Doublew Education Alankar Hindi Vyakaran- 4 (Ch 1-4) by Doublew Education

vyadkj

fganh O;kdj.k ys[kd MkWú egs'k HkVukxj ,eú,ú ih&,púMh (fganh)

MCY;q ,tqds 'ku ,tqosQ'kuy ifCy'klZ

ubZ fnYyh&110002

MkW- jek ik.Ms

,eú,ú] ih&,púMhú (fganh)

izdk'kd

MCY;q ,tqds 'ku ,tqosQ'kuy ifCy'klZ 4262@3] valkjh jksM] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002 iQksu % 91&41514602] 23282453 Email: doubleweducation@gmail.com

izdk'kd

ISBN : 978-81-938544-1-9

bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh va'k dk izfrfyfidj.k] ,sls ;a=k esa HkaMkj.k ftlls bls iqu% izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gks ;k LFkkukarj.k] fdlh Hkh :i esa ;k fdlh Hkh fof/ ls] bysDVªkWfud] ;kaf=kd] iQksVks&izfrfyfi] fjdkfM±x ;k fdlh vkSj <ax ls izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

eqæd %

vyadkj xzkfiQDl izkúfyú xzsVj uks,Mk

izkDdFku fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk osQ Kku osQ fy, mlosQ O;kdj.k dh tkudkjh gksuk vko';d gSA blls ml Hkk"kk dk mfpr iz;ksx djuk ljy gks tkrk gSA ckyd vius ifjokj ls Hkk"kk lh[kuk vkjaHk djrk gS vkSj fon~;ky; esa mldk leqfpr iz;ksx djuk lh[krk gSA ckyd dks Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku djkus esa izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ vè;kid ,d vge Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrs gSA O;kdj.k tSlsµuhjl fo"k; dks ljy vkSj jkspd cukdj izLrqr djuk mUgha ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g iqLrd muosQ fy, fuf'pr :i ls lgk;d fln~/ gksxhA ^vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k* 1&8 esa O;kdj.k dk 'kqn~/ Kku djkrs gq,] jpuk Hkkx osQ ekè;e ls fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks NksVh&NksVh dgkfu;ksa vkSj fuca/ksa ls FkksM+h dfBu dgkfu;ksa vkSj fuca/ksa dk vH;kl Hkh djok;k x;k gS] rkfd mUgsa 'kqn~/ Hkk"kk cksyus] i<+us vkSj fy[kus osQ lkFk&lkFk mldk vH;kl Hkh gks losQA izkFkZuk&i=kksa rFkk i=kksa osQ ekè;e ls fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks O;ogkfjd thou esa fyf[kr Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx dk Hkh vH;kl djk;k x;k gSA blesa o.kZ] 'kCn okD; rFkk buosQ laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fozQ;k vkfn vaxksa osQ iz;ksx dk Hkh vk'kk gS] gekjh xgu lk/u ls fd, x, bl iz;kl dks vkidk Lusg feysxkA bl iqLrd dks vkSj mi;ksxh cukus gsrq vkiosQ egRoiw.kZ lq>koksa osQ fy, ge vkHkkjh gksaxsA µizdk'kd

ikB~;Ã&#x2DC;e 1

Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k

o.kZ&fopkj

'kCn vkSj okD;

laKk

laKk osQ fodkj % fyax] opu

'kCn&HkaMkj

loZuke

fo'ks"k.k

fozQ;k

dky

v'kqn~f/ 'kks/u

vO;; (fodkjh) vfodkjh 'kCn

fojke&fpg~u

fxurh (1 ls 50 rd)

eqgkojs

JqrHkko ys[ku

dgkuh ys[ku

laokn&ys[ku

i=k&ys[ku

vuqPNsn&ys[ku

vifBr xn~;ka'k

101

Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k

mQij fn, x, fp=k esa vè;kfidk Nk=kksa dks b'kkjk djosQ cqykrh gqbZ (D;ksafd nwjh dh otg ls vkok”k Nk=kksa rd ugha igq¡p ik jgh gS)] ijarq Nk=k muosQ laosQrksa dks le> ugha ik,A vc vè;kfidk ,d vU; Nk=k ls mu Nk=kksa dks cqykus dks dgrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ xbZ gSaA dHkh&dHkh laosQr }kjk dgh xbZ ckr le> ugha vkrhA viuh ckr le>kus osQ fy, cksyuk vko';d gSA laosQrksa dks Hkk"kk ugha dgk tk ldrkA lkekU; thou esa oqQN gh laosQr ,sls gSa] ftUgsa ge le> ikrs gSa_ tSlsµVSªfiQd flXuy dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, fd, tkus okys laosQrA laosQrksa dk iz;ksx vkeus&lkeus jgdj ”;knk vklkuh ls fd;k tkrk gSA nwj cSBs yksxksa osQ lkFk laosQrksa }kjk ckrphr laHko ugha gks ikrhA blhfy, Hkk"kk dh vko';drk eglwl dh xbZ rFkk bldh mRifRr gqbZA Hkk"kk ,slk lk/u ftlosQ n~okjk ge vius eu osQ Hkkoksa dks cksydj ;k fy[kdj izdV djrs gSa vkSj nwljksa osQ eu osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks lqudj i<+dj le>rs gSa] og Hkk"kk dgykrh gSA ^fopkjksa osQ vknku&iznku osQ ekè;e dks Hkk"kk dgrs gSaA* Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k

