Doublew Education Alankar Hindi Reader - 8 (Ch 1-5) by Doublew Education

(Text-cum-Workbook) ys[kd MkWú egs'k HkVukxj ,eú,ú ih&,púMh (fganh)

MkWú jek ik.Ms

,eú,ú] ih&,púMhú (fganh)

izkDdFku Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls ge vius fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djrs gSaA tUe ls gh f'k'kq fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa Hkk"kk ls tqM+us yxrk gSA laosQrksa vkSj èofu fo'ks"k ls ekuo dk ifjp; ekSf[kd Hkk"kk ls gksus yxrk gSA fon~;ky; esa Nk=k fofHkUu izdkj osQ Hkk"kk;h dkS'ky_ tSlsµlquuk] cksyuk] i<+uk&fy[kuk ls u osQoy voxr gksrk gS_ cfYd /hjs&/hjs muesa fodkl dj fln~/gLr izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA vkt fganh u osQoy jk"Vªh; vfirq varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkh yksdfiz; curh tk jgh gSA blfy, fganh fo"k; ij vkSj vf/d dk;Z djus dh vko';drk gSA ^^vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd** Ük`a[kyk dks d{kk 1 ls 8 rd mi;qZDr ckrksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls è;ku esa j[kdj cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA vf/d&ls&vf/d Hkk"kk dk 'kqn~/ iz;ksx] ljy ,oa jkspd izlaxksa dk p;u] 'kCn iz;ksx osQ fu;e] vU; Hkk"kkvksa osQ 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx rFkk vU; Hkk"kkvksa dk fganh Hkk"kk ij izHkko vkfn ls ikBdksa dks ifjfpr djk;k x;k gSA iqLrdksa esa jkspd dgkfu;k¡] dfork,¡] ukVd] fp=kdFkk] fxurh] O;kdj.k ls lacaf/r vH;kl iz'u rFkk ikB;sRrj xfrfof/;k¡ u osQoy cPpksa osQ vkd"kZ.k dk osaQnz gSa_ cfYd muesa fganh Hkk"kk dh fofo/rk vkSj fo'ks"krk dks le>dj mlls izse djus osQ fy, ,d fof'k"V ekè;e dk dk;Z djrh gSaA izLrqr ikB~;iqLrd osQ lkFk vH;kl iqfLrdk dk lfEefyr :i gS ftlesa vH;kl osQ fy, Hkjiwj lkexzh lekfgr gSA gekjk iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd vki lcdks gekjk iz;kl jkspd vkSj vkd"kZd yxsxkA vkils fouez fuosnu gS fd iqLrd esa lq/kj gsrq gekjk ekxZn'kZu dj] gesa vf/d liQyrk vftZr djus esa viuk vewY; lg;ksx nsaA µizdk'kd

Øe la[;k

ikB~;Øe 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

i`"B la[;k

t; tu Hkkjr eksgu dk nq[k ppk NDdu us dsys [kjhns le; fu;kstu d̀".k dh psrkouh lar rqdkjke lkglh ckyd ^gsUl* gkWdh dk tknwxj

07 10 15 22 26 30 37 41

i`"B la[;k

Øe la[;k

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

ljdj dk flag f'k{kk D;k fujk'k gqvk tk,\ ihM+k ikuh dh iaFk dh pgpku e/kqj opu vkSj e`nqy eqLdku psru dh ohjrk nks cSyksa dh dFkk

i`"B la[;k ujHkf{k.kh ckf?ku dk f'kdkj ijh{kk igkM+ iq#"k yks fQj vk xbZ ijh{kk Xykscy okfe±x ,d VksdjhHkj feV~Vh tks eSa ugha cu ldk [kjk balku + vkSj jksVh vktknh iBu ds fy, lar f'kjksef.k vkpk;ZJh fon~;klkxj th egkjkt

Øe la[;k

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

86 90 93 98 103 108 112 116 122 126

45 49 54 60 65 68 72 75

ikB&fooj.k ikB ikB dk dk uke uke

fo/k

Hkk"kk;h ;ksX;rk@O;kdj.k dkS'ky

thou dkS'ky

i`"B la[;k

t; tu Hkkjr

dfork

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] iafDr iwjh djks] rqdkar 'kCn] V&oxZ osQ o.kZ] foykse 'kCn] 'kqn~/&v'kqn~/A

lHkh esa ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk gksuh pkfg,A

eksgu dk nq[k

,dkadh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fdlus&fdlls dgk\] lgh feyku djks] fozQ;k] okD; iz;ksx] fozQ;k 'kCn] vuqLokj vuqukfld] foykse 'kCnA

m¡Qp&uhp dh Hkkouk iSnk u gksus nsaA

ppk NDdu us osQys [kjhns

dgkuh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fjDr LFkku iwfrZ] fdlus dgk\] fdlls dgk\] okD; iz;ksx] eqgkojs] foykse 'kCnA

le; fu;kstu

ys[k

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fjDr LFkku] i;kZ;okph] izR;; 'kCn] eqgkojs] foykse 'kCnA

izR;sd dke le; ij djsaA

5- o`Q".k dh psrkouh

dfork

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] iafDr iwjh djsa] leku rqd okys 'kCn] okD;ka'k] vyx&vyx vFkZ okys 'kCn] foijhrkFkZd 'kCnA

fdlh dk gd u Nhusa

6- lar rqdkjke

dgkuh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fjDr LFkku] vuqLokj@vuqukfld] Hkkookpd laKk] lgh feyku djks] 'kqn~/&v'kqn~/] foykse 'kCnA

nwljksa dh HkykbZ gh ije /eZ gSA

7- lkglh ckyd ^gsUl*

dgkuh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fjDr LFkku] okD; iz;ksx] okD; cnyks] foykse 'kCn] 'kqn~/&v'kqn~/A

fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa lkgl u NksM+s

8- gkWdh dk tknwxj

thouh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih; iz'u] iz'u@mRrj] dkjd fpg~u fo'ks"k.k] fojke fpg~u] o.kZ&foPNsn] foykse 'kCnA

[ksyuk ,d vPNk O;k;ke gS

9- ljdl dk flag

dfork

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj iafDr;ksa osQ vFkZ fy[kks] i;kZ;okph] fyax cnyks] opu cnyks] 'kqn~/&v'kqn~/A

tkuojksa ij vR;kpkj u djsa

10- f'k{kk

dgkuh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fdlus&fdlls dgk\ foykse 'kCn] o.kks± dk iz;ksx dj u, 'kCn cukvks] laKk 'kCn Nk¡Vks] 'kqn~/&v'kqn~/] vuqLokj vuqukfldA

xq#vksa dk lnk lEeku djsa

11- D;k fujk'k gqvk tk,\

dgkuh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fjDr LFkku] lgh feyku] okD;ka'k] foykse 'kCn] JqfrfHkUukFkZd 'kCnA

fujk'k u gksdj fgEer j[ksa

12- ihM+k ikuh dh

vkRek

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fjDr LFkku] loZuke] fyax cnyks] milxZ yxk,¡] ewy 'kCn o izR;; vyx djsa] 'kqn~/&v'kqn~/A

ikuh vewY; gS] bls O;FkZ u djsa

ikB dk uke

fo/k

Hkk"kk;h ;ksX;rk@O;kdj.k dkS'ky

thou dkS'ky

i`"B la[;k

13- iaFk dh igpku

dfork

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] iafDr iwjh djks] opu] fo'ks"k.kA

thou dh jkg esa lgh ekxZ pqusa

14- e/qj opu vkSj e`nqy eqLdku

dgkuh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fjDr LFkku] izR;; Nk¡Vks] Hkkookpd laKk] okD; cukvks] foykse 'kCnA

ehBk cksyks o psgjs ij eqLdku j[kks

15- psrd dh ohjrk

dfork

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] dfork dh iafDr iwjh djks] lekukFkhZ] i;kZ;okph] orZuh lq/kfj,A

ns'kHkfDr dk Hkko lHkh esa gksrk gS

16- nks cSyksa dh dFkk

dgkuh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fdlus&fdlls dgk] eqgkojs] o.kZ&foPNsn] ;kstd 'kCn] foykse 'kCnA

dHkh&dHkh tkuoj Hkh ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa tSls gks tkrs gSaA

