Doublew Education Alankar Hindi Vyakaran- 7 (Ch 1-4) by Doublew Education

vyadkj

fganh O;kdj.k ys[kd MkWú egs'k HkVukxj ,eú,ú ih&,púMh (fganh)

MkW- jek ik.Ms

,eú,ú] ih&,púMhú (fganh)

MCY;q ,tqds 'ku ,tqosQ'kuy ifCy'klZ

ubZ fnYyh&110002

izdk'kd

MCY;q ,tqds 'ku ,tqosQ'kuy ifCy'klZ 4262@3] valkjh jksM] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002 iQksu % 91&41514602] 23282453 Email: doubleweducation@gmail.com

izdk'kd ISBN : 978-81-938544-4-0

bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh va'k dk izfrfyfidj.k] ,sls ;a=k esa HkaMkj.k ftlls bls iqu% izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gks ;k LFkkukarj.k] fdlh Hkh :i esa ;k fdlh Hkh fof/ ls] bysDVªkWfud] ;kaf=kd] iQksVks&izfrfyfi] fjdkfM±x ;k fdlh vkSj <ax ls izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

eqæd %

vyadkj xzkfiQDl izkúfyú xzsVj uks,Mk

izkDdFku fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk osQ Kku osQ fy, mlosQ O;kdj.k dh tkudkjh gksuk vko';d gSA blls ml Hkk"kk dk mfpr iz;ksx djuk ljy gks tkrk gSA ckyd vius ifjokj ls Hkk"kk lh[kuk vkjaHk djrk gS vkSj fon~;ky; esa mldk leqfpr iz;ksx djuk lh[krk gSA ckyd dks Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku djkus esa izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ vè;kid ,d vge Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrs gSA O;kdj.k tSlsµuhjl fo"k; dks ljy vkSj jkspd cukdj izLrqr djuk mUgha ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g iqLrd muosQ fy, fuf'pr :i ls lgk;d fln~/ gksxhA ^vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k* 1&8 esa O;kdj.k dk 'kqn~/ Kku djkrs gq,] jpuk Hkkx osQ ekè;e ls fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks NksVh&NksVh dgkfu;ksa vkSj fuca/ksa ls FkksM+h dfBu dgkfu;ksa vkSj fuca/ksa dk vH;kl Hkh djok;k x;k gS] rkfd mUgsa 'kqn~/ Hkk"kk cksyus] i<+us vkSj fy[kus osQ lkFk&lkFk mldk vH;kl Hkh gks losQA izkFkZuk&i=kksa rFkk i=kksa osQ ekè;e ls fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks O;ogkfjd thou esa fyf[kr Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksx dk Hkh vH;kl djk;k x;k gSA blesa o.kZ] 'kCn okD; rFkk buosQ laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] fozQ;k vkfn vaxksa osQ iz;ksx dk Hkh vk'kk gS] gekjh xgu lk/u ls fd, x, bl iz;kl dks vkidk Lusg feysxkA bl iqLrd dks vkSj mi;ksxh cukus gsrq vkiosQ egRoiw.kZ lq>koksa osQ fy, ge vkHkkjh gksaxsA µizdk'kd

ikB~;ร e ozQ-l12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728-

ikB

i`"B

Hkk"kk] fyfi vkSj O;kdj.k o.kZ&fopkj laf/ 'kCn&fopkj 'kCn&fuekZ.k % milxZ 'kCn&fuekZ.k % izR;; 'kCn&fuekZ.k % lekl 'kCn&HkaMkj laKk fyax opu dkjd loZuke fo'ks"k.k fozQ;k dky okP; vO;; in&ifjp; okD; fojke&fpg~u eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;kยก ekSf[kd ,oa fyf[kr jpuk laokn ys[ku i=k&ys[ku vifBr xn~;ka'k vuqPNsn&ys[ku fuca/&ys[ku vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&1 vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&2

5 13 24 32 38 44 51 58 81 87 94 100 105 112 119 125 130 135 141 147 152 158 166 172 176 183 189 194 204 207

Hkk"kk] fyfi vkSj O;kdj.k

Hkk"kkµeuq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA og vius ifjokj] iM+ksl] fj'rsnkj vkfn osQ laioZQ esa jgrk gSA og vius eu osQ Hkko@fopkj nwljksa dks crkrk gS rFkk muosQ eu osQ Hkko@fopkj lqurk gSA viuh ckr dgus osQ fy, og ftl Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrk gSA Hkk"kk osQ vHkko esa euq"; osQ fy, dksbZ ckr dguk ;k lquuk laHko ugha gks ikrk gSA laosQrksa n~okjk Hkh Hkkoksa dk vknku&iznku fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijarq blesa cgqr dfBukbZ gksrh gSA laosQrksa osQ n~okjk fdlh ckr dk iw.kZ rFkk Li"V vFkZ izdV djuk laHko ugha gks ikrkA Hkk"kk 'kCn laLo`Qr dh Hkk"k /krq ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gSµ^ok.kh*A i'kq&i{kh Hkh viuh&viuh vkoktksa esa ,d&nwljs rd Hkko igq¡pkrs gSa] ijarq mls Hkk"kk ugha dgk tk ldrkA eq[k ls osQoy èofu;k¡ (vkok”k) fudkydj viuh ckr le>kuk pkgrk gS] ijarq og Hkk"kk ugha gksrhA /hjs&/hjs og viuh ek¡ vkSj ifjokj ls lkFkZd èofu;k¡ mPpfjr djuk lh[krk gS] fiQj NksVs&NksVs okD; cukrk gSA bl izdkj og Hkk"kk lh[k tkrk gSA Hkk"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ n~okjk ge vius fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djrs gSaA euq"; lekt esa jgrk gSA og vius eu osQ Hkkoksa dks dgdj izdV djrk gS rFkk nwljksa osQ Hkkoksa dks lqudj le>rk gS vkSj laosQrksa n~okjk viuh ckr dgrk gSA vr,o Hkk"kk dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSµ ^^Hkk"kk og l'kDr lk/u gS] ftlosQ n~okjk euq"; vius fopkjksa ;k Hkkoksa dks fy[kdj] cksydj ;k laosQrksa osQ n~okjk vknku&iznku djrk gSA** Hkk"kk osQ Hksn Hkk"kk osQ fuEufyf[kr nks Hksn gksrs gSaµ 1- ekSf[kd Hkk"kk 2- fyf[kr Hkk"kk 1- ekSf[kd Hkk"kkµtc ge vius Hkkoksa ;k fopkjksa dks cksydj izdV djrs gSa] rks og Hkk"kk ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dgykrh gS_ tSlsµvkil esa ckr djuk] usrk th dk Hkk"k.k nsuk okn&fookn] dfork xk;u rFkk laokn cksyuk vkfnA 2- fyf[kr Hkk"kkµtc ge vius Hkkoksa ;k fopkjkas dks fy[kdj izdV djrs gSa rks og Hkk"kk fyf[kr Hkk"kk dgykrh gS_ tSlsµi=k fy[kuk] ijh{kk esa iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk vkfnA ekr`Hkk"kkµog Hkk"kk ftls ckyd viuh ek¡ rFkk ifjokj ls lh[krk gS] mls ekr`Hkk"kk dgrs gSaA ;fn ek¡ fganh cksyrh gS rks ckyd dh ekr`Hkk"kk fganh gksxh ;fn ek¡ rFkk mlosQ ifjokj n~okjk d'ehjh cksyh tkrh gS rks ckyd dh ekr`Hkk"kk Hkh d'ehjh gksxhA vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