Hkk"kk osQ izdkj Hkk"kk osQ nks :i gksrs gSaA ekSf[kd

fyf[kr

ekSf[kd Hkk"kkµ igys fp=k esa cM+k HkkbZ vius NksVs HkkbZ dks cksydj le>krs gq, rFkk nwljs fp=k esa cPps ukuh ls dgkuh lqurs fn[kk, x, gSaA ;g Hkk"kk dk ekSf[kd :i gSA blesa ,d O;fDr cksydj viuh ckr le>krk gS rFkk nwljk O;fDr lqudj mldh ckr le>rk gSA

fyf[kr Hkk"kkµ igys fp=k esa vè;kfidk cksMZ ij fy[k jgh gSa rFkk nwljs fp=k esa ½f"k vius eu dh ckr fy[k jgs gSaA ;g Hkk"kk dk fyf[kr :i dgykrk gSA blesa viuh ckr fy[kdj le>k;h tkrh gS rFkk lkeus okyk i<+dj le>rk gSA Hkk"kk osQ

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&4

Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k fganh vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡µfganh lalkj dh nwljh lcls vf/d cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk ekuh tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa Hkh cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa esa fganh dk igyk LFkku gSA fganh Hkkjr dh laioZQ Hkk"kk gSA bls d'ehj ls ysdj vaMeku&fudksckj n~ohi lewg rd cksyk rFkk le>k tkrk gSA ;g Hkkjr dh jk"VªHkk"kk gSA vktknh feyus osQ ckn Hkkjr ljdkj osQ jktdkt osQ dk;ks± osQ fy, bls jktHkk"kk dk LFkku Hkh fn;k x;k gSA 14 flracj 1949 dks bls ^jktHkk"kk* osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k FkkA cksyhµfdlh NksVs ;k lhfer {ks=k eas cksyh tkus okyh LFkkuh; Hkk"kk osQ :i dks ^cksyh* dgk tkrk gSA ;g osQoy cksyus osQ :i esa iz;qDr gksrh gSA cksyh gh lkfgR;&jpuk osQ dk;Z esa vkSj f'kf{kr oxZ n~okjk iz;ksx esa ykus ij ^miHkk"kk* cu tkrh gSA tSlsµczt] vo/h] eSfFkyh ^cksyh* gksus ij Hkh miHkk"kk,¡ cu xbZ gSa] D;ksafd buesa izpqj lkfgR; fy[kk x;k gSA [kM+h cksyh dk fodflr :i vk/qfud fganh gSA fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ vuqlkj fganh dh fofHkUu cksfy;k¡ gSA bUgsa fuEufyf[kr ik¡p oxks± esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ 1- iwohZ fganh µ vo/h] NRrhlx<+] c?ksyh vkfnA 2- if'peh fganh µ [kM+h cksyh] dUukSt] czt] cqansyh] gfj;k.koh (cSxMw) vkfnA 3- fcgkjh fganh µ ex/h] Hkkstiqjh] eSfFkyh vkfnA 4- igkM+h fganh µ x<+okyh] fgekpyh] oqQekm¡Quh] eafM;kyks vkfnA 5- jktLFkku fganh µ ekjokM+h] tks/iqjh] esokrh vkfnA vU; Hkk"kk,¡µlalkj esa fofHkUu izdkj dh Hkk"kk,¡ cksyh] i<+h rFkk fy[kh tkrh gSaA izR;sd ns'k dh viuh vyx Hkk"kk gksrh gS_ tSlsµHkkjr dh fganh] vesfjdk dh vaxzs”kh vkfnA gekjs Hkkjr dh jk"VªHkk"kk fganh gS ijarq vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij vyx&vyx Hkk"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh gSa_ tSlsµxqtjkr esa xqtjkrh] caxky esa ckaxyk vkfnA Hkkjr dh jk"VªHkk"kk fganh vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; Hkk"kk vaxzs”kh gSA fyfiµHkk"kk dks lh[kus osQ fy, oqQN fuf'pr fpg~u iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] ftUgsa fyfi dgrs gSaA fganh] laLo`Qr] ejkBh] usikyh] cksMks] dksad.kh] eSfFkyh] nsoukxjh fyfi esa] caxyk Hkk"kk caxkyh + esa] mnwZ Hkk"kk iQkjlh esa iatkch xq#eq[kh esa rFkk vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk jkseu fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gSA Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k

