Doublew Education Alankar Hindi Vyakaran- 6 (Ch 1-5) by Doublew Education

vyadkj

fganh O;kdj.k ys[kd MkWú egs'k HkVukxj ,eú,ú ih&,púMh (fganh)

MkW- jek ik.Ms

,eú,ú] ih&,púMhú (fganh)

MCY;q ,tqds 'ku ,tqosQ'kuy ifCy'klZ

ubZ fnYyh&110002

izdk'kd

MCY;q ,tqds 'ku ,tqosQ'kuy ifCy'klZ 4262@3] valkjh jksM] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002 iQksu % 91&41514602] 23282453 Email: doubleweducation@gmail.com

izdk'kd

ISBN : 978-81-938544-3-3

bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh va'k dk izfrfyfidj.k] ,sls ;a=k esa HkaMkj.k ftlls bls iqu% izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gks ;k LFkkukarj.k] fdlh Hkh :i esa ;k fdlh Hkh fof/ ls] bysDVªkWfud] ;kaf=kd] iQksVks&izfrfyfi] fjdkfM±x ;k fdlh vkSj <ax ls izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

eqæd %

vyadkj xzkfiQDl izkúfyú xzsVj uks,Mk

izkDdFku fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk osQ Kku osQ fy, mlosQ O;kdj.k dh tkudkjh gksuk vko';d gSA blls ml Hkk"kk dk mfpr iz;ksx djuk ljy gks tkrk gSA ckyd vius ifjokj ls Hkk"kk lh[kuk vkjaHk djrk gS vkSj fon~;ky; esa mldk leqfpr iz;ksx djuk lh[krk gSA ckyd dks Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku djkus esa izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ vè;kid ,d vge Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrs gSA O;kdj.k tSlsµuhjl fo"k; dks ljy vkSj jkspd cukdj izLrqr djuk mUgha ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g iqLrd muosQ fy, fuf'pr :i ls lgk;d fln~/ gksxhA ^vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k* 1&8 esa O;kdj.k dk 'kqn~/ Kku djkrs gq,] jpuk Hkkx osQ ekè;e ls fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks NksVh&NksVh dgkfu;ksa vkSj fuca/ksa ls FkksM+h dfBu dgkfu;ksa vkSj fuca/ksa dk vH;kl Hkh djok;k x;k gS] rkfd mUgsa 'kqn~/ Hkk"kk cksyus] i<+us vkSj fy[kus osQ lkFk&lkFk mldk vH;kl Hkh gks losQA izkFkZuk&i=kksa rFkk i=kksa osQ ekè;e ls fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks O;ogkfjd thou esa fyf[kr Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx dk Hkh vH;kl djk;k x;k gSA blesa o.kZ] 'kCn okD; rFkk buosQ laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fozQ;k vkfn vaxksa osQ iz;ksx dk Hkh vk'kk gS] gekjh xgu lk/u ls fd, x, bl iz;kl dks vkidk Lusg feysxkA bl iqLrd dks vkSj mi;ksxh cukus gsrq vkiosQ egRoiw.kZ lq>koksa osQ fy, ge vkHkkjh gksaxsA µizdk'kd

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i`"B

Hkk"kk o.kZ&fopkj 'kCn&fopkj 'kCn jpuk % milxZ izR;; laf/ lekl 'kCn&HkaMkj laKk fyax opu dkjd loZuke fo'ks"k.k fozQ;k dky okP; vO;; % fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k okD; okD; la'ys"k.k fojke&fpg~u v'kqn~f/ 'kks/u eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;kยก vifBr xn~;ka'k i=k&ys[ku dgkuh&ys[ku vuqPNsn&ys[ku fuca/&ys[ku vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&1 vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&2

5 12 21 28 32 38 45 53 68 73 79 85 90 98 105 111 116 119 131 136 139 143 150 159 166 176 179 186 194 198

Hkk"kk

Hkk"kk euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA vius eu osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus osQ fy, vkSj nwljs osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks le>us osQ fy, fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djuk mlosQ fy, vfuok;Z gks tkrk gSA og lqudj ,oa i<+dj nwljs osQ fopkjksa dks xzg.k djrk gS rFkk cksydj ,oa fy[kdj vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr djrk gSA vius fopkjksa dks izdV djus vkSj nwljs osQ fopkjksa dks xzg.k djus osQ fy, izR;sd O;fDr dks ,d lk/u dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj bldh iwfrZ ftl lk/u ls gksrh gS] og lk/u gSµHkk"kkA laosQr osQ ekè;e ls Hkh dHkh&dHkh vius fopkjksa dks vfHkO;fDr fd;k tkrk gS] ijarq blls ckr iwjh rjg Li"V ugha gks ikrhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dks Hkk"kk dk ekU; :i ugha ekuk tkrk gSA Hkk"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ n~okjk ge vius eu osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks cksydj ;k fy[kdj nwljksa osQ lkeus izdV djrs gSa vkSj nwljksa osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks lqudj ;k i<+dj le>rs gSaA Hkk"kk osQ Hksn Hkk"kk osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSaµ 1- ekSf[kd Hkk"kkµtc euq"; cksydj nwljs O;fDr;ksa rd vius fopkj igq¡pkrk gS vkSj Jksrkx.k mls lqudj le> ysrs gSa] rc og Hkk"kk dk ekSf[kd :i dgykrk gSA 2- fyf[kr Hkk"kkµtc gesa vius eu osQ Hkkoksa dks fdlh nwljs O;fDr rd igq¡pkuk gksrk gS rc ge eu osQ fopkj fy[kdj izdV djrs gSa] rc og Hkk"kk dk fyf[kr :i dgykrk gSA vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

miHkk"kkµtc cksyh dk {ks=k foLr`r gks tkrk gS] rc og miHkk"kk cu tkrh gSA cksyh esa vkerkSj ij lkfgR; dh jpuk ugha gksrh] ysfdu miHkk"kk esa lkfgR; dh jpuk gksus yxrh gSA ,d miHkk"kk osQ varxZr dbZ cksfy;k¡ gks ldrh gSaA cksyh Hkk"kk osQ {ks=kh; :i dks cksyh dgrs gSaA cksyh vkSj Hkk"kk esa varj gksrk gSA Hkk"kk dk {ks=k O;kid gksrk gS vkSj ;g ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr nksuksa :iksa esa gksrh gSA ysfdu cksyh Hkk"kk dk ,d ,slk :i gksrh gS tks fdlh NksVs&ls {ks=k esa cksyh tkrh gSA cksyh osQoy Hkk"kk dh cksy&pky dk :i gS blesa dksbZ lkfgR;&jpuk ugha gksrhA cqansyh] c?ksyh] exgh] dUukSth] ck¡x:] vafxdk] gfj;k.koh] ofTtdk vkfn cksfy;ksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA ekr`Hkk"kkµekr` $ Hkk"kk vFkkZr ek¡ n~okjk izkIr gqbZ Hkk"kkA ckyd vius ekrk&firk rFkk ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa ls tks Hkk"kk lh[krk gS] mls ekr`Hkk"kk dgrs gSaA izknsf'kd Hkk"kkµfdlh izns'k esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk izknsf'kd Hkk"kk dgykrh gSA tSlsµcaxky dh izknsf'kd Hkk"kk caxyk gSA blh izdkj egkjk"Vª esa ejkBh Hkk"kk cksyh tkrh gSA eè; izns'k] dukZVd] vka/z izns'k bu lHkh izns'kksa esa viuh&viuh izknsf'kd Hkk"kk cksyh tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; jkT; vkSj mudh Hkk"kk,¡ jkT; Hkk"kk jkT; Hkk"kk fcgkj mRrj izns'k eè; izns'k >kj[kaM NRrhlx<+ mRrjk[kaM vksfM'kk jktLFkku dukVZd gfj;k.kk f=kiqjk 6

µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ

fganh] eSfFkyh fganh fganh fganh] laFkkyh fganh fganh vksfM+;k fganh dUuM+ fganh caxyk

vle ef.kiqj rfeyukMq vka/z izns'k osQjy egkjk"Vª xksok rsyaxkuk tEew d'ehj es?kky; fgekpy izns'k

µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ

vlfe;k] cksMks ef.kiqjh rfey rsyqxw ey;kye ejkBh dksad.kh rsyqxw d'ehjh] Mksxjh xkjks] [kklh] t;afr;k fganh vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

iatkc µ iatkch] fganh if'pe caxky µ caxyk

fetksje xqtjkr

µ fetks µ xqtjkrh

jk"VªHkk"kkµtks Hkk"kk fdlh jk"Vª osQ vf/drj Hkw&Hkkx ij cksyh o le>h tkrh gS] og jk"VªHkk"kk cu tkrh gSA tSlsµHkkjr esa Hkkjr esa 70 izfr'kr yksx fdlh&u&fdlh :i eas fganh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA vr% fganh Hkkjr dh jk"VªHkk"kk gSA gj ns'k dh viuh vyx jk"VªHkk"kk gksrh gS_ tSlsµizQkal & izsaQp] teZuh &teZu] tkiku & tkikuh] phu & phuh] Jhyadk & flagyh] rfeyA jktHkk"kkµjkt $ Hkk"kk vFkkZr~ jktdkt dh Hkk"kkA og Hkk"kk ftldk iz;ksx ns'k osQ ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa dke&dkt osQ fu"iknu osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] jktHkk"kk dgykrh gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 343 osQ varxZr 14 flarcj] 1949 dks fganh dks Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA vr,o izR;sd o"kZ 14 flaracj dk fnu Hkkjr esa fganh fnol osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA varjkZ"Vªh; Hkk"kkµoqQN Hkk"kk,¡ vius ns'k osQ vykok nwljs ns'kksa rd iSQy tkrh gS vkSj nwljs ns'kksa osQ yksxksa osQ n~okjk cksyh tkrh gSA ,slh Hkk"kkvksa dks varjkZ"Vªh; Hkk"kk dgrs gSaA vaxzs”kh fczVsu dh Hkk"kk gS ysfdu lalkj osQ vf/dka'k ns'kksa esa cksyh tkrh gSA blfy, vaxzs”kh varjkZ"Vªh; Hkk"kk dgykrh gSA Hkkjr dh ekU;rk izkIr Hkk"kk,¡µ Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh v"Ve vuqlwph esa ckbZl (22) Hkk"kkvksa dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gSaA lafo/ku n~okjk ekU;rk izkIr Hkk"kk,¡ bl izdkj gSaµlaLo`Qr] fganh] fla/h] vlfe;k] cksMks] caxyk] xqtjkrh] d'ehjh] Mksxjh] iatkch] dUuM+] dksad.kh] mnwZ] ey;kye] rfey] rsyqxw] eSfFkyh] ejkBh] ef.kiqjh] usikyh] laFkkyh rFkk vksfM+;kA fyfi Hkk"kk osQ v{kjksa ;k o.kks± dks fpg~uksa osQ :i esa fy[kus dk rjhdk ;k <ax fyfi dgykrh gSA lalkj esa vf/drj Hkk"kkvksa dh viuh fyfi gksrh gS ysfdu gj Hkk"kk dh viuh vyx fyfi ugha gksrhA laLo`Qr] fganh vkSj ejkBh Hkk"kk,¡ nsoukxjh fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gSaA iatkch xq#eq[kh fyfi + esa fy[kh tkrh gSA mnwZ Hkk"kk iQkjlh fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa yxHkx lHkh fyfi;k¡ ckb± ls + nkb± vksj fy[kh tkrh gSaA ogha iQkjlh fyfi nkb± ls ckb± vksj fy[kh tkrh gSA vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk jkseu fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gSA

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

oqqQN izeq[k Hkk"kk,¡ o mudh fyfi;k¡ fyfi Hkk"kk

Hkk"kk usikyh cksMks dksad.kh laFkkyh iatkch rfey mnwZ ejkBh

µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ

nsoukxjh nsoukxjh nsoukxjh nsoukxjh xq#eq[kh rfey + iQkjlh nsoukxjh

vaxzs”kh iszaQp teZu ey;kye rsyqxw dUuM+ fganh caxyk

fyfi µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ

jkseu jkseu jkseu ey;kye rsyqxw dUuM+ nsoukxjh caxyk

O;kdj.k ^O;kdj.k* og 'kkL=k gS ftlosQ n~okjk ge Hkk"kk dks 'kqn~/ cksyus] fy[kus vkSj i<+us osQ fu;eksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djrs gSaA v'kqn~/ vkSj 'kqn~/ Hkk"kk osQ mnkgj.k nsf[k,µ 1- esjs ekrk th chekj gSA 2- cPps Nr esa [ksy jgs gSA ;fn bu okD;ksa dks 'kqn~/ dj ,sls fy[ksa rks ;g i<+us vkSj lquus esa vPNk yx jgk gSA 1- esjh ekrk th chekj gSaA 2- cPps Nr ij [ksy jgs gSaA O;kdj.k osQ vuqlkj fozQ;k dk fyax ogh gksrk gS tks drkZ dk gksrk gSA vFkkZr ;fn drkZ L=khfyax gks] rks fozQ;k Hkh L=khfyax gksxhA Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k dk laca/ Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k ,d gh xkM+h osQ nks ifg, gSaA ,d osQ fcuk Hkh xkM+h ugha py ldrhA mlh izdkj Hkk"kk vkSj O;kdj.k dk Hkh vkil esa oqQN ,slk gh laca/ gSA Hkk"kk dks 'kqn~/ :i ls cksyus] fy[kus vkSj i<+us osQ fy, O;kdj.k dk Kku vko';d gSA O;kdj.k osQ foHkkx fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dks lh[kus osQ fy, mlosQ o.kks±] 'kCnksa vkSj okD;ksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj O;kdj.k osQ rhu izeq[k foHkkx ekus tkrs gSaµ 8

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

1- o.kZ&fopkjµO;kdj.k osQ bl foHkkx esa o.kks± osQ izdkj] fy[kus dh fof/] Hksnksa rFkk muosQ mPpkj.k vkfn ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA 2- 'kCn&fopkjµbl foHkkx esa 'kCnksa osQ Lo:i] Hksn] izdkj] fyax] opu vkfn ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA 3- okD;&fopkjµblesa okD;] muosQ Hksn ,oa jpuk] okD;ksa osQ mifoHkkxksa osQ ijLij laca/ rFkk okD;&foxzg vkfn ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA lkfgR; lqanj vFkZ okys 'kCnksa dh jpuk] tks eu dks vkg~ykfnr djs rFkk lekt osQ fy, Hkh fgrdkjh gks] lkfgR; dgykrk gSA ;k fdlh Hkk"kk osQ Kku osQ lafpr dks'k dks lkfgR; dgk tkrk gSA lkfgR; dks lkekU;r;k nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ 1- xn~; 2- in~; xn~; esa fuca/] dgkuh] ukVd] miU;kl vkfn gksrs gSaA xhr vkSj dfork,¡ in~; lkfgR; osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA

vH;kl vkb, ns[ksa] vkius D;k lh[kk\ 1

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ ekSf[kd mRrj nhft,µ (d) jk"VªHkk"kk fdls dgrs gSa\ ([k) ekr`Hkk"kk fdls dgrs gSa\ (x) jktHkk"kk fdls dgrs gSa\ (?k) fganh Hkk"kk Hkkjr osQ fdu&fdu jkT;ksa esa cksyh tkrh gS\

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj viuh vH;kl&iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,µ (d) Hkk"kk dh ifjHkk"kk mnkgj.k lfgr fyf[k,A euq"; dks Hkk"kk dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+rh gS\ ([k) Hkk"kk dks fdrus :iksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS\ foLrkjiwoZd fyf[k,A (x) Hkk"kk vkSj cksyh osQ varj dks Li"V dhft,A (?k) fyfi ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

(Ä) Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa fdu&fdu fyfi;ksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS\ uke fyf[k,A (p) O;kdj.k fdls dgrs gSa\ blosQ fdrus foHkkx gksrs gSa\ (N) lkfgR; osQ izdkjksa dks mnkgj.k lfgr crkb,A 3

lgh 'kCnksa dh lgk;rk ls fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ (d) ge vius eu osQ fopkj ---------------------- ;k ---------------------- nwljksa ij izdV dj ldrs gSaA ([k) tc ge vius fopkj fy[kdj izdV djrs gSa] rc og Hkk"kk dk ---------------------- gksrk gSA (x) fyf[kr Hkk"kk eas fofHkUu èofu;ksa osQ fy, fuf'pr fpg~uksa dks ---------------------- dgrs gSaA (?k) Hkk"kk osQ v{kjksa ;k o.kZ fpg~uksa dks fy[kus dh fof/ ---------------------- dgykrh gSA (Ä) tks 'kkL=k gesa Hkk"kk dh 'kqn~/rk dk Kku djkrk gS mls ---------------------- dgrs gSaA

okD; (d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä)

dks"Bd esa ls lgh 'kCn pqudj [kkyh txg Hkfj,µ (d) euq"; ,d lkekftd ---------------------- gSA (izk.kh@tkuoj) ([k) xw¡xs&cgjs yksx ---------------------- Hkk"kk esa gh Hkkoksa dk vknku&iznku dj ysrs gSaA (lkaosQfrd@ekSf[kd) (x) ---------------------- Hkk"kk esa Hkko vkSj fopkj cgqr fnuksa rd lqjf{kr j[ks tk ldrs gSaA (ekSf[kd@fyf[kr) (?k) vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk ---------------------- fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gSA (ekSf[kd@fyf[kr) (Ä) euq"; tc cksydj vius fopkjksa dks izdV djrk gS] rc og Hkk"kk osQ ------------------:i dk iz;ksx djrk gSA (jkseu@vjch)

osQ lkeus lgh (3) ;k xyr (7) dk fu'kku yxkb,µ vaxzs”kh Hkkjr dh jk"VªHkk"kk gSA Hkk"kk osQ fy[kus dk <ax fyfi dgykrh gSA nsoukxjh fyfi esa fy[kh tkus okyh Hkk"kk,¡µlaLo`Qr] ejkBh o fganh vkfn gSaA Kku osQ lafpr dks'k dks miU;kl dgrs gSaA ekSf[kd Hkk"kk osQ Hkko vkSj fopkj cgqr fnuksa rd lqjf{kr j[ks tk ldrs gSaA