jk"VªHkk"kkµog Hkk"kk ftldk iz;ksx ,d ns'k osQ vf/dka'k fuokfl;ksa n~okjk fd;k tkrk gS_ jk"VªHkk"kk dgykrh gSA Hkkjr esa fganh dk iz;ksx yxHkx 80 izfr'kr fuokfl;ksa n~okjk fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA vr% fganh gekjh jk"VªHkk"kk gSA izR;sd ns'k dh viuh&viuh jk"VªHkk"kk gksrh gSa_ tSlsµbVyh&bVsfy;u] ikfdLrku&mnwZ] izQkal&izQkalhlh] vesfjdk&vaxzs”kh rFkk teZuh&teZu vkfnA jktHkk"kkµog Hkk"kk ftldk iz;ksx ns'k osQ dk;kZy;ksa esa dke&dkt osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] og jktHkk"kk dgykrh gSA Hkkjr esa dk;kZy;h dke&dkt osQ fy, fganh rFkk vaxzsth nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA 14 flracj] 1949 dks lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 343 osQ vuqlkj fganh dks Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA blfy, izfro"kZ bl fnu dks fganh fnol euk;k tkrk gSA laioZQ Hkk"kkµ,slh Hkk"kk ftls ns'k osQ fuoklh vkil esa laioZQ djus osQ fy, djrs gSa] laioZQ Hkk"kk dgykrh gS Hkkjr dh laioZQ Hkk"kk fganh gSA uksVµdHkh&dHkh ge vius fopkjksa dks izdV djus osQ fy, rhljs :i dk Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSaA og :i Hkk"kk dk lkaosQfrd :i dgykrk gSA blesa ge vius Hkkoksa dks laosQrksa osQ n~okjk izdV djrs gSa_ tSlsµlhVh ctkdj pkSjkgs ij flikgh vius gkFkksa ls laosQr nsrs gq, vkfnA fo'o dh Hkk"kk,¡µnqfu;k esa izR;sd ns'k esa vusdksa Hkk"kk,¡ cksyh tkrh gSaA lalkj osQ nks&frgkbZ Hkkx esa vaxzsth] fganh] phuh] :lh] izsaQp rFkk Lisfu'k vkfn Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fo'o esa phuh Hkk"kk izFke LFkku ij] vaxzsth Hkk"kk nwljs LFkku ij vkSj fganh Hkk"kk rhljs LFkku ij cksyh tkrh gSA Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk,¡µvU; ns'kksa osQ eqdkcys Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dh fLFkfr oqQN vyx gSA Hkkjr esa 22 Hkk"kkvksa dks ekU;rk izkIr gS] blfy, Hkkjr dks cgqHkk"kh ns'k dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa cksyh tkus okyh 22 Hkk"kkvksa dks Hkkjrh; lafo/ku n~okjk Loho`Qfr iznku dh xbZ gSA ;s Hkk"kk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaµ 1- fganh 2- usikyh 3- ef.kiqjh 4- rfey 5- c¡xyk 6- d'ehjh 7- ey;kye 8- mnwZ 9- vlfe;k 10- ejkBh 11- dksad.kh 12- xqtjkrh 13- iatkch 14- vksfM+;k 15- dUuM+ 16- rsyxw 17- fla/h 18- laLo`Qr 19- Mksxjh 20- laFkkyh 21- eSfFkyh 22- cksMks ekud Hkk"kkµtc Hkk"kk fodkl izfozQ;k ls xqtjrh gS] rc bldh ,d:irk dks cuk, j[kuk dfBu gksrk gSA fganh Hkk"kk dk {ks=k cgqr O;kid gSA blfy, bl ij miHkk"kkvksa rFkk cksfy;ksa dk izHkko iM+rk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa o.kks± ,oa 'kCnksa osQ ,d ls vf/d :i izpfyr gks tkrs gSaA dkSu lk :i 'kqn~/ rFkk ekud gS] ;g tkuus esa dfBukbZ dk vuqHko gksrk gSA bl dkj.k ls Hkk"kk osQ ftl :i dks f'kf{kr tuksa n~okjk iz;qDr o fon~okuksa n~okjk Loho`Qr fd;k tkrk gS] og Hkk"kk dk ekud :i dgykrk gSA 6