izR;sd Hkk"kk dh viuh fyfi gksrh gSA izeq[k Hkk"kkvksa dh fyfi bl rjg gSaµ fofHkUu Hkk"kk,¡ vkSj mudh fyfi;k¡ Hkk"kk fyfi Hkk"kk fganh nsoukxjh ejkBh laLo`Qr nsoukxjh vaxzs”kh rfey rfey izsaQp iatkch xq#eq[kh mnwZ rsyqxw µ rsyqxw teZu ey;kye µ ey;kye vjch dksad.kh nsoukxjh dUuM+ vksfM+;k d'ehjh

fyfi nsoukxjh jkseu jkseu + iQkjlh jkseu iQkjlh dUuM+ vksfM+;k nsoukxjh

O;kdj.k fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dks 'kqn~/ :i esa i<+us] fy[kus] cksyus rFkk lh[kus osQ fy, O;kdj.k dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA bl rF; ls ;g fln~/ gksrk fdµ Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku djkus okyk 'kkL=k O;kdj.k dgykrk gSA

esjs dks vke pkfg,A eq>s vke pkfg,A

7 3

Hkk"kk osQ

fp=k osQ lkeus fn;k x;k igyk okD; i<+us esa oqQN lgh ugha yxrk D;ksafd ;s O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj ugha cuk gqvk gS tcfd nwljk okD; fcYoqQy Bhd gSA okD; osQ 'kqn~/ ;k v'kqn~/ gksus dh tkudkjh gesa O;kdj.k osQ Kku ls feyrh gSA O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa dk lgh iz;ksx djus ij gh ge Hkk"kk osQ lgh :i dks tku ikrs gSaA 8

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&4

è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa v v

v v v

Hkk"kk osQ nks :i gksrs gSaµfyf[kr o ekSf[kdA vius fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoksa dks nwljksa rd igq¡pkus vkSj xzg.k djus dk lk/u Hkk"kk gSA fganh gekjh jk"VªHkk"kk gSA vaxzs”kh varjkZ"Vªh; Hkk"kk gSA fdlh dks fy[kus osQ fu/kZfjr fpg~u fyfi dgykrs gSaA ftl 'kkL=k n~okjk Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku gksrk gS og O;kdj.k dgykrk gSA

vH;kl

c 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) Hkk"kk fdls dgrs gSa\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------([k) Hkk"kk osQ :i crk,¡A --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(x) fyfi D;k gS\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(?k) O;kdj.k fdls dgrs gSa\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ (d) Hkk"kk osQ ---------------------- :i gksrs gSaA (nks@pkj) ([k) Hkk"kk dk ekSf[kd :i gS ----------------------A (Hkk"k.k nsuk@dfork fy[kuk) (x) ---------------------- fyf[kr Hkk"kk dk :i gSA (ckrsa djuk@dgkuh fy[kuk) (?k) ---------------------- }kjk Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku gksrk gSA (O;kdj.k@fyfi) (Ä) gekjh jk"VªHkk"kk ---------------------- gSA (fganh@ejkBh)

Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k

lgh dFku ij (3) rFkk xyr ij (7) dk fu'kku yxk,¡µ (d) laLo`Qr Hkk"kk dh fyfi jkseu gSA ([k) caxyk Hkk"kk caxkyh fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gSA (x) fganh gekjh jk"VªHkk"kk gSA (?k) caxky esa xqtjkrh Hkk"kk cksyh tkrh gSA (Ä) fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku Hkk"kk gSA uhps nh xbZ Hkk"kkvksa dh fyfi;ksa osQ uke fyf[k,µ Hkk"kk fyfi fganh nsoukxjh --------------------vaxzs”kh --------------------iatkch --------------------mnwZ --------------------ejkBh --------------------laLo`Qr

jpukRed dk;Z uhps fn, x, ukeksa osQ vkxs Hkk"kk okys xksyksa esa gjk rFkk fyfi esa yky jax Hkjsaµ nsoukxjh d'ehjh laFkkyh Mksxjh fganh mnwZ + jkseu iQkjlh cksMks laLo`Qr xq#eq[kh teZu 10

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&4

o.kZ&fopkj

fp=kksa esa tks Loj ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCn gSa muesa yky o O;atu okyksa esa gjk jax Hkjsµ

vukj

lsc

beyh

dey iRrk vke vkius vyx&vyx jaxksa osQ ekè;e ls o.kZ rFkk Loj esa fHkUurk ns[khA eq[k ls fudyus okyh izR;sd èofu o.kZ ugha gksrh] osQoy oqQN dks gh èofu :i esa fpg~fur fd;k x;k gSA mi;qZDr 'kCn èofu;ksa ls feydj cus gSaA nsf[k,µ vukj µ v $ u~ $ vk $ j~ $ v dey µ o~Q $ v $ e~ $ v $ y~ $ v lsc µ l~ $ , $ c~ $ v iRrk µ i~ $ v $ r~ $ r~ $ vk beyh µ b $ e~ $ v $ y~ $ bZ vke µ vk $ e~ $ v ftu èofu;ksa osQ VqdM+s ugha fd, tk ldrs mUgsa fganh Hkk"kk esa v{kj ;k o.kZ dgrs gSaA buosQ esy ls 'kCn cus] 'kCnksa ls okD; dk fuekZ.k gqvkA Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ ftlosQ VqdM+s ugha fd, tk ldrs] mls o.kZ dgrs gSaA o.kZ&fopkj

o.kks± osQ izdkj o.kZ nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ Loj

O;atu

o.kks± osQ fy[kus osQ fuf'pr ozQe dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA LojµLoj Lora=k èofu;k¡ gksrh gSa] bUgsa cksyus osQ fy, vU; o.kks± dh lgk;rk ugha ysuh iM+rhA fganh Hkk"kk esa 11 Loj gksrs gSaA v vk b bZ m mQ ½

