystem communicating cultural sustainability: progressive thinking and contemporary culture are combined with traditional values. The architecture suggests Dutch open-mindedness, while confirming the positive stereotypes of tulips, windmills and dykes.

Water Island The greenery reduces external noise.

[Image 2]

The entire structure is nothing more than an abstraction: the manifestation of an idea that is still under construction; a daring laboratory experiment, still in the development stage. An idea that is showing both technology and nature, emphasizing nature’s make-ability and artificiality.

This building example has incorporated strategies which have reversed the traditional methods of organisation. The core typically being in the centre of the floor plate has been moved to the edge of the building to free up the central space. The facade of the building is adapted to offer shelter from the sun, additionally acting as interface between the inside and the outside, therefore providing indoor climate control.

Agricultural Area

[Image 1] References: [Image 1] - http://www.stylepinner.com/2000-pavilion-mvrdv/MjAwMC1wYXZpbGlvbi1tdnJkdg/ [Image 2] - http://www.mvrdv.nl/ [Image 3] - http://ungroundedarchitecture.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/precedent-mvrdv-expo-2000-pavilion.html

Furthermore, natural ventilation through the façades and 2 top-lights allow this house to save a big energy in a harsh climates. It combines the qualities of natural greenery and uses it to the full advantage.

[Image 1]

Forest Area

Dune (made concrete)

Stacking Green goes on to re-define and re-increase the greenery as the character of a city, using its full variety of surrounding greenery. The green façade and roof top garden protect its inhabitants from the direct sunlight, street noise and pollution.

Outputs of adopting this strategy could allow for bio-climate work environments, which can also integrate the idea of flexible

from

What MVRDV have built in Hanover is not architecture, but a concentrated landscape in a six pack: a world standing on its head. The foundations are a dunescape; 13 massive oak trunks carry the weight of several floors; and, on the roof, wind turbines extend out of a lake and into the air.

The entire structure is nothing more than an abstraction: the manifestation of an idea that is still under construction; a daring laboratory experiment, still in the development stage, which has been dragged prematurely into the public eye.

[Image 3]

[Image 2]

This concept allows the building to be outward looking, and open to the surrounding environment. Balconies, in this case, are multi-purpose spaces used for informal meetings and spaces of recreation where people can take breaks.

References: [Image 1] - http://votrongnghia.com/projects/stacking-green/ [Image 2] - http://www.archdaily.com/777251/nl-star-a-reveals-plans-for-open-conceptgreen-office-building-in-france http://divisare.com/projects/212110-vo-trong-nghia-architects-stacking-green

http://www.bplusb.nl/?project=expo-2000-hannover-2 http://timber.ce.wsu.edu/Resources/papers/5-1-1.pdf http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/high_life/

COMPACT SPACE EFFICIENT USE OF SPACE Compact space has became a new trends of design, which means the space can achieve maximum function with minimum space. With the increase of humans density, the compact space has an ambition to create a efficient and comfortable space.

PEOPLE SUSTAINABLE

Compact – Towards Sustainable Design Architecture is responsible for about 45% of the greenhouse gas emissions in the UK, but how can this be changed? This event highlighted the new trends of “compact” and “adaptive” design in the UK and contrasts their novelty here with their history in Japan, where they are more firmly embedded into the culture and design thinking. Compact architecture not only saves space, but can also reduce one’s carbon footprint by lessening emissions from a home.

COMPACT SPACE

EFFICIENT USE OF SPACE

SAVE TIME SAVE COST

ECONOMICS

INNOVATIVE RICH

SIMPLE INTERESTING

Japanese Compact House How space can be “compact” but rich, inspired by the classic scale and order of a Japanese house, which is combined with advanced concepts and technologies. They also introduced the idea of “adaptivity”; how space can interact with future changes of demands and how space can be flexible to allow the user to customise the space both on a daily as well as on a periodic or even longer term basis. The discussions also covered the social context of Japanese housing construction and the recent sustainable micro regeneration approach in Japan.

COMPACT SPACE

SAVE DISTANCE SAVE ENERGY

COMPACT SPACE

SMALL

ENVIRONMENT

FUNCTIONAL

PRIVATE

ENVIRONMENT

NARROW

FLEXIBLE CREATIVE

EFFICIENT

ADAPTIVE

References http://www.dajf.org.uk/event/compact-and-adaptive-towards-sustainable-design http://visuall.net/2011/09/04/compact-living-the-cube-project/ http://www.housetohome.co.uk/room-idea/picture/small-home-office-design-ideas-10-of-the-best

SAVE SPACE

ENVIRONMENT

SOCIETY

SUSTAINABLE

COMPACT SPACE EFFICIENT USE OF SPACE

SMALL HOUSE, BIG IMPACT - EASTERN HOKKAIDO JAPAN JUN IGARASHI ARCHITECTS

EXPERIENCE DIFFERENT THINGS

Japanese architecture firm Jun Igarashi Architects designed this cool, compact home design that is black, stacked and packed with tons of space and style. This small but sweet home of just about 1,200 sq. ft. is surprisingly spacious an important element of Japanese houses where square footage is at a premium. But function never compromises fashion, and House O is a shining example, inside and out. From its bold, black, blocky exterior, to its airy, bright white interiors.

Much as with the James Turrell’s Skyspace installations, in which extraordinary lengths are taken to isolate the simplest of experiences—the act of observing the sky change colour — for Ishigami the experience is the architecture, and the envelope is simply a device that triggers the experience. As a result, there is an utter indifference to the effort required to produce this experience: Ishigami’s architecture runs the spectrum from near-impossible engineering challenges to simple gestures of displacement.

There are lots of walls, corners and privacy. Tight corners and hallways would make big, bulky furniture impractical. It’s all as well, the minimalist furnishings keep the space simple and serene. The bedroom, accessed through a corner doorway and separated by a floor-to-ceiling privacy curtain - a feature that’s found throughout the house, adding interest and privacy while staying true to the home’s minimalist aesthetic and neutral color palette.

JUNYA ISHIGAMI

Design Approach Each project is an opportunity to question the basic assumptions of every aspect of architectural practice: from engineering to furniture and from climate control to circulation, Ishigami envisions a condition or an experience, then stretches architecture to the limits of impossibility to realise it.

Interior space The smallest plan of each program is cut out to be placed in a location and orientation that is favorable. For example, the kitchen is placed in a “selfish” way to look out to the tree garden on the site, and then connected the dinning to the kitchen. With this method, the extra circulation corridors to connect the spaces and hierarchy due to its location and orientation are omitted.

Materiality The unadorned walls, few furnishings and non-existent colour palette make the unusual angles, tall ceilings and large windows the main focus. Natural wood floors in a light finish flow continuously throughout the home, warming up its cool aesthetic.

