Doublew Education Alankar Hindi Vyakaran- 5 (Ch 1-4) by Doublew Education

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fganh O;kdj.k ys[kd MkWú egs'k HkVukxj ,eú,ú ih&,púMh (fganh)

MCY;q ,tqds 'ku ,tqosQ'kuy ifCy'klZ

ubZ fnYyh&110002

MkW- jek ik.Ms

,eú,ú] ih&,púMhú (fganh)

izdk'kd

MCY;q ,tqds 'ku ,tqosQ'kuy ifCy'klZ 4262@3] valkjh jksM] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002 iQksu % 91&41514602] 23282453 Email: doubleweducation@gmail.com

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ISBN : 978-81-938544-2-6

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Hkk"kk] cksyh] fyfi vkSj O;kdj.k

o.kZ&fopkj

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'kCn&HkaMkj

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Hkk"kk

fiNys fp=k esa ek¡ rFkk cPpk cksydj o lqudj ckr le> jgs gSa] nwljs fp=k esa vè;kfidk fy[kdj rFkk rhljs fp=k esa yM+dk laosQr n~okjk fdrkc mBkus dh ckr dks le>krk fn[kk;k x;k gSA bl izdkj eu dh ckr rFkk fopkjksa dks nwljksa rd igq¡pkuk rFkk mudh ckr le>uk gh Hkk"kk gSA Hkk"kk og lk/u gS] ftlosQ n~okjk ge ,d&nwljs osQ fopkjksa dks le>rs vkSj le>krs gSaA Hkk"kk osQ pkj dkS'ky gksrs gSaµcksyuk] lquuk] i<+uk rFkk fy[kukA tks O;fDr bu lHkh esa ftruk fuiq.k gksxk] mldh Hkk"kk mruh gh vPNh gksxhA Hkk"kk osQ :i Hkk"kk osQ nks :i gksrs gSaµ (i) ekSf[kd (ii) fyf[kr (i) ekSf[kd Hkk"kkµtc ge viuh ckr cksydj vkSj lqudj izdV djrs gSa] rks og Hkk"kk dk + u ;k ekSf[kd :i dgykrk gS_ tSlsµVsyhiQks eksckbZy ij ckrsa djuk] jsfM;ks ij lekpkj lquuk] Hkk"k.k ;k fdlh dks dgkuh lqukuk vkfnA (ii) fyf[kr Hkk"kkµtc ge fy[kdj vkSj i<+dj vius fopkjksa dks izdV djrs gSa rks og Hkk"kk dk fyf[kr :i dgykrk gS_ tSlsµlekpkj&i=k] if=kdk,¡] bZ&esy] eksckby osQ lans'k (eSlst) vkfnA dHkh&dHkh ge laosQr n~okjk Hkh ,d&nwljs dks viuh ckr le>kus dk iz;kl djrs gSa] ysfdu ;g Hkk"kk dk ekU; :i ugha gSA 6

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&5

cksyh tc dksbZ Hkk"kk osQoy cksypky osQ fy;s iz;ksx dh tkrh gks vkSj mlls fdlh lkfgR; dh jpuk u gks] ;k mls fdlh fo'ks"k {ks=k esa gh cksyk tkrk gks] rks mls cksyh dgrs gSa_ tSlsµgfj;k.koh] c?ksyh] exgh] vafxdk] vkfnA cksyh Hkk"kk dc curh gS\ tc fdlh {ks=k dh cksyh esa lkfgR; dh jpuk izkjaHk gksus yxs vkSj mlosQ vè;;u osQ mlosQ vius 'kCndks'k vkSj O;kdj.k fodflr gksus yxrs gSa rks ml cksyh dks Hkk"kk dk LFkku izkIr gks tkrk gSA tSlsµeSfFkyh] cksMks] Mksxjh vkfn dks cksyh ls Hkk"kk cus oqQN gh le; O;rhr gqvk gSA + lalkj esa vusd Hkk"kk,¡ izpfyr gSaµvjch] iQkjlh] mnwZ] tkikuh (uhgksaxh)] phuh (eankfju) vaxzs”kh] teZuh (MkW;V~'k) vkfnA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh v"Ve vuqlwph esa 22 Hkk"kkvksa dks ekU;rk iznku dh xbZ gSA ;s Hkk"kk,¡ gSaµ 1- fganh 2- xqtjkrh 3- vlfe;k 4- caxyk 5- cksMks 6- Mksxjh 7- dUuM+ 8- d'ehjh 9- dksad.kh 10- eSfFkyh 11- ey;kye 12- ef.kiqjh 13- ejkBh 14- usikyh 15- vksfM+;k 16- iatkch 17- laLo`Qr 18- laFkkyh 19- fla/h 20- rfey 21- rsyqxw 22- mnwZA iatkc esa iatkch] osQjy esa ey;kye] dukZVd esa dUuM+] rfeyukMq esa rfey vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh gSaA fganh gekjs ns'k osQ vf/drj yksxksa n~okjk cksyh vkSj le>h tkrh gSA ;g gekjh jktHkk"kk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 343 osQ varxZr 14 flracj] 1949 dks bls jktHkk"kk dk ntkZ izkIr gqvk] izfro"kZ ;g fnu fganh fnol osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA fyfi fganh Hkk"kk dks ge d] [k] x vkfn o.kks± osQ :i eas fy[krs gSaA o.kks± osQ fy[kus dk ;gh :i fyfi dgykrk gSA