, va

vaxwj

(vuqLokj)

vks v¡

(vuqukfld)

vkS v% (folxZ)

pk¡n

va] v¡ rFkk v% Hkh o.kZ gSaA budk LFkku Loj osQ ckn rFkk O;atu ls igys vkrk gS] foaQrq bUgsa u rks Loj dgk tk ldrk gS u gh O;atuA (i) va&vuqLokjµbldk mPpkj.k ukd n~okjk gksrk gSA bldk fpg~u (µa ) gS_ mnkgj.kµ jax] vax] lax] nax] rax vkfnA (ii) v¡&vuqukfldµbldk mPpkj.k ukd rFkk eq¡g nksuksa ls gksrk gSA bls ^panzfcanq ;k pk¡n fcanq* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bldk fpg~u (µ¡ ) gS_ mnkgj.kµpk¡n] nk¡r] vk¡[k] dk¡Vk vkfnA (iii) v%&folxZµbldk iz;ksx O;atu osQ ckn gksrk gSA bldk mPpkj.k ^g* o.kZ dh rjg gksrk gSA bldk fpg~u (%) gS_ mnkgj.kµvr%] Lor%] iqu%] izkr% vkfnA (iv) vkW&vkxr Lojµ;g vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dh èofu gSA bls ^vkxr Loj* eku fy;k x;k gS_ mnkgj.kµdkWiQh] dkWih] ckWy] gkWy] MkWDVj vkfnA o.kZekyk fganh Hkk"kk dh o.kZekyk Loj vkSj O;atu osQ feyus ls curh gSA gj Hkk"kk dh viuh ,d o.kZekyk gksrh gSA vaxzsth esa NCchl (26) o.kks± dh o.kZekyk gksrh gS] ftUgsa ,YiQkcsV (Alphabet) dgrs gSA fganh Hkk"kk esa pokyhl (44) o.kZ gksrs gSaA 12

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&4

vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fdµ o.kks± dh ozQecn~/ O;oLFkk dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA Lojksa dh ek=kk,¡µtc Lojksa osQ lkFk O;atuksa dks fy[kuk gks rks Loj ek=kk esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaA ek=kkvksa dks fy[kus osQ oqQN fo'ks"k fpg~u gksrs gSaA ^v* osQ vfrfjDr lHkh Lojksa dh viuh ek=kk,¡ gksrh gSaA O;atu osQ lkFk yxus okys Loj osQ fo'ks"k fpg~u gh ek=kk dgykrs gSaA izR;sd O;atu o.kZ esa ^v* Loj feyk gksrk gS_ tSlsµo~Q $ v ¾ d] p~ $ v ¾ p] i~ $ v ¾ i] y~ $ v ¾ y vkfnA ^v* osQ fcuk ge O;atu o.kZ dks gyar yxkdj o~Q] [k~] p~] i~] i~Q fy[k rks ldrs gSa] ysfdu mPpkj.k ugha dj ldrsA Loj v vk b bZ m mQ ½ , ,s vks vkS

ek=kk µ k f h q w ` µs µS ks kS

O;atu e~ $ v e~ $ vk e~ $ b e~ $ bZ e~ $ m e~ $ mQ e~ $ ½ e~ $ , e~ $ ,s e~ $ vks e~ $ vkS

ek=kk osQ lkFk e ek fe eh eq ew e` es eS vks ekS

'kCn egd ekrk fepZ ehBk eqjyh ewyh e`x es<d eSuk eksj ekSdk

j osQ lkFk m RkFkk mQ dh ek=kk chp esa yxrh gSA mnkgj.kµ j~ $ m ¾ # #eky j~ $ mQ ¾ : :i o.kZ&fopkj

O;atuµLojkas dh rjg O;atu Lora=k ugha gksrsA fganh Hkk"kk esa 33 O;atu gksrs gSaA d

×k

;

M+

la;qDr O;atuµfganh Hkk"kk esa pkj la;qDr O;atu gksrs gSaA nks o.kks± osQ esy n~okjk la;qDr O;atu cuk, tkrs gSaA bUgsa la;qDr v{kj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA nsf[k,µ {k µ o~Q $ "k ¾ d{kk] {kf=k; =k µ r~ $ j ¾ f=knso] f=k'kwy K µ t~ $ ×k ¾ Kkuh] ;K J µ 'k~ $ j ¾ Jfed] ifjJe