KAIT WORKSHOP IN KANAGAWA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - JAPAN

The rapid urbanization and uncontrolled growth over the past century had caused the colonization of cities over nature. Ishigami’s approach which pushes the boundaries of lightness and scale. He is very much inspired by nature and natural phenomena such as clouds . Ishigami’s collaborators (relatively few, considering the office’s prodigious model output) seem to have become so accustomed to the abnormality of a gaping void in the office floor as to no longer notice it, and seem mildly baffled by my surprise. Like all exceptionally true visionaries, Ishigami operates by creating a powerful reality-distortion field, and the hole in the floor is perhaps the least exceptional thing his collaborators must learn to metabolise.

Environment Beyond its black facade, large windows offer a sneak peek at an unexpected, white interior, setting the stage for minimalist living. From the outside, you’d never expect an interior like this - awash in white, flooded with natural light, and tall ceilings that open up this boxy structure. Windows at different heights add interest, strategic light sources and views.

Function This house plan laughs in the face of the whole open-concept concept. According to the room function and area, the appropriate ceiling height is applied to each volume. Each volume becomes shorter as it sprawls from the tallest central living room

COMPACT SPACE

Interior space the office provides a clear demonstration of this contrast. the furniture been set at the forest of column and the boundary is lightness. People can pass through the architecture to experience the different thing and different space. Lots of plants been set within building, people can close to nature without going out, it provide a clear and natural interior space for users.

references h t t p : / / w w w. a r c h d a i l y. c o m / 4 6 2 3 9 3 / h o u s e - o - j u n - i g a r a s h i - a r c h i t e c t s ? a d _ m e d i um=widget&ad_name=more-from-office-article-show http://w w w.trendir.com/house - design/small-house -big-impac t-with-black-facade white-interiors.html http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2930115/Your-bed-bathroom-kitchen-box-Architects-create-clever-compact-cube-turns-space-apartment.html

Summary Architects merged architecture with landscape, camouflaged it with green ecological materials, or mimicked bio-natural processes and systems. In the urban setting, given the opportunity, they retroactively greened roofs, walls, or any imaginable architectural surface. What is the antipode to this greening camouflage? Can architecture re-imagine its natural-tectonic configurations where neither nature nor structure “erase,” from after the facts, each other? it is important to think about the relationship between nature and architecture, and how to make them to work better with each other.

References https://openhousebcn.wordpress.com/tag/junya-ishigami/ https://demusitecture.wordpress.com/2013/09/25/painting-ishigami-kait-workshop/ https://demusitecture.wordpress.com/2013/09/25/painting-ishigami-kait-workshop/ http://www.mascontext.com/issues/23-ordinar y-fall-14/ordinar y-lilli-pot-spaces-rendezvous-in-tokyo/

APPLICATION IN OFFICE DESIGN Modern office designs are changing quickly – gone are the days where individual cubicles and rows of desks dominated the space. In 2015, minimalist multi-purpose collaboration spaces and a focus on integrated technology are the order of the day.

OFFICE EFFICIENT

Office space is trend to be an open space, which mean the system is encourage people to share space and communicate.

LOW COST ENERGY ECONOMICS COMPACT SPACE

When office space plus compact space, there is more creative design can be achieved, multi-programs can be organised in to help people create better working space and reduce the cost. At the same time, people share space, share information, share energy within the compact space. Office design trends Increasingly, businesses are looking to create simple, compact spaces, and minimalism is at the centre of the trend. Put multi-function within one space, it’s designed to help workers benefit from more relaxing and less distracting space, so they can maximise productivity with minimum space.

CREATIVE FUNCTIONAL MULTI-PROGRAMME SOCIAL

ORGANISE

LOW CARBON MINIMUM SPACE ENVIRONMENT

References http://www.eurofitdirect.co.uk/blog/8-office-design-trends-for-2015/ http://bauhausinteriors.com/blog/5-design-trends-for-the-modern-office/ http://www.houzz.co.uk/compact-office. https://uk.pinterest.com/themisshoneyc/compact-office-design-inspiration/

Efficient Use Of Space Making the most of every inch of available space . More compact workspaces, collaborative areas, and well planned out offices where teams can come and work together in a central area will help to maximise productivity and get more communication. Flexible, Multi-purpose Space As work patterns become more flexible, and advances in technology enable us to work on a number of different devices, flexible open plan offices with multi-purpose work areas are becoming more and more fashionable. which maximum the user’s requirement, and also save time for them. people can share space, share energy together.

CROSS PROGRAMMING CURIOSITY;SERENPIDITY;DISCOVERY;EXPLORATION Programming lies at the heart of architecture. While modernity brought new definitions to the familiar term - from computer coding to radio broadcasts - programming as a spatial practice remains essential to design. As our world becomes better-connected, we are witnessing the emergence of spatial “hybrids. Program is never neutral. Continuously redefined through practice, programming organizes activities and processes by efficiency, code and purpose.

As Bernard Tschumi once said, program is never neutral. Continuously redefined through practice, programming organizes activities and processes by efficiency, code and purpose.

Bernard Tschumi

Relationship between People and Space Programming has the power to encourage understanding and reveal latent relationships between people and space. In terms of ‘hybrids’, esidences are lofted above commercial spaces, airports merge with shopping malls and libraries trade stacks for cafes and media rooms. Activities are joined and juxtaposed in tandem with cultural diffusion and a desire to create novel experiences.

CROSS PROGRAMMING

EFFICIENT USE OF SPACE

ANT (Actor Networks Theory) It suggests that social relations should not be seen in isolation, but as always existing in relations with all kinds of extra-social networks between humans and nonhumans, which need to be recognized and made visible (Latour, 1993; Michael, 2000). Instead of a dualist conception of “society” and “nature”, or “subjects” and „objects”, ANT posits Hybrids of “societies-natures”, heterogeneous assemblages in which humans and nonhumans are inextricably mixed up together. ANT studies therefore trace the complex interrelations between what we tend to think of as the autonomous “social” and “natural” domains. This “more than social” or “more than human” approach (Whatmore, 2006; Lorimer, 2010) is envisaged as a broadening out of the social scientific gaze so that it acknowledges the profound and multiple significances of non-humans in social life. The “volitional actor” for ANT, termed actant, is any agent, collective or individual, that can associate or disassociate with other agents. Actants enter into networked associations, which in turn define them, name them, and provide them with sub-stance, action, intention, and subjectivity. Actants are considered foundationally indeterminate, with no a priori substance or essence, and it is via the networks in which they associate that actants derive their nature. The actants themselves develop as networks. ANT theorists describe networks by “following the actor” into translations. Interested in contextual conversions as well as alterations in content, ANT advocates entering scientific debates prior to closure, examining science in the making.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOPLE AND SPACE EXPERIENCE RELATIONSHIP

PEOPLE

ACTIVITIES

SPACES

CULTURE

PROGRAMMING

ACTOR NETWORK THEORY (ANT) HYBRID

HYBRID ENVIRONMENT

PROGRAM

+ PROGRAM

References Baldwin, Eric. “Coupling: The Emergence of Hybrid Programs.” Architizer, January 6, 2016. http://architizer.com/blog/coupling/. “Bernard Tschumi; The Manhattan Transcripts | the Landscape.” Accessed February 18, 2016. http:// thelandscape.org/2014/09/08/bernard-tschumi-the-manhattan-transcripts/. Ritzer, George. Encyclopedia of Social Theory. Sage Publications, 2004.