en m i c e p S Hkk"kk] cksyh vkSj O;kdj.k

fdlh Hkk"kk osQ o.kks± osQ fy[kus osQ <ax dks fyfi dgrs gSaA izR;sd Hkk"kk dh viuh ,d fyfi gksrh gSA fganh Hkk"kk dh fyfi nsoukxjh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr nsoukxjh esa laLo`Qr] ejkBh] usikyh vkfn Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh fy[kh tkrh gSaA izeq[k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks ,d lkFk ge uksV ij Nik gqvk ns[k ldrs gSaA izeq[k Hkk"kk,¡ rFkk mldh fyfi;k¡µ Hkk"kk fyfi Hkk"kk fyfi Hkk"kk fyfi fganh] laLo`Qr nsoukxjh ey;kye ey;kye laFkkyh nsoukxjh vaxzs”kh jkseu rsyqxw rsyqxw teZu jkseu iatkch xq#eq[kh vksfM+;k vksfM+;k izsaQp jkseu + mnwZ iQkjlh cksMksa nsoukxjh dksad.kh nsoukxjh O;kdj.k fp=k esa cPpksa dh ckr lgh ugha yx jgh] D;ksafd buesa okD;ksa dh jpuk O;kdj.k osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj ugha gSA mQij dh ckrphr eas Hkk"kk 'kqn~/ ugha gSA bldk 'kqn~/ :i nsf[k,µ rqe dkSu gks\ rFkk D;ksa vk, gks\ eSa jktk] rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyus vk;k gw¡A Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ ;k v'kqn~/ :i dk Kku O;kdj.k n~okjk gksrk gSA O;kdj.k }kjk gh Hkk"kk osQ fu;e fu/kZfjr gksrs gSaA bu fu;eksa osQ ikyu n~okjk gh Hkk"kk 'kqn~/ gksrh gSA O;kdj.k gesa bldk Kku djkrk gSA O;kdj.k og 'kkL=k gS] tks Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku djkrk gSA blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd O;kdj.k dk Kku u gksus ls gekjh Hkk"kk esa vusd v'kqn~f/;k¡ gksrh gSaA Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ iz;ksx osQ fy, O;kdj.k dk Kku vR;ar vko';d gSA

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&5

è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa v v v v v v v v v v

Hkkoksa ,oa fopkjksa osQ vknku&iznku dk lk/u Hkk"kk dgykrk gSA Hkk"kk osQ nks :i gSaµekSf[kd vkSj fyf[krA Hkk"kk osQ pkj dkS'ky gSaµlquuk] cksyuk] i<+uk vkSj fy[kukA Hkk"kk dk ,d vU; ekSf[kd :i cksyh dgykrk gSA cksyh dk {ks=k lhfer gksrk gSA Hkk"kk ftl :i esa fy[kh tkrh gS] mls fyfi dgrs gSA 14 flracj 1949 dks fganh Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk cuhA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa fganh Hkk"kk osQ vykok 21 vU; Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh Loho`Qr gSaA fganh fnol izR;sd o"kZ 14 flracj dks euk;k tkrk gSA Hkk"kk dks 'kqn~/ :i esa cksyuk] i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk fl[kkus okyk 'kkL=k O;kdj.k dgykrk gSA

vH;kl

c 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) Hkk"kk D;k gS\ ([k) Hkk"kk osQ fdrus :i gSa\ osQoy uke nhft,A (x) Hkk"kk osQ fdrus dkS'ky gksrs gSa\ uke nhft,A (?k) cksyh fdl izdkj Hkk"kk curh gS\ (Ä) Hkk"kk esa O;kdj.k dk egRo crk,¡A

fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ (d) Hkk"kk 'kCn dk fodkl laLo`Qr dh ---------------------- /krq ls gqvk gSA ([k) ---------------------- n~okjk Hkh ge viuh ckr le>k ldrs gSaA (x) Hkk"kk osQ ---------------------- dkS'ky gksrs gSaA (?k) Hkkjr esa ---------------------- Hkk"kkvksa dks ekU;rk izkIr gSA (Ä) o.kks± osQ fy[kus dk ;gh :i ---------------------- dgykrk gSA

Hkk"kk] cksyh vkSj O;kdj.k

Hkk"kk dk mudh fyfi;ksa ls feyku djsaµ Hkk"kk fganh vaxzs”kh iatkch mnwZ

fyfi + iQkjlh xq#eq[kh jkseu nsoukxjh

oxZ&igsyh esa ls lkr Hkk"kkvksa osQ uke <w¡<+dj fyf[k,µ xq t jk rh r v d 'eh jh e fe l p y j jk y fe ca x yk Bh ia ;k rs yq xw u ch j (i) (iv) (vii)

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(ii) (v)

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(iii) (vi)

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jpukRed dk;Z fganh Hkk"kk osQ vfrfjDr fdlh vU; Hkk"kk esa vius ckjs esa ik¡p okD; fyf[k,µ (i) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(ii) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(iii) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(iv) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(v) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vkidh d{kk esa dbZ Nk=k nwljs jkT;ksa ls gksaxsA ml jkT; esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk esa vki viuk uke fy[kuk muls lhf[k,µ 10