è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa v

fdlh O;atu osQ uhps yxus okyh frjNh js[kk ( ~) dks gyar dgrs gSaA + + dks fganh esa lfEefyr dj v vjch rFkk iQkjlh osQ izHkko ls ^”k* vkSj ^iQ* fy;k x;k gSA ^j* o.kZ osQ vU; :iµgeus vHkh rd rd ^j* ij ^m* rFkk ^mQ* dh ek=kk yxkuk lh[kk gSA ^j* o.kZ osQ vU; :iksa dks uhps nsf[k,µ µz ¾ ozQe] leqnz] izFke j ¾ jcM+] jpuk ` ¾ n`';] n`<+] u`i µZ ¾ /eZ] o"kkZ] dk;Z µª ¾ Vªd] Mªe] jk"Vª 14

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&4

vH;kl

c 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) o.kZ fdls dgrs gSa\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------([k) Loj vkSj O;atu esa D;k varj gS\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(x) ek=kk D;k gksrh gS\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,µ (d) dey µ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ([k) 'kyxe µ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ (x) cdjh µ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ (?k) vkneh µ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ (Ä) edku µ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $ ----- $

---------------------

$ ----$ ----- $ ----- $ ----$ ----$ -----

fn, x, okD;ksa esa (3) ;k (7) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ (d) Lojksa dh ek=kk,¡ gksrh gSA ([k) oqQy rSarhl O;atu gksrs gSA (x) la;qDr O;atuksa dh la[;k ik¡p gksrh gAS (?k) Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh èofu o.kZ gSA

O;atuksa dks lgh ozQe esa fyf[k,µ j >

d B

N r c

----------------------------------o.kZ&fopkj

-----------------------------------

B u

e -----------------------------------

Fk .k ; ------------------ ----------------------------------- ------------------

----------------------------------15

la;qDr O;atu fdl&fdlls feydj curs gSa\ fyf[k,µ {k ¾ o~Q $ "k K ¾ --------- $ --------=k ¾ --------- $ ---------

J ¾ --------- $ ---------

^j* o.kZ osQ fofHkUu 'kCn vkil esa fey x, gSa] bUgsa lgh txg ij fyf[k,µ izFkk 'keZ Vªd fepZ izse jk"Vªh; ozQe Mªe deZ µZ -------------------------

µª -------------------------

µz -------------------------

jpukRed dk;Z lgh txg ij (µa) vuqLokj rFkk (µ¡ ) vuqukfld yxk,¡µ vxwj

vxwBh

i[kk

cnj

pkn

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&4

'kCn vkSj okD;

fp=k ns[kdj 'kCnksa dks lgh ozQe esa yxkdj vFkZiw.kZ uke fyf[k,µ

----------------------

id;kèv µ

----------------------

M+ld

----------------------

eqnzl

----------------------

nzekUp

vkius mQij fy[ks nzekUp] id;kèv] M+ld rFkk eqnzl 'kCnksa dks i<+kA bu 'kCnksa dk dksbZ vFkZ le> ugha vk;k] D;ksafd ;s fujFkZd 'kCn gSaA tc bUgsa Bhd izdkj ls lgh o.kZozQe esa yxk;k x;k] rc budk vFkZ Li"V gqvkA o.kks± dks feykdj 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZµ p $ u~ $ nz $ ek ¾ pUnzek (ftls ge lkekU; Hkk"k esa panz ;k pank ekek cksyrs gSa) v $ /~ $ ;k $ i $ d ¾ vè;kid (tks gesa Kku nsrs gSa) l $ M+ $ d ¾ lM+d (og jkLrk ftl ij ge pyrs gSa) l $ eq $ nz ¾ lkxj (fo'o esa lkr leqnz gSa) 'kCn vkSj okD;

bl ckr dk ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fdµ nks ;k nks ls vf/d o.kks± osQ lkFkZd esy dks 'kCn dgrs gSaA 'kCn osQ Hksn vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn nks rjg osQ gksrs gSaµ (i) lkFkZd 'kCn (ii) fujFkZd 'kCn (i) lkFkZd 'kCnµo.kks± osQ esy ls cus ftu 'kCnksa dk dksbZ u dksbZ vFkZ fudyrk gks] os 'kCn lkFkZd 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµckyd] cksry] feBkbZ vkfnA (ii) fujFkZd 'kCnµo.kks± osQ esy ls cus ftu 'kCnksa dk dksbZ vFkZ u fudys] og fujFkZd 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµyckd] rcksy] bZBkfe vkfnA

è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa v v

o.kks± osQ lkFkZd lewg dks 'kCn dgrs gSaA vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ HksnµlkFkZd 'kCn vkSj fujFkZd 'kCnA

okD; fp=k ns[kdj okD; esa 'kCnksa osQ ozQe dks lgh djosQ yxk,¡µ 1- jgk ia[kk py gSA ----------------------