17- ujHkf{k.kh ckf?ku dk f'kdkj

dgkuh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fjDr&LFkku] lekukFkhZ] Hkkookpd] varj Li"V djksA

taxyh tkuojksa dk f'kdkj dHkh&dHkh lgh Hkh jgrk gSA muosQ izfr n;kHkko j[kuk pkfg,A

18- ijh{kk

dfork

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fjDr&LFkku] lekukFkhZ] Hkkookpd] varj Li"V djks dfork dh iafDr;k¡ iwjh dhft,A

ijh{kk dh rS;kjh le; fu;kstu djosQ djks

19- igkM+ iq#"k

dgkuh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] rqdkar 'kCn] ^j* osQ fofHkUu :i] u, 'kCn cukvks] 'kqn~/&v'kqn~/A

;fn eu esa Bku ysa rks oqQN Hkh vlaHko ugha

20- yks fiQj vk xbZ ijh{kk

ys[k

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] foykse 'kCn] eqgkojksa] ewy 'kCn vkSj izR;; vyx djsa] vuqLokj vuqukfldA

ijh{kk dh rS;kjh lgh <ax ls djus osQ rjhosQ o muls ykHk mBk,¡

21- Xykscy okfe±x

ys[k

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] 'kCnksa dk feyku] vuqLokj vuqukfld] fjDr LFkku] ^j* dk iz;ksxA

izo`Qfr dk laj{k.k djsaA

103

dgkuh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih;] iz'u@mRrj] fdlus] fdlls dgk\] opu] eqgkojk] i;kZ;okph] 'kqn~/&v'kqn~/A

vgadkj ugha djuk pkfg,A

108

ys[k

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] iz'u@mRrj] vk'k;] fjDr LFkku iwfrZ] opu] rRle&rn~HkoA

vfoLej.kh; cpiuA

112

24- [kjk balku

dgkuh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih; iz'u] iz'u@mRrj] fdlus] fdlls dgk\] fo'ks"k.k] eqgkojkA

ijksidkj loZJs"B /eZ gSA

116

25- vk”kknh vkSj jksVh

dgkuh

'kCnkFkZ] ekSf[kd dk;Z] cgqfodYih; iz'u] iz'u@mRrj] fjDr LFkku iwfrZ] fojke&fpg~u] lekukFkhZd 'kCn] 'kqn~/&v'kqn~/] foykse 'kCnA

Lora=krk lw[kh jksVh gh Hkyh gksrh gSA

122

iBu osQ fy,

126

22- ,d Vksdjh Hkj feV~Vh 23- tks eSa ugha cu ldk

lar f'kjksef.k vkpk;ZJh fon~;klkxj th egkjkt

thouh

t; tu Hkkjr

t; tu Hkkjr] t; tu vfHker vfHker tu x.kra=k fo/krkA xkSjo Hkky fgekpy mTToy] ân; gkj xaxktyA dfV foa foaè;kpy fla/q pj.k ry efgek 'kk'or xkrkA gjs [ksr ygjsa un&fu>Zj thou 'kksHkk moZj fo'o deZjr dksfV ckgqdj] vxf.kr in /qzoiFk ijA izFke lH;rk Kkrk] lkeèofur xq lkeèofur xq.k xkrk] lkeèofur xq t; uo&ekuork fuekZrk] lR; vfgalk nkrkA t; gs] t; gs ] t; gs! 'kkafr vf/"Bkrk r vf/"Bkrk] r vf/"Bkrk]] t; x.kra=k fo/krk!

vfHker Hkky dfV 'kk'or

µ µ µ µ

Lohdkj fd;k x;k eLrd dej lnk] fujarj

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

µlqfe=kkuanu iar

moZj µ mitkmQ /zqoiFk µ vVy ekxZ lkeèofur µ lkeosn dh ½pkvksa ls xqaftr vf/"Bkrk µ LFkkfir djus okyk

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dhft,µ mTToy] foaè;kpy] 'kk'or] un&fu>Zj] deZjr] vxf.kr] lkeèofur] vf/"BkrkA

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) dfork fdlosQ fo"k; esa fy[kh xbZ gS\ ([k) dfork esa fdldh efgek xkbZ tk jgh gS\ (x) x.kra=k fo/krk dkSu&lk ns'k gS\

lgh mRrj osQ lkeus (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) Hkkjr dk flj xkSjo ls fdlus mQij mBk j[kk (v) fgeky; us (l) (v) vkSj (c) nksuksa us ([k) ân; gkj osQ :i esa fdls crk;k x;k gS\ (v) ;equk ty dks (l) dkosjh ty dks (x) yxkrkj >j&>j djosQ dkSu cg jgh gS\ (v) gok (l) vkok”ksa

dfork dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;k¡ iwjh dhft,µ gjs [ksr thou ckgqdj] iFk ijA izFke lH;rk Kkrk] t; uo&

gS\

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

rqdkar (d) ([k) (x)

'kCn fyf[k,µ fo/krk µ mTToy µ fu>Zj µ

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ (d) Hkkjr osQ Hkky dh rqyuk fgeky; ls D;ksa dh xbZ gS\ ([k) Hkkjr osQ dksfV ckgq fdlosQ fgr esa yxs gq, gSa\ (x) /zqoiFk ij pyus dk ykHk crkb,\ (?k) uo&ekuork fuekZrk dkSu gS\ (Ä) dgk¡ lnk vfgalk dk jkT; jgk gS\

fganh osQ O;atu o.kks± dks vyx&vyx ik¡p oxks± esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ (d) doxZ ([k) poxZ (?k) roxZ (Ä) ioxZ

(?k) ckgqdj µ (Ä) xkrk µ (p) vf/"Bkrk µ

(x) VoxZ

1- VoxZ osQ o.kks± dk mPpkj.k gSµV] B] M] <] .k] M+] <A bu o.kks± ls cus nks&nks 'kCn fyf[k,µ (Ä) .k µ (d) V µ ([k) B µ (p) <+ µ (x) M µ (N) M+ µ (?k) < µ

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ (d) thruk X ([k) Lora=k X (x) lkI+kQ X (?k) thou X

(Ä) (p) (N) (t)

izFke lR; vfgalk 'kkafr

fuEufyf[kr v'kqn~/ 'kCn dks 'kqn~/ fyf[k,µ (d) lksHkk µ ([k) v/h'Bkrk µ (x) fca/;kpy µ (?k) uhjekrk µ

(Ä) (p) (N) (t)

vefgalk µ fgepky µ mttoy µ x.kra=k µ

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

X X X X

2 ik=k % eksgu] ck] mdk

eksgu dk nq[k n`'; % ,d

(eksgu osQ gkFk esa iwtk dh FkkyhA ck oqQN cqncqnkrh gq gqb±A os eap osQ ,d fdukjs ls nwljs fdukjs rd ckrsa djrs gq, pyrs tkrs gSaA) eksgu % ck] rqEgsa eafnj tkdj D;k feyrk gS\ ck % feyrk D;k --- Hkxoku osQ n'kZuA eu ifo=k gksrk gSA rw vanj pydj rks ns[k fdruh 'kkafr feyrh gSA (eksgu dks Bksdj yxrh gSA og l¡Hkyrk gSA) ck % ns[kdj py] csVkA vHkh iwtk dh Fkkyh fxj tkrh rks eSa iwtk oSQls djrh\ eksgu % eSa fxj Hkh tkrk rks Hkh iwtk dh Fkkyh fxjus ugha nsrkA (#ddj) ek¡] D;k iwtk fcuk Fkkyh osQ ugha gks ldrh\ ck % (fp<+dj) iwtk dh Fkkyh ugha gksxh rks iwtk dkgs ls gksxh\ eksgu % eu ls] ckA eSa Hkh jke dk uke eu ls gh ysrk Fkk vkSj v¡èksjs esa mQij igq¡p tkrk FkkA esjs ikl Fkkyh FkksM+s gh gksrh FkhA fcuk eu yxk, i<+kbZ ugha gksrh rks iwtk&ikB oSQls gks ldrk gS\ ekLVj th ns[krs gSa eu yxkdj dke fd;k ;k ugha] rks Hkxoku th ugha ns[krs gksaxs! (ck ea=k ”kksj&”kksj ls i<+us yxhaA eafnj ikl vkrs gh eksgu fBBd x;kA) ck % #d D;ksa x;k js\ py vanj] n'kZu dj ys! eksgu % rqe gks vkvksA eSa ;gha [kM+k gw¡A ck % (#vk¡lh vkok”k esa) rwus ck dh ckr ekuuk NksM+ fn;k D;k\