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&5

o.kZ&fopkj

u~ $ vk $ o~ $ v i~ $ va $ [k~ $ vk vk $ e~ $ v ¾ uko ¾ ia[kk ¾ vke ;s lHkh 'kCn vusd NksVh&NksVh èofu;ksa osQ esy ls cus gSaA cksyrs le; gekjs eq¡g ls tks èofu;k¡ fudyrh gSa] mUgsa fy[kus osQ fy, oqQN fpg~u cuk, x, gSa] ftUgsa o.kZ dgk tkrk gSA bu èofu;ksa osQ VqdM+s ugha gks ldrsA o.kZ Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gksrh gSaA fganh Hkk"kk esa iz;ksx gksus okyh og lcls NksVh èofu] ftlosQ VqdM+s ugha fd, tk ldrs o.kZ dgykrh gSA o.kZekyk izR;sd Hkk"kk esa o.kks± dks ,d fuf'pr ozQe esa j[kk tkrk gS ftlls mlosQ vè;;u esa lqfo/k gksrh gSA bls gh o.kZekyk dgk tkrk gSA o.kks± osQ ,d fuf'pr ozQe esa fy[ks O;ofLFkr lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA o.kZekyk (fganh) fganh o.kZekyk esa o.kZ Loj rFkk O;atuksa osQ foHkkftr gSaµ (i) Lojµ v

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mQ"eµ

la;qDr O;atuµ

vfrfjDr O;atuµ M+

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oqQN è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa v va vuqLokj vkSj v% (%) folxZ dgykrs gSaA vuqLokj dks (µa ) ls fn[kkrs gSaA v v¡ dks vuqukfld dgrs gSaA vuqukfld dks panzfcanq (µ¡ ) osQ :i esa fn[kkrs gSaA v Ä~] ×k~] .k~] u~] e~ iape o.kks± osQ fy, Hkh vuqLokj dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA v M+] <+ vU; o.kZ gSaA buls dksbZ 'kCn 'kq: ugha gksrkA v vkW (kW)] ”k] iQ+ nwljs Hkk"kkvksa ls vkbZ èofu;k¡ gSaA Loj Loj o.kZ vius&vki esa Lora=k gksrs gSaA bUgsa cksyrs le; eq[k ls fudyus okyh ok;q fcuk #dkoV osQ fudyrh gSA bUgsa cksyus osQ fy, fdlh vU; o.kZ dh lgk;rk ugha ysuh iM+rhA fganh o.kZekyk esa 11 Loj gksrs gSaA Loj dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSµ (d) ßLo Loj ([k) nh?kZ Loj (x) Iyqr Loj (d) ßLo LojµbuosQ mPpkj.k esa lcls de le; yxrk gSA bUgsa ewy Loj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;s la[;k esa pkj gksrs gSaµv] b] m] ½A ([k) nh?kZ LojµbuosQ mPpkj.k esa ßLo Lojksa ls nksxquk le; yxrk gSA ;s la[;k esa lkr gksrs gSaµvk] bZ] mQ] ,] ,s] vks] vkSA (x) Iyqr LojµbuosQ mPpkj.k esa lcls vf/d le; yxrk gSA Iyqr Lojksa dks fn[kkus osQ fy, muosQ ckn ý fy[krs gSaA tSlsµvksýe~A vktdy budk iz;ksx ugha osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&5 12

Loj rFkk mudh ek=kk,¡ v vk b bZ m mQ ½ , ,s vks vkS µs µS dksbZ ek=kk ugha gksrh k f h µq µw µ` ks kS ^v* dks NksM+dj izR;sd Loj dh ek=kk gksrh gSA ^v* v{kj izR;sd O;atu osQ lkFk LokHkkfod :i ls feyk jgrk gSA O;atuksa osQ lkFk Lojksa osQ ftl :i dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] og ek=kk dgykrk gSA Loj dh ek=kk,¡ rFkk mudk mi;ksx Loj ek=kk ek=kk iz;ksx v dksbZ ek=kk ugha lM+d vk k jktk b f fdrkc bZ h ?kM+h m q oqQRrk mQ w dcwrj ½ ` o`Qf"k µs , lsc µS ,s eSuk vks ks jksVh vkS kS dkSvk vuqLokj (µa )µbudk mPpkj.k ukd ls gksrk gS_ tSlsµgal] oaQl] oaQ?kk vkfnA vuqukfld (µ¡ )µbldk mPpkj.k ukd rFkk eq¡g nksuksa ls gksrk gS_ tSlsµvk¡[k] oq¡Qvk vkfnA folxZ (%)µbldk Loj ^g~* dh rjg gksrk gS_ tSlsµizkr%] vr% vkfnA ^j* v{kj osQ lkFk ^m* rFkk ^mQ* dh ek=kk chp esa yxrh gS_ tSlsµ#i;k (m)] :i (mQ) O;atu ;g Lojksa dh rjg Lora=k ugha gksrsA budks cksyus esa Lojksa dh lgk;rk ysuh iM+rh gSA izR;sd O;atu o.kZ eas ^v* dh ek=kk feyh gksrh gSA ^v* osQ fcuk ge O;atu o.kZ dks gyar (~) yxkdjµo~Q] [k~] p~] N~] r~] Fk~] i~] i~Q osQ :i esa fy[k rks ldrs gSa ysfdu mPpkj.k ugha dj ldrsA mPpkj.k osQ vk/kj ij O;atu osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ 1- Li'kZ O;atu 2- varLFk O;atu 3- mQ"e O;atuA o.kZ&fopkj