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

fyfi (d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä) (p)

vkSj Hkk"kk dks lgh lqesfyr dhft,µ + iatkch iQkjlh vaxzs”kh nsoukxjh laLo`Qr nsoukxjh fganh nsoukxjh eSfFkyh jkseu mnwZ xq#eq[kh

lgh fodYi dk p;u djsaµ (d) ---------------------- osQ n~okjk ge vius fopkj nwljksa rd igq¡pk ldrs gSA (v) dkx”k (c) dye (l) b'kkjs (n) Hkk"kk ([k) vius eu dh ckr dks ge (v) i<+dj vkSj lqudj izdV dj ldrs gSa (c) cksydj ;k fy[kdj (l) lqudj izdV dj ldrs gSa (n) mi;qZDr lHkh (x) fy[kdj fopkj izdV djuk Hkk"kk dk ---------------------- :i gksrk gSA (v) ekSf[kd (c) fyf[kr (l) lkaosQfrd (n) dkx”kh (?k) ge vius ?kj esa ---------------------- lh[krs gSaA (v) ekr`Hkk"kk (c) jk"VªHkk"kk (l) izknsf'kd Hkk"kk (n) buesa ls dksbZ ugha (Ä) ---------------------- og 'kkL=k gS] tks gesa fdlh dh 'kqn~/rk osQ fu;e fl[kkrk gSA (v) Hkk"kk (c) laosQr (l) O;kdj.k (n) fyfi

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

o.kZ&fopkj

o.kZ eq[k ls mPpkfjr èofu dk fyf[kr :i o.kZ dgykrk gSA o.kZ dks Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ dgk tkrk gSA vly esa 'kCn o.kks± osQ feyus ls curs gSa_ tSlsµ^jkuh* 'kCn pkj èofu;ksa ls feydj cuk gSµj~ $ vk $ u~ $ bZA Hkk"kk dh og NksVh ls NksVh èofu ;k bZdkbZ ftlosQ vkSj [kaM u fd, tk losaQ] o.kZ dgykrh gSA tSlsµv] oQ] p] V] r] i vkfnA vk'kk vk;hA mi;qZDr okD; osQ ge nks [kaM dj ldrs gSaµ vk'kk $ vkbZA iqu% vk $ 'kk rFkk vk $ bZA foaQrq bu [kaMksa (o.kks±) osQ vkSj [kaM ugha gks ldrsA O;kdj.k esa bUgha èofu;ksa dks o.kZ dgrs gSaA lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa èofu;ksa dks fy[kus osQ fy, oqQN fpg~u fuf'pr dj fy, tkrs gSaA izR;sd èofu osQ fy, ,d fpg~u gksrk gSA bu fpg~uksa dks gh o.kZ dgk tkrk gSA o.kZekyk fdlh Hkk"kk osQ o.kks± osQ lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA fganh o.kZekyk esa 11 Loj rFkk 33 O;atuksa osQ vfrfjDr 2 v;ksxokg vkSj 4 la;qDr O;atu rFkk 2 vfrfjDr O;atu Hkh gksrs gSaA bl izdkj fganh o.kZekyk oqQy 52 o.kks± ls feydj curh gSA Loj µ v vk b bZ m mQ ½ , ,s vks vkS (11) O;atu µ oQ [k x ?k Ä p N t > ×k V B M < .k r Fk n / u i iQ c Hk e ; j y o 'k "k l g (33) 12

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

vuqLokj µ va vuqukfld µ v¡ folxZ µ v% vfrfjDr ;k vU; O;atu µ M+] <+ vkxr èofu;k¡µ vkW] ”k] iQ+ o.kks± osQ izdkj mPpkj.k osQ vk/kj ij o.kks± dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ o.kZ Loj

O;atu

Loj ftu o.kks± dks cksyrs le; fdlh vU; èofu dh lgk;rk ysus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh] mls Loj dgrs gSaA fganh esa Lojksa dh la[;k 11 gksrh gSA Loj o.kks± dk mPpkj.k Lora=k :i ls gksrk gSA Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa gok gekjs eq[k ls fcuk fdlh #dkoV osQ ckgj ckgj fudyrh gSA Loj osQ Hksn mPpkj.k esa yxus okys le; dh n`f"V ls Loj osQ rhu Hksn fd, x, gSaµ 1- ßLo 2- nh?kZ 3- Iyqr v] b] m] ½ vk] bZ] mQ] ,] ,s] vks] vkS vksýe (d) ßLo Lojµftu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa cgqr FkksM+k le; yxrk gS] mUgsa ßLo Loj dgrs gSaA ßLo Loj esa Lojksa dh la[;k pkj gksrh gSµv] b] m vkSj ½A ([k) nh?kZ Lojµftu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa ßLo Lojksa ls nqxuk le; yxrk gS og nh?kZ Loj dgykrs gSaA bu Lojksa dh la[;k 7 gksrh gSµvk] bZ] mQ] ,] ,s] vks] vkSA ;s nks Lojksa osQ esy ls curs gSa_ tSlsµ v $ vk ¾ vk b $ bZ ¾ bZ m $ m ¾ mQ v $ (vk) $ , ¾ ,s v (vk) $ b (bZ) ¾ , v $ (vk) $ vks ¾ vkS v (vk) $ m (mQ) ¾ vks 13 vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

(x) Iyqr Lojµftu Lojksa osQ cksyus esa ßLo Lojksa ls yxHkx frxquk le; yxrk gS] os Iyqr Loj dgykrs gSaA bu Lojksa dk iz;ksx osQoy fdlh dks nwj ls iqdkjus esa fd;k tkrk gSA bUgsa n'kkZus osQ fy, ^ý* dk vad yxkrs gSaA vktdy Iyqr Lojksa dk iz;ksx ugha osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA ek=kk,¡ ^v* Loj osQ vykok izR;sd Loj o.kZ dh viuh ek=kk gksrh gSA ^v* Loj dh ek=kk izR;sd O;atu o.kZ esa feyh gksrh gSA v osQ fcuk ge O;atu o.kZ dks gyar ( ~) yxkdj o~Q] [k~] p~] N~] i~] i~Q osQ :i esa fy[k rks ldrs gSa ysfdu mPpkj.k ugha dj ldrsA 'kCnksa dks fy[kus osQ fy, Lojksa dk nks izdkj ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSµ 1- vius ewy :i ls (Lora=k :i ls) 2- ek=kk osQ :i esa (O;atuksa osQ lkFk feydj) fofHkUu Lojkas dh ek=kk,¡ bl izdkj gSaµ Loj ek=kk Loj vkSj O;atu dk la;ksx 'kCn iz;ksx v dksbZ ek=kk ugha o~Q $ v dy vk k o~Q $ vk $ y~ $ vk dkyk b f 'k~ $ b $ o~ $ b f'kfo bZ h y~ $ bZ $ p~ $ bZ yhph m q x~ $ mQ $ j~ $ m xq# mQ w >~ $ mQ $ B~ $ v >wB ½ ` u~ $ ½ $ i~ $ v u`i µs , c~ $ , $ j~ $ v csj µS ,s e~ $ ,s $ y~ $ v eSy vks ks c~ $ vks $ y~ $ v cksy vkS kS o~Q $ vkS $ u~ $ v dkSu v;ksxokg osQ :iµvuqLokj (µa ) vkSj folxZ (%) fganh o.kZekyk osQ vuqlkj (µa ) rFkk folxZ (%) dks ^v* osQ lkFk tksM+dj ^va* vkSj ^v%* fy[kk tkrk gSA izk;% bUgsa Lojkas osQ lkFk j[kk tkrk gS] D;ksafd budk mPpkj.k Lojksa osQ lkFk gh gksrk gS_ tSlsµiap] naxk] 'ka[k] vr% vkfnA ysfdu budks Loj ugha dgrsA laLo`Qr esa bUgsa v;ksxokg dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s ^v* dh lgk;rk ls cksys tkrs gSaA bUgsa ge bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSaA 14