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

mnkgj.k

vekud :i ¼ Ã jo HkQ vUr lEcU/ u;s vk;h

ekud :i n~/ v [k > var laca/ u, vkbZ

fganh osQ ekud :i vkSj orZuh osaQnzh; fganh funs'kky; osQ vuqlkj ekud fganh orZuh] laca/h eq[; fcanq fuEufyf[kr gSaµ P ^Î* ^y* vkSj ^y`* dk iz;ksx fganh esa u gksus osQ dkj.k bUgsa fganh dh ekud o.kZekyk esa LFkku ugha fn;k x;k gSA P la;qDr o.kZ ikbZ gVkdj] ?kqaMh dks vk/k dj rFkk gyar yxkdj cuk, tkrs gSa_ tSlsµlPpk] pDdj] fpg~u vkfnA P foHkfDr fpg~u laKk 'kCnkas ls i`Fkd rFkk loZuke 'kCnkas ls feykdj fy[ks tk,¡xs_ tSlsµlaKk&fu'kkar dks loZuke&bldksA P la;qDr fozQ;k,¡ i`Fkd fy[kh tk,¡xh_ tSlsµ i<+ pqdk gSA P vO;; i`Fkd fy[ks tk,¡xs_ tSlsµmlosQ lkFk ;gk¡ rdA P Jh] th vkfn Hkh vyx fy[ks tk,¡xs_ tSlsµJh 'kekZ] 'kekZ thA P fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k vkfn vO;; esa ^;* ^o* dh txg LojkRed iz;ksx fd;k tk,_ tSlsµfd,] vk,] gqvk vkfn ekud :i gSaA tgk¡ ^;* 'kCn dk ewy rRo gks ogk¡ og ^;* gh jgsxk_ tSlsµLFkk;h vO;;hHkko] nkf;Ro vkfn esa ^;* osQ LFkku ij ^bZ* ugha vk,xkA P la;qDr O;atu osQ :i esa iapek{kj osQ LFkku ij vuqLokj (µa ) vk,xkA P f'kjksjs[kk osQ mQij ek=kk osQ fy, panzfcanq osQ fy, LFkku dk vHkko gks tkrk gS] vr,o fcanq (vuqLokj) yxk;k tk ldrk gS_ tSlsµeS¡ ¾ eSa vU;=k panzfcanq dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A + [+k] Xk]+ ”k] iQ+ esa ls oqQN èofu;k¡ fganh mPpkj.k esa ifjofrZr gks xbZ gSa] osQoy ”k] iQ+ vHkh Hkh P oQ] iz;ksx esa gSaA vjch] iQkjlh ;k vaxzsth ewyd 'kCnksa esa budk iz;ksx ekud gSA P oqQN 'kCn nksuksa :iksa esa ekud gS_ tSlsµlnhZ&ljnh] crZu&cjru vkfnA P 'kCn osQ var esa vkus okyk gyar fganh esa izk;% yqIr gks pqdk gS_ tSlsµegku] fon~oku] ifj"kn] laln vkfnA vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

P rRle 'kCnksa esa rhu O;atuksa osQ la;ksx dh fLFkfr esa ,d n~foRo ewyd O;atu yqIr gks x;k gSA mls u fy[kus dh NwV gS_ tSlsµvn~/Z@v/Z] dRrkZ@drkZ vkfnA P rRle 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko gks tkus ij folxZ dk yksi gks tkrk gS_ tSlsµnq%[k&nq[kA P iwoZdkfyd izR;; ^dj* fozQ;k ls feykdj fy[kk tk,_ tSlsµnkSM+dj] i<+djA fganh Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ o miyfC/;k¡ P fganh Hkkjr dh jk"VªHkk"kk] jktHkk"kk rFkk laioZQ Hkk"kk gSA P ;g Hkkjr esa yxHkx 18 djksM+ fuokfl;ksa dh ekr`Hkk"kk rFkk 30 djksM+ yksxksa dh laioZQ Hkk"kk fganh gSA P fgekpy izns'k] mRrjk[kaM] fnYyh] eè; izns'k] gfj;k.kk] mRrj izns'k] fcgkj] >kj[kaM rFkk NRrhlx<+ eq[; fganh Hkk"kh izns'k gSA P fyfi&fpg~uksa osQ uke o èofu;ksa esa dksbZ varj ugha gS_ tSls jkseu esa v{kj ^ch* gS èofu ^c* gS] ijarq fganh esa v{kj ^vk* dh èofu Hkh ^v* gSA P fganh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx vesfjdk esa yxHkx 1]00]000 ekWjh'kl eas yxHkx 68]600 nf{k.k vizQhdk esa yxHkx 8]90]292 ;eu esa yxHkx 2]32]760 ;qxkaMk esa yxHkx 1]47]000 usiky esa yxHkx 80]00]00 U;wthySaM esa yxHkx 20]000 rFkk teZuh esa yxHkx 30]000 fuokfl;ksa n~okjk fd;k tkrk gSA P Hkkjr esa lokZf/d i=k&if=kdk,¡ o ikBd fganh Hkk"kk osQ gSaA P laiw.kZ fo'o esa fgnh Hkk"kk esa lcls vf/d fiQYesa cukbZ tkrh gSaA P fganh iw.kZr;k oSKkfud Hkk"kk gSA blosQ mPpkj.k o ys[ku esa ,d:irk gSA P og fnu nwj ugha tc fganh fo'o dh laioZQ Hkk"kk osQ :i esa iz;ksx dh tk,xhA P MkWú t;arh ukSfV;ky us 20 o"kks± rd ns'kh rFkk fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa osQ vkadM+kas dk vè;;u djosQ ;g fln~/ dj fn;k gS fd fganh Hkkf"k;ksa dh la[;k phuh cksyus okys ls vf/d gSA P fganh dk 'kCn&HkaMkj ,d djksM+ ls Hkh vf/d gSA P vktdy Vhúohú pSuyksa ij lekpkj] foKkiu vkSj vU; dk;ZozQe vkfn fganh Hkk"kk esa lcls vf/d izlkfjr gksrs gSaA P fiQth ns'k dh jktHkk"kk fganh gSA P f=kfunkn vkSj VkscSxks] lwjhuke] eysf'k;k] fiQth rFkk ekWjh'kl esa Hkh fganh cksyh tkrh gSA P laiw.kZ fo'o esa fganh Hkk"kk esa lcls vf/d fiQYesa cukbZ tkrh gSaA cksyh fdlh {ks=k fo'ks"k esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk dk :i cksyh dgykrk gSA ;g Hkk"kk dk lhfer :i gksrk gSa bls lkekU;r% cksy&pky esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA miHkk"kkµtc cksyh dk {ks=k FkksM+k cM+k gks tkrk gS] rc og miHkk"kk cu tkrh gSA cksfy;ksa esa lkfgR; dh jpuk izk;% ugha gksrh] ijarq miHkk"kk esa lkfgR; dh jpuk gksus yxrh gSA ,d miHkk"kk dh dbZ cksfy;k¡ gks ldrh 8

