5
(Text-cum-Workbook) ys[kd MkWú egs'k HkVukxj ,eú,ú ih&,púMh (fganh)
MkWú jek ik.Ms
,eú,ú] ih&,púMhú (fganh)
izkDdFku Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls ge vius fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djrs gSaA tUe ls gh f'k'kq fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa Hkk"kk ls tqM+us yxrk gSA laosQrksa vkSj èofu fo'ks"k ls ekuo dk ifjp; ekSf[kd Hkk"kk ls gksus yxrk gSA fon~;ky; esa Nk=k fofHkUu izdkj osQ Hkk"kk;h dkS'ky_ tSlsµlquuk] cksyuk] i<+uk&fy[kuk ls u osQoy voxr gksrk gS_ cfYd /hjs&/hjs muesa fodkl dj fln~/gLr izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA vkt fganh u osQoy jk"Vªh; vfirq varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkh yksdfiz; curh tk jgh gSA blfy, fganh fo"k; ij vkSj vf/d dk;Z djus dh vko';drk gSA ^^vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd** Ük`a[kyk dks d{kk 1 ls 8 rd mi;qZDr ckrksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls è;ku esa j[kdj cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA vf/d&ls&vf/d Hkk"kk dk 'kqn~/ iz;ksx] ljy ,oa jkspd izlaxksa dk p;u] 'kCn iz;ksx osQ fu;e] vU; Hkk"kkvksa osQ 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx rFkk vU; Hkk"kkvksa dk fganh Hkk"kk ij izHkko vkfn ls ikBdksa dks ifjfpr djk;k x;k gSA iqLrdksa esa jkspd dgkfu;k¡] dfork,¡] ukVd] fp=kdFkk] fxurh] O;kdj.k ls lacaf/r vH;kl iz'u rFkk ikB;sRrj xfrfof/;k¡ u osQoy cPpksa osQ vkd"kZ.k dk osaQnz gSa_ cfYd muesa fganh Hkk"kk dh fofo/rk vkSj fo'ks"krk dks le>dj mlls izse djus osQ fy, ,d fof'k"V ekè;e dk dk;Z djrh gSaA izLrqr ikB~;iqLrd osQ lkFk vH;kl iqfLrdk dk lfEefyr :i gS ftlesa vH;kl osQ fy, Hkjiwj lkexzh lekfgr gSA gekjk iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd vki lcdks gekjk iz;kl jkspd vkSj vkd"kZd yxsxkA vkils fouez fuosnu gS fd iqLrd esa lq/kj gsrq gekjk ekxZn'kZu dj] gesa vf/d liQyrk vftZr djus esa viuk vewY; lg;ksx nsaA µizdk'kd
5
ikB~;Øe Øe la[;k
i`"B la[;k 1 foey banq dh fo'kky fdj.ksa 2 vtark dh xw¡trh xqQ+ k 3 nksgs 4 lkr jktdq ekj dsoy i<+us ds fy, ¼ek¡ dk ued½ 5 thou ge vfiZr dj tk,¡ 6 vkx dh [kkst 7 ckyd panzxqIr
05 10 15 19 24 26 30 35
i`"B la[;k 8
Øe la[;k
9 10 11 12 13
tad QwM lsgr ds fy, lgh ugha dsoy i<+us ds fy, ¼izsj.kk½ >k¡lh dh jkuh lh[ksa % vUu dk lEeku 'kwyikf.k lcls dherh oLrq dsoy i<+us ds fy, ¼iz;kl dk Qy½ lfjrk
Øe la[;k
i`"B la[;k 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
vuks[kk U;k; + ¼eSjh dkWe½ y{; ij utj Xykfu lp gks x;k esjk liuk f'keyk esa VkW; Vªsu izHkq rqe esjs eu dh tkuks esjh f'k{kk U;k;fiz; ea=h >wB dk lp
74 80 85 91 96 100 104 110 115
41 47 49 53 58 63 68 70
1
foey banq dh fo'kky fdj.ks a
foey banq dh fo'kky fdj.ksa] izdk'k rsjk crk jgh gSaA vukfn rsjh vuar ek;k] txr dks yhyk fn[kk jgh gSaA
izlkj rsjh n;k dk fdruk] ;s ns[kuk gks rks ns[ksa lkxjA rsjh iz'kalk dk jkx I;kjs] rjaxekyk,¡ xk jgh gSaA
rqEgkjk fLer gks ftls fuj[kuk] oks ns[k ldrk gS pafnzdk dksA rqEgkjs g¡lus dh /qu esa ufn;k¡] fuukn djrh gh tk jgh gSaA
tks rsjh gksos n;k n;kfuf/] rks iw.kZ gksrk gh gS euksjFkA lHkh ;s dgrs iqdkj djosQ] ;gh rks vk'kk fnyk jgh gSaA µt;'kadj izlkn
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
5
banq µ panzek vukfn µ ges'kk jgus okyk vuar µ ftldk var u gks izlkj µ iSQyko rjaxekyk,¡ µ ygjksa osQ lewg
1-
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) fo'kky fdj.ksa fdldh gSa\ ([k) vuar ek;k fdldh gS\ (x) nqfu;k ij n;k dk izlkj fdlus fd;k gS\
fLer pafnzdk fuukn n;kfuf/ euksjFk
µ µ µ µ µ
eqLdku pk¡nuh Loj] èofu n;k dk HkaMkj eu dh dkeuk
2- 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dhft,µ vukfn] vuar] rjaxekyk,¡] fLer] fuukn] n;kfuf/] euksjFk] iqdkjA 1-
lgh mRrj osQ lkeus lgh (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) rjaxekyk,¡ fdldh iz'kalk osQ xhr xk jgh gSa\ (v) bZ'oj (c) bulku (l) bekjrsa ([k) gekjs eu esa vk'kk gS fd n;kfuf/ ge ij djsaxsµ (v) xqLlk (c) n;k (l) fiVkbZ