2- jktk taxy gS dk 'ksjA ----------------------

3- dy gokbZ tgk”k eSa vk;k lsA ----------------------

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&4

4- lqanj xqykc iwQy dk gSA ---------------------fn, x, 'kCn vViVs ozQe esa yxs gksus osQ dkj.k viuk lgh vFkZ ugha ns ik,] ftl dkj.k ckr le> esa ugha vk jgh gSA vr% ;s okD; xyr gSaA foaQrq tc budk ozQe lgh djosQ fy[kk x;k] rc ckr vklkuh ls le> vk xbZA vFkZ Li"V gksus osQ dkj.k ;s okD; lkFkZd gSaA ^'kCnksa osQ lkFkZd lewg dks okD; dgrs gSaA*

okD; osQ vax okD; osQ nks vax gksrs gSaµ mn~ns'; fo/s; (i) mn~ns';µokD; esa ftlosQ ckjs esa ckr gks jgh gS] mls mn~ns'; dgk tkrk gSA tSlsµyky fdyk fnYyh esa gSA bl okD; esa yky fdys osQ ckjs esa ckr gks jgh gSA vFkkZr yky fdyk gekjk mn~ns'; dgyk,xkA (ii) fo/s;µokD; osQ ckdh Hkkx esa mn~ns'; osQ ckjs esa tks dgk tkrk gS mls fo/s; dgrs gSaA tSls yky fdyk fnYyh esa gSA vFkkZr yky fdyk (mn~ns';) dgk¡ gS] fnYyh esaA ;g fo/s; dgyk,xkA

fpfM+;k isM+ dh Mky ij cSBh gSA (mn~ns';) (fo/s;) 'kCn vkSj okD;

firk th v[kckj i<+ jgs gSaA (mn~ns';) (fo/s;) 19

;gk¡ oqQN okD; fn, x, gS] bUgas if<+,µ 1- jkf/dk lqanj fp=k cukrh gSA 2- fojkV us Jhyadk Vhe dh NqV~Vh dj nhA 3- firk th Vhúohú ns[k jgs gSaA 4- phrk cgqr rs”k nkSM+ jgk gSA vc bu okD;ksa dks nks eq[; Hkkxksa esa ck¡V nsrs gSaµ mn~ns'; fo/s; jkf/dk lqanj fp=k cukrh gSA fojkV us Jhyadk Vhe dh NqV~Vh dj nhA firk th Vhúohú ns[k jgs gSA phrk cgqr rs”k nkSM+ jgk gSA ^o.kZ* gekjs ^'kCn* cukrs] ^Hkk"kk esa og vkrs dke 'kCnksa ls feydj curk tks] cPpksa ^okD;* mldk ukeA

è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa v v v v

'kCnksa dk og lewg tks lkFkZd gks] okD; dgykrk gSA okD; osQ nks eq[; Hkkx gksrs gSaµmn~ns'; vkSj fo/s;A ftlosQ ckjs esa ckr dh tk,] og mn~ns'; gSA mn~ns'; osQ ckjs esa tks oqQN dgk tk,] og fo/s; gSA

vH;kl

c 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) 'kCn fdls dgrs gSa\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&4

([k) 'kCn osQ fdrus Hksn gksrs gSa\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(x) lkFkZd 'kCn fdls dgrs gSa\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(?k) fujFkZd 'kCn fdls dgrs gSa\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(Ä) vius vkl&ikl ns[kdj nl lkFkZd 'kCn fyf[k,A --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(p) okD; fdls dgrs gSa\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(N) okD; osQ vaxksa osQ uke fy[ksaA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(t) mn~ns'; fdls dgasxs\ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(>) fo/s; fdls dgsaxs\ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-

o`{k ij dgha lkFkZd 'kCn yxs gSa rFkk dgha fujFkZd 'kCnA bUgsa lgh LFkkuksa ij fyf[k,µ jhdc

fxygjh Vksdjh

dcwrj

rjcw”k

jlld

rjhN uq"k/

lkFkZd 'kCn µ ---------------------- ------------------------------------------- ---------------------fujFkZd 'kCn µ ---------------------- ------------------------------------------- ----------------------

'kCn vkSj okD;

uhps fy[ks o.kks± dks lgh ozQe esa fy[kdj lkFkZd 'kCn cukb,µ (d) miuo µ ---------------------([k) Fkhgk µ ---------------------(x) yjs µ ---------------------(?k) ykek µ ---------------------(Ä) ujfg µ ---------------------(p) ;kfM+xq µ ---------------------(N) ykSukf[k µ ---------------------(t) ncaj µ ----------------------

uhps fn, okD;ksa esa mn~ns'; dks igpkudj vyx dhft,µ ---------------------(d) e;ad fozQosQV [ksyrk gSA ---------------------([k) lqeu yM+ D;ksa jgh gS\ ---------------------(x) fnYyh esa HkhM+ cgqr gSA ---------------------(?k) cxhps esa lqanj iwQy yxs gSaA ---------------------(Ä) fcYyh jlksbZ osQ Hkhrj xbZ gSA