(i) la;qDr O;atuµbuesa nks O;atuksa dks feyk;k tkrk gS] tSlsµ {k µ o~Q $ "k ¾ {kf=k; =k µ r~ $ j ¾ f=k'kwy K µ t~ $ ×k ¾ Kkuh J µ 'k~ $ j ¾ Jfed bu pkj O;atuksa osQ vykok Hkh oqQN la;qDr O;atu gksrs gSa_ tSlsµ '; µ 'k~ $ ; ¾ vo'; Lr µ l~ $ r ¾ iqLrd U; µ u~ $ ; ¾ vU; PN µ p~ $ N ¾ vPNk vkfnA (ii) n~foRo O;atuµblesa ,d gh O;atu dk iz;ksx nks ckj fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ dPpk] iDdk] fcYyh] xUuk ^j* dk pkj :iksa esa iz;ksx (i) lkekU; :i esaµLoj lfgr ^j* vius lkekU; :i esa bl izdkj fy[kk tkrk gS_ tSlsµ jRu] djrk] Hkkjr] xkSjo vkfnA (ii) mQij yxus okyh ek=kk osQ :i esaµtc ^j* Lojjfgr (j~) gksrk gS rks O;atu osQ mQij ek=kk :i esa bl izdkj yxrk gSµ x $ j~ $ e ¾ xeZ / $ j~ $ e ¾ /eZ (iii) uhps yxus okyh ek=kk osQ :i esaµ;g [kM+h ikbZ osQ O;atu osQ uhps ek=kk :i esa bl izdkj yxrk gSµ p $ o~Q $ j ¾ pozQ i~ $ j~ $ 'k~ $ u ¾ iz'u (iv) V oxZ osQ lkFk yxus okyh ek=kk osQ :i esaµV oxZ (V~] B~] M~] <~) osQ lkFk ek=kk :i esa ;g bl izdkj yxrk gSµ V~ $ j $ d ¾ Vªd M~ $ j $ e ¾ Mªe o.kZ&foPNsn ftl izdkj ek¡ cSx ls lfC”k;k¡ fudkydj vyx&vyx j[k jgh gSa] mlh izdkj o.kks± dks vyx&vyx djuk gh o.kZ&foPNsn dgykrk gSA 14

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&5

'kCn fdrkc ia[kk nhokj cl isBk iSj ioZr izk.k Mªe =kk.k varr%

o.kZ&foPNsn o~Q i~ n~ c~ i~ i~ i~ i~ M~ r~ va

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b va bZ v , ,s v~ j~ j~ j~ r~

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r~ [k~ o~ l~ B~ j~ o~ vk vk vk v

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vk vk vk v vk v V .k~ e~ .k~ r~

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r~ $ v v v v v%

è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa v v v v v v v v

o.kZ Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gSA o.kks± dk O;ofLFkr lewg o.kZekyk dgykrk gSA Loj osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµßLo] nh?kZ vkSj IyqrA Lojkas osQ fy, fu/kZfjr fpg~u ek=kk,¡ dgykrs gSaA nks fHkUu O;atuksa osQ esy ls cus O;atu la;qDr O;atu dgykrs gSaA nks leku O;atuksa osQ esy ls cus O;atu n~foRo O;atu dgykrs gSA nks fHkUu O;atuksa osQ esy ls cus v{kj la;qDrk{kj dgykrs gSaA 'kCn osQ izR;sd o.kZ dks vyx djosQ fy[kuk o.kZ foPNsn dgykrk gSA

vH;kl

c 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) o.kZ fdls dgrs gSa\ ([k) o.kZekyk fdls dgsaxs\ (x) Loj dks fdrus Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS\ osQoy uke crk,¡A (?k) Iyqr Loj D;k gksrs gSa\ (Ä) n~foRo O;atu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

o.kZ&fopkj

lgh 'kCn fy[kdj okD; iwjs dfj,µ (d) ---------------------- osQ VqdM+s ugha fd, tk ldrsA ([k) o.kks± dk O;ofLFkr lewg ---------------------- dgykrk gSA (x) ßLo Loj dks ---------------------- Loj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA (?k) O;atuksa osQ lkFk Lojksa osQ :i dk iz;ksx ---------------------- dgykrk gSA (Ä) o.kks± dks vyx&vyx djuk gh ---------------------- gSA

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,µ (d) lewg µ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ ([k) rhu µ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ (x) esy µ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ (?k) ioZr µ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ (Ä) dye µ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $ (p) cksry µ ------- $ ------- $ ------- $

^j* osQ fofHkUu :iksa osQ lgh iz;ksx ij xksyk (d) izlkn ijlkn ([k) pdj pozQ (x) vjFk vkjFk (?k) vk'khZokn vk'khjokn

-------------------------------------

$ ------- $ -------

$ ------- $ ------- $ ------$ ------- $ ------$ ------- $ -------

cukb,µ izklkn pkozQ vFkZ vk'khokZn

jpukRed dk;Z {k] =k rFkk K la;qDr o.kZ okys nks&nks 'kCn fyf[k,µ

{k µ ---------------------------=k µ ----------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------

K µ ----------------------------

----------------------------

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&5

'kCn vkSj okD;

'kCn fp=kksa osQ uke bl <ax ls fy[kks fd vFkZ iw.kZ 'kCn cu tk,¡µ imuo

-------------------------

yjs

-------------------------

ujfg

-------------------------

ykSukf[k

-------------------------

vkius mQij imuo] yjs] ujfg rFkk ykSukf[k 'kCnksa dks i<+kA budk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gksrk gSA ;s fujFkZd 'kCn gSA tc vkius bu 'kCnksa esa o.kks± dk ozQe lgh fd;k] rks lkFkZd 'kCn cu x,A o.kks± dks feykdj 'kCn curs gSaA mnkgj.kµ m $ i $ o $ u ¾ miou js $ y ¾ jsy fg $ j $ u ¾ fgju f[k $ ykS $ uk ¾ f[kykSuk vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fdµ nks ;k nks ls vf/d o.kks± osQ lkFkZd esy dks 'kCn dgrs gSaA 'kCn vkSj okD;