(n) o`{k (n) yM+kbZ
2- fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa osQ vFkZ Li"V dhft,µ (d) vukfn rsjh vuar ek;k] txr dks yhyk fn[kk jgh gSaA
6
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
([k) tks rsjh gksos n;k n;kfuf/] rks iw.kZ gksrk gh gS euksjFkA
3-
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ (d) foey banq dh fdj.ksa D;k fn[kk jgh gSa\ ([k) ijekRek dks ^n;kfuf/* D;ksa dgk x;k gS\ (x) vukfn dh vuar ek;k D;k fn[kk jgh gS\ (?k) lkxj dks D;k ns[kus osQ fy, dgk x;k gS\
1-
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks js[kk [khapdj muosQ lekukFkZd 'kCnksa ls feykb,µ ewY;oku vukt vUu ges'kk lnk dherh Je iwQy iq"i oV cjxn esgur
2-
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse (foijhrkFkZd) (d) ewY;oku X ([k) lq[kh X (x) cgqr X (?k) fnu X
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
'kCn fyf[k,µ (Ä) u;k X (p) cqjk X (N) n;k X (t) lTtu X
7
3- oqQN 'kCn ,sls gksrs gSa ftuosQ vusd vFkZ gksrs gSa] ,sls 'kCnksa dks ^vusdkFkZd 'kCn* dgrs gSaµ
fuEufyf[kr vusdkFkZd@'kCnksa osQ nks&nks vFkZ fy[kdj okD; cukb,µ (d) dj µ (v) (c) ([k) lksuk µ (v) (c)
4- fganh Hkk"kk esa oqQN 'kCn ,sls Hkh gksrs gSa] tks mPpkj.k esa yxHkx ,d leku gksrs gSa foaQrq mudh orZuh vkSj vFkZ esa i;kZIr varj gksrk gS] ,sls 'kCnkas dks ^JqfrlefHkUukFkZd 'kCn* dgrs gSaA fuEufyf[kr JqfrlefHkUukFkZd 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ (d) fnu µ ([k) nh;k µ nhu µ fn;k µ (x) vUu µ vU; µ 1- fganh o.kks± dks vyx&vyx oxks± esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA tSlsµdoxZµd] [k] x] ?k] ÄA bl izdkj fganh o.kZekyk esa ik¡p oxZ gSaµ(d) doxZ] ([k) poxZ] (x) VoxZ] (?k) roxZ vkSj (Ä) ioxZA VoxZ osQ o.kks± dk mPpkj.k dhft,µV] B] M] <] .k] M+] <+A vc buls cus 'kCnksa dks Hkh nsf[k,µd"V] dBksj] xM~Mh] es<d] ck.k] dM+d] c<+rA (M+&<+ ewy laLo`Qr ;k fganh osQ o.kZ ugha gSaA) bu o.kks± osQ iz;ksx ls cuus okys nks&nks 'kCn vkSj fyf[k,µ .k µ V µ B µ M+ µ M µ <+ µ 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse (foijhrkFkZd) 'kCn fyf[k,µ vkx X [kq'kcw X nsork X >wB X
8
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
Hkkjr osQ nks&nks izfln~/ eafnj] efLtn] xq#n~okjs vkSj fxjtk?kjksa osQ uke ,d=k djosQ uhps nh xbZ txg esa fyf[k,µ
eafnj
µ
efLtn µ
xq#n~okjk µ
fxjtk?kj µ
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
9
2
vtark dh xw¡trh xqQ+ k
dksbZ m¡Qps Loj esa cksyrk gS rks dksbZ /hes Loj esaA m¡Qps Loj esa cksyh xbZ ckr lHkh vklkuh ls lqu ysrs gSa vkSj /hes ;k eè;e Loj esa cksyh xbZ ckr dks lHkh yksx ugha lqu ikrsA /hes Loj esa cksyh xbZ ckr dks Hkh lHkh lqu ik,¡ blosQ fy, ^èofu&foLrkjd ;a=k* dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tc bl rjg osQ ;a=kksa dk vkfo"dkj ugha gqvk Fkk] rc dkSu&lk mik; dke esa yk;k tkrk gksxk] bldk uewuk vtark dh ,d xqiQk esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA vkjafHkd xqI+kQkvksa esa rhljh xqI+kQk 'ks"k lHkh xqI+kQkvksa ls fHkUu gSA ckgj ls dkI+kQh pkSM+h] vanj ls dkI+kQh cM+hA bls ns[kdj ,slk yxrk gS tSls ;gk¡ oqQN dke v/wjk NwV x;k gksA uhps I+kQ'kZ lery gS] fpduk ugha fd;k x;kA [kaHks yacs] lqMkSy vkSj pkSdksj gSaA bu [kaHkksa ij oSlk dksbZ fp=k ugha mosQj x;k tSls vU; xqI+kQkvksa osQ [kaHkksa ij gSA bu [kaHkksa ij dksbZ ltkoV Hkh ugha dh xbZ gSA bl xqI+kQk dh Nr Hkh mQcM+&[kkcM+ gSA g”kkjksa o"kZ igys ftu f'kfYi;ksa us bl xqiQk dks cuk;k gksxk] ;g mudh csè;kuh dk izek.k ugha gSA bl xqI+kQk dh fo'ks"krrk crkrh gS fd f'kfYi;ksa us tkurs&cw>rs bls ,slk jgus fn;k FkkA mUgksaus bls ,d fo'ks"k iz;kstu ls rS;kj fd;k FkkA og iz;kstu FkkµizopuA bl xqI+kQk osQ fdlh Hkh fgLls esa cksyk x;k dksbZ Hkh Loj iwjh xqI+kQk esa lqukbZ nsrk gSA 'kCn fdrus Hkh /hes Loj esa D;ksa u cksys x, gksa] os xqI+kQk esa dgha Hkh [kM+k O;fDr lqu ldrk gSA vtark dh xqI+kQk,¡ yacs vjls rd ckSn~/ fHk{kqvksa osQ vLFkk;h vkokl osQ dke vkrh jgh gSaA vkt Hkh ;gk¡ lSdM+ksa dh la[;k esa ckSn~/ fHk{kq cus gh jgrs gSaA tgk¡ fHk{kq izokl djsaxs] ogk¡ izeq[k fHk{kq dk izfrfnu izopu gksuk vfuok;Z gSA ;gh lkspdj blosQ fuekZ.k osQ nkSjku ;g è;ku j[kk x;k fd tc izeq[k fHk{kq ;gk¡ cSBdj mins'k nsa rks mudh vkok”k nwj rd cSBs g”kkjksa fHk{kqvksa rd vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5 10