ACTANTS NETWORK

SOCIETY

HUMAN

NATURE

NON-HUMAN

SEATTLE CENTRAL LIBRARY

COMPARTMENTALISATION STABLE CLUSTERS

PROGRAMMING AT HEART

HEADQUARTERS Two floors of offices and meeting rooms. Views of Mount Rainier from the southeast corner. Government publications stored here and as more are issued in digital format, more office space will become avaialble.

Known across the world, the Seattle Central Library has become a celebrated civic and cultural project. Programming was at the project’s heart from the outset, directly shaping the building’s form while coupling diverse functions. At a moment when libraries are perceived to be under threat from a shrinking public realm on one side and digitization on the other, the Seattle Central Library creates a civic space for the circulation of knowledge in all media, and an innovative organizing system for an ever-growing physical collection – the Books Spiral. The library’s various programmes are intuitively arranged across five platforms and four flowing “in between” planes, which together dictate the building’s distinctive faceted shape

Reception, workspaces, meeting rooms, office rooms, storage room etc

UNSTABLE CLUSTERS slack spaces, cafes, reading room, living room, play room, residential, malls etc

Compartmentalisation Instead of its current ambiguous flexibility, the office could cultivate a more refined approach by organizing itself into spatial compartments, each dedicated to, and equipped for, specific duties. Tailored flexibility remains possible within each compartment, but without the threat of one section hindering the others.

Differing unique spaces, specially defined such as circulation for each cluster. ARCHITECTURALLY DEFINED SPACES WORK - INTERACTION - PLAY

Flexibility Flexibility in contemporary libraries is conceived as the creation of generic floors on which almost any activity can be developed. The library strangles the very attractions that differentiate it from other information resources. Instead of its current ambiguous flexibility, the library cultivated a more refined approach in organizing spatial compartments, each dedicated to and equipped for specific services; inserted between them with large public spaces and leisure reading The spires Inside the building, a spiral structure provides a continuous surface with coated side shelves that offer different themed collections. These ramps are supported on slender columns constructed economically. A reclamation of the much-compromised Dewey Decimal System. By arranging the collection in a continuous ribbon— running from 000 to 999—the subjects form a coexistence that approaches the organic; each evolves relative to the others, occupying more or less space on the ribbon, but never forcing a rupture.

Within an office environment, information work with all potent forms of media – new and old – are presented equally and legibly. In an age in which information can be accessed anywhere, flexibility is critical to accommodate the future or adapt back to the past.

FLEXIBLITY / EXPANSION

Future expansion The firm’s design solution proposed the construction of an “information warehouse” that could adjust to the future expansion of the book and other nonprint materials collection and that incorporated an indoor public space to reduce “the accelerated erosion of the public domain.”

COLLECTIONS A gradual slope (angle of about 2 degrees) winds through four floors of book stacks. The design allows for both browsing and quick searches. Aisles between shelves will be flat.

The spaces in between the platforms function as trading floors where workers inform and stimulate, where the interface between the different platforms is organized-spaces for work, interaction, and play.

MEZZANINE Two floors. Upper floor - cluster of information desks (mixing chamber), principal area for getting started on a search. Lower floor- computer labs and meeting rooms.

Future Expansion The problem of traditional office program layout organization is its flatness that defies it from expanding or contracting in the future. Departments (if) are organized according to floor plans. Each floor is discreet; the unpredictable fits of growth and contraction in certain sections are, theoretically, contained within a single floor. If needed, there is a possibility for expansion through inter-compartment or using up the unstable clusters. In the unpredicted future event (where office work taken over by hybrid jobs), allows the integrated public realm to take over and roam inside with the quasi-public indoors (unstable clusters).

ECONOMICS

ENTRANCE LEVELS FIFTH AVENUE ‘Living room’ features cosy seatings. Escaltors lead up to information areas and down to Forth Avenue level. Fiction collection is stored under mezzanine. FORTH AVENUE Drop-off lane and flexible layout. STAFF LEVEL/GARAGE Staff floor between Forth and Fifth avenue includes delivery bays and ramps. Stepped terraces of glass and steel allow light into the section of the building below.

References Borum. “CCA_InteriorDesign_Spring2011_SP5_ BORUMSONG: Seattle Public Library.” Accessed February 17, 2016. http://borum-song.blogspot. co.uk/2011/01/seattle-public-library.html. “Seattle Central Library.” ARQA, April 28, 2009. http://arqa.com/arquitectura/seattle-central-library.html. “Seattle Public Library.” Pinterest. Accessed February 17, 2016. https://www.pinterest.com/riveradecastro/seattle-public-library/.

Each platform is a programmatic cluster that can be architecturally defined and equipped for maximum, dedicated performance. Because each platform is designed for a unique purpose, their size, flexibility, circulation, palette, structure, and MEP vary.

“The new library does not reinvent or modernize traditional , they are just packaged in a new way ,” Rem Koolhaas

PUBLIC REALM

References “The Future of Work and the Rise of Hybrid Jobs.” Accessed February 18, 2016. https://generalassemb.ly/education/the-future-of-work-and-therise-of-hybrid-jobs

FUTURE USE CONSTRUCTION AND WASTE Material The UK construction industry used more than 400 million tonnes of construction material every year. The construction material occupied about 10% of the UK carbon emission. The construction and demolition sectors is also the largest contributor of waste in UK, producing 120 million tonnes of construction waste annually, onethird of all the waste produced. 60 million tonnes of that is reusable leftover building material and goes straight to tip due to over ordering, damage resulting for poor storage or because of inappropriate ordering. This reusable and unused waste equates to ÂŁ1.5 Billion. Waste is about 2-3% of overall construction costs, can be significant impacted on profit margin. About 32% of landfill waste are from the construction industry, with another 29% of waste comes from mining and quarrying.

50%

tonnes of waste product from construction and demolition sector.

of landfill waste are contributed by construction industry.

of construction waste are reusable and recyclable.