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

gSaA vo/h] czt rFkk jktLFkkuh cksfy;ksa esa lkfgR; dh jpuk gqbZ Fkh vkSj budk {ks=k Hkh cM+k Fkk] vr% ;s miHkk"kk,¡ cu xb±A fganh dh miHkk"kk,¡ o mudh cksfy;k¡ fganh miHkk"kkvksa dks ik¡p oxks± esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ miHkk"kk,¡ cksfy;k¡ 1- if'peh fganh gfj;k.koh] cztHkk"kk] cqansyh] dUukSth 2- iwohZ fganh vo/h] c?ksyh] NRrhlx<+h 3- jktLFkkuh ekjokM+h] esokrh] t;iqjh] ekyoh 4- igkM+h fganh x<+okyh] oqQekm¡Quh 5- ekx/h ex/h] Hkkstiqjh] vafxdk Hkk"kk dk {ks=kh; :i dks cksyh dgrs gSaA Hkk"kk ,d {ks=k esa cksyh tkrh gSA cksyh foLr`r Hkw{ks=k osQ fdlh ,d Hkkx esa cksyh tkrh gSA bldk iz;ksx fy[kus osQ fy, ugha fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa fcgkjh] Hkkstiqjh] x<+okyh] cztHkk"kk] vo/h] gfj;k.koh rFkk ekjokM+h vkfn Hkk"kk cksyh tkrh gSA Hkk"kk vkSj cksyh esa varj Hkk"kk cksyh 1- Hkk"kk dk ,d foLr`r {ks=k gksrk gSA 1- cksyh lhfer {ks=k eas cksyh tkrh gSA 2- Hkk"kk,¡ vyx&vyx gksrh gSaA 2- cksyh Hkk"kk dk gh vax gksrh gSA 3- Hkk"kk esa O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa dk iw.kZ 3- blesa O;kdj.k lEer ugha gksrhA :i ls ikyu fd;k tkrk gSA 4- Hkk"kk ,d fodflr :i gSA 4- cksyh dks lk/kj.k cksypky dh Hkk"kk dg ldrs gSaA 5- Hkk"kk ls xn~; lkfgR; dh jpuk gksrh gSA 5- cksyh esa in~; lkfgR; dh jpuk ugha gksrh gSA fyfi ge tc ckrphr djrs gSa] rks ge oqQN èofu;ksa dk mPpkj.k djrs gSaA 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ysfdu budk dksbZ vkdkj&fodkj ugha gksrkA nwj cSBs O;fDr dks vius fopkjksa ls voxr djkus osQ fy, gesa bu èofu;ksa dks fyf[kr :i nsuk vko';d gksrk gSA Hkk"kk dk ;fn fyf[kr :i ^fyfi* dgykrk gSA ^^eq[k ls mPpkfjr èofu;ksa dks fyf[kr :i esa cnyus osQ fy, ftl ^fyf[kr fpg~uksa* dks lgkjk fy;k tkrk gS] mls ^fyfi* dgrs gSaA** Hkk"kk fyfi Hkk"kk fyfi fganh nsoukxjh vaxzsth jkseu mnwZ iQkjlh laLo`Qr nsoukxjh c¡xyk ckaXyk teZu jkseu vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

iatkch ejkBh dksad.kh laFkkyh

xq#eq[kh nsoukxjh nsoukxjh nsoukxjh

izQkalhlh d'ehjh usikyh

jkseu nsoukxjh nsoukxjh

nsoukxjh fyfi osQ xq.k P P P P P P

,d èofu osQ fy, ,d laosQr&fpg~u fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gSA blosQ o.kZ tSls cksys tkrs gSa oSls gh fy[ks tkrs gSa rFkk tSlsµfy[ks tkrs gSa oSls gh cksys tkrs gSaA ;g jkseu fyfi dh oSQfiVy vkSj LekWy ysVj dh voSKkfud O;oLFkk ls eqDr gSA bldk v{kj ozQe loksZRre gSA blesa igys Loj rFkk ckn esa O;atu vkrs gSaA ek=kkvksa dh la[;k osQ vk/kj ij Nanksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g fdlh Hkh fyfi dh rqyuk esa vf/d oSKkfud rFkk O;ofLFkr fyfi gSA O;kdj.k vkius ;g tkuk fd o.kks± osQ O;ofLFkr esy ls 'kCn 'kCnksa osQ O;ofLFkr esy ls okD; rFkk okD;ksa osQ O;ofLFkr esy ls Hkk"kk curh gSA ;fn ;s O;ofLFkr u gksa] rks Hkk"kk vFkZiw.kZ ugha gksxhA fdlh o.kZ 'kCn rFkk okD; dk iz;ksx dgk¡ vkSj oSQls djuk gS] bldk Kku O;kdj.k djkrk gSA O;kdj.k og 'kkL=k gS ftlosQ n~okjk ge Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ Lo:i ,oa 'kqn~/ iz;ksx dk Kku izkIr djrs gSaA O;kdj.k osQ foHkkxµO;kdj.k dks pkj foHkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ 1- o.kZ&fopkj 2- 'kCn&fopkj 3- okD;&fopkj 4- in&fopkj 1- o.kZ&fopkjµO;kdj.k osQ bl foHkkx esa o.kks± osQ izdkj] muosQ oxhZdj.k rFkk mPpkj.k vkfn ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA 2- 'kCn&fopkjµO;kdj.k osQ bl foHkkx esa 'kCnksa osQ Lo:i] fyax] opu rFkk Hksn vkfn ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA 3- okD;&fopkjµblesa okD;ksa osQ Hksn] muosQ laca/] jpuk rFkk fo'ys"k.k vkfn ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA 4- in&fopkjµtc 'kCn okD; dk vax cu tkrs gSa rks ^in* dgykrs gSaA fganh Hkk"kk dk egRRoµHkkjr esa lcls T;knk cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk fganh gSA ges'kk gh ;g laioZQ Hkk"kk osQ :i esa iz;ksx dh tkrh jgh gSA Lora=krk vkanksyu dks laxfBr :i nsus esa fganh Hkk"kk dk lcls izeq[k gkFk gSA Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn 1950 esa tc lafo/ku ykxw gqvk rks fganh dks ^jktHkk"kk* dk LFkku fn;k x;k FkkA blfy, 14 flracj dks iwjs ns'k esa fganh&fnol osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

vH;kl vkb, ns[ksa] vkius D;k lh[kk\ 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) Hkk"kk fdls dgrs gSa] blosQ fdrus Hksn gksrs gSa\ ([k) ekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr Hkk"kk esa varj crkb,A (x) laosQrksa ;k èofu;ksa dks Hkk"kk D;ksa ugha ekuk tkrk\ (?k) Hkk"kk vkSj cksyh esa D;k varj gS\ (Ä) O;kdj.k osQ vaxksa esa fdu fo"k;ksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gS\