igq¡p tk,A dkykarj esa ;g xI+kQk laxhr lekjksg vk;ksftr djus osQ dke esa Hkh ykbZ tkus yxhA bl fo'kky xqI+kQk osQ fdlh Hkh fgLls esa cksyk x;k dksbZ Hkh 'kCn iwjh xqI+kQk esa lqukbZ nsrk gSA cgqr gyosQ Loj esa xquxqukus ij Hkh og èofu fo'kky xqI+kQk osQ fdlh Hkh fgLls esa lquh tk ldrh gSA lquusokys dks yxrk gS tSls fd vkok”k nwj ls ugha] cfYd mlosQ ikl ls gh vk jgh gSA bl peRdkj dk jgL; bldh Nr dks crk;k tkrk gSA ,d fofp=k izdkj dh pV~Vku bl Nr dh xqI+kQk dk dke djrh gSA bl pV~Vku dks ,d dksus ls dkV&dkVdj lery djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS vkSj ckdh dks ;w¡ gh NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA g”kkjksa o"kks± ls bl Nr esa owQcM+ yVd jgs gSa tks Mjkous izrhr gksrs gSaA vusd n'kZd bUgsa ns[kdj Hk;Hkhr gks tkrs gSaA mUgsa yxrk gS fd ;g iRFkj dHkh Hkh fxjdj mUgsa pdukpwj dj nsxkA blh Hk;kouh ph”k esa ;gk¡ dk jgL; fNik gSA ;g Tokykeq[kh dk fi?kyk ykok gSA fi?kyh vkx osQ iwQys gq, vkSj iQVs&vuiQVs cqycqys txg&txg te x, gSaA ;gh vux<+ mBrh&fxjrh pV~Vkusa xqI+kQk osQ fdlh Hkh dksus esa mRiUu gqbZ èofu dks lkjs esa iSQykrh gSaA gks ldrk gS] xqI+kQk dks [kksnrs le;] Nr dks lery djrs gq, f'kYidkj osQ lkeus xw¡trh èofu dk rF; Li"V gks x;k gks vkSj mlus bls ;w¡ gh NksM+ fn;k gks fd mlus èofu&izlkj.k dh ubZ rduhd [kkst yh gSA
èofu&foLrkjd µ vkok”k iSQykus okys ;a=k µ e'khu] lk/u mosQjuk µ uDdk'kh djuk
iz;kstu µ mn~ns'; izek.k µ lcwr csè;kuh µ ykijokgh ml vksj è;ku u nsuk
1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) vtark dh xqI+kQk fdl dkj.k ls egRoiw.kZ gS\ ([k) vtark dh rhljh xqI+kQk dh fo'ks"krk crkb,A vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
11
(x) D;k vkfne dky esa èofu&foLrkjd ;a=kksa dk vkfo"dkj gks x;k Fkk\ (?k) D;k xqI+kQk dh Nr lery gS\
2- 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dhft,µ eè;e] vkjafHkd] lery] iz;kstu] dkykarj] pdukpwj] Hk;kouhA 1-
lgh mRrj osQ lkeus lgh (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) peRdkj dk jgL; xqI+kQk esa dgk¡ fufgr gS\ (v) nhokj esa (c) [kaHkksa esa (l) Nr esa (n) I+kQ'kZ esa ([k) pV~Vku oSQlh gS\ (v) xksy (c) vaMkdkj (l) lery (n) mQcM+&[kkcM+ (x) Nr ij owQcM+ fdl fLFkfr esa gSaµ (v) yVosQ gq, (c) fpiosQ gq, (l) cuk, x, (n) [kaHkksa osQ lgkjs
2-
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ (d) rhljh xqI+kQk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk crkb,A ([k) vkok”k xw¡tus ls D;k ykHk gksrk gksxk\ (x) g”kkjkas o"kks± ls bldh Nrsa oSQlh gSa\ (?k) rhljh xqI+kQk dh Nr oSQls cuh\ (Ä) yksx rhljh xqI+kQk dh Nr dks ns[kdj oSQlk vuqHko djrs gSa\
12
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
1-
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ fganh i;kZ; fyf[k,µ (?k) izek.k µ (d) Loj µ ([k) /hek µ (Ä) fo'ks"k µ (x) fHkUu µ
2- ^vk* osQ vkxs ^,¡* (L=khfyax 'kCnksa ns[ksa] opu oSQls cny tkrk gSµ ekyk µ ekyk,¡ ek=kk µ dU;k µ xqI+kQk µ la[;k µ
esa) vkSj ^vk* dks ^,* (iqfYayx 'kCnksa esa) yxkdj diM+k µ diM+s [kaHkk µ rkjk µ Nkrk µ oqQjrk µ
3- 'kCnksa osQ igys yxus okys 'kCnka'kksa dks ^milxZ* dgrs gSa_ tSlsµlq] oqQ] cs] mi] vu] fo] v] iz] vo] le] on] vkfnA fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls milxZ vkSj ewy 'kCn vyx&vyx dhft,µ milxZ ewy 'kCn izR;; csè;kuh µ cs $ è;kuh izopu µ $ vLFkk;h µ $ fofp=k µ $ iz;kstu µ $ fo'ks"k µ $ 4- 'kCnksa osQ var esa yxus okys 'kCnka'kksa dks ^izR;;* dgrs gSa_ tSlsµdkj] okyk] d] dj] bZ] vkfnA fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls ewy 'kCn vkSj izR;; vyx&vyx djosQ fyf[k,A