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

os o.kZ tks fcuk fdlh o.kZ dk vk/kj fy, cksys u tk losaQ] v;ksxokg dgykrs gSaA va (vuqLokj) vkSj (v%) folxZ nksuksa v;ksxokg gSaA vuqLokjµvuqLokj (µa ) dk mPpkj.k ê~* rFkk û~* osQ leku ukd ls gksrk gSA vuqLokj dk fpg~u f'kjksjs[kk osQ mQij fcanq (µa ) osQ :i esa yxk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµeaxy] taxyA vuqukfldµtks Loj eq[k vkSj ukd ls cksys tkrs gSa] mUgsa vuqukfld dgrs gSaA buosQ mQij vuqukfld dk fpg~u panzfcanq (µ¡ ) osQ :i esa f'kjksjs[kk osQ mQij yxk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµik¡p] lk¡i] vk¡[k vkfnA folxZ (%)µfolxZ dk mPpkj.k ^g~* dh rjg foQ;k tkrk gS rFkk bldk iz;ksx osQoy rRle (laLo`Qr) 'kCnksa esa gh fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµvr%] izkr%] Lor%] laHkor% vkfnA vuqLokj (µa ) vkSj vuqukfld (µ¡ ) esa varjµvuqLokj esa o.kZ dk mPpkj.k osQoy ukd ls gksrk gS rFkk mlesa vk/s o.kZ osQ mPpkj.k ftruk cy yxrk gSA vuqukfld esa mPpkj.k eq¡g vkSj ukd nksuksa ls gksrk gSA vuqukfld Loj osQ mPpkj.k dk le; lkekU; o.kZ ftruk gh gksrk gSA 'kCn esa vU; o.kZ leku jgus ij vuqLokj ,oa vuqukfld osQ iz;ksx ls vFkZ cny tkrk gSA tSlsµ^gal* dk vFkZ i{kh fo'ks"k gS tcfd ^g¡l* dk vFkZ g¡lus dh fozQ;k ls gSA O;atu ftu o.kks± osQ mPpkj.k esa Lojksa dh lgk;rk ysuh iM+rh gS] os O;atu dgykrs gSaA O;atu osQ Hksn O;atu osQ eq[; rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ 1- Li'kZ O;atu 2- varLFk O;atu 3- mQ"e O;atu 1- Li'kZ O;atuµ^Li'kZ dk vFkZ gS ^Nwuk*A bu o.kks± dks mPpkfjr djrs le; ftg~ok eq[k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks Li'kZ djrh gSA bUgsa Li'kZ ;k Li'khZ O;atu dgrs gSa_ tSlsµî*A bls cksyus esa gekjs nksuksa vksaB ,d nwljs dks Li'kZ djrs gSaA blh rjg ^r*A bls cksyrs le; gekjs thHk dh uksad nk¡rksa dks Li'kZ djrh gSA blh dkj.k budks Li'kZ ;k Li'khZ O;atu dgk tkrk gSA bu o.kks± dh la[;k iPphl gSA buosQ ik¡p oxZ gSa tks oxZ osQ igys v{kj osQ uke ij gSaµ ozQe O;atu oxZ mPpkj.k LFkku 1oQ [k x ?k Ä doxZ oaQB 2p N t > ×k poxZ rkyq vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

3V B M < .k VoxZ ew/kZ 4r Fk n / u roxZ nk¡r 5i iQ c Hk e ioxZ vksaB 2- varLFk O;atuµftu O;atuksa dks mPpkfjr djrs le; ftg~ok iwjh rjg eq[k osQ fdlh Hkkx dks ugha Nwrh] os varLFk O;atu dgykrs gSaA budk mPpkj.k Loj rFkk O;atuksa osQ chp dk gksrk gSA ;s la[;k esa pkj gksrs gSaµ;] j] y] oA 3- mQ"e O;atuµftu o.kks± dks mPpkfjr djrs le; ok;q eq[k osQ fo'ks"k Hkkxksa osQ Li'kZ osQ dkj.k xje gks tkrh gS os ^mQ"e O;atu* dgykrs gSaA ;s la[;k esa pkj gSaµ'k] "k] l] gA o.kZ&la;ksx o.kks± osQ ijLij esy dks o.kZ&la;ksx dgrs gSaA o.kZ&la;ksx nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA 1- O;atu vkSj Loj dk la;ksx 2- O;atu dk O;atu ls la;ksx 1- O;atu vkSj Loj dk la;ksxµfcuk Loj dh lgk;rk ls O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k laHko ugha gSA tc dksbZ O;atu Lojfgr gksrk gS] tc mlosQ uhps gyar ( ~ ) yxk fn;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµo~Q] [k~] x~ vkfnA 2- O;atu dk O;atu ls la;ksxµO;atu ls O;atu osQ esy ls la;qDr èofu;k¡ curh gSaA O;atu dks O;atu ls feykus osQ Hkh oqQN fu;e gS] tks fuEufyf[kr gSaµ d- oqQN O;atuksa osQ var esa ,d [kM+h js[kk (ikbZ) gksrh gSA tc ;s O;atu vius ls vkxs okys O;atu ls la;ksx djrs gSa rks budh ikbZ gVk nh tkrh gSA tSlsµ t~ $ o ¾ To (Toj) x~ $ y ¾ Xy (Xykfu) vkfnA [k] x] ?k] p] t] >] ×k] .k] r] Fk] n] /] u] i] c] Hk] e] ;] o] "k] l vkfn ikbZ okys O;atu gSaA [k- fcuk ikbZ okys O;atu tSlsµN] V] B] M] <] g tc fdlh O;atu ls feyrs gSa] rks igys O;atu esa gyar yxkdj] nwljk O;atu iwjk fy[kk tkrk gSA tSlsµ V~ $ B ¾ V~B (xV~Bj) n~ $ / ¾ n~/ (izfln~/) vkfnA x- ^o~Q* vkSj ^i~Q* dk ;g :i cu tkrk gSA + + (gÝrk) o~Q $ y ¾ Dy (vDy) o~Q $ r~ ¾ Dr (jDr) i~+ Q $ r ¾ Ýr ?k- ^j* osQ la;ksx eas fo'ks"k è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA ^j* osQ la;ksx osQ fuEufyf[kr fu;e gSaµ 16

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

(i) tc ^j* Loj jfgr (j~) gks rks ;g vius ls vxys okys o.kZ osQ mQij yxk;k tkrk gSA bls ^jsiQ* Hkh dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ j~ $ ; ¾ ;Z (dk;Z) j~ $ n ¾ (lnhZ) j~ $ eZ ¾ (peZ) (ii) ^j* ls iwoZ dksbZ Hkh Lojfgr O;atu gks] rks ^j* mlosQ iSjksa osQ uhps dh vkSj yxk;k tkrk gS TkSlsµ r~ $ j ¾ =k ¾ (i=k) x~ $ j ¾ (xzke) i~ $ j ¾ iz (izdk'k) (iii) 'k~ esa tc ^j* dks feykrs gS] rc budk :i fuEu izdkj gks tkrk gSA tSlsµ 'k~ $ j ¾ J (Js"B) (Jheku) o.kZ&foPNsnµ'kCn esa iz;qDr gksus okys o.kks± dks vyx&vyx djosQ fy[kuk o.kZ&foPNsn dgykrk gSA 'kCn esa O;atu osQ lkFk Loj dk ;ksx jgrk gS] mls le>dj fy[kuk pkfg,A Lojjfgr O;atu osQ uhps gy~ dk fpg~u yxk;k tkrk gSA oqQN mnkgj.k % izo`Qfr ¾ i~ $ j~ $ v $ o~Q $ ½ $ r~ $ b ikB'kkyk ¾ i~ $ vk $ B~ $ v $ 'k~ $ vk $ y~ $ vk dkS'ky ¾ o~Q $ vkS $ 'k~ $ v~ $ y~ $ v Kkuh ¾ t~ $ ×k~ $ vk $ u~ $ bZ ekxZ ¾ e~ $ vk $ j~ $ x~ $ v oqQekj ¾ o~Q $ m $ e~ $ vk $ j~ $ v cw<+k ¾ c~ $ mQ $ <+~ $ vk o`Fkk ¾ o~ $ ½ $ Fk~ $ vk djsyk ¾ o~Q $ v $ j~ $ , $ y~ $ vk eSnku ¾ e~ $ ,s $ n~~ $ vk $ u~ $ v [kkst ¾ [k~ $ vks $ t~ $ v ekSt ¾ e~ $ vkS $ t~ $ v lar ¾ l~ $ va $ r~ $ v pk¡n ¾ p~ $ vk¡ $ n~ $ v varr ¾ va $ r~ $ v $ r~ $ v% Hkjr ¾ Hk~ $ v $ j~ $ v $ r~ $ v vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