lgh fodYi pqudj fyf[k,µ (d) Hkk"kk osQ Hksn gksrs gSaµ (v) 1 (c) 2 (l) 3 (n) 4 ([k) Hkkjrh; lafo/ku n~okjk Loho`Qr Hkk"kk,¡ gSaµ (v) usikyh] fla/h] laFkkyh] i'rks (c) flagyh] usikyh] fla/h] cksMks (l) usikyh] cksMks] Mksxjh] iQkjlh (n) cksMks] eSFkyh] laFkkyh] Mksxjh (x) dkSu&lk dFku lR; gS\ (v) cksyh esa lkfgR; Hkh miyC/ gSA (c) fyf[kr Hkk"kk dh bdkbZ 'kCn gSA (l) ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dh bdkbZ èofu gSA (n) mi;ZqDr esa dksbZ ughaA ------------(?k) O;kdj.k og gS ftlosQ n~okjk ge fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku izkIr djrs gSaµ (v) 'kkL=k (c) 'kL=k (l) vL=k (n) iqLrd

fuEufyf[kr (d) yM™ ó (x) cqf¼ (Ä) f}rh; (N) Hkík (>) cqMkô

'kCnksa dh ekud orZuh fyf[k,µ ---------------------([k) ---------------------(?k) ---------------------(p) ---------------------(t) ---------------------(×k)

fpÉ fo}ku HkrQ HkDr iÙkk

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fuEufyf[kr Hkk"kkvksa dh fyfi fyf[k,µ (d) mnwZ µ ---------------------([k) iatkch µ ----------------------

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

(x) laLo`Qr µ ---------------------(?k) vaxzsth µ ---------------------(Ä) fganh µ ---------------------5-

oxZ ls Nk¡Vdj v us l m fe nwZ ;k ia e y

Hkk"kkvksa osQ uke fyf[k,µ ik yh xq e fM+ ;k t f.k fga nh jk iq tk ch rh jh ;k y e d

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkk"kk osQ fdl :i dk (d) nknh n~okjk cPpksa dks dgkuh lqukus osQ fy,A ([k) lekpkj&i=k esa foKkiu osQ fy,A (x) HkkbZ n~okjk oaQI;wVj ij dke djus osQ fy,A (?k) fon~;kfFkZ;ksa n~okjk iz'u&i=k gy djus osQ fy,A (Ä) ek¡ n~okjk iq=kh dks le>kus osQ fy,A (p) lekpkj okfpdk n~okjk lekpkj&okpuA

iz;ksx djrs gS\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fuEufyf[kr cksfy;ksa dks mfpr 'kh"kZd osQ uhps fyf[k,A x<+okyh] vo/h] esokrh] ekyoh] czt] NRrhlx<+h] cqansyh] ck¡xM+™] gfj;k.koh] ekjokM+h] vafxdk] ex/h] oqQekm¡Quh] dUukSthA iwohZ fganh -------------------------------------------------------------------------

if'peh fganh -------------------------------------------------------------------------

jktLFkkuh fganh -------------------------------------------------------------------------

igkM+h fganh -------------------------------------------------------------------------

fcgkjh fganh -------------------------------------------------------------------------

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

o.kZ&fopkj

tc cPpk cksyuk lh[krk gS rks mlosQ eq[k ls fofHkUu èofu;k¡ mPpfjr gksrh gSaA bUgha èofu;ksa osQ fyf[kr :i dks o.kZ dgrs gSaA o.kks± dks fy[kus dk <ax fyfi dgykrk gS] ftleas izR;sd o.kZ osQ fy, ,d fuf'pr fpg~u fu/kZfjr gksrk gS_ tSlsµv] vk] o~Q] [k vkfnA ^^o.kZ** Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gksrh gS] ftlosQ vf/d [kaM ugha fd, tk ldrsA fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dks tkuus ;k lh[kus osQ fy, mlosQ o.kks± dks lh[kuk iM+rk gSA bUgha o.kks± ls 'kCn curs gSa vkSj 'kCnksa ls fiQj okD; curs gSa_ tSlsµog vk'kh"k gSA og $ vk'kh"k $ gS og ¾ o~ $ v $ g~ $ v vk'kh"k ¾ vk $ 'k~ $ bZ $ "k~ $ v gS ¾ g~ $ ,s bl vk/kj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fdµ ^^ekSf[kd èofu;ksa dks O;Dr djus okys fpg~uksa dks o.kZ dgrs gSaA** ;k ^^Hkk"kk dh og lcls NksVh bdkbZ ftlosQ vf/d [kaM ugha fd, tk ldrs o.kZ dgykrh gSA** o.kZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (d) o.kZ Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gSA ([k) o.kZ osQ [kaM ugha fd, tk ldrsA (x) Hkk"kk osQ izR;sd 'kCn dk fuekZ.k o.kZ ls gksrk gSA (?k) o.kZ Hkk"kk dk ewy vk/kj gSA (Ä) fganh esa o.kZ dks v{kj Hkh dgrs gSaA o.kZekyk o.kks± osQ O;ofLFkr ;k ozQecn~/ lewg dks o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA fganh o.kZekyk esa oqQy 35 o.kZ gSa rFkk 4 la;qDr O;atu gSA {k] =k] K vkSj JA Lojµv] vk] b] bZ] m] mQ] ½] ,] ,s] vks] vkS vkxr LojµvkW (vaxzsth dh èofu) vU;µva (vuqLokj) ] v¡ (vuqukfld)] v% folxZ vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