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

eksgu % ck] rqe dgksxh rks eSa pyk pyw¡xkA ij esjk eu ugha djrkA cncw vkrh gSA txg&txg xanxh osQ <sjA ck] rqe lp crkvks] ge ,sls ?kj esa jg ldrs gSa\ fiQj bl xanxh esa Hkxoku oSQls jgrs gksaxs\ ugha ck] Hkxoku ogk¡ jg gh ugha ldrsA ck % jks”k] rw ;gh lc csflj&iSj dh ckrsa lksp&lkspdj ykrk gSA rsjs lkFk dkSu >d ekjsA

n`'; % nks

(mdk vkSj eksgu eap ij cSBs gSaA mdk osQ ikl >kM™+ vkSj iatk j[ks gSaA) mdk % eksgu ckcw] ck cgqr vPNh gSaA os rqEgsa bruk I;kj djrh gSaA rqe mudh ckr D;ksa ugha ekurs\ eksgu % igys rks rqe ;g crkvks fd rqe eq>s eksgu ckcw D;ksa dgrs gks\ eSa rqEgsa mdk dgrk gw¡] rqe eq>s eksgu dgksA vc crkvks] eSaus ck dh dkSu&lh ckr ugha ekuh\ mdk % ck ftl dke dks euk djrh gSa rqe mls D;ksa djrs gks\ eksgu % mdk] ck esjh ek¡ gSaA eSa muosQ fcuk ugha jg ldrk] fiQj mudh ckr eSa oSQls Vky ldrk gw¡! mdk % ugha HkS;k] rqe Vkyrs gksA nhoku lkgc dks irk pysxk rks os fdrus ukjk”k gksaxsA rqe eq>ls dgrs gks fd eSa rqEgkjk uke ysdj iqdk:A rq ¡ Egkjs lkFk [ksyw¡A rqEgkjs lkFk [kkm¡QA ;g oSQls gks ldrk gS\ rqe eq>s Nwrs gksA eksgu % rks\ mdk % ge rqEgkjh iztk gSaA gesa Nwuk iki gSA dbZ ckj ck rqEgsa cjtrh gSaA nq[kh gksrh gSaA ck dk nq[kh gksuk vPNk ugha yxrkA eksgu % (nq[kh gksdj) mdk] rqe esjs nksLr gks] lkFkh gksA ge lkFk&lkFk [ksys] cM+s gq,A tSls eSa ck dks ugha NksM+ ldrk] ,sls rqEgsa ugha NksM+ ldrkA rqEgkjh ek¡ esjh ek¡ ugha gSa\ mdk % eksgu HkS;k] ;g rqEgkjs fy, gh iki ugha] gekjs fy, Hkh gSA gesa Hkh vius /je&dje ls gVkus dk iki rqEgsa yxsxkA esjh ck dgrh gSa fd gekjh ijNkb± ls rqe yksxksa dk /je fcxM+ tkrk gSA esjh ck dks nhoku dh ck dg pqdh gSa fd mdk cgqr vPNk gS ij mls ns[kdj esjk eksgu ixyk tkrk gSA ek¡ dg jgh Fkha rw ogk¡ er tk;k djA vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

(eksgu pqi jgrk gSA ,d ckj mdk dh rjI+kQ ns[krk gS] fiQj mldk gkFk idM+ ysrk gSA og NqM+krk gSA) eksgu % mdk] eSa ugha tkurk fd esjh ck us rsjh ck ls D;k dgk] ij rw esjk nksLr gSA cM+s HkS;k osQ nksLr ?kj esa vkrs gSaA lc oqQN Nwr gSaA ck oqQN ugha dgrhaA esjs nksLr rqe gks] rqe esjs lkFk esjs ?kj vkvksxsA mdk % rqe D;ksa ugha le>rs] ge uhp gSaA eksgu % ;g rqels fdlus dgk\ uhp os gSa tks I;kj dks ugha le>rsA eSa ck ls dg pqdk gw¡A mdk dks Nwus] mlosQ lkFk [ksyus esa eSa iki ugha ekurkA vkneh&vkneh dks Nwus esa oSQlk iki\ mdk % eksgu HkS;k ---- rqe ck dk fny er nq[kk;k djksA os gesa cgqr I;kj djrh gSaA eksgu % (xyk Hkj vkrk gS) ugha HkS;k] eSa u ek¡ dk fny nq[kkuk pkgrk gw¡] u rqEgkjkA ij eSa fdruk vHkkxk gw¡ fd eSa lcdks nq[k nsus osQ vykok oqQN ugha dj ikrkA ck eafnj pyus dks dgrh gSaA ogk¡ dh xanxh esa ik¡o iM+ tkrk gS rks ek¡ ugkus dks ugha dgrhaA rqEgsa Nw nsrk gw¡ rks ckyVh Hkjdj ikuh Mkys fcuk ?kj esa ugha ?kqlus nsrha] fiQj nq[kh gksrh gSaA mUgsa ;g Hkh xyr yxrk gSA eq>s lc oqQN xyr yxrk gSA (#ddj) rqe Hkh eq>s xyr le>rs gksA (mdk eksgu dks lkaRouk nsus osQ fy, mldh rjI+kQ c<+rk gS] ysfdu fBBd tkrk gSA eksgu vkxs c<+dj mls xys yxk ysrk gSA)

cqncqnkuk µ /hjs&/hjs cksyuk n'kZu µ eqykdkr cjtrh µ euk djrh

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dhft,µ v¡/sjk] n'kZu] izLFkku] ijNkb±] lkaRouk] ifo=k] fBBdA

vHkkxk µ cnfdLer lkaRouk µ rlYyh

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) eksgu ^ck* fdls dgrk gS\ ([k) ck jks”kkuk dgk¡ tkrh gSa\ (x) ^mdk* fdldk uke gS\

lgh mRrj osQ lkeus (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) ck jks”k dgk¡ tkrh gSa\ (v) ikoZQ (l) ck”kkj ([k) eksgu D;k fxjus ugha nsrk\ (v) >aMk (l) [kkus dh Fkkyh (x) eksgu dks cncw dgk¡ vkrh gS\ (v) eafnj esa (l) d{kk esa

fdlus (d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä)

fuEufyf[kr dk mudh èofu;ksa ls lgh feyku dhft,µ >juk Vu&Vu gok pe&pe jsy xM+&xM+ ?kM+h lk¡;&lk¡; ckny >j&>j fctyh fVd&fVd ?kaVh Nqd&Nqd

dgk\] fdlls dgk\ fdlus dgk\ ^êu ifo=k gksrk gSA** ^êk¡] D;k fcuk Fkkyh osQ iwtk ugha gks ldrhA** ^^#d D;ksa x;k js\** ^ûgha HkS;k] rqe Vkyrs gksA** ^^mdk cgqr vPNk gS ij mls ns[kdj esjk eksgu ikxy gks tkrk gSA**

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

fdlls dgk\

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) ck eksgu dh fdl ckr ls fp<+rh Fkha\ ([k) ck us mdk dh ek¡ ls D;k dgk\ (x) mdk dks eksgu dh dkSu&lh ckr ilan ugha Fkh\ (?k) mdk dh ek¡ us mdk dks dgk¡ rFkk D;ksa tkus ls euk fd;k\

(Ä) ck oSQlh lksp dh efgyk Fkha\

1- ^fozQ;k* ,d ,slk 'kCn gksrk gS ftlls fdlh dke osQ gksus ;k djus dk cks/ gksrk gS_ tSlsµc<+uk] owQnuk] cksyuk vkfnA

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ^uk* tksM+dj fozQ;k 'kCn cukb,µ (d) gV µ (p) ns[k ([k) #d µ (N) >qd (x) py µ (t) yM+ (?k) cksy µ (>) dj (Ä) fy[k µ (×k) vM+

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk vius okD;ksa eas iz;ksx dhft,µ (d) Hkxoku µ ([k) NqvkNwr µ (x) 'kkafr µ (?k) I;kj µ (Ä) lkaRouk µ

µ µ µ µ µ

3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fozQ;k 'kCn dks js[kkafdr dhft,µ (d) Hkxoku lc ns[krs gSaA ([k) eq>s lc oqQN xyr yxrk gSA (x) eSa rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyw¡A (?k) os gesa I;kj djrh gSaA (Ä) esjs gh lkFk pyksA 4-