fn, x, okD;ksa esa ls mn~ns'; ,oa fo/s; vyx&vyx dhft,µ (d) xaxk ,d ifo=k unh gSA mn~ns'; µ xaxk fo/s; µ ifo=k unh gSA ([k) jkt dy esys esa x;kA mn~ns'; µ ---------------------fo/s; µ ---------------------(x) dkSvk dkys jax dk gksrk gSA mn~ns'; µ ---------------------fo/s; µ ---------------------(?k) feBkbZ [kjhn ykvksA mn~ns'; µ ---------------------fo/s; µ ---------------------'kCnksa dk ozQe Bhd dj vFkZiw.kZ okD; fyf[k,µ ---------------------(d) tk,¡xs rktegy ge dyA ---------------------([k) VwV ls isM+ x;k iRrkA ---------------------(x) j[kh esa vyekjh lkfM+;k¡ gSaA (?k) f[kykSus #fp gSa lkjs cgqr ikl osQA ---------------------(Ä) gksrh jfookj NqV~Vh dh gekjh gSA ----------------------

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&4

fn, x, iz'uksa osQ lgh mRrj osQ (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ (d) okD; fdls dgrs gS\ (v) lkFkZd 'kCn lewg dks (c) o.kks± osQ lewg dks (l) ek=kkvksa osQ lewg dks ([k) ftlosQ ckjs esa ckr dh tk,] og okD; dk dkSu&lk vax gS\ (v) fo/s; (c) mn~ns'; (l) buesa ls dksbZ ugha

jpukRed dk;Z fp=k ns[kdj 'kCn iwjs dhft,µ

eks----------

lq----------gh

pw----------

e/q-------D-------

fp----------;k

ftjk----------

fp=k ns[kdj mn~ns'; fyf[k,µ (d) ---------------------- rkykc esa f[kyrk gSA

([k) ---------------------- dks ukpuk ilan gSA

(x) 'kCn vkSj okD;

---------------------- osQ ia[k jax&fcjaxs gksrs gSaA 23

laKk

uhps fn, x, ukeksa dks igpkudj O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, (1)] oLrqvksa osQ fy, (2)] LFkkuksa osQ fy, (3) rFkk Hkkoksa osQ fy, (4) fyf[k,µ cq<+kik

nq[k

e;ad

fnYyh

es”l

yky fdyk

gSjkuh

rktegy

dk;jrk

HkwVku

jktk

oqQjlh

lksue

dye

jk?ko

lqanjrk

ozQks/

nksLrh

fdrkc

lq[k

mQij fn, x, 'kCn fdlh&u&fdlh uke] oLrq] LFkku rFkk Hkko osQ ckjs esa crkrs gSaA gj pht dh igpku mlosQ uke ls gh gksrh gSA blfy, lalkj esa gj ,d pht dk uke gksrk gS vkSj uke dks gh laKk dgrs gSaA ;s lHkh uke laKk gSaA bls bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fdµ fdlh izk.kh oLrq LFkku vkSj Hkko osQ uke dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn laKk dgykrs gSA

laKk osQ Hksn O;fDrokpd laKk

tkfrokpd laKk

Hkkookpd laKk

(i) O;fDrokpd laKkµHkkjr osQ izeq[k jkT;ksa eas mRrj izns'k dk uke Hkh 'kkfey gSA ;gk¡ dh jkt/kuh y[kumQ dks cuk;k x;k gSA ;ksxh vkfnR;ukFk th ;gk¡ osQ eq[;ea=kh gSaA bykgkckn rFkk vkxjk ;gk¡ osQ izeq[k uxj gSaA bykgkckn dh /jrh ij xaxk] ;equk rFkk ljLorh ufn;ksa dk laxe gksrk gSA vkxjk dk rktegy fo'o izfln~/ gSA mQij fn, x, js[kkafdr 'kCn fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k] LFkku ;k ufn;ksa osQ ukeksa dks crkrs gSaA ,sls ukeksa dks O;fDrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA 24

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&4

tks 'kCn fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku fo'ks"k osQ uke osQ ckjs esa crkrs gSa mUgsa O;fDrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA oqQN vU; O;fDrokpd laKk,¡µ ns'kksa osQ ukeµ

Hkkjr baXySaM vkWLVªsfy;k O;fDr;ksa osQ ukeµvferkHk cPpu] MkWú ,úihútsú vCnqy dyke] panz'ks[kj vk”kkn] lkbuk usgoky] yrk eaxs'kdj vkfnA R;ksgkjksa osQ ukeµgksyh] nhikoyh] bZn] n'kgjk] fozQlel vkfnA fnuksa osQ ukeµjfookj] eaxyokj] cq/okj] 'kqozQokj vkfnA bekjrksa osQ ukeµyky fdyk] rktegy] oqQrqcehukj vkfnA ufn;ksa osQ ukeµxaxk] ;equk] lryqt vkfnA [ksyksa osQ ukeµfozQosQV] gkWdh] dcM~Mh] Vsful vkfnA eghuksa osQ ukeµtuojh] iQjojh] ekpZ] vizSy] ebZ vkfnA (ii) tkfrokpd laKkµ;s esjk fon~;ky; gSA eSa blesa vius NksVs HkkbZ osQ lkFk i<+us tkrh gw¡A esjs fo|ky; esa ,d cM+k&lk iqLrdky; Hkh gSA ;gk¡ cgqr lkjs isM+&ikS/s fon~;ky; yxs gSaA mQij fn, x, js[kkafdr 'kCn fdlh fo'ks"k O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku osQ ckjs esa u crkdj mudh iwjh tkfr osQ ckjs esa crk jgs gSaA bUgsa tkfrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA tks 'kCn izkf.k;ksa vFkok oLrqvksa dh iwjh tkfr osQ ckjs esa crkrs gSa] mUgsa tkfrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA laKk