'kCn osQ Hksn vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn nks rjg osQ gksrs gSaµ 'kCn lkFkZd 'kCn fujFkZd 'kCn lkFkZd 'kCnµo.kks± osQ esy ls cus ftu 'kCnksa dk dksbZ vFkZ gksrk gS] mUgsa lkFkZd 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSlsµekyk] xqfM+;k] gkFkh vkfnA fujFkZd 'kCnµo.kks± osQ esy ls cus ftu 'kCnksa dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gksrk] mUgsa fujFkZd 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSlsµykek] ;kfM+xq] Fkhgk vkfnA okD; vius eu osQ Hkkoksa ;k ckrksa dks ge okD;kas n~okjk gh nwljksa rd igq¡pkrs gSaA cgqr&ls 'kCnksa dk ,d lewg okD; dgykrk gS ftldk dksbZ lkFkZd vFkZ gksA uhps fn, mnkgj.k nsf[k,µ (i) fon~;ky; gw¡ cgu lkFk tkrh eSa osQA (ii) ikl osQ ck”kkj gS ?kj mldkA ;s 'kCn lewg vFkZiw.kZ ugha gS ftlosQ dkj.k buesa dgh ckr vklkuh ls le> ugha vk jghA lkFkZd 'kCn gksrs gq, Hkh budk ozQe Bhd ugha gSA ;fn bUgsa lgh ozQe esa fy[kk tk,xk rks ckr Li"V :i ls le> vk,xhA nsf[k,

eSa cgu osQ lkFk fon~;ky; tkrh gw¡A bl izdkj

mldk ?kj ck”kkj osQ ikl gSA

'kCnksa dk og O;ofLFkr lewg] tks ,d fuf'pr vFkZ (Hkko) Li"V djs] okD; dgykrk gSA okD;ksa dk ,d fuf'pr ozQe gksrk gSA nsf[k,µ drkZ µ deZ µ fozQ;k okD; osQ vax okD; osQ nks eq[; vax gksrs gSaµ (i) mn~ns'; (ii) fo/s; 18

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&5

fdlh okD; osQ iw.kZ gksus osQ fy, bu nksuksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA nksuksa esa ls dksbZ ,d vax Hkh u gksus ij okD; v/wjk jgrk gSA (i) mn~ns';µokD; esa ftlosQ fo"k; esa oqQN dgk tkrk gS] og mn~ns'; dgykrk gSA ljy 'kCnksa esa okD; osQ drkZ gh mldk mn~ns'; gSaA mnkgj.k nsf[k,µ (d) jktw dks vkt ekj iM+hA ([k) lqeu jksrs&jksrs lks xbZA ;gk¡ ij mn~ns'; dgyk,¡xs ^jktw* rFkk ^lqeu*A (ii) fo/s;µokD; esa mn~ns'; osQ fo"k; esa tks oqQN dgk tkrk gS] og fo/s; dgykrk gSA fo/s; osQ varxZr eq[;r% fozQ;k] deZ vkfn dk foLrkj vkrk gSA mnkgj.k nsf[k,µ (d) jktw dks vkt ekj iM+hA ([k) lqeu jksrs&jksrs lks xbZA ;gk¡ ij fo/s; dgyk,¡xs ^dks vkt ekj iM+h* rFkk ^jksrs&jksrs lks xbZ*A okD; osQ Hksn nks vk/kjksa ij okD; osQ Hksn fd, tk ldrs gSaµ (i) jpuk osQ vk/kj ij (ii) vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij (i) jpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD;&Hksnµjpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD; rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ 1- ljy okD; 2- la;qDr okD; 3- feJ okD; 1- ljy okD;µftu okD;ksa esa ,d gh mn~ns'; vkSj ,d gh fo/s; gksrk gS] mugsa ljy okD; dgk tkrk gS_ tSlsµ

cPpk [ksy jgk gSA i{kh isM+ ij cSBk gqvk gSA mn~ns'; fo/s; mn~ns'; fo/s; 2- la;qDr okD;µla;qDr dk vFkZ gksrk gSµtqM+k gqvkA vFkkZr tks okD; leqPp;cks/dksa ;k ;kstdksa dh lgk;rk ls tksM+dj cuk, tkrs gSa] og la;qDr okD; dgykrs gSaA la;qDr okD; esa nksuksa okD; viuk&viuk egRo j[krs gSa_ tSlsµ 'kCn vkSj okD;

lhek yky dye ls fy[k jgh gS e;ad lkbfdy pyk jgk gS vkSj jk/k dkys dye ls fy[k jgh gSA vkSj jfo iSny py jgk gSA 3- feJ okD;µfeJ dk vFkZ gksrk gSµfeyk&tqykA tks okD; ,d ;k mlls vf/d okD;ksa dks feykdj cuk, tkrs gSa] os feJ okD; dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ

ekyk us crk;k jksgu dh ;fn jktk Vk¡x ugha vM+krk iqLrd egs'k us pqjkbZ gSA rks eksfgr uhps ugha fxjrkA (ii) vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD; HksnµvFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD; osQ vkB Hksn gksrs gSaµ 1- fo/kuokpd okD; 2- iz'uokpd okD; 3- vkKkokpd okD; 4- fu"ks/okpd okD; 5- bPNkokpd okD; 6- lansgokpd okD; 7- laosQrokpd okD; 8- foLe;kfncks/d okD; 1- fo/kuokpd okD;µftu okD;ksa esa fdlh izk.kh] oLrq ;k LFkku dh lkekU; fLFkfr dk ifjp; fn;k tkrk gS] mUgsa fo/kuokpd okD; dgk tkrk gS_ tSlsµ (d) mÙkj izns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh vkfnR;ukFk ;ksxh th gSaA ([k) egsanz flag /ksuh ,d liQy dIrku FksA 2- iz'uokpd okD;µftu okD;ksa esa iz'u iwNk tkrk gS] mUgsa iz'uokpd okD; dgk tkrk gSA bu okD;ksa esa D;ksa] dc] oSQls] fdldk] fd/j] fdruk vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS_ tSlsµ (d) D;k le; gqvk gS\ ([k) fdruk Hkkjh cDlk gS\ 3- vkKkokpd okD;µftu okD;ksa esa fdlh dks dksbZ vkKk ;k funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS] mUgsa vkKkokpd okD; dgk tkrk gS_ tSlsµ (d) 'kksj er epkvksA ([k) bls mBkdj ogk¡ j[kksA 20

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&5

4- fu"ks/okpd okD;µftu okD;ksa esa fozQ;k osQ u gksus dh ckr dgh tkrh gS] mUgsa fu"ks/okpd okD; dgk tkrk gS_ tSlsµ (d) eSa MkWDVj osQ Dyhfud ugha tkm¡QxkA ([k) ikuh ugha vk jgkA 5- bPNkokpd okD;µftu okD;ksa esa dksbZ bPNk] vk'khokZn ;k euksdkeuk O;Dr dh tkrh gS] mUgsa bPNkokpd dgk tkrk gS_ tSlsµ (d) bZ'oj esjh lgk;rk vo'; djsaxsA ([k) o`Qi;k esjh ckr lqfu,A 6- lansgokpd okD;µftu okD;ksa esa fdlh dk;Z ;k oLrq osQ izfr 'kadk O;Dr dh tkrh gS] mUgsa lansgokpd okD; dgk tkrk gS_ tSlsµ (d) irk ugha vkxs lc lgh jgsxk ;k ughaA ([k) eq>s ugha yxrk fd og ikl gks ik,xkA 7- laosQrokpd okD;µftu okD;ksa esa dk;ks± osQ fd, tkus ij muosQ ifj.kke osQ fo"k; esa laosQr fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa laosQrokpd okD; dgk tkrk gS_ tSlsµ (d) ;fn og pksjh u djrk rks iqfyl mls u idM+rhA ([k) mlus cqjk deZ fd;k blfy, mls mldk cqjk iQy feykA 8- foLe;kfncks/d okD;µftu okD;ksa esa g"kZ] ihM+k] nq[k] vk'p;Z] izlUurk] 'kksd vkfn Hkkoksa dks O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa foLe;kfncks/d okD; dgk tkrk gSA (d) okg! ;g feBkbZ eq>s ilan gSA ([k) vkg! esjs isV esa nnZ gks jgk gSA

è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa v v v v

o.kks± osQ lkFkZd esy dks 'kCn dgrs gSaA fganh Hkk"kk esa 'kCnksa dks rhu vk/kjksa ij ck¡Vk x;k gSµ1- mRifRr osQ vk/kj 2- cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 3- iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ijA fyax] opu rFkk dky osQ dkj.k ftu 'kCnksa osQ :i esa ifjorZu vkrk gS] mUgsa fodkjh 'kCn dgk tkrk gSA ftu 'kCnksa esa fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu ugha vkrk mUgsa vfodkjh 'kCn dgk tkrk gSA

vH;kl

c 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) 'kCn oSQls curs gSa\ ([k) lkFkZd 'kCn ftUgsa dgsaxs\

'kCn vkSj okD;

(x) okD; fdls dgrs gSa\ okD; osQ vax Hkh crkb,A (?k) jpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD; osQ Hksn crkb,A (Ä) vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD; osQ Hksn crkb,A 2-

uhps fy[ks o.kks± (d) ch pk (x) d ys ch (Ä) Nq vk d

fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls mn~ns'; vkSj okD; (d) eq>s rqels ckr ugha djuhA ([k) jk/k us ';kek dks isafly nhA (x) vkt ge eafnj tk,¡xsA (?k) gok vPNh yx jgh gSA (Ä) esjs flj esa nnZ gks jgk gSA

dks ¾ ¾ ¾

lgh ozQe esa fy[kdj ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

lkFkZd ([k) (?k) (p)

'kCn cuk,¡µ yk rk ¾ -------------------------u dk e ¾ -------------------------M+ l d ¾ --------------------------

fo/s; vyx dfj,µ mn~ns; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fo/s; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

'kCn lewgksa dk ozQe Bhd djosQ mfpr okD; cukb,µ -------------------------------------------(d) d{kk gS lqfer vk;k esa izFkeA -------------------------------------------([k) ek;k gS /ks diM+s jghA -------------------------------------------(x) jgk ?kksM+k nkSM+ gSA -------------------------------------------(?k) Luku gS izeksn dj jgkA -------------------------------------------(Ä) dfork jks”k gS tkrh [ksyusA

jpukRed dk;Z mfpr feyku djsaµ (d) ckgj tkdj [ksyksA ([k) vksg! fxykl VwV x;kA (x) vkidk fnu 'kqHk gksA (?k) 'kk;n o"kkZ gksxhA (Ä) rqe dkSu gks\ 22

bPNkokpd okD; lansgokpd okD; vkKkokpd okD; iz'uokpd okD; foLe;kfncks/d okD; vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&5