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa mfpr LFkku ij vuqLokj (µa ) vuqukfld (µ¡ ) yxkb,µ (?k) v/sjs µ (d) lHkyrh µ ([k) efnj µ (Ä) ek µ (x) xnxh µ (p) itk µ vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

s [kjhns ppk NDdu us dys

,d ckr eSa 'kq: esa gh dg nw¡A bl ?kVuk dk o.kZu djus ls esjh bPNk ;g gjfx”k ugha gS fd blls ppk NDdu osQ LoHkko osQ ftl vax ij çdk'k iM+rk gS] mlosQ lacaèk esa vki dksbZ LFkk;h jk; fuèkkZfjr dj ysaA dbZ ckj eSa [kqn ns[k pqdk gw¡ fd 'kke osQ oDr ppk NDdu ck”kkj ls dpkSfj;k¡ ;k x¡M+sfj;k¡ ;k fpyxks”ks vkSj ew¡xiQfy;k¡ ,d cM+s&ls :eky esa ck¡èkdj ?kj ij lcosQ fy, ys vk, gSaA vkSj fiQj D;k cM+k vkSj D;k NksVk] lcesa cjkcj&cjkcj ck¡Vdj [kkrs&f[kykrs jgs gSaA ij ml jks”k vYykg tkus D;k ckr gqbZ fd----! + ls ppk NDdu vkSj fcanks osQ flok; dksbZ Hkh ?kj esa ekStwn u ml jks”k rhljs igj osQ oDr bRRiQkd FkkA ehj eqa'kh lkgc dh iRuh dks cq[kkj FkkA pph nksigj osQ [kkus ls fuo`r gksdj muosQ ;gk¡ pyh xbZ FkhaA fcUuksa dks ?kj NksM+s tk jgh Fkha fd ppk us dgk] ^^chekj dks ns[kus tk jgh gks rks 'kke osQ igys Hkyk D;k ykSVuk gksxk\ cPph ihNs ?kcjk,xhA lkFk ys tkvks] ogk¡ cPpksa esa [ksydj cgyh jgsxhA** pph cM+cM+krh gqbZ fcUuks dks lkFk ys xb±] ukSdj pph dks ehj eqa'kh lkgc osQ ?kj rd igq¡pkus Hkj tk jgk Fkk] exj fcUuks lkFk dj nh xbZ rks cPph osQ fy, mls Hkh ogk¡ Bgjuk iM+kA yYyw osQ enjls dk Mhú,úohú LowQy ls fØosQV dk eSp FkkA og lqcg ls mèkj x;k gqvk FkkA eksns dh jk; esa yYyw viuh Vhe dk lcls vPNk f[kykM+h gSaA viuh bl jk; dh cnkSyr mls vdlj fØosQV eSpksa dk n'kZd cuus dk ekSdk fey tkrk gSA blfy, lkèkkj.k fu;ekuqlkj vkt Hkh og yYyw dh vjnyh esa FkkA nks cts ls flusek dk eSfVuh 'kks FkkA nn~nw ppk ls b”kk”kr ysdj rek'kk ns[kus tk jgk FkkA NqV~Vu dks irk yxk fd nn~nw rek'ks esa tk jgk gS] rks ,su oDr ij og epy x;k vkSj lkFk tkus dh ftn djus yxkA ppk us mldh i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ osQ fo"k; esa pph dk gokyk nsµnsdj ,d NksVk foaQrq fopkjiw.kZ Hkk"k.k nsrs gq, mls Hkh vuqefr ns nhA ckr vly ;g gS fd pph dgha feyus osQ fy, xbZ gksa] rks ckdh yksxksa dks ckgj tkus osQ fy, b”kk”kr ysuk dfBu ugha gksrkA ,sls Lo.kZ voljksa ij ppk iw.kZ ,dkar ilan djrs gSaA ftu dk;ks± dh vksj cgqr le; ls è;ku nsus dk volj ugha feyk gksrk] ,sls le; ppk <w¡<+&<w¡<+dj mudh vksj è;ku nsrs gSaA vkt mudh fØ;k'khy cqn~f/ us pph dh vuqifLFkfr esa ?kj osQ reke ihry osQ cjru vk¡xu esa tek dj fy, FksA fcanks dks ck”kkj Hkstdj nks iSls dh beyh e¡xkbZ FkhA vk¡xu esa eks<+k Mkydj cSB x, FksA ik¡o eks<+s osQ Åij j[ks gq, FksA gqDosQ dk uSpk eq¡g ls yxk gqvk FkkA O;fDrxr fuxjkuh esa ihry osQ cjruksa dh liQkbZ dh O;oLFkk gks jgh FkhA fcanks us oqQN dgs fcuk beyh yksVs esa fHkxks nhA ppk esa vfHkeku ls larks"k dk çn'kZu fd;kA ^^oSQlh crkbZ rjdhc\ ys vc ckophZ[kkus esa tkdj cjru ek¡tus dh FkksM+h&lh jk[k ys vkA fdl cjru esa yk,xk Hkyk\** fcanks vHkh ckophZ[kkus ls jk[k yk Hkh u ik;k Fkk fd njokts ij ,d iQyokys us vkokt yxkbZA dydfr;k osQ cspus vk;k FkkA mldh vkokt lqudj oqQN nsj rd rks ppk [kkeks'k Fks cSBs gqDdk ihrs jgsA d'k vycRrk tYnh&tYnh yxk jgs FksA ekywe gksrk Fkk ] fnekx esa fdlh fdLe dh d'ked'k tkjh gSA tc vkok”k ls ekywe gqvk fd iQyokyk okil tk jgk gS] rks tSls cscl&ls gks x,A fcanks dks vkok”k nhµ^^”kjk tkdj nsf[k;ks rks] osQys fdl fglkc ls nsrk gSA** vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

fcanks us okil vkdj crk;k] ^^Ng vkus n”kZuA** ^^Ng vkus n”kZu] rks D;k eryc gqvk] pkSchl iSls osQ ckjgA ckjg nwuh pkSchl] ;kuh nks iSls dk ,d] Å¡gw¡ ] eg¡xs gSaA tkdj dg] rhu osQ nks nsrk gks] rks ns tk,A** nks feuV ckn fcanks us vkdj crk;k fd og eku x;k vkSj fdrus osQys ysus gSa] iwN jgk gSA iQyokyk vklkuh ls lger gks x;k rks ppk dh fu;r esa [kksV vk x;hA ^^;kuh rhu iSls osQ nks\ D;k [;ky gS] eg¡xs ugha bl Hkko ij\** fcanks cksyk] ^^vc rks mlls Hkko dk iSQlyk gks x;kA** ^^rks fdlh vnkyr dk iSQlyk gS fd brus gh Hkko ij osQys fy, tk,¡\ ge rks rhu vkus n”kZu ysaxs]

nsrk gS ns] ugha nsrk gS u nsA og vius ?kj [kq'k] ge vius ?kj [kq'kA** fcanks vleatl dh n'kk esa [kM+k jgkA ppk cksysµ^^vc tkdj dg Hkh rks lgh] eku tk,xkA** fcanks tkus ls drjk jgk FkkA cksyk] ^^vki [kqn dg nhft;sA** ppk us tokc esa vk¡[ksa iQkM+dj fcanks dks ?kwjkA og cspkjk Mj x;k] exj ogha [kM+k jgkA ppk dks mldk vleatl esa iM+uk fdlh gn rd mfpr ekywe gqvkA mls roZQ dk jkLrk le>kus yxs] ^^rw tkdj ;w¡ dg] fe;k¡ us rhu vkus osQ n”kZu gh dgs Fks] eSaus vkdj xyr Hkko dg fn;kA rhu vkus n”kZu nsus gks rks ns tkA** fcanks fny dM+k djosQ pyk x;kA ppk tkurs Fks] Hkko Bgjkdj eqdj tkus ij osQys okyk 'kksj epk,xkA ckgj fudyuk ;qfDriw.kZ u ekywe gksrk FkkA ncs ik¡o vanj x, vkSj dejs dh tks f[kM+dh M~;ks<+h esa [kqyrh Fkh mldk iV ”kjk&lk [kksydj ckgj >k¡dus yxsA iQyokyk xje gks jgk Fkk] ^^vki gh rks Hkko Bgjk;k vkSj