fo/krk uhfr lqnwj dksey j{kd =kk.k Kku Jfed ioZr izk.k Vsªu ePNj vUu

/~ $ vk $ r~ $ vk r~ $ b n~ $ mQ $ j~ $ v e~ $ v $ y~ $ v o~Q $ "k~ $ v $ o~Q $ v vk $ .k~ $ v vk $ u~ $ v v $ e~ $ b $ o~Q $ v j~ $ o~ $ v $ r~ $ v vk $ .k~ $ v , $ u~ $ v p~ $ N~ $ v $ j~ $ v u~ $ v o.kks± dk mPpkj.k 'kCnksa dk 'kqn~/ iz;ksx osQ fy, o.kks± osQ 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dk Kku gksuk vko';d gSA o.kks± dk mPpkj.k djrs le; isQiQM+ksa ls fudyus okyh ok;q eq[k osQ rkyq] ew/kZ] oaQB] nk¡r vkfn ls Li'kZ djrh gS] mlh ls o.kZ dk mPpkj.k LFkku fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA uhps nh xbZ rkfydk ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gSµ o.kZ LFkku uke v] vk] d] [k] x] ?k] Ä] g oaQB oaQB~; b] bZ] p] N] t] >] ×k] ;] 'k rkyq rkyO; ½] V] B] M] <] .k] j] "k ew/kZ ew/ZU; r] Fk] n] /] u] y] l nar (nk¡r) naR; m] mQ] i] iQ] c] Hk] e vks"B vks"B~; ,] ,s oaQBrkyq oaQBrkyO; vks] vkS oaQBks"B oaQBkS"B~; o narks"B narkS"B~; 18

¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾

o~ u~ l~ o~Q j~ r~ t~ 'k~ i~ i~ V~ e~ v

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

b bZ m vks v j~ ×k~ j~ v j~ j~ v u~

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

vH;kl vkb, ns[ksa] vkius D;k lh[kk\ 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) o.kZ fdls dgrs gSa\ o.kZ vkSj o.kZekyk esa D;k varj gS\ ([k) Loj vkSj O;atu ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ Loj&o.kZ dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A (x) Lojksa osQ Hksn mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A (?k) vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld osQ mPpkj.k esa D;k varj gS\ mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

fuEufyf[kr osQ nks&nks mnkgj.k fyf[k,µ ---------------------(d) nh?kZ Loj ---------------------([k) varLFk O;atu ---------------------(x) v;ksxokg ---------------------(?k) Li'kZ O;atu ---------------------(Ä) mQ"e O;atu

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Loj rFkk O;atu ls vkjaHk gksus okys 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vdj vyx dhft,µ g"kZ mUufr vkleku O;fDr fon~;ky; vfHkeku vkt beyh mYyw ijkt; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

lgh fodYi dk p;u djsaµ (d) èofu;ksa osQ fpg~uksa dks ---------------------- dgrs gSaA (v) Loj (c) la;qDr v{kj (l) o.kZ (n) O;atu

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

([k) o.kks± osQ ozQecn~/ lewg dks ---------------------- dgrs gSaA (v) o.kks± dh ekyk (c) o.kZekyk (l) o.kZ lewg (n) t;ekyk (x) O;atu ---------------------- izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA (v) pkj (c) rhu (l) nks (n) ik¡p ---------------------(?k) o.kZ izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA (v) nks (c) pkj (l) Ng (n) rhu ---------------------(Ä) Lojkas dk iz;ksx osQ :i esa Hkh gksrk gSA (v) O;atuksa (c) ek=kk (l) o.kks± (n) nh?kZ (p) ftl O;atu osQ uhps gyar yxk gksrk gS] mls ---------------------- jfgr O;atu dgrs gSaA (v) ek=kk (c) Loj (l) èofu (n) O;atu (Ä) fganh dh Lojksa dh la[;k gSµ (v) 13 (c) 11 (l) 12 (n) 33

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

'kCn&fopkj

Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ ^o.kZ* gSA fiNys vè;k; esa geus ^o.kZ* dh tkudkjh izkIr dhA bUgha o.kks± osQ ;ksx ls 'kCn curs gSa vkSj 'kCnksa osQ ;ksx ls okD; curs gSaA Hkk"kk fuekZ.k esa okD; enn djrs gSaA bl izdkj Hkk"kk osQ varxZr 'kCn dk vR;f/d egRo gSA 'kCn Kku vkSj mlosQ 'kqn~/ iz;ksx ls lalkj osQ lc O;ogkj gksrs gSaA oqQRrk HkkSadrk gSA rkdroj ls lHkh Mjrs gSaA fgj.k nkSM+ jgk FkkA igys okD; esa rhu] nwljs okD; esa ik¡p o rhljs okD; esa pkj 'kCn gSaA ;gk¡ lHkh 'kCn nks ;k nks ls vf/d o.kks± osQ esy ls cus gSaA blls Li"V gqvk fd 'kCn ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d o.kks± osQ lewg gSaA

eyd crkfd cls dye fdrkc lsc ;gk¡ ^cls*] ^crkfd*] ^eyd* esa o.kks± dk esy gS] foaQrq budk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gSA vr% bUgsa 'kCn ugha dgk tk ldrkA bUgha 'kCnksa dk ozQe Bhd djus ij ^dye*] ^fdrkc* vkSj ^lsc* 'kCn curs gSa] ftudk viuk lkFkZd vFkZ gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd o.kks± osQ lkFkZd lewg dks 'kCn dgrs gSaA 'kCn esa fuEufyf[kr rhu fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSaµ (i) lHkh 'kCn o.kks± osQ esy ls curs gSaA (ii) izR;sd 'kCn dk oqQN&u&oqQN vFkZ vo'; gksrk gSA (iii) 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA o.kks± ls fufeZr Lora=k rFkk lkFkZd èofu ^'kCn* dgykrs gSaA 'kCn osQ Hksn 'kCnksa dks fuEur% pkj oxks± esa oxhZo`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSµ vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

1- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 3- iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksn

2- jpuk osQ vk/kj ij 4- mRifRr osQ vk/kj ij

vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ nks Hksn gSaµ (d) lkFkZd 'kCn

([k) fujFkZd 'kCn

(d) lkFkZd 'kCnµftu 'kCnksa dk oqQN vFkZ fudyrk gks] lkFkZd 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSlsµedku] iqLrd] jksVh vkfnA ([k) fujFkZd 'kCnµftu 'kCnksa dk dksbZ vFkZ uk fudyrk gks fujFkZd 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSlsµuedk] dLriq] Vhjks vkfnA fo'ks"kµO;kdj.k esa ge osQoy lkFkZd 'kCnksa dk gh vè;;u djrs gSaA dbZ ckj okD;ksa esa tc fujFkZd 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks os Hkh lkFkZd cu tkrs gSaA vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij lkFkZd 'kCnksa osQ fuEufyf[kr Hksn gSaµ 1- ,dkFkhZ 'kCn 2- vusdkFkhZ 'kCn 3- i;kZ;okph 'kCn 4- foykse 'kCn 5- vusd 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij ,d 'kCn 6- Jqfrle fHkUukFkZd 'kCn 1- ,dkFkhZ 'kCnµftu 'kCnksa dk ,d gh vFkZ gksrk gS vkSj mudk iz;ksx Hkh mlh vFkZ esa gks rks ,sls 'kCn ,dkFkhZ 'kCn dgs tkrs gSa_ tSlsµfganh] ?kj] iqLrd] 'kfuokj] eksgu vkfnA 2- vusdkFkhZ 'kCnµftu 'kCnksa osQ fHkUu&fHkUu vFkZ fudyrs gksa ,sls 'kCnksa dks vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ?kVµ?kM+k vkSj de] ojµnwYgk vkSj Js"B vkfnA 3- foykse 'kCnµtks 'kCn ijLij foijhr vFkZ crkrs gSa] mudks foykse 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSlsµykHk&gkfu] viuk&ijk;k vkfnA 4- i;kZ;okph 'kCn (lekukFkhZ)µftu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ esa lekurk gksrh gS_ os lekukFkhZ 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµdey ¾ uhjt] vacqt] iadt vkfnA vkx ¾ vuy] ikod] ngu vkfnA 5- vusd 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij ,d 'kCnµHkk"kk dks ljy] lqLi"V vkSj izHkkoh cukus osQ fy, vusd 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij ,d 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµftldk fo'okl uk fd;k tk losQ osQ LFkku ij ^vfo'oluh;* 'kCn osQ iz;ksx ls ys[ku 'kSyh esa laf{kIrrk osQ lkFk fu[kkj vk x;kA 22