oqQN vU; tkfrokpd laKk,¡µNk=k] d{kk] vè;kid] iQy] iwQy] vkneh] 'kgj] igkM+] unh] f[kykSuk] i'kq] gkFkh] canj vkfnA (iii) Hkkookpd laKkµcpiu dk le; cgqr gh vPNk gksrk gSA cPps lkFk&lkFk i<+kbZ djrs rFkk [ksyrs gSaA og dHkh Hkh cM+ksa dh rjg >xM+rs ughaA mudk eu dksey gksrk gSA mQij fn, okD;ksa esa js[kkafdr 'kCn Hkkoksa rFkk xq.kksa osQ ckjs esa crk jgs gSaA bUgsa osQoy vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls laKk 'kCn Hkkookpd laKk dgykrs gSaA tks 'kCn fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku osQ xq.k&nks] voLFkk rFkk eu osQ Hkkoksa osQ ckjs esa crkrs gSa] Hkkookpd laKk dgykrs gSaA Hkkookpd laKk 'kCnksa dh jpuk eq[; :i ls tkfrokpd laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k rFkk fozQ;k 'kCnksa ls gksrh gSA 'kCn nksLr viuk lqanj fy[kuk cw<+k [kV~Vk cPpk p<+uk e/qj Fkduk ,d ohj

Hkkookpd laKk nksLrh viukiu lqanjrk fy[kkoV cq<+kik [kVkl cpiu p<+kbZ e/qjrk Fkdku ,drk ohjrk

vU; Hkkookpd laKk,¡ bl izdkj gSaµ[kq'kh] lqxa/] xqLlk] lq[k] nq[k] vkuan] xjeh] ljnh] bZekunkjh] gfj;kyh] Lokfn"V] eerk] m¡QpkbZ] Je vkfnA

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&4

è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa v v v v v v

fdlh izk.kh] oLrq vkSj Hkko osQ uke dh laKk dgrs gSaA laKk osQ HksnµO;fDrokpd] tkfrokpd vkSj HkkookpdA fo'ks"k O;fDr oLrq] LFkku vkfn osQ uke O;fDrokpd laKk gksrs gSA iwjh tkfr osQ fy, ,d uke tkfrokpd laKk gksrk gSA eu osQ Hkko] fopkj vkfn osQ uke Hkkookpd laKk gksrs gSA laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k vkSj fozQ;k osQ oqQN 'kCn tksM+dj Hkkookpd laKk cukbZ tkrh gSA

vH;kl

c 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) laKk dh ifjHkk"kk crkb,A --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------([k) laKk osQ fdrus Hksn gksrs gSa\ uke crkb,A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

laKk

mfpr 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ i{kh] LFkku] lC”kh] unh] iQy] o`{k] i'kq] bulku (d) 'ksj ,d ----------------- dk uke gSA ([k) xaxk ,d ----------------- dk uke gSA (x) vè;kid ,d ----------------- gSA (?k) fon~;ky; ,d ----------------- dk uke gSA (Ä) dcwrj ,d ----------------- dk uke gSA (p) ccwy ,d ----------------- dk uke gSA (N) ve:n ,d ----------------- dk uke gSA (t) vkyw ,d ----------------- dk uke gSA

lgh Hkkookpd laKk ij (3) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ (d) nksLr µ

nksLrksa

nksLrh

([k) cw<+k µ

cw<+h

cq<+kik

(x) cPpk µ

cpiu

cPph

(?k) lqanj µ

lqanjrk

lqanjh

'kCn iwjs dhft,µ (d) -----è;ki----([k) MkW-----V----(x) lq-----j (?k) la-----jk (Ä) -----Yyh

(;g (;g (;g (;g (;g

gesa i<+krs gSa) jksfx;ksa dk bykt djrs gSa) lksus&pk¡nh osQ xgus cukrk gS) iQy dk uke gS) pwgs osQ ihNs Hkkxrh gS)

jpukRed dk;Z lHkh feys laKk 'kCnksa esa ls Hkkookpd laKk 'kCnkas dks Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ eksj

lkgl lfpu

nnZ

bZn

ljnh

lqanjrk eaxyokj feBkl -------------------------------------------------------

-------------------

xqLlk eSnku phu -------------------------------------

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&4