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

vc vki gh tcku ls fiQj x,A cgkuk ukSdj dh Hkwy dk] tSls ge le> ugha ldrsA ;k csbZekuh] rsjk gh vkljk!** fcanks xjhc pqi djosQ [kM+k FkkA iQyokyk cdrk&>drk [kksapk mBk pyus yxkA fcanks Hkh vanj vkus dks eqM+ x;kA og njok”ks rd igq¡pus u ik;k Fkk fd iQyokyk #d x;kA [kksapk mrkjdj cksyk] ^^fdrus ysus gSa\** fcanks vanj vk;k rks ppk eks<+s ij cSBs tSls fdlh fopkj esa rYyhu gqDdk ih jgs FksA pkSaddj cksys] ^^eku x;k\ ge dgrs Fks u eku tk,xkA ge rks bu yksxksa dh ul&ul ls okfdiQ gSaA rks oSQ osQys ysus equkflc gksaxs\** ppk us m¡xfy;ksa osQ iksjksa ij fxu&fxudj fglkc yxk;kµge vki] NqV~Vu dh ek¡] yYyw ]nn~nw ]fcUuks vkSj NqV~VuA xks;k Ng] Ng nwuh D;k gqvk\ [kqnk rsjk Hkyk djs] ckjgA ;kuh ,d n”kZuA izR;sd vkneh nks osQys cgqr gksaxsA iQy ls isV rks Hkjk ugha tkrkA eq¡g dk Lokn cnyk tkrk gSaA ij nsf[k;ks] nks&rhu xqPNs ysdj vanj vkuk] ge vki mlesa ls vPNs&vPNs osQys Nk¡V ysaxsA iQyokys us f'kdk;r dh lnk yxkrs gq, osQyksa osQ xqPNs vanj Hkst fn,A ppk us osQyksa dks nck&nckdj ns[kk] mudh fpfÙk;ksa dk vè;;u fd;k vkSj n”ku Hkj vyx fd,A osQys okyk ckdh osQys ysdj cM+cM+krk gqvk fonk gks x;kA ppk us Çcnks dh vksj #[k fd;k] ^^ys] bUgsa [kkus dh Mfy;k esa fgiQk”kr ls j[k nsA jkr osQ [kkus ij ykdj j[kukA vkSj ”kYnh ls vkdj cjru ek¡tus osQ fy, jk[k ykA cM+k le; u"V gks x;k bl lkSns esaA** fcanks osQys vanj j[k vk;k vkSj ckophZ[kkus ls jk[k ykdj cjru ek¡tus yxkA ^^;w¡------ ”kjk tksj lsA gk¡] rkfd cjru ij jxM+ iM+sA bl rjg ihry osQ cjru lkI+kQ djus osQ fy, ”k:jr bl ckr dh gksrh gS fd beyh osQ ç;ksx ls igys cjruksa dks ,d ckj [kwc vPNh rjg ek¡tdj lkI+kQ dj fy;k tk,A ,sls lc cjruksa dh lI+kQkbZ osQ fy, beyh fugk;r yk”kokc uqL[kk gSA fxjg esa ck¡èk j[kA fdlh jks”k dke vk,xkA vkSj ihry gh dk D;k f”kØ\ èkkrq osQ lHkh lkeku beyh ls ned mBrs gSaA vHkh&vHkh rw vki nsf[k;ks fd bu dkys&dkys cjruksa dh lwjr D;k fudy vkrh gS\ gk¡] vkSj og] eSaus dgkµosQys ,gfr;kr ls j[k fn, gSa u\ ------ ;w¡ cl e¡t x;kA vc jxM+ ml ij beyhA bl rjgA ns[k] eSy fdl rjg dVrk gS] oSQlh ped vkrh tk jgh gSA ;g beyh lpeqp cM+h ph”k gSA exj fcanks] esjs HkkbZ] tjk mfB;ks rksA mu osQyksa esa ls tks nks gekjs fgLls osQ gSa] gesa yk nhft;ksA ge rks vHkh gh [kk, ysrs gSa] ckdh yksx tc vk,¡xs] viuk&viuk fgLlk [kkrs jgsaxsA fcanks us mBdj nks osQys yk fn,A ppk us eks<+s ij mdM™+¡ cSBs&cSBs iSarjk cnyk vkSj osQyksa dks FkksM+k&FkksM+k Nhyuk vkSj ets ls [kkuk 'kq: fd;kA ^^vPNs gSa osQys] cl ;w¡ gh ”kjk tksj ls gkFk] bl rjgA NqV~Vu dh vEek¡ ns[ksaxh rks le>saxh] vkt gh u, cjru [kjhn fy, gSaA vkSj og eSaus dgk] vc oSQ osQys ckdh jgs x, gSa\** nl\ gw¡A [kwc ph”k gSA u beyh\ ,d VosQ osQ [kpsZ esa dk;kiyV gks tkrh gSA exj fcanks] bu nl osQyksa dk fglkc cSBsxk fdl rjg\ ;kuh ge 'kjhd u gksa] rc rks gj ,d dks nks&nks osQys fey tk,¡xs] ysfdu gekjs lk>s osQ fcuk 'kk;n nwljksa dk th Hkh [kkus dks u pkgsA D;ksa\ NqV~Vu dh vEeh rks gekjs cxSj u”kj mBkdj Hkh u ns[kuk pkgsaxhA rwus [kqn ns[kk gksxk] dbZ ckj ,slk gks pqdk gSA vkSj cPpksa esa Hkh nwljs g”kkj ,sc gksa] ij bruh [kwch ”k:j gS fd os ykyph vkSj LokFkhZ ugha gSaA lcus feydj 'kjhd gksus osQ fy, gels vuqjksèk 'kq: fd;k rks cM+h eqf'dy gksxhA cjkcj&cjkcj ck¡Vus osQ fy, dkVus gh iM+saxs vkSj dydfr;k osQys dh fclkr gh Hkyk D;k gksrh gS\ dkVus esa lcdh feVV~h iyhn gksxhA exj ge dgrs gSa fd le>ks izR;sd vkneh ,d&,d vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