laKk

vkt fu'kk rFkk jksgu viuh ek¡ osQ lkFk lC”kh [kjhnus eaMh x,A ogk¡ ij fofHkUu izdkj dh lfC”k;k¡ fcd jgh Fkha_ tSlsµVekVj] vkyw] ewyh] xksHkh vkfnA ogha ij fu'kk dh lgsyh fiz;k fey xbZA og Hkh viuh ek¡ osQ lkFk lC”kh [kjhnus vkbZ FkhA nksuksa ck”kkj esa feydj [kq'k gqb±A mQij osQ okD;ksa esa jaxhu uke gSaµ (d) izkf.k;ksa osQ uke µ fu'kk] jksgu] fiz;k ([k) LFkku osQ uke µ eaMh (x) oLrqvksa osQ uke µ VekVj] vkyw] ewyh] xksHkh] FkSyk (?k) tkfr;ksa osQ uke µ lgsyh (Ä) Hkkoksa osQ uke µ [kq'kh lHkh jaxhu 'kCnksa dks nsf[k,A ;s lHkh uke okys 'kCn laKk gSaA fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku] izk.kh] tkfr vkSj Hkko osQ uke dks laKk ldrs gSaA laKk osQ Hksn laKk osQ rhu eq[; Hksn gSaµ (i) O;fDrokpd laKk laKk

(ii) tkfrokpd laKk

(iii) Hkkookpd laKk 23

(i) O;fDrokpd laKkµ

vferkHk cPpu ,d Js"B dykdkj gSaA

[ksr esa ygjkrh iQly cgqr lqanj yxrh gSA

yksx elwjh ?kweus tkrs gSaA

mQij fn, okD;ksa esa vferkHk cPpu ,d fo'ks"k O;fDr] [ksr ,d fo'ks"k LFkku rFkk elwjh ,d fo'ks"k uxj dk uke gSA ;s lHkh O;fDrokpd laKk,¡ gSaA bl izdkj % ftu 'kCnksa ls fdlh fo'ks"k O;fDr] izk.kh] oLrq ;k LFkku osQ uke dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa O;fDrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA vU; O;fDrokpd laKk,¡µyrk eaxs'kdj] ujsanz eksnh] f'kokth] psUubZ] fnYyh] tkiku] rktegy] jkek;.k] fganh] laLo`Qr] lkseokj] nhikoyh vkfnA (ii) tkfrokpd laKkµ

rkykc esa eNfy;k¡ rSj jgh gSaA

odhy gesa U;k; fnykrs gSaA

xq# xzaFk lkfgc flD[kksa dk ifo=k xzaFk gSA

mQij fn, fp=kksa esa eNfy;k¡] odhy rFkk xzaFk lHkh izdkj dh eNfy;ksa] odhyksa rFkk xzaFkksa osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s lHkh 'kCn fdlh fo'ks"k izk.kh ;k oLrq osQ ckjs esa u crkdj laiw.kZ tkfr osQ ckjs esa crk jgs gSaA ;s lHkh tkfrokpd laKk dgykrs gSaA bl izdkj % ftu 'kCnksa ls fdlh izk.kh] oLrq ;k LFkku dh iwjh tkfr dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa tkfrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA* vU; O;fDrokpd laKk,¡µyM+dk] vkSjr] xk¡o] ioZr] fnu] i'kq] unh] Hkk"kk] Hkou] cxhpk] vLirky] fp=k vkfnA 24

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&5

vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk osQ izHkko osQ dkj.k vc tkfrokpd laKk osQ nks Hksn vkSj ekus tkus yxs gSaµ (i) lewgokpd laKk (ii) nzO;okpd laKk (i) lewgokpd laKkµbl fp=k esa yksxksa dh HkhM+ ,d lewg dk cks/ djk jgh gSA vr% bls lewgokpd laKk dgsaxsA bls leqnk;okpd laKk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA usrkth osQ Hkk"k.k ij HkhM+ rkyh ctk jgh gSA

bl izdkj % tks 'kCn fdlh lewg ;k leqnk; dk Kku djkrs gSa] mUgsa lewgokpd ;k leqnk;okpd laKk dgk tkrk gSA vU; lewgokpd laKk,¡µxV~Bj] turk] caMy] xqPNk] ny] lHkk] d{kk] iqfyl] lsuk] HkhM+ vkfnA (ii) nzO;okpd laKkµbl fp=k esa nw/okyk nw/ csp jgk gS rFkk lqukj vius lksus o pk¡nh osQ vkHkw"k.k ;s nzO;okpd laKk dgykrs gSaA bl izdkj nw/okyk nw/ csp jgk gS rFkk lqukj lksuk&pk¡nhA

bl izdkj % tks laKk 'kCn nzO; rFkk /krqvksa osQ uke dk Kku djkrs gSa] mUgsa nzO;okpd laKk dgk tkrk gSA** vU; nzO;okpd laKk,¡µihry] yksgk] rsy] isVªksy] dks;yk] feV~Vh] xsgw¡] nky] lC”kh] ydM+h] iRFkj] rk¡ck] vkfnA (iii) Hkkookpd laKkµ

eq>s nnZ gks jgk gSA laKk

yM+kbZ djuk cqjh ckr gSA 25

bu fp=kksa esa nnZ rFkk yM+kbZ Hkkoksa osQ uke gSaA bUgsa u rks ge Nw ldrs gSa u gh ns[k ldrs gSaA bUgsa osQoy vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s lHkh Hkkookpd laKk dgyk,¡xsA bl izdkj % ftu 'kCnksa ls fdlh izk.kh ;k oLrq osQ xq.k&/eZ] n'kk] voLFkk] Hkko ;k LoHkko dk Kku gksrk gS] mUgsa Hkkookpd laKk dgrs gSaA vU; Hkkookpd laKk,¡µizse] Lusg] dk;jrk] Mjiksd] ohjrk] ykyp] xqLlk] cq<+kik] n;k vkfnA Hkkookpd laKk,¡ cukuk oqQN Hkkookpd laKk,¡ tkfrokpd laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fozQ;k rFkk vO;; vkfn 'kCnksa ls cukbZ tkrh gSa_ tSlsµ