DESIGN PHASE PR OD

Waste The hierarchy of waste disposal should be applied to divert material away from landfill. Use less material in design and manufacture, keeping products for longer use or able to be reused. Following by preparation for reused, refurbished or maintain as a whole or by parts. Recycling components into building material with same or better quality. Before going into landfill, recovery energy from waste can improve waste management process and reduce carbon emission. Thus it is important to consider deconstruction in the design process for better resource efficiency as well as providing more opportunities for future use.

H AS

E AS

SECOND LIFE P

PREVENTION CONSTRUCTION PH

REUSED RECYCLE ENERGY RECOVERY

ASE

http://www.greenconstructionboard.org/otherdocs/CD&E_waste_from_landfill_2011_

ASE

https://www.bre.co.uk/filelibrary/pdf/rpts/ waste/ConstructionWasteReport240906.pdf

DI S P OS AL http://www.ukgbc.org/resources/additional/key-statistics-construction-waste

h t t p s : / / w w w. g o v. u k / g o v e r n m e n t / u p loads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/69403/pb13530-waste-hierarchy-guidance.pdf

N TIO ISA

http://enviromate.co.uk/leftover-to-landfill-uks-construction-waste/

L TI

http://www.wrap.org.uk/category/sector/ construction

http://www.ukgbc.org/resources/key-topics/circular-economy/waste

E AS

LANDFILL

Resources h t t p s : / / w w w. g o v. u k / g o v e r n m e n t / u ploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/482255/Digest_of_waste_England_-_finalv3.pdf

10%

OFFICE ENVIRONENTS

1/3

N O

FUTURE USE

120M

of UK carbon emission are frrom construction materials.

CASE STUDY ICEHOUSE_WILLIAM MCDONOUGH

DESIGN FOR DECONSTRUCTION The effects of construction activity on waste production are enormous, contributing to large amount of carbon emission, space required for landfill as well as economy loss.

William McDonough + Partners and McDonough Innovation showcased a new structure in Davos in conjunction with the 2016 World Economic Forum annual meeting. ICEhouse™ (Innovation for the Circular Economy house) was designed to demonstrate the positive design framework described in Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things, the sustainable development goals of the United Nations, and the reuse of resources implicit in the circular economy.

Buildings that are planned for deconstruction tend to be easier to repair in case of maintenance or refurbishment. Less waste is produced for disposal in landfills, materials are used more effectively, thus lower the carbon footprint of construction.

ADAPTABLE

“ICEhouse is a structure designed for disassembly and reconstruction,” “In a poetic sense, like ice, it is ephemeral: It is here for a week, in the Alps. Next week it will melt away… destined to reappear elsewhere.” The ICEhouse is primarily made of four materials: aluminium (the structural frame), polymer, aerogel, and Nylon 6. These four materials are assembled in ways that allow them to be easily disassembled and reused in another location. As defined technical nutrients, at the end of their use cycle they can be returned to industry and endlessly re-manufactured into new products with no loss in material quality.

Potential methods applicable on a office design: -Used environmental-friendly materials sources (reclaim materials or certified materials) Detachable connection for deconstruction.

MATERIAL COST

FLEXIBLE

DECONSTRUCTION

-Simple connections for easy construction save construction time and cost. -Modular components provide flexibility to growth or dismantle, adaptable to future use and requirements. -Standardised construction reduce cost and waste of manufacturing. -All amount of materials and components are compiled and recorded to minimise transportation footprint and to ease future deconstruction life-cycle.

Locally-sourced materials accommodate different uses.

GROWTH

http://www.sustainablebrands.com/news_and_ views/products_design/sustainable_brands/ mcdonough_unveils_icehouse_designed_illustrate_inn

-Used detachable connections instead of bonded installation (screwed or bolted connections)

CARBON

Simple construction saving time and cost.

http://www.archdaily.com/780655/william-mcdonough-unveils-icehouse-the-next-step-in-thecircular-economy

-Select reused or recyclable materials instead of composite or hybrid materials which offer less opportunity of recycling.

TIME

The WonderFrame™ ICEhouse also is an experiment in employing the WonderFrame, Mr. McDonough’s broader vision for a simple, flexible structural system that can be erected quickly and that is made of locally available materials wherever WonderFrames are deployed. The patent-pending structure is comprised of simple elements connected using simple tools. The walls and roof structure were assembled on-site by a crew of four workers in just a few days; the entire structure was completed in nine days.

Resources http://www.mcdonoughpartners.com/projects/ icehouse/

-Locally-sourced materials allow fast construction capable to accommodate range of uses.

Reused and recyclable materials.

CASE STUDY ONE ANGEL SQUARE The One Angel Square is the Co-operative head-

Floor Span Limited to 13m-15m from window or atrium to ensure sufficient natural daylight over workplace.

quarters office located in Manchester. Flexibility Open plan design is capable to adapt the future change. By incorporating open spaces with non-permanent walls or desks, companies can allow the office to evolve with technology over time. Lighting and ventilation system are designed parallel with the floor plate helps the division of space in the future.

Floor Plate Core location to ensure good circulation. Parameter structure to ensure wide area without column.

OUTDOOR TERRACE

ROOF LIGHT

Grid line Facade, structure and services are aligned with potential to subdivide floor plate for future use.

CURTAIN WALL

Construction Pre-fabrication and standardised components are constructed off-site to limit the amount of waste produced on-site. Components assembly are faster using module construction reduce the

FLOOR PLAN

CORE SUBDIVISION

WING SUBDIVISION

FULL SUBDIVISION

construction time and labour cost.

Lighting Strategy Centre atrium with roof light maximise natural daylight.

Maintenance More lasting material such as bronze anodised aluminium curtain wall was applied instead of powder coated, with the consideration of the maintenance cost in a long run. Different artificial lighting systems are designed to facilitate the natural lighting condition of flexible working environment. Future climate Three giant earth duct pipe are introduced to draw fresh air from its outer surrounding, make use of the earth thermal mass to control the temperature of fresh air. The double skin facade trapped air as an insulation layer for the building. These passive strategies are designed to accommodate the future climate change.

Construction Modular structure floor slab, window panels, roof canopy are prefabricated for easy assembly onsite.

Ventilation Strategy Stack ventilation in atrium release warm air through roof opening.

COFFER FLOOR SLAB

Heating Strategy Earth pipe to supply fresh air and regulate office temperature. Concrete floor slab as thermal mass to stabilise interior temperature. CHP recycles heat from warm air.

13M -15M

CENTRE ATRIUM

Double Skin Facade Solar shade as well as trapping air as thermal insulation layer. Noise from traffic is insulated. Rainwater Collection Rainwater is used as part of grey water recycling strategy. Waste Strategy Onsite waste is recycled instead of landfill.