dk fglkc j[k fn;k tk, rks\ nks&nks u lgh] ,d&,d gh gks] exj [kk,¡ rks lc g¡lh&[k+q'kh ls] fey&tqydj] Bhd gS uk\ xks;k Ng j[k NksM+us ”k:jh gSaA rks bl lwjr esa oSQ osQys t:jr ls T;knk gq,\ pkj uk\ gw¡] rks esjs [;ky ls os pkjksa T;knk osQys ys vkukA ckdh osQ Ng rks vius Bhd fglkc osQ eqrkfcd c¡V tk,¡xsA** fcanks mBdj pkj osQys ys vk;kA ppk us bRehuku ls mUgsa ckjh&ckjh [kkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA ^^gk¡] rks rw Hkh dk;y gqvk u beyh dh djkekr dk\ vla[; ykHkksa dh ph”k gSA exj D;k dhft,] bl ”kekus esa ns'k dh ph”kksa dh vksj dksbZ è;ku ugha nsrkA ;gh beyh vxj foyk;r ls fMCcksa esa can gksdj vkrh rks tukc yksx bl ij VwV iM+rsA gj ?kj esa bldk ,d fMCck ekStwn jgrkA ^^rks vc Ng gh ckdh jg x, gSa uk\ oqQN ugha cl Bhd gSA lcosQ fgLls esa ,d&,d vk tk,xkA gesa gekjs fgLls dk fey tk,xk] nwljksa dks vius&vius fgLls dkA dkV&Nk¡V dk rks >xM+k [kRe gqvkA vius&vius fgLls dk osQyk ysa vkSj tks th pkgs djsaA th pkgs vkt [kk,¡] vkt th u pkgs] dy [kk,¡A vkSj D;k] gksuk Hkh ;w¡ gh pkfg,A bPNk osQ fcuk dksbZ ph”k [kkbZ tk, rks 'kjhj dk va'k ugha cuus ikrh] ;kuh vdkjFk pyh tkrh gSA dksbZ ph”k vkneh [kk, mlh oDr] tc mlosQ [kkus dks th pkgsA NqV~Vu dh vEek¡ dh ges'kk ;gh oSQfiQ;r gSA th pkgs rks ph”k [kkrh gSa] u pkgs rks dHkh gkFk ugha yxkrhaA gekjk viuk Hkh ;gh gky gSA ;s iqQVdj ph”ksa [kkus dks dHkh dHkkj gh th pkgrk gSA gksuk Hkh ,slk gh pkfg,A vc ;s gh osQys gSa] chfl;ksa erZck nqdkuksa ij j[ks ns[ks] dHkh #fp u gqbZA vkt th pkgk rks [kkus cSB x,A vc fiQj u tkus dc th pkgsA gekjh rks oqQN ,slh gh rch;r gSA u tkus 'kke dks tc rd lc vk,¡] #fp jgs ;k u jgsA fu'p; ls dgk tk ldrk gS\ fny gh rks gSA eqefdu gS ml oDr osQys osQ uke ls gh ?k`.kk gksA rks ,slh lwjr esa ge tk,\ ge rks ckdh Ng osQyksa esa ls vius fgLls dk ,d osQyk vHkh [kk ysrs gSaA D;ksa\ vkSj D;k\ viuh&viuh rch;r viuh&viuh Hkw[kA tc ftldk th pkgs] [kk,A mlesa rdYyqiQ D;k\ rdYyqiQ esa rdyhI+kQ&gh&rdyhI+kQ gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa rks csrdYyqiQh gh vPNh gSA** ^^rks tjk mfB;ks esjs HkkbZA cl esjs gh fgLls dk osQyk ykukA ckdh ds lc ogha vPNh rjg j[ks jgsaA** fcanks us vkKk dk iqu% ikyu fd;kA ppk osQyk Nhydj [kkus yxsA ^^ns[k] D;k lwjr fudy vkbZ cjruksa dh\ lqHkku vYykg! ;g beyh dk uqL[kk feyk gh ,slk gSA vc bUgsa ns[kdj dksbZ dg ldrk gS fd iqjkus cjru gSa! ;g beyh dh ckr vkxs u fudyus ik,A cPpksa ls Hkh ftozQ u dhft;ks] oukZ fudy tk,xh ckrA dc rd vk,¡xs cPps\ yYyw dk eSp rks 'kk;n 'kke ls igys [kRe u gksA mlosQ [kkus&ihus dk bartke Vhe okyksa us dj fn;k gksxkA oukZ] [kkyh isV fØosQV fdlls [ksyk tkrk gSA dksbZ bartke u gksrk rks ogha [kkuk e¡xok ldrk FkkA [kwc rj eky mM+k;k gksxk vktA esos&feBkbZ ls BlkBl isV Hkj fy;k gksxkA pyks] D;k g”kZ gS] ;g mej [kkus&ihus dh gSA vkSj fiQj ?kj osQ nwljs yksx cf<+;k&cf<+;k ph”ksa [kk,¡ rks og cspkjk D;ksa ihNs jgs\ nn~nw vkSj NqV~Vu rks fVdV osQ nke osQ lkFk [kkus&ihus osQ fy, Hkh iSls ysdj x, gSaA vkSj D;k\ ogha fdlh nqdku ij esok&feBkbZ mM+k jgs gksaxsA [kqnk [kSj djs] xfj"B ph”ksa [kk&[kkdj dgha cngteh u dj tk,¡A lkFk esa dksbZ jksd&Vksd djus okyk ugha gSA rdyhI+kQ gksrh gSA fcUuks rks ek¡ osQ lkFk gSA og [;ky j[ksxh fd dgha T;knk u [kk tk,¡A exj eSa dgrk gw¡ fd osQys geus vkt cM+s csekSosQ fy,A ml oDr [;ky gh u vk;k fd vkt rks os lc cM+h&cM+h fu;kersa mM+k jgs gksaxsA osQyksa dks dkSu iwNus yxk\ vkSj rwus Hkh ;kn u fnyk;k] oukZ D;ksa ysrs brus cgqr&ls osQys\ csdkj u"V gks tk,¡xsA ij vc [kjhn tks fy,A fdlh&u&fdlh rjg fBdkus rks yxkus gh iM+saxsA isaQosQ rks ugha tk ldrsA fiQj ys vk ;gha] etcwjh esa eSa gh [kRe dj Mkyw¡A**

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

foLerkj ls crkuk vknrsa fucVdj fucVdj

btktr ysuk µ vkKk ikdj ,dkar µ vosQykiu ckojph [kkuk µ jlksbZ?kj

o.kZu µ LoHkko µ bRriQkd µ fuo`Rr µ

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dhft,µ LoHkko] vdlj] btktr] Hkkoiw.kZ] fopkjiw.kZ] volj] vfHkeku] ;qfDriw.kZ] fgiQktrA

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) pph nksigj esa dgk¡ xbZ Fkh\ ([k) fozQosQV [ksyus dkSu x;k gqvk Fkk\ (x) beyh dkSu yk;k\

lgh mRrj osQ lkeus (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) viuh Vhe dk vPNk f[kykM+h dgk tkrk Fkkµ (v) yYyw (c) dYyw ([k) vk¡xu esa j[ks Fksµ (v) ihry osQ crZu (c) pk¡nh osQ crZu (x) njok”ks ij D;k cspus okyk vk;kµ (v) osQys (c) larjk

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ (d) ppk NDdu ?kj ij vosQys D;ksa jg x, Fks\ ([k) ihry osQ cjru lkiQ djus osQ fy, lcls vPNk lk/u D;k ekuk x;k gS\

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

(l) tqYyw

(l) LVhy osQ crZu

(l) ekSleh

(x) ppk NDdu us ,d ckj osQys osQ nke Bgjk fy,] ysfdu ckn esa cny x,A mudk O;ogkj mfpr Fkk ;k vuqfpr\ dkj.k nsrs gq, viuk mRrj fyf[k,A (?k) ppk NDdu us igys nks osQys D;k dkj.k crkrs gq, [kk Mkys\ (Ä) ppk NDdu us dksbZ&u&dksbZ dkj.k crkrs gq, lkjs osQys [kk MkysA blls mudk loHkko dh D;k fo'ks"krk izdV gksrh gS\

fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft,µ FkkA (d) eqa'kh lkgc dh iRuh dks osQ enjls dk Mhú,úohú LowQy ls fozQosQV eSp FkkA ([k) (x) ,sls Lo.kZ voljksa ij iw.kZ ,dkar ilan djrs gSaA us fcuk dgs beyh yksVs esa fHkxks nhA (?k) (Ä) fny dM+k djosQ pyk x;kA

fdlus (d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä)

dgk\] fdlls dgk\ ^^vc tkdj oqQN Hkh rks lgh] eku tk,xkA** ^^vc rks mlls Hkko dk iSQlyk gks x;kA** ^^eku x;k\ ge dgrs Fks u eku tk,xkA ge rks bu yksxksa dh ul&ul ls okfdI+kQ gSA rks oSQ osQys ysus equkflc gksaxs\** ^^vki gh rks Hkko Bgjk;k vkSj vc vki gh toku ls fiQj x,A cgkuk ukSdj dh ewy dk] tSls ge le> ugha ldrsA ;k csbZekuh] rsjk gh vkljk!** ^^chekj dks ns[kus tk jgh gks rks 'kke osQ igys Hkyk D;k ykSVuk gksxk\ cPph ihNs ?kcjk,xhA lkFk ys tkvks] ogk¡ cPpksa osQ lkFk [ksydj cgyh jgsxhA**

fdlus dgk\

fdlls dgk\

1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa js[kkafdr 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij fons'kh 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djosQ okD; cuk,¡µ (d) vkSipkfjdrk fn[kkus dh t:jr ugha] bls viuk ?kj lef>,A ([k) ,d ekewyh ckr ij nksuksa Hkkb;ksa esa cgqr nsj rd [khapkrkuh gksrh jghA (x) gekj NksVk HkkbZ bruk ckrwuh gS fd tjk nsj pqi ugha cSB ldrkA (?k) vkt rks vki eq>s la;ksx ls ;gk¡ fey x,A

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

(Ä) eSaus rks vkidh vuqifLFkfr esa vkjke ls cSBdj [kkuk [kk;kA (p) viuh 'kjhj dh Lo;a lqj{kk djuh pkfg,A

fuEufyf[rk 'kCnksa dk bl izdkj okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft, ftlls muosQ vFkZ esa varj Li"V gks tk,µ (d) fu;r µ uh;r µ ([k) yksVk µ ykSVk µ (x) fpRr µ fpfRr µ

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa vkSj eqgkojksa dk vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ (d) fBdkus yxkuk µ ([k) gokyk nsuk µ (x) uh;r esa [kksV vkuk µ (?k) ul&ul ls okfdiQ gksuk µ

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ (d) chekj X ([k) O;fDrxr X (x) bPNk X (?k) lger X