milxZ ewy 'kCn izR;; f'kYidkj µ f'kYi $ dkj $ cksyus okyk µ
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
13
foLrkjd µ dkVdj µ Tokykeq[kh µ
$ $ $
1- okD; esa vk, laKk ;k loZuke 'kCnksa dk fozQ;k ls laca/ Li"V djus okys 'kCnksa dks ^dkjd* dgrs gSaA dkjd dks izdV djus okys fpg~u ^dkjd&fpg~u* ;k ^ijlxZ* dgykrs gSaA tSlsµosQ] ls] us] fy,] dk] esa] ij] ysfdu vkfnA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mfpr dkjd&fpg~u yxkdj okD; iwjs dhft,µ rHkh firk th lgdehZ] oekZ th] HkhM+ phjdj vkxs c<+sA mUgksaus firk th lkjk ektjk iwNkA fiQj gksVy ekfyd Mk¡Vrs gq, viuh ”ksc fudkydj mlosQ #i;s pqdk,A 2- fuEufyf[kr esa ls mnwZ (vjch&I+kQkjlh)] vaxzs”kh vkSj rn~Hko 'kCn Nk¡Vdj rkfydk esa Hkfj,µ lwjt] dkmaVj] ?kj] [;ky] gkWy] eq¡g] ”ksc] gksVy] ek”kjk] eSustj] vk¡[k] ”kkfgjA mnwZ vaxzs”kh rn~Hko 3-
fuEufyf[kr osQ fy, lwph esa ls lewgokph 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ csM+k] HkhM+] [ktkuk] xBjh] xM~Mh] lewgA (d) O;fDr;ksa dh µ ([k) tgktksa dk µ (x) diM+ksa dh µ (?k) oqQcsj dk µ (Ä) uksVksa dh µ (p) xzgksa dk µ
vtark dh xqI-kQk,¡ dc vkSj D;kas cukbZ xb±] budh D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa] vkfn tkudkfj;k¡ izkIr djosQ vius vè;kid@vè;kfidk dh lgk;rk ls ifj;kstuk rS;kj dhft,µ (link-google search : www.hi.wikipedia.org./ajantacaves)
14
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
3 1-
dchj xq#] xksfcan nksmQ [kM+s] dkosQ ykxw¡ ik¡;A cfygkjh xq# vkius] xksfcan fn;ks crk;AA
2-
iksFkh if<+&if<+ tx eqvk] iafMr Hk;k us dks;A <kbZ vk[kj izse dk] i<S+ lks iafMr gks;AA
3-
nq[k esa lqfeju lc djS] lq[k esa djS u dks;A lq[k esa lqfeju tks djS] nq[k dkgs dks gks;AA
4-
jghe tks jghe mRre izo`Qfr] dk dfj ldr oqQlaxA panu fo"k O;kir ugha] fyiVs jgr HkqtaxAA
5-
jfgeu /kxk izse dk] er rksM+mQ pVdk;A VwVs iS fiQj u tqjS] tqjS xk¡fB ifj tk;AA
6-
r#oj iQy ufga [kkr gS] ljoj fi;fga u ikuA dg jghe ij dkt fgr] laifRr lapfg lqtkuAA
ik¡; µ ik¡o cfygkjh µ U;kSNkoj iksFkh µ iqLrd vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
nksgs
eqvk µ Hkjk vk[kj µ v{kj lqfeju µ Hkxoku dks ;kn djuk
15
izo`Qfr oqQlax O;kIr Hkqtax pVdk; tqjS r#oj
µ µ µ µ µ µ µ
LoHkko cqjh laxr vlj djrk gS lk¡i >Vddj tqM+rk gS o`{k
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) gesa bZ'oj osQ ckjs esa Kku fdlus fn;k gS\ ([k) dfo dchj us bZ'oj rFkk xq# esa ls fdls Js"B crk;k gS\ (x) D;k gesa Hkxoku dks osQoy ijs'kkuh osQ le; gh ;kn djuk pkfg,\ (?k) lnk ijes'oj dh Lrqfr djus ls gesa D;k ykHk gS\
ljoj iku ij dkt fgr laifRr lqtku
µ µ µ µ µ µ µ
rkykc ikuh ijk,] nwljksa osQ dke osQ fy,] gsrq laifRr] /u&nkSyr lTtu O;fDr
1- lgh mRrj osQ lkeus lgh (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) xq# vkSj xksfcan dk D;k vFkZ gS\
(v) xq# vkSj mudh
(c) xq# vkSj muosQ f'k";
(l) xq# vkSj bZ'oj
(n) xq# vkSj muosQ iq=k
([k) nq[k vkSj lq[k nksuksa esa gesa fdls ;kn djuk pkfg,\
(v) bZ'oj dks
(c) vè;kid dks
(l) fe=kksa dks
(n) iqLrdksa dks
16
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
(x) lTtu dks dkSu cqjk ugha cuk ldrkµ
(v) cqjh laxfr
(c) vPNh laxfr
(l) i<+kbZ
(n) ckgj ?kweuk
2-
fuEufyf[kr nksgksa osQ HkkokFkZ fyf[k,µ (d) tks jghe mRre izo`Qfr] dk dfj ldr oqQlaxA panu fo"k O;kir ugha] fyiVs jgr HkqtaxAA ([k) jfgeu /kxk izse dk] er rksM+mQ pVdk;A VwVS iS fiQj u tqjS] tqjS xk¡fB ifj tk;AA
3-
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ (d) nq[k gekjs fudV dc ugha vk ldrk\ ([k) xq# dks bZ'oj ls Js"B D;ksa crk;k x;k gS\ (x) oqQlaxfr gksus ij Hkh ge fdl xq.k osQ dkj.k vPNs cus jgrs gSa\ (?k) gesa vius fiz;tuksa ls yM+uk D;ksa ugha pkfg,\
1-
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ dkosQ µ crk; µ dks; µ dkgs µ