FLOOR DEPTH

EARTH PIPE references http://www.archdaily.com/337430/1-angelsquare-3d-reid http://www.3dreid.com/projects/one-angelsquare/ http://www.burohappold.com/projects/project/ one-angel-square-23/

DOUBLE SKIN

GRID LINE

VENTILATION STRATEGY

LIGHTING STRATEGY

Material Low maintenance material is chosen in consideration for longer run of future.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF OFFICE USE THE EVOLUTION OF OFFICE DESIGN The office landscape has evolved hugely over the past decade. But what about the past century? What are the origins of modern office design, and what have today’s offices evolved from? 1900: TAYLORISTS OFFICE American engineer Frederick Taylor was obsessed with efficiency and oversight and is credited as one of the first people to actually design an office space. Taylor crowded workers together in a completely open environment while bosses looked on from private offices, much like on a factory floor.

OFFICE USES

EVOLUTION OF THE OFFICE

1900 Taylorism Floor Plan

1930: THE STREAMLINED OFFICE The 1930s gave rise to more aesthetically pleasing offices, as well as spaces designed for efficiency and speed, rather than organisation and manufacture. Due to the Wall Street Crash in 1929, and major corporate companies had become interested in two main things: offices that expressed their corporate image; and getting work done cheaper, in less time. This was not a major departure from Taylorist principles, with a clear, rigid hierarchy dictating work orders across a separated “workers’ floor.” A more modern, rich, “warm” space for workers was achieved; using radiant, streamlined materials to compensate for the lack of interaction with the outside world. 1950: BÜROLANDSCHAFT Bürolandschaft translates to “office landscape,” and may be seen to be the first major mold-breaking office space reinvention since Taylorism nearly 50 years before. It brought the socialist values of 1950s Europe to the workplace: Management was no longer cosseted in executive suites. Local arrangements might vary by function, side-byside workstations for clerks or pinwheel arrangements for designers, to make chatting easier but the layout stayed undivided.

1990: THE VIRTUAL OFFICE One of, if not the biggest development of the 1990s was the increasing ease of internet access. A highly radical example of these new “telecommuter” offices comes in the form of the British Telecom office in Stockley Park. Combined with the relatively new phenomenon of hot-desking – where employees were encouraged to set up and use different desks each day – this allowed British Telecom to save space, sell off properties in inner city areas, utilise new communication technology to save money, and promote a more flexible working environment. All in all, these advances in office design sought to change the working culture of the organisation completely. 1980 Cubicle Farm Floor Plan

1968: ACTION OFFICE Bürolandschaft inspired Herman Miller to create a product based on the new European workplace philosophy. Action was the first modular business furniture system, with low dividers and flexible work surfaces. 1980: CUBICLE FARM As the ranks of middle managers swelled, a new class of employee was created: too important for a mere desk but too junior for a window seat. Facilities managers accommodated them in the cheapest way possible, with modular walls. The sea of cubicles was born.

1930 Frank Lloyd Wright’s Johnson Wax Building, built in Racine, Wisconsin, and finished in 1939.

References http://www.morganlovell.co.uk/articles/ the-evolution-of-office-design http://www.slideshare.net/OfficeDesk/anatomy-of-the-perfect-office-space/9-HISTORYOF_THE_OFFICE_SPACEA_brief http://www.wired.com/2009/03/pl-design-5/

1990 Virtual Office - Hotdesking

1950 Bürolandschaft Floor Plan

1968 Action Office Floor Plan

2000’S: THE CASUAL OFFICE The casual office has actually been a trend since the mid-1980s, pioneered by creative industry firms born out of the advent and rapid coming to prominence of the information age. From companies like Apple, Intel, Microsoft and Tesla; through to Yahoo!, Google and eBay; down to the smallest Digital Marketing startups, all of these companies have embraced more casual office styles, designed to encourage highly-personalised workspaces suited to long hours spent programming, analysing data, building links or designing graphics.

2000 Causal Office

DIFFERENT TYPES OF OFFICE USE

CASE STUDY: AIRBNB HQ (SAN FRANCISCO)

CASE STUDY: PARTICULAR ARCHITECTS STUDIO (MELBOURNE)

Airbnb’s office perfectly expresses the young company’s ethos of openness, collaboration and constant enterprise, all in the comfort of home. After four months embedded in Airbnb’s offices, the Gensler team designed an open-plan space, giving employees continual freedom to choose where and how to work. Each room is distinct, inspired by a different noteworthy Airbnb listing. With many of the furnishings also sourced creatively and internationally, this unusual workspace preserves an authentic feel. Airbnb’s mantra, “travel like a human,” was translated into a meandering path that connects the spaces, from library to the full-service kitchen and large dining area and the spectacular City views.

Fold-down desks and mobile workstations allow Australian firm Particular Architects to regularly reconfigure the layout of their studio space. The studio is split in half by a stained timber divider. One half comprises the formal work zone, with two banks of workstations facing in opposite directions. A communal work bench is sandwiched between the two and has an LCD screen embedded into its surface. This layout allows the team to work individually at computer screens, but also to engage in group projects and informal meetings by simply turning their chairs around.

ENVIRONMENT In an open floor plan, you typically have two types of spaces: desks and meeting rooms. Airbnb’s design focuses on creating a third shared space as well. Sofas scattered amongst the desks, the communal dining area, and project rooms with long standing tables all provide an opportunity for the employees to have casual conversations, spontaneous collaborations, or informal meetings. The core of Airbnb is the connection between people and spaces, creating spaces that encourage employees to move around and interact across disciplines.

The other part of the office is described as “the shape shifter”. Here, track-mounted plywood cases serve as storage and display units, but also feature concealed deck panels that can be folded down to create extra workspace or meeting areas during busy periods. CONFIGURATIONS OF SPACES The practice took its cues from micro apartments in Hong Kong where walls were movable and double as storage, allowing multiple configurations of a space. The idea was brought about by a combination of necessity and the intent of creating a flexible space which could take on different roles at different time.

ADAPTABILITY The ability to respond rapidly to change is one of the key success factors in modern corporate life. The workplace can act either as a significant catalyst or as a limitation to the ability to respond to change. Building design can impact on change processes in a variety of ways, such as the ability to subdivide the space within buildings; adding partitions to make various sorts of enclosure, re-planning & re-defining the uses of space. At Airbnb the rooms do not have an assigned function, they can be occupied by anyone at any time for any purpose. EFFECTIVENESS Architects should have the ability to change organisational culture. Airbnb concentrated on creating a building that fostered teamwork and creativity. Providing a sociable atmosphere, enhanced their staff productivity, increased motivation and resulted in retention of key staff. This is vital in the growing business industry, as many organisations such as Google and Apple are competing for the same staff.