O;atuµ d [k x ?k Ä ^d* oxZ p N t > ×k ^p* oxZ V B M < .k ^V* oxZ r Fk n / u ^r* oxZ i iQ c Hk e ^i* oxZ ; j y o (var%LFk) 'k "k l g (mQ"e) fuEu fcanqµM+ <+ + [+k] Xk]+ ”k] iQ+ (vjch&iQkjlh dh dh èofu;k¡) vkxr O;atuµoQ] ^M+* vkSj ^<+* o.kZ 'kCnksa osQ izkjaHk esa dHkh ugha vkrsA o.kks± osQ Hksn o.kks± osQ fuEufyf[kr nks Hksn gSaµ 1- Loj 2- O;atu Lojµftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa eq[k ls ok;q fcuk fdlh #dkoV osQ fudyrh gS] mUgsa Loj dgrs gSaA v] vk] b] bZ] m] mQ] ½] ,] ,s] vks] vkSµfganh osQ 11 Loj gSaA Loj osQ fuEufy[kr rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ 1- ßLo Loj 2- nh?kZ Loj 3- Iyqr Loj 1- ßLo Lojµftu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa ,d ek=kk dk le; yxrk gS] mUgsa ßLo Loj dgrs gSa] bUgsa ewy Loj Hkh dgrs gSaA ;s pkj gksrs gSaµ ßLo Loj % v b m ½ 2- nh?kZ Lojµftu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa ßLo Loj dh rqyuk esa izk;% nks ek=kkvksa dk le; yxrk gS] mUgsa nh?kZ Loj dgrs gSaA ;s lkr gksrs gSaµ nh?kZ Loj % vk bZ mQ , ,s vks vkS 3- Iyqr Lojµbu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa ßLo vkSj nh?kZ Loj dh rqyuk esa frxquk le; yxrk gSA og Iyqr Loj dgykrs gSaA o.kZ esa (ý) dk fpg~u yxkrs gSa_ tSlsµvksýeA Lojksa dh ek=kk,¡µtc fdlh Loj dks O;atu osQ lkFk feykrs gSa] rks Loj dk Lo:i cny tkrk gS] Loj dk ;gh :i ek=kk dgykrk gSA Loj µ v vk b bZ m mQ ½ , ,s vks vkS µs µS ek=kk µ µ k f h q w ` ks kS mnkgj.kµ dy dkyk fdyk dhy oqQy owQy o`Qik osQyk oSQlk dksV dkSu 14

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

O;atuµlHkh O;atu Loj osQ fcuk gksrs gS] ijarq mudk mPpkj.k Loj dh lgk;rk osQ fcuk ugha gks ldrkA blfy, o.kZekyk esa ge cksyus dh lqfo/k osQ fy, ^v* Loj osQ lkFk feykdj cksyrs gSaA os o.kZ tks Lojksa dh lgk;rk ls cksys tk, vkSj mudks cksyrs le; ok;q eq[k esa rkyq] nk¡r ;k thHk ls Vdjkdj ckgj vk,] mUgsa O;atu dgrs gSaA ;g la[;k esa 33 gSaA O;atu osQ Hksn O;atuksa dk oxhZdj.k eq[k nks vk/kjksa ij fd;k tkrk gSµ 1- Li'kZ osQ vk/kj ij 2'okl dh ek=kk osQ vk/kj ij 1- Li'kZ osQ vk/kj ijµLi'kZ osQ vk/kj ij O;atuksa dks rhu izdkj esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ (d) Li'kZ O;atu ([k) var%LFk O;atu (x) mQ"e O;atu (d) Li'kZ O;atuµftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k djrs le; thHk eq[k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks Li'kZ djrh gS] os Li'kZ O;atu dgykrh gSaA o~Q* ls ^e* rd 25 o.kZ rFkk ^M+* vkSj ^<+* Li'kZ O;atu gSA Li'kZ O;atu osQ ik¡p oxZ gSaA izR;sd oxZ esa ik¡p o.kZ gSaA gj oxZ dk uke mlosQ izFke o.kZ osQ uke ij j[kk x;k gSA d oxZ µ d [k x ?k Ä p oxZ µ p N t > ×k V oxZ µ V B M < .k (M+ <+) r oxZ µ r Fk n / u i oxZ µ i iQ c Hk e ([k) var%LFk O;atuµftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa osQ chp gksrk gS] mUgsa var%LFk O;atu dgrs gSaA ;g la[;k esa pkj gksrs gSaµ ;~ j~ y~ o~ (x) mQ"e O;atuµftu O;atuksa dks cksyrs le; eq[k ls xje ok;q fudys rFkk gydh lh lhVh dh vkokt vk,] mUgas mQ"e O;atu dgrs gSaA 'k~ "k~ l~ g~ 'okl dh ek=kk osQ vk/kj ij O;atuksa osQ Hksn 'okl&ok;q osQ vk/kj ij fganh osQ O;atuksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ 1- vYiizk.k O;atu 2egkizk.k O;atu 1- vYiizk.k O;atuµizk.k dk vFkZ gSµ^ok;q*A ftu O;atuksa osQ mPpkj.k esa eq[k ls ok;q fudyrh gS] mls vYiizk.k O;atu dgrs gSaA ;s fuEu gSaµ o~Q x~ Ä~_ p~ t~ ×k~_ V~ M~ .k~_ r~ n~ u~_ vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

2- egkizk.k O;atuµftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k djrs le; eq[k ls vf/d ok;q fudyrh gS] os egkizk.k O;atu dgykrs gSaA fuEu ;s gSaµ [k~ ?k~_ N~ >_ B~ <~_ Fk~ /~_ i~Q Hk~_ 'k~ "k~ l~ g~ blosQ vfrfjDr fganh o.kZekyk esa vU; O;atuksa vkSj Lojksa dks Hkh LFkku fn;k x;k gS] ;s o.kZ gSaµ 1- la;qDr O;atuµnks&nks O;atuksa osQ esy ls cus o.kZ dks la;qDr O;atu dgrs gSaA ;g la[;k esa pkj gSaµ{k] =k] K] JA la;qDr o.kZ fufeZr 'kCn o~Q $ "k ¾ {k {kek r~ $ j~ ¾ =k f=k'kwy t~ $ ×k ¾ K Kku 'k~ $ j ¾ J Jheku 2- n~foRo O;atuµtc ,d tSls nks O;atu vkil esa feyrs gSa] rks mUgas n~foRo O;atu dgrs gSaA e~ $ e ¾ Eek (vEek) u~ $ u ¾ Uu (xUuk) V~ $ V ¾ V~V (iV~Vh) v;ksxokg ,sls o.kZ tks uk rks Lojksa osQ esy ls curs gSa vkSj u gh O;atuksa osQ esy ls curs gSa] v;ksxokg dgykrs gSaA v;ksxokg osQ rhu :i gksrs gSaµ (d) vuqLokj (µa ) ([k) vuqukfld (µ¡ ) (x) folxZ (%) (d) vuqLokj (µa )µbu Lojksa dk mPpkj.k ukd ls fd;k tkrk gSA budk mPpkj.k Lojksa dh vis{kk vf/d tks ls gksrk gSA bldk fpg~u (µa ) gksrk gSA ,sls Loj vuqLokj dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµpapy] laLdkj] vaMk vkfnA ([k) vuqukfld (µ¡ )µbuosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; gok ukd o eq¡g nksuksa ls fudyrh gSA bldk fpg~u (µ¡ ) gksrk gSa_ tSlsµvk¡[k] nk¡r] ik¡p vkfnA (x) folxZ (%)µfolxZ dks uk rks Loj ekuk tkrk gS vkSj u gh O;atu gSA bldk mPpkj.k ^g~* dh Hkk¡fr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx osQoy rRle 'kCnksa esa fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµvr%] izk;%] ue%] izkr% vkfnA vkxr èofu (µW) ^vkW* vaxzs”kh ls fganh Hkk"kk esa vk x;k gSA bldk mPpkj.k ^vk* rFkk ^vks* osQ eè;e dk izrhr gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx vaxzs”kh 'kCnksa dks fganh esa fy[krs le; gh fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµdkWiQh] dkWyst] VªkWyh] MkWDVj] VkWi+ Qh vkfnA vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld esa varj 1- vuqLokj esa o.kZ dk mPpkj.k osQoy ukfldk ls gksrk gS] ysfdu vuqukfld esa mPpkj.k eq[k vkSj ukfldk nksuksa ls gksrk gSA 2- vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld osQ iz;ksx ls 'kCn osQ vFkZ esa Hkh ifjorZu gks tkrk gS_ tSlsµgal (,d i{kh) g¡l (,d fozQ;k) 16