tkfrokpd ls Hkkookpd tkfrokpd Hkkookpd i'kq i'kqRo ohj ohjrk 'k=kq 'k=kqrk nso nsork ekrk ekr`Ro tM+ tM+rk f'k'kq 'kS'ko

tkfrokpd lsod iq#"k ekuo cw<+k cPpk L=kh oaQtwl

Hkkookpd lsok iq#"kRo ekuork cq<+kik cpiu L=khRo oaQtwlh

loZuke ls Hkkookpd loZuke fut viuk Lo ee

loZuke le ijk;k vga loZ

Hkkookpd lerk ijk;kiu vgadkfjrk loZLo

Hkkookpd futrk viukiu LoRo eerk

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&5

fo'ks"k.k ls Hkkookpd fo'ks"k.k 'khy mยกQpk lTtu nh?kZ ehBk BaMk fo'kky ,d cM+k I;klk fozQ;k ls Hkkookpd fozQ;k jksuk ikyuk eqLdkuk gยกluk i<+uk <yuk mM+uk vO;; ls Hkkookpd vO;; vanj ckgj i;kZIr ihNs fudV laKk

Hkkookpd 'khyrk mยกQpkbZ lTturk nh?kZrk feBkl BaMd fo'kkyrk ,drk cM+Iiu I;kl

fo'ks"k.k eksVk xksy vusd Mjiksd lk/q y?kq pkSM+k Hkw[kk ohj dksey

Hkkookpd eksVkik@eksVkbZ xksykbZ vusdrk Mj lk/qrk y?kqrk pkSM+kbZ Hkw[k ohjrk dkseyrk

Hkkookpd #ykbZ ikyu eqLoQjkgV gยกlh i<+kbZ <yku mM+ku

fozQ;k nsuk owQVuk fy[kuk feyuk cquuk pyuk p<+uk

Hkkookpd nku oqQVkbZ fy[kkoV feykoV cukoV pky p<+kbZ

Hkkookpd van:uh ckgjh i;kZIrrk ihNk fudVrk

vO;; mQij Hkhrj vYi nwj uhps

Hkkookpd mQijh Hkhrjh vYirk nwjh fupkbZ 27

è;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa v v v v

fdlh izk.kh] oLrq] LFkku ;k Hkko osQ uke dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCnksa dks laKk dgrs gSaA laKk osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµO;fDrokpd laKk] tkfrokpd laKk rFkk Hkkookpd laKkA tkfrokpd laKk osQ nks Hksn vkSj ekus tkrs gSaµnzO;okpd laKk rFkk leqnk; okpd laKkA tkfrokpd laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k rFkk fozQ;k 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk,¡ curh gSA

vH;kl

c 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) laKk fdls dgrs gSa\ ([k) laKk osQ Hksnksa osQ uke fyf[k,A (x) tkfrokpd laKk fdls dgsaxs\ (?k) Hkkookpd laKk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ mnkgj.k lfgr fyf[k,A

dks"Bdksa esa fy[ks 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk,¡ cukdj fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ (d) >k¡lh dh jkuh ;qn~/ esa ---------------------- ls yM+haA ([k) eq>s ---------------------- pksV yxh gSA (x) fpjkx us ---------------------- dh gn dj j[kh gSA (?k) panzek dh ---------------------- lnk ,d&lh ugha jgrhA

(ohj) (vanj) (oaQtwl) (xksy)

lgh 'kCn ij xksyk ( ) cukdj okD; iwjs dfj,µ (d) fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku] izk.kh] tkfr vkSj Hkko osQ uke dks loZuke@laKk@fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA ([k) ftu 'kCnksa ls fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k] izk.kh] oLrq ;k LFkku osQ uke dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa O;fDrokpd@tkfrokpd@Hkkookpd laKk dgrs gSaA (x) ftu 'kCnksa ls fdlh izk.kh] oLrq ;k LFkku dh iwjh tkfr dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa O;fDrokpd@tkfrokpd@Hkkookpd laKk dgrs gSaA

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&5

(?k) tks 'kCn fdlh lewg ;k leqnk; dk Kku djkrs gSa mUgsa lewgokpd@tkfrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA (Ä) ftu 'kCnksa ls fdlh izk.kh ;k oLrq osQ xq.k&/eZ] n'kk] voLFkk] Hkko ;k LoHkko dk Kku gksrk gS] mUgsa Hkkookpd@tkfrokpd@O;fDrokpd laKk dgrs gSaA fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks mfpr oxZ esa jf[k,µ dkSvk] iQy] jktk] f'k{kd] tkiku] phu] ioZr] xaxk] :l] lkseokj] f'keyk] yM+fd;k¡] Nk=k] eNyh] iVuk] ekpZA O;fDrokpd -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

tkfrokpd -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

jpukRed dk;Z tkfrokpd rFkk O;fDrokpd laKkvksa osQ rhu&rhu fp=k viuh vH;kl&iqfLrdk esa fpidk,¡µ vki vius fon~;ky; esa ftu izkf.k;ksa vkSj oLrqvksa dks ns[krs gSa] muosQ uke dks laKk osQ Hksnksa esa oxhZo`Qr dhft,A

laKk