The space is populated with a series of track mounted plywood bookcases which serve as storage, display units and also as dividers. When filled, they form an eclectic and vibrant backdrop to the activity they enclose. Custom desk panels have been design to nestle into rebates in the shelves, creating capacity for increased desk capacity during peak project load periods.

References

https://customspaces.com/office/ZewNn5vLy4/airbnb-office-san-francisco/p/3/

http://www.dezeen.com/2014/05/03/reconfigurable-melbourne-studio-particular-architects/

APPLICATION With the growing technology and new work cultures arising, offices require flexibility in their designs in order to respond rapidly to change. ‘One person = one desk’ Offices are not seen to be efficient anymore, as ‘Task specific work stations’ or ‘Privacy Pods’ are believed to be more flexible and adaptable to users needs, resulting in less resources wasted. TASK-SPECIFIC WORK STATIONS Setting up different stations in the offices collective space that are for individual tasks. This works especially well if everyone in the office does similar things all day. You increase employee efficiency right away, if the employees aren’t stuck doing everything at their own desks all day, you have a much smaller chance of them zoning out in front of their computers. Task-specific work stations keep the office moving, busy, and productive. COLLABORATIVE WORKSPACES Workspaces need to be designed to encourage diverse methods of collaboration in order to develop new ideas and move concepts forward. Informal lounge areas should be established to allow for more spontaneous conversations and brainstorming between employees of different departments. Open workspaces help to create a broader sense of community and are an easy way to promote innovation. MULTIPURPOSE SPACES Creativity is at its peak when employees enjoy a high level of comfort with their peers. Playfulness can break down barriers of self-consciousness and ultimately help foster new ideas. This is why we now see many larger companies including amenities such as basketball courts, slides, and sand volleyball pits. PRIVACY PODS Open, collaborative workspaces generate the need for smaller, more private areas. These quiet, enclosed spaces allow employees to have confidential, impromptu meetings. They are less formal than a traditional conference room and are more readily accessible to employees.

References http://www.dezeen.com/2014/05/03/reconfigurable-melbourne-studio-particular-architects/ http://www.inc.com/aaron-aders/5-officedesign-trends-to-supercharge-your-workspace.html

PERPETUAL OCCUPATION

OFFICE ENVIRONENTS

OFFICE OCCUPANCY DATA

THE AVERAGE

24 HOUR OFFICE

OFFICE DESK

Occupant density, length of workday, and the use of technology have dramatically increased in the workplace. However, Nathan and Doyle (2002), state that the average office desk is occupied for only 45% of the office hours.

45%

“Generation Y” are beginning to dominate the workforce, and are more open to new ways of working than their predecessors. They expect a work place which is more flexibile, not following the standard 9-5 working hours. More offices now have 24 hour access, with performance judged over presence. For an office to operate a succesful 24 hour culture, it requires several different aspects, however these pages will focus on an efficent use of space with no set working hours. “Agile workplace strategy” allows for a more flexible and efficient use of space, creating a dynamic workforce by eliminating desk ownership. Coworking in offices owned by larger businesses encourages collaboration and community, whilst providing the added benefit of cutting overheads for small businesses. With the building being in operation 24 hours a day, it makes sense for the building not to be viewed solely as an office space. Introducing a variety of potential functions, such as events or residential, will create a more usable space for longer periods of the day, in turn reducing costs. Adding a time based measurement, using sqft hours, rather than just usable sqft per person, to assess how space is used, ensures that the space available has the potential to be used in a much more efficient way throughout the entire 24 hour period.

IS OCCUPIED FOR ONLY

OF OFFICE HOURS. (Nathan & Doyle, 2002)

LESS THAN

OF PEOPLE WORKING FOR LARGE EMPLOYEES

WORLDWIDE

AN AGILE WORKING

An international survey undertaken for Johnson Controls in 2010 found a significant increase in the amount of time people spent working at the office. Respondents (all of whom were identified as “flexible workers,” whose employers allow some discretion in when and where they work) reported spending an average of 45 percent of their work time “in the office,” up from 18 percent in 2007, while percentages of time working from home and “on the move” decreased compared to 2007 levels. (hermanmiller.com)

ENVIRONMENT CAN MAKE UP TO A

20%

SAVING ON PROPERTY IN A TYPICAL COMPANY. (officeprinciples.com)

WORK FROM HOME. (hermanmiller.com)

KEY FEATURES FOR A SUCCESSFUL 24 HOUR OFFICE CULTURE

AGILE WORKING DIMENSIONS

Time

Security

Energy saving strategies

Good transport options

Location

When do people work?

Where do people work?

Agile Working Access to food/beverage

Comfortable environment

Personalisable space Role

What do people do?

Flexible working options

Co-habitation of space

Mixed-use space

References CABE. (2005). The Impact of Office Design On Business Performance. The Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment & The British Council of Offices. Nathan, M & Doyle, J (2002): The State of the Office – The Politics and Geography of Working Space. The Work Foundation, London. www.agile.org.uk/what-is-agile-working/ www.blog.spectrumworkplace.co.uk/agile-working-the-5-essential-elements-infographic www.deskunion.co.uk/blog/2013/what-generation-y-look-for-in-a-workspace/ www.hermanmiller.com/research/research-summaries/coworking-swarming-and-the-agile-workplace.html www.5kids1condo.com/square-foot-hours-designing-24-hour-spaces/

Source

Who carries out work?

blog.spectrumworkplace.co.uk

PERPETUAL OCCUPATION

Ground floor plan

AGILE WORKPLACE LAYOUT - KEY ELEMENTS

PERPETUAL OCCUPATION

AGILE WORKING PLAN EXAMPLE

CASE STUDY: SECOND HOME

APPLIED AGILE WORKING Breakout

Location: London Size: 25,000 sq ft Architects: SeglasCano Second Home describes itself as “a new type of workspace and creative hub,” where “fast-growing creative companies” can move in and out at short notice. Central to the concept was the ambition to help occupants expand and contract as needed, and to come together and make use of each other’s knowledge and networks.

Agile working is about bringing people, processes, connectivity and technology together, allowing for flexible working patterns and office space. The concept of Agile Working involves choice in the how, what, where and when of working., focusing on the use of zones rather than fixed working areas to optimise working space, creating a more efficient floor plan whilst also encouraging collaborative working to enhance creativity and productivity.

Agile Working secondhome.io

Open Plan

secondhome.io

Touchdown

The way in which this can be applied to an office layout is as follows: •

Rows of desks can be replaced with working hubs to allow for collaborative working. Reduces the element of desk ownership to ensure that less space is being utilised for more time.