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

o.kks± dk mPpkj.k LFkkuµfganh Hkk"kk osQ lHkh o.kZ mPpkj.k osQ vuqlkj ,d fuf'pr ozQe esa j[ks tkrs gSaA o.kks± osQ mPpkj.k djrs le; ftg~ok (Tongue)] oaQB Loj i=k (Vocal cords)] rkyq (Palate)] ew/kZ] nk¡r] vks"B] ukd vkfn fofHkUu 'kjhj osQ vO;;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mPpkj.k djrs le; 'okl ok;q isQiQM+ksa ls fudydj 'okl&ufydk ls xqtjrh gqbZ ckgj dh vksj vkrh gSA ml le; 'okl ok;q tgk¡ jksdh tkrh gSA og LFkku mPpfjr fd, x, o.kks± dk mPpkj.k LFkku dgykrk gSA vr% bu mPpkj.k LFkkuksa osQ vk/kj ij O;atu o.kks± dks nl Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA o.kks± osQ mPpkj.k LFkku dks vki fuEufyf[kr rkfydk dh lgk;rk ls le> ldrs gSaµ mPpkj.k LFkku rkfydk o.kZ 1- v] vk] v%] o~Q] [k~] x~] ?k~] Ä~] g~

mPpkj.k LFkku oaQB

uke ,oa ifjHkk"kk oaQB~; (ftldk mPpkj.k oaQB ls fd;k tkrk gSA)

2- b] bZ] p] N~] t~] >~] ×k] ;~] 'k~

rkyq

rkyO; (ftldk mPpkj.k rkyq osQ n~okjk gksrk gSA)

3- ½] V~] B~] M~] <~] .k~] "k~

ew/kZ

ew/ZU; (ftudk mPpkj.k ew/kZ osQ n~okjk fd;k tkrk gSA)

4- y~] r~] Fk~] n~] /~] u~] l~

nar

naR; (ftudk mPpkj.k mQij osQ nk¡rksa ij yxus ls thHk osQ n~okjk gksrk gSA)

5- m] mQ] i~] i~Q] c~] Hk~] e~

vks"B

vks"B~; (ftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k nksuksa vksBksa osQ n~okjk fd;k tkrk gSA)

6- va (µa )

ukfldk

ukflD; (ftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k ukd osQ n~okjk fd;k tkrk gSA)

7- ,] ,s

oaQB rkyq

oaQB rkyO; (ftudk mPpkj.k oaQB vkSj rkyq ls gksrk gSA)

8- vks] vkS

oaQBks"B

oaQBks"B~; (ftudk mPpkj.k oaQB vkSj gksaBksa osQ n~okjk gksrk gSA)

9- o

narks"B

narks"B~; (ftldk mPpkj.k uhps osQ gksaB osQ lkFk nk¡rksa osQ feyus ls gksA)

10- va] Ä~] ×k~] .k~] u~] e~

ukfldkfHk

ukfldk (ftldk mPpkj.k eq[k vkSj ukfldk nksuksa osQ n~okjk gksrk gSA)

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

o.kZ&foPNsnµfdlh 'kCn osQ o.kks± osQ vyx&vyx djus dh izfozQ;k dks o.kZ&foPNsn dgrs gSaA mnkgj.kµ vlj ¾ v $ l~ $ v $ j~ $ v vkjke ¾ vk $ j $ vk $ e~ $ v vkWfiQl ¾ vkW $ i~+ Q $ b $ l~ $ v fnu ¾ n $ b~ $ u~ $ v ohj ¾ o $ bZ~ $ j $ v iqy ¾ i $ m~ $ y $ v cw<+k ¾ c $ mQ $ <+ $ vk o`Qik ¾ o~Q $ ½ $ i $ vk djsyk ¾ o~Q $ v $ j~ $ , $ y $ vk oSQyk'k ¾ o~Q $ ,s $ y~ $ vk $ 'k~ $ v lksuk ¾ l~ $ vks $ u~ $ vk ekSt ¾ e $ vkS $ t~ $ v eafnj ¾ e~ $ va $ n~ $ b $ j $ v pk¡n ¾ p $ vk¡ $ n~ $ v vr% ¾ v $ r $ v% j{kk ¾ j~ $ v $ o~Q $ "k~ $ vk =kk.k ¾ r~ $ j $ vk $ .k $ v Kku ¾ t~ $ K $ vk $ u $ v Je ¾ 'k $ j~ $ v $ e~ $ v ioZr ¾ i $ v $ j~ $ o $ v $ r $ v izk.k ¾ i $ j~ $ vk $ .k~ $ v Vsªu ¾ V~ $ j~ $ , $ u~ $ v mPpkj.kµfganh Hkk"kk esa 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dk fo'ks"k egRRo gSA ge tSlk cksyrs gSa] oSlk gh fy[krs gSaA 'kqn~/ ys[ku osQ fy, 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k dk Kku gksuk vko';d gSA orZuh laca/h v'kqn~f/;ksa ls cpus osQ fy, gesa lgh mPpkj.k djuk pkfg,A uhps oqQN lkekU; v'kqn~f/;k¡ rFkk muosQ 'kqn~/ :i fn, x, gSaµ ^v*] ^vk* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ vxkeh vkxkeh vR;kf/d vR;f/d lkeftd lkekftd lalkfjd lkalkfjd ujk”k ukjk”k O;ogkfjd O;kogkfjd 18