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
ekud fganh osQ :i fyf[k,µ dk µ tqjS µ iku µ dkt µ
17
2- 3-
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ dks; µ nq[k µ fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ (d) xq# µ ([k) iksFkh µ (x) tx µ (?k) r#oj µ
1-
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ lgh mRrj osQ lkeus (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) fuEufyf[kr eas ls dkSu&lk 'kCn Hkkookpd laKk ugha gS\ (v) lq[k (c) nq[k (l) fdrkc (n) 'kkafr ([k) fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk 'kCn fo'ks"k.k gS\ (v) vPNk (c) lq[k (l) nq[k (n) iQy (x) fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk 'kCn loZuke gS\ (v) r#oj (c) xq# (l) rqe (l) ljoj (?k) fuEufyf[kr eas ls dkSu&lk 'kCn O;fDrokpd laKk gS\ (v) jghe (c ?kj (l) fe=k (n) xq#
2-
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ fy[kdj vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ (d) xksfoan ¾ ([k) iafMr ¾ (x) tx ¾ (?k) laifRr ¾ (Ä) Hkqtax ¾
^nksgs* vke thou dh O;kogkfjd ckrksa dks yksd&izpfyr mnkgj.k 'kSyh esa tuekul osQ lkFk tksM+rs gq, euq"; dks vPNk bulku cukus osQ fy, izsfjr djrs gSaA
18
rqdokys 'kCn fyf[k,µ pVdk; µ iku µ nks&nks i;kZ;okph fyf[k,µ
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
4
lkr jktdq ekj
,d jktk osQ lkr iq=k FksA lkr jktoqQekj vyx&vyx fnu iSnk gq, Fks] blfy, jktk us muosQ uke fnuksa osQ vuqlkj j[k fn, FksA cM+k iq=k jfookj dks iSnk gqvk Fkk] vr% mldk uke jfo j[kk x;kA 'ks"k Ng jktoqQekjksa osQ uke Fksµlkse] eaxy] cq/] xq#] 'kqozQ] 'kfuA tc jktoqQekj cM+s gq, rks os fo'o&Hkze.k osQ fy, lkFk&lkFk fudysA tkrs le; jktk us mUgsa vkil eas dHkh u yM+us dk funsZ'k fn;kA lkr fnuksa rd xjeh esa pyus osQ ckn lkrksa jktoqQekj ,d LFkku ij igq¡ps tgk¡ ls lkr jkLrs vyx&vyx tkrs FksA lkrksa jktoqQekj vyx&vyx LFkku ij tkuk pkgrs FksA vr% cM+s HkkbZ jfo us dgk] ^^ge lkrksa HkkbZ vyx&vyx ekxZ ij tk,¡xs] ysfdu ,d lky ckn ?kwe&fiQjdj blh LFkku ij feysaxsA Bhd ,d lky ckn lkrksa HkkbZ mlh LFkku ij feysA 'kfu us jfo ls iwNk] ^^HkS;k] vkius ;k=kk esa D;k izkIr fd;k\** jfo us ,d p'ek fn[kkrs gq, dgk] ^^eq>s ,d peRdkjh p'ek feyk gS] ftlls eSa ik¡p lkS ehy rd dh nwjh dh oLrq dks Hkh Li"V ns[k ldrk gw¡A** lkse us ,d lkjaxh fn[kkrs gq, dgk] ^^eq>s ;g okn~;;a=k feyk ftldh /qu lqudj yksx xgjh funzk esa Mwc tkrs gSaA** eaxy us dgk] ^^eSaus ,d ,slh dyk lh[kh gS ftlls eSa yksxksa dh ”ksc ;k gkFk ls fcuk Hkud yxs dksbZ Hkh oLrq fudky ldrk gw¡A** cq/ us dgk] ^^eq>s ,d ,slk peRdkjh dksV feyk gS ftldh ”kscksa esa eSa Hkkjh&ls&Hkkjh oLrq j[k ldrk gw¡A** xq# us dgk] ^^eq>s ccwy dh ,d Vguh feyh gS] ftls gok esa ?kqekus ij vusd eksVh&eksVh Vgfu;k¡ iSnk gks tkrh gSa] tks cM+s&ls&cM+s nq'eu dk lI+kQk;k dj ldrh gSaA** vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
19
'kqozQ us dgk] ^^eSaus rhj&deku pykus dh ,d dyk lh[khA** 'kfu us dgk] ^^eSa Hkkjh&ls&Hkkjh oLrq gok esa isaQddj] mls vius gkFk esa idM+ ldrk gw¡A** jktoqQekj viuh jkt/kuh ykSV jgs FksA pyrs&pyrs os ,d 'kgj esa igq¡psA ogk¡ pkjksa vksj [kkeks'kh FkhA iwNus ij irk pyk fd jktoqQekjh dgha xk;c gks xbZ gSaA os jktk osQ ikl igq¡ps vkSj jktk dks jktoqQekjh okil ykus dk vk'oklu fn;kA jktk us dgk] ^^;fn lpeqp rqe yksxksa us ,slk dj fn;k rks eSa viuk vk/k jkT; rqEgsa ns nw¡xk vkSj jktoqQekjh ftlls Hkh dgsxh] mlh ls eSa mldh 'kknh djk nw¡xkA** jktk dh ckr lqudj jfo us viuk peRdkjh p'ek yxkdj ns[kk vkSj dgk] ^^eq>s mRrj fn'kk esa ,d egy fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA mlesa ,d cw<+k O;fDr gS] ftlosQ lkeus cSBh ,d lqanj&lh yM+dh jks jgh gSA ml yM+dh osQ ck;sa gkFk esa Ng v¡xqfy;k¡ gSaA** jktk us dgk] ^^ogh esjh csVh gSA** jktk dks vk'oklu nsdj lkrksa HkkbZ jktoqQekjh dks tknwxj ls NqM+kus mlosQ egy igq¡p x,A mUgksaus njok”kk [kV[kVk;k] lsod us njok”kk [kksyk vkSj crk;k ^^ekfyd fookg djus esa O;Lr gSaA** lkse us dgk] ^^bl [kq'kh osQ ekSosQ ij ge xhr xkus vk, gSaA** tknwxj osQ ikl tkdj lkse us lkjaxh dh /qu ctkbZ] ftlls lkrksa Hkkb;ksa dks NksM+dj lHkh lks x,A cq/ us lksbZ gqbZ jktoqQekjh dks vius dksV dh ”ksc esa j[k fy;kA FkksM+h nsj ckn lkjaxh osQ laxhr dk vlj lekIr gks x;kA tknwxj us vius flikfg;ksa dks mUgsa idM+us dk vkns'k fn;kA jktoqQekj vHkh ”;knk nwj ugha x, FksA ?kksM+ksa dh vkok”k vkrs gh xq# us ccwy dh Vguh gok esa ?kqek nh] ftlls lkjs flikgh ej x,A os lc ,d isM+ osQ uhps foJke djus cSB x,A mu flikfg;ksa esa ls ,d Hkkx x;k Fkk] mlus tkdj tknwxj dks lkjk fdLlk lquk fn;kA tknwxj viuh ea=k fon~;k ls ,d fo'kkydk; i{kh esa cny x;k vkSj jktoqQekjh dks mBkdj ys x;kA 'kqozQ us rhj&deku fudkydj i{kh dks ekj fxjk;kA tc jktoqQekjh uhps fxjus yxh] rc 'kfu us ml dks idM+ fy;kA vc lkrksa HkkbZ jktoqQekjh dks lkFk ysdj jktegy dh vksj py iM+sA jktoqQekjh vR;f/d lqanj Fkh ftlosQ dkj.k lkrksa gh HkkbZ mlls fookg djuk pkgrs FksA bl ckr ij os vkil esa vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5 20
>xM+k djus yxsA rHkh 'kfu us dgk] ^^firk th us dgk Fkk fd gesa vkil esa >xM+k ugha djuk gS vkSj ge yksx NksVh&lh ckr ij yM+ jgs gSaA gesa igys jktoqQekjh ls iwNuk pkfg, fd os ge esa ls fdlls fookg djuk pkgrh gSaA** jktoqQekjh us dgk] ^^vxj 'kfu eq>s vkleku ls fxjrs le; ugha idM+rs rks esjh e`R;q gh gks tkrhA eSa rks eu&gh&eu 'kfu dks viuk ifr eku cSBh gw¡A** jktk viuh csVh dks ikdj cgqr [kq'k gqvk rFkk mlus cM+h /we/ke ls viuh csVh dk fookg 'kfu ls dj fn;kA
Hkze.k µ ?kweuk funsZ'k µ vkKk ekxZ µ jkLrk okn~;;a=kµ ctus okyk ;a=k
vk'oklu µ fo'okl] Hkjkslk lekIr µ [kRe fo'kkydk; µ cgqr cM+k vR;f/d µ cgqr ”;knk
1-
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) jktk us vius lkrksa iq=kksa osQ uke fdlosQ vuqlkj j[ks\ ([k) lkrksa jktoqQekj ,d lkFk dgk¡ ?kweus osQ fy, fudys\ (x) tkrs le; jktk us lkrksa iq=kksa dks D;k vkns'k fn;k\
2- 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dhft,µ vuqlkj] Hkze.k] funsZ'k] peRdkjh] vn~Hkqr] [kkeks'kh] fo'kkydk;] /we/keA 1- lgh mRrj osQ lkeus lgh (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) jktk osQ fdrus iq=k Fksµ (c) rhu (l) ukS (v) ik¡p vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
(n) lkr
21
([k) lkrksa Hkkb;kas dks fiQj mlh LFkku ij fdrus lky ckn feyuk Fkk\
(x) jktoqQekjh us 'kknh djus osQ fy, lkrksa Hkkb;ksa esa ls fdls pquk\
(v) lkse dks
(l) xq# dks (n) 'kfu dks (?k) peRdkjh p'es ls fdruh nwjh rd dk n`'; lkI+kQ fn[kkbZ nsrk Fkk\
(v) nks lkS ehy rd dk
2-
(n) ik¡p lkS ehy rd dk (l) pkj lkS ehy rd dk fdlus] fdlls dgk\ fdlus dgk\ fdlls dgk\ (d) mUgas vkil esa dHkh u yM+us dk funsZ'k fn;kA ([k) ^^HkS;k vkius ;k=kk esa D;k izkIr fd;kA** (x) ^^;fn lpeqp rqe yksxksa us ,slk dj fn;k rks eSa viuk vk/k jkT; rqEgsa ns nw¡xkA** (?k) ^^bl [kq'kh osQ ekSosQ ij ge xhr xkus vk, gSaA**
3-
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ (d) lkr fnu yxkrkj pyus ij lkrksa HkkbZ oSQls LFkku ij igq¡ps\ ([k) xq# dks Hkze.k djrs le; D;k feyk\ (x) jktoqQekjh dks mBkdj dkSu ys x;k Fkk\ (?k) jktoqQekjh us fdlosQ lkFk fookg djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k\
1-
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ fganh i;kZ; (d) lkr µ (x) fnu µ (Ä) fo'o µ
22
(v) ,d
(c) nks
(l) rhu
(n) pkj
(c) eaxy dks
(c) rhu lkS ehy rd dk
fyf[k,µ ([k) funsZ'k µ (?k) vkleku µ (p) HkkbZ µ vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
2-
fuEufyf[kr rn~Hko 'kCnksa osQ rRle 'kCn fyf[k,µ (?k) [kkeks'kh µ (d) uhan µ ([k) gkFk µ (Ä) jktk µ (x) ph”k µ (p) vkjke µ
1-
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foijhr 'kCn fyf[k,µ feyuk X xjeh X lqfo/k X lsod X liQyrk X ufr X
2-