•

Break out meeting areas allow for creative discussion whereever and whenever.

•

Less sitting at set desks and the ability to use space more proactively enhances employee well being.

•

Private booths allow for more focused work

•

Sofa pods provide an acousticly informal meeting zone close to other activity areas, ideal for quick meetings or perhaps a concentration area.

•

Zone for shared copying/printing space between firms/departments reduces duplicated amenities.

•

Phone booths for more private conversations and for workers without a set desk landline.

•

A shared collaboration space with open sides encourages other workers to join in conversations to encourage creativity.

•

Green spaces encourage productivity and allow for relaxation.

•

Large shared spaces can be repurposed for other events/ activities when not in use.

•

Cafe area allows workers to come together and can be in continuous use if open to the public as well.

Resources

It is open 24/7, with access granted through member cards. The office spaces are defined with curved acrylic walls, giving a sense of an open plan office, with acoustic separation. The office houses 23 permanent creative companies in various pod sizes. It also contains various shared spaces, including a meeting room with a large steel conference table which can rise into a void above to create more space.

blog.spectrumworkplace.co.uk

mode4.co.uk

POTENTIAL OFFICE WORKING ZONES

First floor plan

secondhome.io

“Hot desks” for “roaming members” make way for events spaces by night, such as lectures, parties, film screenings and live music, which are open to the public. The onsite restaurant is also open to the public, meaning that spaces which would usually be left empty later on are now being utilised. The office is designed around the idea of “biophilia” consisting of only curved walls, with no two pieces of furniture being alike. 1000 pot plants line the walls, grown in soilless hydroponic conditions. The building uses 100% green energy from Ecotricity.

Quiet Zone

Brainstorming zone

Short term activity zone secondhome.io

billetto.co.uk

References www.dezeen.com/2014/12/08/second-home-selgascano-london-office-orange-tunnel-flying-table/ www.architectural-review.com/buildings/the-best-office-in-the-world-selgas-canos-new-work-space-in-london/8677631.article www.ribaj.com/buildings/second-home-offers-a-different-way-of-working?previewId=6io9qki www.fastcompany.com/3041976/how-1000-plants-a-greenhouse-bubble-and-stella-mccartney-could-change-the-way-we-work#2

Copying/ printing zone

Team collaboration zone

Informal meeting zone

Cafe area

Phone booth

Picnic area

Private working booth

Workstation zone All diagrams above from officeprinciples.com

architectural-review.com

References Brown, C; et al. (2014) The Architecture of Innovation: Tracking Face-to-face Interactions with Ubicomp Technologies. www.agile.org.uk/what-is-agile-working www.mode4.co.uk/articles/technology-changing-office-workspace/ www.officeprinciples.com/agile-working/what-is-agile-working

EMBODIED WASTE TECTONICS

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EVALUATING WASTAGE Operational waste is the waste produced by a building after its construction during its occupation and can create a substantial negative effect on the environment throughout the buildings life.

Sustainability Goals In order to achieve the ambitious sustainability goals set out by the UN, EU and the UK, the construction industry has to undergo a lot of evaluation and criticism. One of the most important factors when considering a building’s sustainability is its operational waste. This includes the waste management, the emissions and the operational energy usage. Bodies such as BREEAM and LEED have a number of categories that evaluate a buildings ‘operational wastage’ but the most heavily weighted category is the building’s energy usage. This is due to the very direct correlation between a building’s energy usage and it’s carbon emissions and therefore its effect on the environment.

TECTONICS OPERATIONAL WASTE

Post Occupancy One of the most vital steps in understanding and reducing the carbon footprint of buildings is to do a ‘Post Occupancy Evaluation’. This study allows us to measure how well a building performs as compared to what was predicted in the designing of a building. This is something that certification bodies such as BREEAM and LEED do not take into consideration and results in many buildings being deemed ‘sustainable’ when they are in fact not operating as they were predicted to. The Energy performance of buildings Directive (EPBD) requires all new buildings to be ‘nearly zero energy’ by December 2020. The EPBD requires an evaluation of a building’s operational energy performance at key stages in a building’s life and for them to have an EPC, this allows the building’s performance to be monitored and compared in a standardised format.

BREEAM Categories: Management Health and Wellbeing Energy:

BREEAM promotes the the energy use of the building’s systems such as the heating/cooling and ventilation.

Transport Water:

Water monitoring and the water use through the use of rainwater collection or recycling systems.

Materials Waste Management: A lot of credits are given to construction waste, but the management of operational waste is an important consideration. Land Use and Ecology Pollution:

During a building’s operation the greenhouse gasses that are emmited are an important consideration to reduce a building’s carbon footprint.

Innovation Operational energy-use breakdown for office buildings

Energy Usage A buildings energy demand can often be offset through the production of its own renewable energy, but in most evaluations of buildings the focus is often put on energy monitoring systems and the reduction of energy demand in the building’s heating, cooling and lighting systems which in reality is not a complete evaluation which is what often leads to a performance gap. Energy Usage in Building Types Energy usage is the possibly the most vital aspect when looking to reduce a building’s operational carbon wastage. The operational energy usage can be broken down into categories, and the majority of the focus tends to be put on the building’s heating, cooling, and lighting. Most analytic software will model and provide data on these categories but there is currently little regulation on ‘small power’ usage (The energy usage of a buildings electronic appliances). This can be problematic when considering a buildings operational efficiency as ‘small power’ is where the majority of the building’s energy tends to be used, as shown in the charts.

School Buildings

Warehouses

Supermarkets

Hotels

Example of an EPC (energy performance certificate)

References

Breeam.com, (2016). BREEAM non-domestic manual. [online] Available at: http://www.breeam.com/BREEAMUK2014SchemeDocument/#08_water/ water.htm%3FTocPath%3D8.0%2520Water%7C_____0 [Accessed 21 Jan. 2016]. Waste management in office buildings. (2016). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www2.wrap.org.uk/downloads/Operational_Waste_ Guidance.68085a9e.8080.pdf [Accessed 21 Jan. 2016]. Steelconstruction.info, (2016). Operational carbon. [online] Available at: http://www.steelconstruction.info/Operational_carbon [Accessed 21 Jan. 2016]. Planningportal.gov.uk, (2016). Planning Portal - Energy Performance Certificate. [online] Available at: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/ buildingregulations/greenerbuildings/epc [Accessed 18 Feb. 2016].