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

6- JqfrlefHkUukFkZd 'kCnµtks 'kCn lquus esa leku izrhr gksrs gSa] ijarq vFkZ dh n`f"V ls muesa dki+Qh varj gksrk gS JqfrlefHkUukFkZd 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµvkfn&vknh] fnu&nhu] oqQy&owQy vkfnA jpuk vFkok cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ Hksn cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ fuEufyf[kr rhu Hksn gSaµ 1- :<+ 2- ;kSfxd 3- ;ksx:<+ 1- :<+µ,sls 'kCn ftuosQ lkFkZd [k.M uk fd;s tk losaQ rFkk tks fdlh izpfyr lkekU; vFkZ dks izdV djrs gSa] mUgsa ^:<+* dgrs gSa_ tSlsµiQy] ?kj] uy vkfnA

iQy ?kj uy 2- ;kSfxdµ,sls 'kCn tks nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cus gksa] mUgsa ;kSfxd 'kCn dgrs gSaA ,sls 'kCnksa osQ [kaM fd, tk ldrs gSa_ tSlsµiQyokyk] jlksbZ?kj vkfnA 3- ;ksx:<+µnks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cuus okys 'kCn ;ksx:<+ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA ;ksx:<+ 'kCn dk iz;ksx fdlh fo'ks"k vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµuhyoaQB] ihrkcaj vkfnA mRifRr vFkok Lkzksr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn mRifRr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ fuEufyf[kr pkj Hksn gSaµ 1- rRle 2- rn~Hko 3- ns'kt 4- fons'kt 1- rRle 'kCnµlaLo`Qr osQ oks 'kCn] tks vius ewy :i ls fganh esa Hkh iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa rRle 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµeqfu] ckyd vkfnA 2- rn~Hko 'kCnµ^rn~Hko 'kCn* Hkh nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cuk gS] ftudk ewy :i laLo`Qr Hkk"kk esa gSA ijarq vius ifjofrZr :i esa fganh esa iz;qDr gksus yxs gSa rn~Hko 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµlwjt] jkr] vkx vkfnA 3- ns'kt 'kCnµtks 'kCn fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk ls fganh esa ugha vk, gS rFkk vke cksypky esa vko';drkuqlkj iz;ksx dj fy, x, gSa] mUgsa ns'kt 'kCn dgrs gSa_ tSlsµdikl] fiYyk] f[kM+dh vkfnA vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

4- fons'kt 'kCnµHkk"kk esa le;&le; ij vusd fons'kh tkfr;k¡ vkb±_ ftudh Hkk"kk us Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk dks izHkkfor fd;kA fons'kh Hkk"kk osQ bu 'kCnksa dks fons'kh ;k fons'kt 'kCn dgk tkrk gS_ tSlsµLowQy] jsfM;ks] o"kZxk¡B vkfnA + fons'kt 'kCn vjch] iQkjlh] rqdhZ] vaxzs”kh] izsaQp] iqrZxkyh vkfn ls fganh eas vk, gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,µ + vjch ls µ vehj] xjhc] vkSjr] buke] fdLer] fnekx] nqfu;k] nkSyr] eqlkfiQj vkfnA + l] mEehn] [kkeks'k] [kq'k] [kwc] fpjkx] f”kanxh] fny] nok] + iQkjlh ls µ viQlks chekj] eqÝ+ r vkfnA rqdhZ ls µ dkyhu] oqQyh] pspd] pepk] rksi] ryk'k] csxe] cgknqj] yk'k] vkfnA iqrZxkyh ls µ vkyw] dejk] iknjh] lkcqu] xeyk] rkSfy;k vkfnA isazQp Hkk"kk ls µ dkjrwl] dktw vkfnA phuh Hkk"kk ls µ pk;] yhph vkfnA tkikuh Hkk"kk ls µ fjD'kkA :lh Hkk"kk ls µ fex] Liqrfud vkfnA vaxzs”kh lsµvaxzs”kh Hkk"kk ls cgqr cM+h la[;k esa fganh Hkk"kk esa vk, oqQN 'kCn ;gk¡ mnkgj.kkFkZ fn, tk jgs gSaµvkblozQhe] cl] dkj] oaQiuh] fozQosQV] oaQI;wVj] dkWih] MsLd] batu] xSl] yhMj] isu] cSx] iqQVckWy] iqfyl] tsy] e'khu] feuV] jsfM;ks] LVs'ku] LowQy] flusek] fVdV] Vhe] + u] VkbZ] VkWiQh] Vhpj] Vªd vkfnA VsyhiQks rRle&rn~Hko 'kCn rRle 'kCn rn~Hko rRle rn~Hko ?kV ?kM+k vJq vk¡lw panz pk¡n d.kZ dku nqX/ nw/ /S;Z /hjt iap ik¡p Hkzkr` HkkbZ ikni ikS/k u`R; ukp vaxq"B v¡xwBk vV~Vkfydk vVkjh 24

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

rRle 'kCn vkJ; dk"B xnZHk T;s"B r`.k i{kh izLrj ekSfDrd 'kh"kZ gLr

rn~Hko vkljk dkB x/k tsB frudk ia[kh iRFkj eksrh flj gkFk

rRle m"Vª dksfdy xkS ftg~ok /fj=kh ikn eLrd e`R;q lkSHkkX; gLrh

rn~Hko m¡QV dks;y xk; thHk /jrh ik¡o ekFkk ekSr lqgkx gkFkh

iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnkas osQ Hksn iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa dks vkB Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ (i) laKk (ii) loZuke (iii) fo'ks"k.k (iv) fozQ;k (v) fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k (vi) laca/cks/d (vii) leqPp;cks/d (viii) foLe;kfncks/d bu vkB izdkj osQ 'kCnksa dks Hkh iz;ksx dh n`f"V ls nks oxks± esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ 1- fodkjh 2- vfodkjh 1- fodkjh 'kCnµftu 'kCnksa esa :i ifjoZru gksrk jgrk gS os fodkjh 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµcPpk&cPps] yM+dk&yM+osQ vkfnA laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k vkSj fozQ;k fodkjh 'kCn gSaA 2- vfodkjh 'kCnµftu 'kCnksa esa fyax] opu] dky] iq#"k] dkjd vkfn osQ vk/kj ij dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrk vFkkZr ftu 'kCnksa dk lnSo ,d gh :i gksrk gS] mUgsa vfodkjh 'kCn dgk tkrk gS_ tSlsµ;gk¡&ogk¡] foaQrq] fuR; vkfnA bueas fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k] laca/cks/d] leqPp;cks/d vkSj foLe;kfncks/d vO;; vkrs gSaA

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

vH;kl vkb, ns[ksa] vkius D;k lh[kk\ 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) 'kCn fdls dgrs gSa\ mnkgj.k lfgr crkb,A ([k) 'kCn dh rhu fo'ks"krk,¡ fyf[k,A (x) lkFkZd vkSj fujFkZd 'kCnksa esa varj Li"V dhft,A (?k) vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ Hksnksa dk ifjp; nhft,A (Ä) ;kSfxd vkSj ;ksx:<+ dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft, vkSj mnkgj.k Hkh le>kb,A (p) mRifRr vFkok lzksr dh n`f"V ls 'kCn fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSa\ izR;sd dk ifjp; mnkgj.k lfgr nhft,A (N) iz;ksx osQ fopkj ls 'kCn fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSa\ izR;sd dk ifjp; nhft,A + uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls vaxzs”kh] vjch&iQkjlh] iszaQp] rqdhZ osQ 'kCn vyx&vyx djosQ fyf[k,µ vkSjr fdrkc egy pkowQ ”kehu dkjrwl owQiu vaxsz”k oSaQph oaQiuh tsy dkWys”k xyhpk fVdV pEep ---------------------vaxzsth µ ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------+ vjch&iQkjlh µ ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------rqdhZ µ ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------izsaQp µ ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------:<+] ;kSfxd rFkk ;ksx:<+ 'kCn vyx&vyx dhft,µ ?kj Luku ?kj :<+ ;kSfxd ;ksx:<+ ---------------------------------------------nqdku tyt ---------------------------------------------iQyokyk fon~;k ---------------------------------------------f=kykspu nqdkunkj ---------------------------------------------iQy eqjyh ---------------------------------------------v"VHkqth iapkuu vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ls rRle vkSj rn~Hko 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ cgw deZ iq=k nw/ {ks=k i=k /hjt ngh jkf=k HkkSajk xkS dhM+k FkSyk firk eksj ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------rRle µ ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------rn~Hko µ

uhps fn, x, o.kks± dh enn ls ek=kk,¡ tksM+dj lkFkZd 'kCn cukdj fyf[k,µ u e [k M+ M v Hk 'k y x <+ {k j vk i d

lgh fodYi pqudj okD; iwjs dhft,µ (d) ftu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ ugha gksrk os ---------------------- 'kCn gksrs gSaA (v) vuFkZ (c) csdkj (l) vuqfpr (n) fujFkZd ([k) tks 'kCn nks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx osQ ;ksx ls curs gSa] mUgsa ---------------------- 'kCn dgrs gSaA (v) ;ksx:<+ (c) :<+ (l) ;kSfxd (n) ;ksxkRed (x) ftu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gh ,d vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gS os ---------------------- 'kCn gksrs gSaA (v) ,dvFkhZ (c) ,dkFkhZ (l) fujFkZd (n) vuFkhZ (?k) tks 'kCn fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fHkUu vFkZ nsrs gSa mUgsa ---------------------- 'kCn dgrs gSaA (v) vusdkFkhZ (c) T;knkvFkhZ (l) vf/dkFkhZ (n) cgqvFkhZ (Ä) ^fdrkc* ,d ---------------------- 'kCn gSA (v) rRle (c) fons'kt (l) ns'kt (n) ;ksx:<+