dks"Bdksa esa ls mfpr fozQ;k&'kCn Nk¡Vdj fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ osQ ckn lkrksa jktoqQekj ,d LFkku ij igq¡psA (d) lkr fnu rd xjeh esa (pyus@#dus) ([k) jktk dh ckr lqudj jfo us viuk peRdkjh p'ek yxkdj A (ns[kk@lquk) (x) lkeus cSBh ,d lqanj&lh yM+dh jgh gSA (jks@[kkuk [kk) (?k) lsod us njok”kk A (can fd;k@ [kksyk)
lkrksa Hkkb;kas dks Hkze.k osQ nkSjku tks ph”ksa feyha] vkidks muesa ls dkSu&lh vius fy, pkfg,\ vkSj D;ksa\ uhps viuk mRrj fyf[k,A
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
23
dsoy i<+us ds fy,
ek¡ dk ued esjs ikik fnYyh esa VsyhI+kQksu foHkkx esa lqijokb”kj FksA ge yksx ek¡ osQ lkFk xk¡o esa jgrs FksA o"kZ 2007 esa ikik dh lfoZl iwjh gks xbZ vkSj isa'ku feyus yxhA 2012 esa ikik dh rfc;r vpkud fcxM+h vkSj mudk fu/u gks x;kA oqQN ekg ckn ek¡ dh isa'ku osQ fy, vkWfI+kQl esa ckr dh rks irk pyk fd ek¡ dks ysdj fnYyh vkWfI+kQl tkuk iM+sxkA ,d rks eSa dHkh 'kgj x;k ugha Fkk vkSj] nwljs] LoHkko ls ,slk Fkk fd ek¡ ls ckr&ckr ij ukjk”k gksrk FkkA blhfy, esjs fy, ;g dke cgqr eqlhcr&Hkjk FkkA fnYyh tkus dh ckr ek¡ dks crkbZ rks os dgus yxha] ^^csVk ifjokj osQ xq”kkjs osQ fy, isa'ku dk gh lgkjk gSA fnYyh rks pyuk gh iM+sxkA ijs'kku er gks] dgha ,d&nks jkrsa xq”kkj yh tk,¡xhA dke rks djkuk gh gSA** ek¡ dh ckr lqudj eSa dM+d vkok”k esa cksyk] ^^og dksbZ xk¡o ugha gSA 'kgj gS] dgk¡ #osaQxs\** ek¡ cksyha] ^^csVk] ogk¡ Hkh rks /eZ'kkyk,¡ gksaxhA** eSa fiQj >Yykdj cksyk] ^^rqe pqi jgks] esjk fnekx er [kjkc djksA u jgus dk fBdkuk] u vkWfI+kQl dk irk] ,sls esa rqEgsa ysdj dgk¡ HkVow¡QxkA** os esjh ckr lqudj [kkeks'k gks xb±A vxys fnu eSaus fnYyh tkus osQ fy, Vªsu dk fVdV djk fy;kA ?kj vk;k vkSj ek¡ ls ,saBdj dgk fd ^^vkt 'kke dks fnYyh pyuk gSA** ek¡ iwNus yxha] ^^csVk] jkLrs dk [kkuk cuk yw¡\** eSa fiQj rquddj cksyk fd ^^ogha dgha gksVy esa [kk ysaxsA** ek¡ dgus yxha fd] ^^ogk¡ iSlk cgqr yxsxkA** rks eSaus dgk fd] ^^tks ethZ vk, djksA** ek¡ us jkLrs osQ fy, iwM+h&lC”kh vkSj isM+s cuk,A vxyh lqcg ge yksx fnYyh igq¡p x,A oqQN le> esa ugha vk jgk Fkk fd dgk¡ tk,¡A ,d vkWVksokys ls iwNdj eSa VsyhI+kQksu foHkkx osQ vkWfI+kQl igq¡p x;kA blosQ ckn eSaus ogk¡ rSukr xkWMZ ls vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5 24
viuh leL;k crkbZ rks os dgus yxs fd] ^^ihNs okys dejs esa rqEgkjk dke gksxkA** lacaf/r vf/dkjh osQ ikl ek¡ osQ lkbu djokus igq¡pk rks esjh vk¡[ksa iQVh&dh&iQVh jg xb±A ogk¡ ek¡ tSls cgqr&ls yksx ykbu esa [kM+s FksA eSa fiQj HkM+ddj ek¡ ls cksyk] ^^ns[kk esyk] lc yksx lkbu djkus vk, gSaA** ek¡ us /hjs&ls dgk] ^^csVk vc rks vk gh x, gSa] lc Hkxoku ikj djsxkA** eq>s Hkw[k yxh FkhA eSaus ukjk”kxh&Hkjs Loj esa dgk] ^^pyks igys [kkuk [kk,¡xsA** ml vkWfI+kQl dh cxy esa ,d cM+k 'kh'ksnkj dejk FkkA eSaus ek¡ ls dgk] ^^;gk¡ dksbZ ugha gSA ;gha cSBdj [kkuk [kk ysrs gSaA** ek¡ us lC”kh okyh dVksjh fudkydj ns[kk rks og [kjkc gks xbZ FkhA blosQ ckn ek¡ us iwM+h osQ lkFk ued vkSj isM+s [kkus osQ fy, fn,A vHkh ge yksxksa us iwM+h [kkuk 'kq: gh fd;k Fkk fd nks vkneh xsV [kksydj vanj vk x,A eSa vkSj ek¡ ;g ns[kdj Mj x,A mu yksxksa us gekjh euksn'kk Hkk¡i yh vkSj dgus yxs fd vki vkjke ls [kkuk [kkb,A muesa ls ,d lTtu cksys] ^^ek¡ th D;k lkbu djokus vkbZ gSaA** ek¡ us ^gk¡* esa flj fgyk fn;kA fiQj nwljs lTtu cksy iM+s] ^^ek¡ th] D;k cukdj ykbZ gks\ cgqr ulhc okyksa dks ek¡ osQ gkFk dk [kkuk [kkus dks feyrk gSA** mudh ckr lqudj ek¡ cksyha] ^^csVk] ^ek¡* dg jgs gks rks ,d iwM+h esjs gkFk dh rqe Hkh [kk yksA** ;g lqudj os yksx cgqr [kq'k gq,A ek¡ us mUgsa iwM+h osQ lkFk ued vkSj isM+s fn,A os yksx [kkuk ysdj cxy okys dejs esa pys x,A oqQN nsj ckn nksuksa vk, vkSj [kkus dh rkjhI+kQ djrs gq, cksys] ^^ek¡ th] e”kk vk x;kA fdruk Lokfn"V Fkk [kkuk] fdruk vPNk ued FkkA ,slk ued rks thou esa igyh ckj [kk;k gSA** mu yksxksa dh ckrsa lqudj eSa eu&gh&eu cqncqnkus yxk fd ^^ek¡ osQ ikl jgrs gq, dHkh ek¡ dk lEeku ugha fd;kA ek¡ dks igpku ugha ik;kA ,d ;s gSa tks esjh ek¡ dks viuh ek¡ dh rjg lEeku ns jgs gSaA** esjk eu Xykfu ls Hkj x;kA muesa ls ,d lTtu cksys] ^^ek¡ th] ik¡p feuV cSBksA vHkh vk jgk gw¡] vkidk dke eSa djok nw¡xkA** FkksM+h nsj ckn os yksx vk, vkSj ,d I+kQkWeZ Hkjok;kA blosQ ckn ek¡ dks ysdj vkWfI+kQl x, vkSj nl feuV esa lkjk dke djk fn;kA esjs fy, ;g lc fdlh LoIu ls de ugha FkkA ek¡ vkSj eSa cgqr [kq'k FksA ek¡ mu yksxksa dks vk'khokZn ns jgh FkhaA eSaus lkspk fd ek¡ osQ ued esa bruk ne gS fd pqVdh esa gekjk dke gks x;kA ek¡ us mu yksxksa ls dgk] ^^csVk vkius cgqr cM+k ,glku fd;k gSA** bl ij os cksys] ^^ek¡ th] geus vkidk ued [kk;k gSA ge vkiosQ csVs tSls gSaA** ;g lqudj esjk flj 'keZ ls >qd x;kA rc ,glkl gqvk fd ek¡ eq>ls fdruk I;kj djrh gSa vkSj muosQ pj.kksa esa gh esjk LoxZ gSA eSaus mlh fnu r; fd;k fd ¡ vc dHkh ek¡ ls xyr rjhosQ ls ckr ugha d:xkA vc cq”kqxks± dk lEeku djuk esjh vknr dk fgLlk cu x;k gSA okLro eas ek¡ osQ ued us esjh lksp cny nh FkhA vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
25
5
thou ge vfiZr dj tk,¡
iwQyksa tSlh egd yqVk,¡] ge lkjs tx dks egdk,¡A
pkg ;gh ijfgr esa viuk] thou ge vfiZr dj tk,¡A
ge lc uUgs&eqUus cPps] f[kyrh&dfy;k¡] eu osQ lPpsA
eku c<+s ftlls Lons'k dk] dke djsa ge vPNs&vPNsA
ns'k tkfr dh lsok esa ge] Hkwysa Hkwy viuk lq[k tk,¡A
ix&ix iFk ij ik¡o c<+krs] xhr meax&Hkjs xkrs tk,¡A
cks,¡ cht ln~Hkko&Lusg osQ] vkSj I;kj dh ikS/ mxk,¡A
26
pkg ;gh ijfgr eas viuk] thou ge vfiZr dj tk,¡A
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
egd µ [kq'kcw pkg µ bPNk ijfgr µ vkSjksa dh HkykbZ ix&ix µ dne&dne iFk µ jkLrk
meax µ mRlkg ln~Hkko µ vPNh Hkkouk,¡ Lusg µ I;kj vfiZr µ U;ksNkoj
1-
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) cPps viuk thou fdl ij U;ksNkoj djuk pkgrs gSa\ ([k) cPps oSQlk dke djuk pkgrs gSa\ (x) cPps oSQlk xhr xkuk pkgrs gSa\ (?k) cPps eu ls fdl izdkj osQ gksrs gSa\
2- 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dhft,µ ijfgr] vfiZr] uUgs&eqUus] Lons'k] meax] LusgA 1-
lgh mRrj osQ lkeus lgh (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) dfork esa cPps fdldk eku c<+kuk pkgrs gSa\ (v) vius fe=kksa dk (c) vius ekrk&firk dk (l) vius nknk&nknh dk (n) vius ns'k dk ([k) NksVs cPps eu osQ oSQls gksrs gSa\ (v) lPps (c) >wBs (l) dkepksj (n) ykyph
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
27
(x) cPps bl lalkj esa oSQlh ikS/k mxkuk pkgrs gSa\ (v) nq'euh dh (c) I;kj dh (l) uksVkas dh (n) >wB cksyus dh
2-
fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa osQ vFkZ Li"V dhft,µ (d) iwQyksa tSlh egd yqVk,¡] ge lkjs tx dks egdk,¡A ([k) cks,¡ cht ln~Hkko&Lusg osQ] vkSj I;kj dh ikS/ mxk,¡A
3-
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ (d) cPps iwQy D;ksa cuuk pkgrs gSa\ ([k) cPps iFk ij ik¡o vkxs c<+krs gq, D;k dj jgs gSa\ (x) cPps viuk lq[k dc Hkwyuk pkgrs gSa\
1-
js[kk
28
[khapdj fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks muosQ lekukFkZd 'kCnksa ls feykb,µ egd nqfu;k tx [kq'kcw meax iSj ik¡o [kq'kh thou jkLrk iFk f”kanxh Lusg NksVk ikS/k ikS/ izse Hkko vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
2-
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foijhr vFkZ okys 'kCn fyf[k,µ (Ä) [kq'k X (d) [kq'kcw X ([k) nsuk X (p) [kq'kh X (x) NksVs X (N) Lusg X (?k) lPps X (t) thuk X
1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ fy, dfork esa ls <¡w<+dj fozQ;k 'kCn fyf[k,µ (x) xhr (d) tx dks ([k) ik¡o (?k) ikS/
2- lwph esa ls Nk¡Vdj izR;sd okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ fons'kh] iz'kaluh;] cs'kdherh] ns'kHkDr] vfrfFk (d) tks vR;f/d eg¡xk gks µ ([k) tks ns'k dh lsok djrk gks µ (x) tks fons'k esa jgrk gks µ (?k) ftlosQ vkus dh frfFk Kkr u gks µ (Ä) tks iz'kalk djus osQ ;ksX; gks µ
uhps [kkyh LFkku esa vius ns'k dk >aMk cukdj jax Hkfj,µ
vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&5
29