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

(Ä) (p) (N) (t)

[kq'k X xje X Hkyk X LokFkhZ X

le;&fu;kstu

ge vdlj f'kdk;r fd;k djrs gSaµle; osQ vHkko dh] le; u feyus dhA i=k dk mRrj u ns ldkµle;kHkko osQ dkj.k] dljr ugha dj ldrkµle; u feyus osQ dkj.k vkSj fy[k&i<+ ugha ikrk le; dh deh osQ dkj.k] foaQrq ;fn ge lgh <ax ls vkRe&fo'ys"k.k djsa rks ge ik,¡xs fd gekjh ;s f'kdk;rsa vdlj xyr gksrh gSaA ge vius dks le> ugha ikrs vkSj rHkh ,slh f'kdk;rsa djrs gSaA ;g gekjk vkyL; gS] tks lnSo le; osQ vHkko dh nqgkbZ fn;k djrk gSA oLrqr% dksbZ Hkh ,slk O;fDr ugha] tks O;Lrrkvksa osQ chp Hkh mu dkeksa dks u dj losQ] ftls og djus ij mrk: gS] ftls og djuk vfuok;Z ekurk gSA usg: th fdruk O;Lr jgrs FksA Hkkjr osQ iz/kuea=kh osQ ukrs mu ij fdruk nkf;Ro FkkA oqQN fnu igys muosQ lkFk dke djus okys ,d lTtu ls ckrsa djus dk lkSHkkX; feykA crkus yxs] ^^usg: th osQ ikl jks”k bruh lkjh I+kQkbysa tkrh Fkha] foaQrq nwljs fnu os mu lHkh dks fuiVkdj okil Hkst nsrsA tgk¡ rd cl pyrk] ,d fnu dh Hkh nsj u djrsA** ”kjk lksfp,] mudh O;Lrrk dks tks fnuHkj u tkus fdrus vknfe;ksa ls eqykdkr djrs Fks] fdruh xaHkhj leL;kvksa ij lgdfeZ;ksa ls fopkj&foe'kZ djrs Fks] fdruh lHkk&lkslkbfV;ksa esa tkrs Fks] foaQrq fiQj Hkh os O;Lr thou esa ls oqQN le; vius nSfud O;k;ke vkSj euksjatu osQ fy, Hkh fudky gh ysrs FksA xk¡/h th Hkh de O;Lr ugha jgrs FksA n'kZukfFkZ;ksa dh HkhM+ rks mUgsa ?ksjs gh jgrh] eqykdkfr;ksa dk Hkh rk¡rk c¡/k jgrk] ns'k&fons'k osQ vusd isphnk ekeyksa ij fopkj&fofue; gks gksrk] v[kckjksa osQ fy, ys[k tkrs] foaQrq fiQj Hkh u rks xk¡/h th dh izkFkZuk lHkk osQ le; esa gsj&isQj gksrk Fkk vkSj u muosQ izkr%&Hkze.k esa gh ck/k vkrh FkhA ;gh ugha] nqfu;k osQ dksus&dksus ls Hksts x, i=kksa osQ ”kokc Hkh os vdlj gkFk ls gh fy[kdj nsrs FksA xk¡/h vkSj usg: nksuksa dk thou izekf.kr djrk gS fd ;fn ge viuk le; lksp&le>dj foHkkftr djsa vkSj fiQj ml ij n`<+rk ls vkpj.k djsa rks vius fuf'pr O;olk; osQ vfrfjDr Hkh vU; vusd dk;ks± osQ fy, gesa i;kZIr le; feyrk jgsxkA le; dh deh dh f'kdk;r fiQj dHkh ugha jgsxhA gk¡] blosQ fy, gesa lrr] lps"V vkSj tkx:d vo'; jguk iM+sxkA

fdlh us Bhd gh dgk gS fd le; /u osQ leku gSA vr% lko/kuh vkSj lroZQrk ls ge vius /u dk fglkc rks j[ksa] ij le; osQ fglkc esa FkksM+k ”;knk gh lko/kuh cjrsaA dkj.k] /u rks vkrk&tkrk jgrk gS] foaQrq x;k le; fiQj okil ugha vkrkA le; dk ctV cukuk ftlus lh[k fy;k mlus thus dh dyk lh[k yh] lq[k vkSj le`n~f/ osQ HkaMkj dh oqaQth izkIr dj yhA

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

le;&fu;kstu osQ vuqlkj dke djus ij ge ns[ksaxs fd gekjs thou dh O;Lrrk osQ chp Hkh fdruh fuf'parrk vk tkrh gSA lHkh dke lqpk# :i ls fuf'pr le; ij vuk;kl gksrs pyrs gSaA dljr osQ fy, le; fudy vkrk gS] vkè;kfRed euu&fparu osQ fy, Hkh vkSj iBu&ikBu osQ fy, HkhA ;gh ugha] vius O;olk; esa Hkh ge igys ls dgha vf/d oqQ'ky] dgha vf/d l{ke cu tkrs gSaA lkjh mrkoyh] lkjh ijs'kkuh u tkus dgk¡ dkI+kwQj gks tkrh gSA ge thou esa D;k pkgrs gSa\ lq[k] le`n~f/] 'kkafr ;gh u\ foaQrq ;s phtsa rHkh fey ldrh gSa tc ge budks ikus dk fujarj iz;kl djrs pysaA ;fn ge O;k;ke osQ fy,] fparu osQ fy,] vè;;u osQ fy, le; ugha fudky ik,¡xs rks gekjk ru&eu oSQls LoLFk vkSj lcy cu losQxkA fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh ge viuk larqyu oSQls cuk, j[k losaQxsA vr% thou dks lgh vFkks± esa liQy cukus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ge bu lHkh dh lk/uk esa jks”k oqQN&u&oqQN le; yxk,¡A vkSj ;g rHkh laHko gks losQxk tc ge vius le; dk Bhd fu;kstu dj ysaA jks”k mldk ys[kk&tks[kk djrs jgsaA oLrqr% tks le; dh dnz djuk lh[k x;k] og liQyrk dk jgL; le> x;kA ge vius lq[k osQ fy,] viuh le`n~f/ osQ fy, viuk le;&fu;kstu ftruk 'kh?kz dj ysa mruk gh vPNk gksxk] D;ksafd fdlh euh"kh us ;g psrkouh igys gh ns j[kh gS fd ^^le; vkSj ygjsa fdlh dh izrh{kk esa [kM+h ugha jgrhaA** o;Ldksa dh vis{kk fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, le;&ikyu dk dbZ dkj.kksa ls vf/d egRRo gSA fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks ,d yack thou thuk gS vkSj liQyrk dh m¡Qph&ls&m¡Qph eaf”kysa r; djuh gSaA nwljh ckr ;g gS fd fon~;kFkhZ thou esa tks vknrsa iM+ tkrh gSa os thou&i;±r cuh jgrh gSaA fon~;ky;ksa esa fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks le;&rkfydk nh tkrh gS] ysfdu og osQoy 5&6 ?kaVksa osQ fy, gh gksrh gSA 'ks"k 18&19 ?kaVs fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ Lo;a osQ foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx osQ fy, jgrs gSaA ;fn fon~;kFkhZ bu 18&19 ?kaVksa dh Hkh dk;Z&rkfydk cuk ysa rks fu'p; gh ,slk djus okys fon~;kFkhZ u osQoy ijh{kk esa vPNs vadksa ls mRrh.kZ gkasxs] cfYd lkekftd] lkfgfR;d] lkaLo`Qfrd vkfn dk;ZozQeksa rFkk [ksy&owQn] O;k;ke vkfn osQ fy, Hkh i;kZIr le; fudky losaQxsA le;&rkfydk cukus osQ ckn mudk n`<+rk vkSj fu"Bk osQ lkFk ikyu djuk Hkh vko';d gSA fu/kZfjr le; ij fuf'pr dke djus ls gh thou esa liQyrk feyrh gSA

vkRe&fo'ys"k.k µ Lo;a dh ij[k oLrqr% µ okLro esa nkf;Ro µ f”kEesnkjh fopkj&fofue; µ fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku lrr µ yxkrkj

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

lps"V µ è;kuiwoZd vuk;kl µ vius vki] Lor% gh dkI+kwQj µ xk;c euh"kh µ cqn~f/eku

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dhft,µ le;kHkko] vkRe&fo'ys"k.k] vkyL;] O;Lrrkvksa] vfuok;Z] lkSHkkX;] lgdfeZ;ksa] isphnkA