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

'kCn&jpuk % milxZ

'kCn jpuk % milxZ

vusd miyfC/;ksa dk {ks=k vktdy Kku&foKku dks ekuk tk jgk gSA budh vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, foiqy 'kCn HkaMkj dh vko';drk gSA Hkk"kk osQ LoHkko dh [kkst gekjs O;kdj.k osQ fon~okuksa osQ n~okjk dh xbZ vkSj vius lrr ifjJe ,oa vn~forh; lw>cw> ls mUgksaus oqQN mik; <w¡<s+ ftlls 'kCnksa dh jpuk dh tk losQA blls Hkk"kk dk dks'k izfrfnu c<+rk jgrk gSA cl ”k:jr ifjJe vkSj cqn~f/ osQ iz;ksx dh gSA vr% ,d 'kCn osQ dbZ vFkZ cus vkSj muls dbZ u;s 'kCnksa dh jpuk gqbZA ftls 'kCn jpuk dgrs gSaA 'kCnksa dh jpuk pkj izdkj ls gksrh gSµ 1- milxZ yxkdj 2- izR;; yxkdj 3- laf/ n~okjk 4- lekl n~okjk è;ku jgsµoqQN 'kCnksa esa milxZ vkSj izR;; nksuksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gSµbl ikB esa ge milxZ osQ ckjs esa gh tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA milxZ tks 'kCnka'k 'kCnksa ls iwoZ yxdj muosQ vFkZ esa fo'ks"krk ;k ifjorZu yk nsrs gSa] milxZ dgykrs gSaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,µ 1- nwljksa dks mins'k nsuk vklku gSA 2- ijnsl tkdj yksx viuh lH;rk ,oa laLo`Qfr dks Hkwy tkrs gSaA 3- Lons'k izse ij ,d fuca/ fyf[k,A mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa Nis 'kCnksa esa ^ns'k* 'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA ijarq bu okD;ksa eas fo] ij] mi] + ifjorZu gks x;k gSA lu rFkk Lo milxZ yx tkus ls mlosQ vFkZ esa dkiQh fons'k µ nwljk ns'k izns'k µ {ks=k Lons'k µ viuk ns'k ijnsl µ ijk;k ns'k vkns'k µ gqDe ;k vkKk lans'k µ lekpkj 28

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

fo'ks"kµmilxZ 'kCnka'k gSa] vr% mudks okD;ksa esa Lora=k :i ls iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA milxks± dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ 1- laLo`Qr osQ milxZ 2- fganh osQ milxZ + 3- mnwZ&iQkjlh osQ milxZ 4- milxks± dh rjg iz;qDr gksus okys laLo`Qr osQ vO;; laLo`Qr osQ milxZ milxZ v vuq vf/ vi vo vfr vk mr~ nqj~ nql~ fu fuj~ ful~ iz izfr fo lq Lo milxZ v v/ vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

vFkZ ugha] vHkko ihNs] leku mQij] Js"B cqjk] ghu cqjk] ghu vf/d rd] ysdj] lesr mQij] Js"B cqjk] dfBu dfBu uhps] fu"ks/ fcuk jfgr] ugha vkxs] vf/d fo#n~/ fo'ks"k] jfgr vPNk] ljy viuk] futh fganh osQ milxZ vFkZ vHkko] fu"ks/ vk/k

mnkgj.k vKku] v/eZ] v;ksX;] vpy vuqowQy] vuqHko] vuqpj] vuq;k;h vf/uk;d] vf/dkj vieku] vi'kCn] vidhfrZ voxq.k] voufr vfr'k;] vR;kpkj] vR;f/d vkd"kZ.k] vkpj.k] vkej.k mRFkku] mRd"kZ nqcZy] nqxZe] nqnZ'kk nqLlkgl] nq"deZ fuo`Q"V fucZy] fu/Zu] futhZo fuLlansg] fu"iki] fu"dyad izcy] izxk<+] iz;Ru izfrowQy] izfrfgalk fof'k"V] fo'kqn~/ lqiq=k] lqdeZ] lq;'k Lora=k] LodeZ mnkgj.k vej] vi<+] vpsr v/tyk] v/idk 29

mu d] oqQ fu Hkj milxZ cn cs gj uk [kq'k yk

de mupkl] mulB cqjk diwr] oqQekxZ] oqQ:i vHkko] ugha fuMj] fuiwrk iwjk Hkjekj] HkjisV + mnwZ&iQkjlh osQ milxZ vFkZ mnkgj.k cqjk cncw] cnfdLer jfgr csbZeku] csjge izfr gj,d] gjjks”k ugha ukyk;d] ukph”k vPNk [kq'kcw] [kq'kulhc jfgr ykpkj] ykirk

vH;kl vkb, ns[ksa] vkius D;k lh[kk\ 1- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) milxZ fdls dgrs gSa\ mnkgj.k n~okjk Li"V dhft,A 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa mi;qDr milxZ tksM+dj nks&nks u, 'kCn cukb,µ ------------------------------------------------iq=k ----------------tUe ------------------------------------------------xq.k ----------------;ksx --------------------------------deZ ----------------'kqn~/ ----------------------------------------------------------------dj ----------------xe ------------------------------------------------v/ ----------------vfr 3- fganh osQ izpfyr milxks± dks fdrus Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa\ izR;sd osQ pkj&pkj mnkgj.k nhft,A 4- milxZ vkSj ewy 'kCn vyx djosQ fyf[k,µ 'kCn milxZ ewy'kCn ------------------------------------------(d) vR;kpkj 30

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

([k) (x) (?k) (Ä) (p) (N)

izR;sd vi;'k + geliQj vui<+ fo;ksx fuMj

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ lkFk mfpr milxZ yxkb,µ (d) -------------- $ ;ksx fo $ ;ksx ¾ fo;ksx ([k) -------------- $ Mj ¾ -------------(x) -------------- $ xq.k ¾ -------------(?k) -------------- $ isV ¾ -------------(Ä) -------------- $ xeu ¾ -------------(p) -------------- $ v/kj ¾ -------------6- lgh fodYi dk p;u djsaµ (d) vf/ milxZ dk vFkZ ---------------------- gSA (v) vf/drk (c) (l) vf/d (n) ---------------------([k) vR;f/d 'kCn esa milxZ gSA (v) vr~ (c) (l) vr (n) (x) ^vy* fdl Hkk"kk dk milxZ gS\ (v) laLo`Qr (c) + (l) iQkjlh (n) ---------------------(?k) [kq'k vO;; dk vFkZ gSA (v) vPNk (c) (l) [kwc (n) ---------------------(Ä) ^iqufuZekZ.k* 'kCn esa milxZ gSA (v) iqu~ (c) (l) iq (n) vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

vk/k Js"B vfr vR; fganh vjch [kq'kh [kq'k gksuk iqu% iquZ 31

'kCn&jpuk % lekl izR;;

buesa ôkyk*] ôku*] ^vd*] ^vkM+h*] ^mQ* 'kCnka'k ozQe'k% ^lC”kh*] ^cy*] ^xS*] ^f[kyk*] ^yqVk*] ^ck”kkj* 'kCnksa esa tqM+dj muosQ vFkks± esa fo'ks"krk yk nsrs gSaA bUgsa izR;; dgrs gSaA izR;;ksa dk viuk oqQN Hkh vFkZ ugha gksrk vkSj u gh mudk Lora=k :i ls iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA tks 'kCnka'k fdlh 'kCn osQ var esa tqM+dj mlosQ vFkZ esa ifjorZu yk ysrs gSa] izR;; dgykrs gSaA izR;; dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ 1- o`Qnar izR;; 2- rn~f/r izR;; o`Qnar izR;; tks izR;; /krqvksa osQ var esa yxrs gSa] os o`Qr izR;; dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ fy[k $ vkbZ ¾ fy[kkbZ jk[ku $ gkj ¾ jk[kugkj ?kV $ b;k ¾ ?kfV;k fganh osQ oqQN o`Qr izR;;ksa vkSj muls fufeZr 'kCnksa dks nsf[k,µ 1- drZòkpd o`Qnarµftl izR;; ls cus 'kCn ls dk;Z djus okys dk cks/ gksrk gS] og dÙk`Zokpd o`Qnar dgykrk gS_ tSlsµi<+ukA 32