TARGET ZERO Target Zero was a study set up by a number of UK construction companies and associations to provide guidance on the design and construction of sustainable, low and zero carbon buildings in the UK. Five non-domestic building types were analysed to assess their energy efficient measures and renewable energy technologies. The study analysed the most cost effective methods of achieving an energy efficient and carbon neutral scheme using the evaluation of ‘one kingdom street’ office to create a baseline. By modeling the performance of the building they were able to make a few adjustments to reduce it to a BREEAM minimum and then evaluate the most cost efficient methods of achieving a BREEAM ‘outstanding’. The findings were that the construction costs would have had to have been increased by: ϭ 0.17% to achieve BREEAM ‘Very Good’ ϭ 0.77% to achieve BREEAM ‘Excellent’ ϭ 9.83% to achieve BREEAM ‘Outstanding’ The rapid increase in cost to improve a building’s operational efficiency results in it being very difficult to achieve ‘zero carbon’ without drastic innovation in the building’s design.

One Kingdom Street London

Thermal Wheels - The building’s atrium provides a number of important functions, one of them being a heat recovery system for the building’s ventilation, through the use of thermal wheels located across the ceiling.

The Deloitte Headquarters in Amsterdam, nicknamed ‘The Edge’ is a revolutionary office building when it comes to building management and the reduction of operational carbon wastage. The building received the highest ever BREEAM score for a commercial building, scoring 98%. The building can therefore possibly be regarded as the world’s most sustainable office building so far. The building implements a number of systems which allow it to greatly reduce its energy usage and levels of wastage.

SMART ENERGY USAGE

Apps on the users phone are connected to the building’s smart grid which everything in the building is connected to. This allows the users to customise their conditions whilst cutting out any excess energy that would have been used in a traditional system.

The southern facade of the building is covered in solar panels. This helps to regulate solar gains from the south as well as providing enough energy to power the small power items within the building.

DELOITTE AMSTERDAM

Reducing Operational Carbon Through a mixture of building systems and management choices ‘The Edge’ has managed to achieve an incredible level of sustainable achievement. The building not only utilises energy effectively through heat recovery and storage systems and efficient ventilation systems, but also reduces the building’s operational energy usage through hot-desking and smart systems. When BREEAM and other certification bodies evaluate a building they often neglect to take into consideration the ‘small power’ usage within the building, and for offices the small power sources account for approximately 32% of the building’s operational energy. The edge uses ‘hot-desks’ throughout the building which allows them to operate the entire company while only providing 50% of the workspaces that a conventional building would have to provide. This reduction in permanent workspaces greatly decreases the material needed in the building and the small power wastage as laptops and mobiles are only charged when necessary, and th emajority of the power used to charge them is provided by the solar panels located across the building’s south facade. This partnered with the building’s smart mobile phone connection, which tracks and monitors the users utilisation of the building, greatly improves the building’s operational efficiency.

ENERGY CREATION

Smart Lighting and Ventilation - The building monitors and tracks the users within it and each user can set their preferred lighting and heat levels. This allows the building to only use the minimum amount of energy to allow the users to be comfortable in the areas that they are in, and when they leave the building can switch off that room.

Hot Desking - Hot Desking is utilised throughout the building and reduces the number of permanent workstations which reduces the amount of small power usage throughout the building, devices are only plugged in and use power when necessary.

References

Steelconstruction.info, (2016). Target Zero. [online] Available at: http://www. steelconstruction.info/Target_Zero [Accessed 21 Jan. 2016]. Gizmag.com, (2016). Deloitte’s Amsterdam HQ becomes world’s most sustainable office building. [online] Available at: http://www.gizmag.com/ the-edge-amsterdam-worlds-most-sustainable-office-building/35280/ [Accessed 18 Feb. 2016]. Breeam.com, (2016). BREEAM : The Edge, Amsterdam. [online] Available at: http://www.breeam.com/index.jsp?id=804 [Accessed 18 Feb. 2016]. Bloomberg.com, (2016). The World’s Smartest Office Building Knows How You Like Your Coffee. [online] Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/ features/2015-the-edge-the-worlds-greenest-building/ [Accessed 18 Feb.

Solar Roof - The building’s roof is slanted towards the south and covered in solar panels to provide energy for the building’s usage, these solar panels provide enough energy to power the buildings geothermal hest storage system, which in itself reduces the net carbon wastage of the building.

North Facing Atrium - As well as being vital to the building’s ventilation system, the atrium is located towards the north side to provide diffuse natural lighting throughout the building. This also allows the southern facade to be primarily covered in photo-voltaic panels. These panels provide energy to charge the laptops, phones, and cars of the users.

LIGHTING

ENERGY BALANCE

LIGHTING

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0 Lux

500 Lux

TEMPERATURE

20oC

N/A

18oC

The Edge in Amsterdam is a great example of how a building can tackle operational energy usage. The building not only effectively creates energy, but also maintains a low level of energy usage in order to achieve it’s sustainability goals. When designing a building it is vital to take into consideration all aspects of energy usage especially small power which goes unregulated otherwise.

MONITORING AND CONNECTION The Deloitte Headquarters in Amsterdam is a brilliant example how smart technology can both reduce a building’s energy usage and also increase the comfort and satisfaction of the building’s users. Almost everything in the building is connected together in the ‘internet of things’, from the smart lighting units (powered by ethernet connections) to the security and cleaning robots. This allows the ideal conditions for each individual user to be met without wasting any excess energy. The app on the users phone allows for each rooms conditions to be customised individually and empty rooms to be switched off. The complex monitoring system allows the building manager to determine where any energy redundancies may be and overcome the issues as well as efficiently deploying cleaning and maintenance according to what parts of the building are being used. This smart system allows the building to save money on energy, reduce its impact on the environment and also increase the satisfaction of the building users.

NET CARBON

The Solar panels in the roof power the building’s geothermal heat storage system. This system stores excess heat collected during the summer months and stores it under the building to offset the energy required to heat the building during the winter.

Bee Colonies - The surrounding ecology was also taken into consideration in the design of the building. There have been a number of bee colonies set up in the green space surrounding the building to promote the floral diversity and surrounding ecology.

One of the most effective methods in which to reduce a buildings net carbon wastage is by implementing a numbe rof energy production systems within the building. The Edge uses photovoltaic panels to produce enough energy to power both its geothermal heat storage and also most of the small power items within the building such as laptops and phones.

References

Plparchitecture.com, (2016). PLP Architecture - The Edge. [online] Available at: http://www.plparchitecture.com/the-edge.html [Accessed 18 Feb. 2016]. McManus, D. and McManus, D. (2010). Deloitte HQ Amsterdam - Office Headquarters Zuidas - e-architect. [online] e-architect. Available at: http:// www.e-architect.co.uk/amsterdam/office-headquarters-zuidas [Accessed 18 Feb. 2016]. Bloomberg.com, (2015). See the World’s Greenest Office Building: The Edge. [online] Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/ videos/2015-09-23/see-the-world-s-greenest-office-building-the-edge [Accessed 18 Feb. 2016].

2016].