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) vdlj ge fdldh f'kdk;r djrs gSa\ ([k) vkRe&fo'ys"k.k djus ij D;k irk pyrk gS\ (x) le; osQ vHkko dh nqgkbZ dkSu nsrk gS\

lgh mRrj osQ lkeus (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) vdlj ge fdldh f'kdk;r djrs gSa\ (v) cPpksa dh (l) le;kHkko dh ([k) Hkkjr osQ izFke iz/kuea=kh dkSu Fks\ (v) egkRek xka/h (l) 'kkL=kh th (x) O;Lr jgrs Fksµ (v) xka/h th (l) nksuksa

fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ (d) lHkh dks dh f'kdk;r jgrh gSA ([k) O;Lrrk osQ ckn Hkh dk le; fudkyuk pkfg,A (x) Hkh de O;Lr ugha jgrs FksA (?k) le; osQ leku gSA (Ä) lHkh dke lqpk# :i ls le; ij vuk;kl gksrs pyrs gSaA

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ (d) le;&fu;kstu osQ D;k ykHk gSa\ ([k) de le; dh f'kdk;r dkSu djrs gSa\ (x) vewY; /u fdls dgk x;k gS vkSj D;ksa\ (?k) fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks le;&fu;kstu D;ksa djuk pkfg,\

1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ (?k) isphnk µ (d) dljr µ ([k) vdlj µ (Ä) lnSo µ (x) jks”k µ (p) izrh{kk µ 2- ikB esa br] rk] : rFkk Ro izR;;ksa dk iz;ksx dbZ 'kCnksa esa gqvk gSA ,sls 'kCnksa dks [kkstdj fyf[k,A mnkgj.k % izekf.kr] O;Lrrk] mrk:] nkf;RoA 3- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ fy[kdj vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ (d) nqgkbZ nsuk µ ([k) cl pyuk µ (x) rk¡rk yxuk µ (?k) dkI+kwQj gksuk µ (Ä) ys[kk&tks[kk j[kuk µ 4-

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ (d) vkyL; X ([k) viuk X (x) lTtu X (?k) thou X

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

(Ä) (p) (N) (t)

lko/kuh lroZQrk lkSHkkX; fuf'pr

X X X X

d".k ` dh psrkouh

o"kks± rd ou esa ?kwe&?kwe ck/k&fo?uksa dks pwe&pwe] lg /wi&?kke] ikuh&iRFkj] ikaMo vk, oqQN vkSj fu[kjA lkSHkkX; u lc fnu lksrk gS] ns[ksa] vkxs D;k gksrk gS\ eS=kh dh jkg crkus dks] lcdks lqekxZ ij ykus dks] nq;ksZ/u dks le>kus dks] Hkh"k.k foèoal cpkus dks] Hkxoku gfLrukiqj vk,A ikaMo dk lans'k yk,µ ^^gks U;k; vxj rks vk/k nks] ij blesa Hkh ;fn ck/k gks rks ns nks osQoy ik¡p xzke] j[kks viuh /jrh rekeA ge ogh [kq'kh ls [kk,¡xs] ifjtu ij vfl u mBk,¡xsA** nq;ksZ/u og Hkh ns u ldk] vkf'k"k lekt dh ys u ldkA myVs] gfj dks ck¡/us pyk] tks Fkk vlkè;] lk/us pykA tc uk'k euqt ij Nkrk gS] igys foosd ej tkrk gSA gfj us Hkh"k.k gqadkj fd;k] viuk Lo:i&foLrkj fd;k] Mxex&Mxex fnXxt Mksys] Hkxoku oqQfir gksdj cksys] tathj cM+k vc lk/ eq>s] gk¡&gk¡ nq;ksZ/u ck¡/ eq>sA

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

fgr opu ugha rwus ekuk] eS=kh dk ewY; u igpkuk] rks ys eSa Hkh vc tkrk gw¡] vafre ladYi lqukrk gw¡] ;kpuk ugha vc j.k gksxk] thou&t; ;k fd ej.k gksxkA Vdjk,¡xs u{k=k&fudj] cjlsxh Hkw ij og~fu iz[kj] iQ.k 'ks"kukx dk Mksysxk] fodjky dky eq¡g [kksysxkA nq;ksZ/u! j.k ,slk gksxk] fiQj dHkh ugha tSlk gksxkA HkkbZ ij HkkbZ VwVsaxs fo"k&ck.k cw¡n ls NwVsaxs] ok;l& Ük`xky lq[k ywVsaxs] lkSHkkX; euqt osQ iwQVsaxsA vkf[kj rw Hkw'kk;h gksxk] fgalk dk ij nk;h gksxkA Fkh lHkk lUu] lc yksx Mjs] pqi Fks] ;k Fks csgks'k iM+s] osQoy nks uj u v?kkrs Fks] /`rjk"Vª&fonqj lq[k ikrs Fks] dj tksM+ [kM+s izeqfnr&fuHkZ;] nksuksa iqdkjrs Fks ^t;&t;*A

foèoal ifjtu vlkè; fudj og~fu

µ µ µ µ µ

fouk'k ?kj&ifjokj osQ yksx vR;f/d dfBu lewg vkx

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

µjke/kjh flag ^fnudj*

ok;l Ük`xky Hkw'kk;h v?kkuk izeqfnr

µ dkSvk µ xhnM+ µ Hkwfe ij fxjk gqvk µ izlUu gksuk µ izlUu

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dhft,µ fo?u] lkSHkkX;] lqekxZ] foèoal] gqadkj] ladYi] u{k=k] 'ks"kukx] fodjky] og~fu] /`rjk"Vª] izeqfnrA

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) ou esa dkSu ?kwe jgs Fks\ ([k) ou esa ikaMoksa us D;k&D;k >syk\ (x) lkSHkkX; fdu ij pedk Fkk\

lgh mRrj osQ lkeus (3) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) ou esa ikaMoksa us D;k&D;k lgk\ (v) /wi&?kke (l) ck/k&fo?u ([k) fdldk lkSHkkX; pedk Fkk\ (v) o`Q".k ij (l) dkSjoksa dk (x) ikaMoksa dk lans'k dkSu yk;k Fkk\ (v) nq;ksZ/u (l) Jh o`Q".k

dfork dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;k¡ iwjh dhft,µ gqadkj fd;k] viuk Lo:i Mxeu&Mxex gksdj cksys] vc lk/ eq>s] ck¡/ eq>sA

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ leku rqd okys 'kCn fyf[k,µ (d) ?kwe&?kwe µ ([k) lksrk µ (x) vk/k µ (?k) xzke µ (Ä) ck¡/us µ (p) ywVsajksa µ (N) ej.k µ

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ (d) ikaMo fdrus o"kks± dk ouokl Hkqxr pqosQ Fks\ ([k) Jh o`Q".k us nq;ksZ/u osQ vkxs D;k 'kkafr&izLrko j[kk\ (x) nq;ksZ/u us oSQlk O;ogkj fd;k\ (?k) Jh o`Q".k us xqLls esa D;k dgk\ (Ä) Jh o`Q".k dh ckrsa lqudj dkSu izlUu gq,\

1- okD;ka'k osQ fy, 'kCn lwph esa ls Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ fons'kh iz'kaluh; cs'kdherh opuiwfrZ vfrfFk (d) tks cgqr eg¡xk gks µ ([k) fn;k x;k opu iwjk djuk µ (x) ftldh vkus dh dksbZ frfFk u gks µ (?k) tks fons'k esa jgrk gks µ (Ä) iz'kalk osQ ;ksX; µ 2-

fganh Hkk"kk esa vusd 'kCn ,sls gksrs gSa ftuosQ vFkZ leku izrhr gksrs gSa] ijarq okLro esa muosQ vFkZ fHkUu gksrs gSa_ tSlsµ vL=k ¾ gkFk ls idM+dj pyk;k tkus okyk gfFk;kjA 'kL=k ¾ isaQddj okj djus okyk gfFk;kjA fuEufyf[kr 'kCn&;qXeksa dk vius okD;ksa esa bl izdkj iz;ksx dhft, fd buosQ vyx&vyx vFkZ Li"V gks tk,¡µ (d) ru µ ([k) iz.k µ eu µ izk.k µ (x) jx µ jkx µ

vyadkj fganh ikB~;iqLrd&8