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

bu izdkj vU; izR;; vkSj muosQ Hksn nsf[k,µ izR;; 'kCn :i okyk j[kokyk] i<+usokyk vkM+h f[kykM+h] vukM+h 2- deZokpd o`Qnarµftl izR;; ls cus 'kCn ls fdlh deZ dk cks/ gks] og deZokpd o`Qnar dgykrk gSA izR;; 'kCn :i uk xkuk] vks<+uk vkSuk f[kykSuk uh fcNkSuh] vks<+uh 3- dj.kokpd o`Qnarµftl izR;; ls cus 'kCn ls fozQ;k osQ lk/u vFkkZr dkj.k dk cks/ gks mls dj.kokpd o`Qnar dgrs gSaA izR;; 'kCn :i uh vkenuh] eFkuh vk Bsyk] >wyk bZ jsrh] [ksrh u csyu] >kM+u mQ >kM+™] ck”kk: 4- Hkkookpd o`Qnarµftl izR;; ls cus 'kCn ls Hkko vFkkZr fozQ;k osQ Hkko dk cks/ gks] og Hkkookpd o`Qnar dgykrk gSA izR;; 'kCn :i vkbZ i<+kbZ] fy[kkbZ vkoV fy[kkoV] feykoV vkgV eqldjkgV] ?kcjkgV vkok Hkqykok] iNrkok vu pyu] exu bZ lwuh] [kq'kh r cpr] [kir] jaxr vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

5- fozQ;kokpd o`Qnarµftl izR;; ls cus 'kCn ls fozQ;k osQ gksus dk Hkko izdV gks] og fozQ;kokpd o`Qnar dgykrk gS_ tSlsµ izR;; 'kCn :i rk cksyrk] [kkrk dj [kkdj] cksydj rk gqvk tkrk gqvk] vkrk gqvk rs dgrs] pkgrs vk lw[kk] cSBk] Hkwyk rn~f/r izR;; tks 'kCnka'k fozQ;k dh /krqvksa dks NksM+dj laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k rFkk vO;; 'kCnksa osQ var esa tqM+rs gSa] os rn~f/r izR;; dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ y?kq $ rk ¾ y?kqrk viuk $ iu ¾ viukiu fganh osQ oqQN rn~f/r izR;;ksa vkSj muls fufeZr 'kCnksa dk mYys[k uhps fd;k tk jgk gSA 1- dr`Zokpd rn~f/rµftlls fdlh dk;Z osQ djus okys dk cks/ gksA tSlsµc<+bZ] lqukjA izR;; 'kCn :i vkj lqukj] yksgkj dkj i=kdkj] fp=kdkj okyk iQyokyk] Vksihokyk b;k eqf[k;k] nqf[k;k vk gyqvk] xs:vk 2- Hkkookpd rn~f/rµftlls Hkko izdV gks_ tSlsµcq<+kik] ljkZiQk vkfnA izR;; 'kCn :i Ro i'kqRo] nsoRo vkik cq<+kik] iqtkik vkgV ?kcjkgV] fpdukgV vkbZ xgjkbZ] yackbZ vkSrh eukSrh] cikSrh 34

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

3- laca/okpd rn~f/rµftlls laca/ dk cks/ gks_ tSlsµppsjk] Hkrhtk vkfnA izR;; 'kCn :i bd uSfrd] /kfeZd ,jk ekSlsjk] ppsjk vky llqjky] ufugky 4- mQurk (y?kqrk) okpd rn~f/rµftlls y?kqrk dk cks/ gksrk gS_ tSlsµoqQfV;kA izR;; 'kCn :i M+h] M+k VqdM+k] cNM+k bZ dksBjh] jks'kuh b;k fMfc;k] yqfV;k Vh] Vk yaxksVh] dyVk 5- x.kukokpd rn~f/rµftlls la[;k dk cks/ gks_ tSlsµnqgjk] pkSFkk vkfnA izR;; 'kCn :i ok¡ lkrok¡] rsjgok¡ gjk nksgjk] bdgjk xquk pkSxquk] nksxuk ljk rhljk] nwljk 6- xq.kokpd rn~f/rµftlls fdlh xq.k dk cks/ gks_ tSlsµI;klk] fo"kSyk vkfnA izR;; 'kCn :i vk BaMk] Hkw[kk] I;klk bZ; jk"Vªh;] tkrh;] okpuh; bZ ykyph] /uh bZyk iFkjhyk] j¡xhyk oar n;koar] oqQyoar oku n;koku] xq.koku 7- ln`';okpd rn~f/rµftlls lerk dk cks/ gks_ tSlsµlqugjk vkfnA izR;; 'kCn :i jk :igjk] lqugjk lk yky&lk] uhyk&lk vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

8- LFkkuokpd rn~f/rµftlls LFkku dk cks/ gks_ tSlsµeqacbZ okys] vljxat okys vkfnA izR;; 'kCn :i okyk] oky eqacbZ okyk] Msjsoky bZ iatkch] ejkBh] caxkyh o`Qr izR;; vkSj rn~f/r izR;; esa varj o`Qr izR;; tks izR;; /krqvksa osQ var esa tqM+dj u;k 'kCn cukrs gSa] mudks o`Qr izR;; dgrs gSa_ tSlsµfy[kuk] fy[kkbZ] fy[kkoVA tks 'kCnka'k fozQ;k dh /krqvksa dks NksM+dj laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k rFkk vO;; 'kCnksa osQ var esa tqM+rs gS] os rn~f/r izR;; dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµy?kqrk] dkfyek] jk"Vª vkfnA

vH;kl vkb, ns[ksa] vkius D;k lh[kk\ 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) izR;; ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ mnkgj.k lfgr fyf[k,A ([k) o`Qr izR;; vkSn rn~f/r izR;; dk varj mnkgj.kksa n~okjk Li"V dhft,A (x) izR;; dks fdrus Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr crkb,A (?k) rn~f/r izR;; osQ Hksnksa osQ uke fyf[k,A (Ä) milxZ vkSj izR;; esa D;k varj gS\ nksuksa dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A (p) o`Qr izR;; dks le>krs gq, muosQ Hksnksa osQ uke fyf[k,A fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa ewy'kCn vkSj izR;; Nk¡fV,µ 'kCn ewy 'kCn 'kCn ewy 'kCn ------------------------------------------prqjkbZ 'kgjh ------------------------------------------fy[kkoV xq.koku ------------------------------------------lqanjrk lkekftd ------------------------------------------o`Qikyq xkf;dk ------------------------------------------Vksdjh oqQfr;k vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6

fuEufyf[kr izR;;ksa dk iz;ksx djosQ nks&nks 'kCn cukb,µ izR;; izR;; ------------------ ------------------ bZ; -----------------iwoZd ------------------ ------------------ ,sjk -----------------vkgV ------------------ ------------------ dkj -----------------xj ------------------ ------------------ ;qok -----------------okyk ------------------ ------------------ mQ -----------------Ro

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4- lgh fodYi pqudj okD; iwjs dhft,µ (d) Hkkjrh; 'kCn esa izR;; gSµ (v) bZ; (c) Hkk (l) rh; (n) b; ([k) p<+kbZ 'kCn esa izR;; gSµ (v) vkbZ (c) <+kbZ (l) p<+ (n) bZ (x) izR;; 'kCnksa osQ ---------------------- esa tqM+dj muosQ vFkZ esa fo'ks"krk yk nsrs gSaµ (v) vkjaHk (c) var (l) eè; (n) vanj (?k) ^pyrk* 'kCn ---------------------- o`Qnar dk izR;; gSµ (v) dr`Zokpd (c) deZokpd (l) fozQ;kokpd (n) dj.kokpd (Ä) ûSfrd* 'kCn ---------------------- rn~f/r dk izR;; gSµ (v) drZòkpd (c) Hkkookpd (l) laca/okpd (n) mQuokpd (p) ^Hkqykrk* 'kCn ---------------------- o`Qnar dk izR;; gSA (v) drZòkpd (c) Hkkookpd (l) dj.kokpd (n) deZokpd

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&6