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

vk/hu v/hu vykspuk vkykspuk ^b*] ^bZ* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ doh fo blyh, blfy, O;Drh O;fDr ewrhZ ewfrZ ifj{kk ijh{kk ifRu iRuh Jhefr Jherh ^m*] ^mQ* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ eqY; ewY; #eky :eky izHkw izHkq lk/w lk/q ^j*] ^½* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ ?kz.kk ?k`.kk cz{k o`{k ekf=k ekr` xzfg.kh x`fg.kh ^,*] ^,s* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ lnso lnSo lSuk lsuk ,frgkfld ,sfrgkfld ,ud ,sud ^vks*] ^vkS* laca/h v'kqn~f/;k¡ v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ iks/k ikS/k vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

v”kkn ijykSfdd

vk”kkn ikjykSfdd

v'kqn~/ D;ksadh fujl fcekjh vrhfFk fnikoyh fnokj iwrhZ

'kqn~/ D;ksafd uhjl chekjh vfrfFk nhikoyh nhokj iwfrZ

v'kqn~/ /wvk¡ owQvk¡ i'kw iqT;

'kqn~/ /qvk¡ oqQvk¡ i'kq iwT;

v'kqn~/ Jaxkj izkFkd Jxky izFoh

'kqn~/ Ük`axkj i`Fkd Ük`xky i`Foh

v'kqn~/ esa (Lo;a osQ fy,) lsfud isnkokj ,Slk

'kqn~/ eSa lSfud iSnkokj ,slk

v'kqn~/ jkS'kuh

'kqn~/ jks'kuh 19

cksn~/ ckSn~/ R;kSgkj R;ksgkj ukflD; O;atu laca/h v'kqn~f/;kยก v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ ohuk oh.kk dju dj.k@d.kZ x.ks'k x.ks'k izuke iz.kke ^j*] ^M+* ^<+*] ^<* laca/h v'kqn~f/;kยก v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ dM+kbZ d<+kbZ cwM+k cw<+k yjkbZ yM+kbZ vuiM+ vui<+ ^'k*] ^"k*] ^l* laca/h v'kqn~f/;kยก v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ 'ka[;k la[;k d'V d"V lqlksfHkr lq'kksfHkr foLokl fo'okl lqlek lq"kek vU; v'kqn~f/;kยก v'kqn~/ 'kqn~/ dPNk d{kk ?kfu"B ?kfu"V yNeu y{e.k cLrq oLrq Nek {kek iwcZ@iwjc iwoZ fpUg fpg~u iQly iQly fcns'k fons'k 20

yksfdd euksrh

ykSfdd eukSrh

v'kqn~/ eju jkek;u izku fgju

'kqn~/ ej.k jkek;.k izk.k fgj.k

v'kqn~/ pM+ iM+kbZ es<+d fpM+kuk

'kqn~/ p<+ i<+kbZ es<d fp<+kuk

v'kqn~/ iz'kkn 'kk'ku lk[kk foLo veko';k

'kqn~/ izlkn 'kklu 'kk[kk fo'o veko';k

v'kqn~/ fcl xqi+ Qk x<~Mk jfp;rk ftOgk tteku iQy yNeh i`"V

'kqn~/ fo"k xqiQk xM~<k jpf;rk ftg~ok ;teku iQy y{eh i`"B vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

vH;kl vkb, ns[ksa] vkius D;k lh[kk\ 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) o.kZ dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k, vkSj mldh fo'ks"krkvksa dk Hkh o.kZu dhft,A ([k) fganh o.kZekyk osQ izR;sd o.kZ dk ifjp; nhft,A (x) vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld esa varj Li"V dhft,A (?k) Loj dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A (Ä) Loj osQ Hksnksa dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A (p) vYiizk.k vkSj egkizk.k esa varj fyf[k,A (N) O;atu fdls dgrs gSa\ vkSj ;g fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSa\

lgh fodYi pqudj fyf[k,µ (d) fganh o.kZekyk esa oqQy o.kZ gSaµ (v) 52 (c) 33 (l) 48 (n) 51 ([k) dkSu&lk o.kZ egkizk.k ugha gS\ (v) Fk (c) iQ (l) n (n) Hk (x) ftl Loj osQ mPpkj.k esa ewy Loj ls yxHkx frxquk le; yxrk gS] og dgykrk gSµ (v) LoxZ (c) folxZ (l) Iyqr Loj (n) la;qDr O;atu (?k) ekSf[kd èofu;ksa dks O;Dr djus okys fpg~uksa dks dgrs gSaµ (v) o.kZ (c) Loj (l) folxZ (n) O;atu (Ä) dkSu&lk dFku lR; ugha gS\ (v) ^Ä~* mfR{kIr O;atu gSA (c) ^N~* var%LFk O;atu gSA (l) ^l~* la?k"khZ O;atu gSA (n) ^n~* Li'khZ O;atu gSA (p) dkSu&lk o.kZ vYiizk.k gSa\ (v) < (c) B (l) r (n) ?k

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

(N) 'k~] "k~] l~] g~ dgykrs gSaµ (v) Li'kZ O;atu (l) mQ"e O;atu

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk okD; iz;ksx n~okjk varj Li"V dhft,µ (d) gal&g¡l ([k) [kkuk&[kkuk (x) cky&ckWy (?k) tjkµ”kjk (Ä) MkWy&Mky

fuEufyf[kr fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dks"Bd esa ls dhft,µ (d) ewy Lojkas dh la[;k ---------------------- gSA ([k) fganh o.kZekyk esa ---------------------- o.kZ gksrs gSaA (x) vksýe~ ---------------------- Loj gSA (?k) nh?kZ Lojksa dh la[;k ---------------------- gSA (Ä) m] b] m] ½ ---------------------- Loj gSA

(pkj@lkr) (48@49) (nh?kZ@Iyqr) (lkr@Ng) (ßLo@nh?kZ)

o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,µ (d) ,sfrgkfld -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------([k) x`gLFk

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(x) jk"Vªh;rk

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(?k) xzg.k

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Ä) ijh{kd

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(p) Lora=krk

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(N) oSKkfud

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(t) pk¡nuh

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ :i fyf[k,µ (d) Jhefr -----------------------------------([k) ifj{kk -----------------------------------(x) blyh, -----------------------------------22

(?k) ,frgkfld ----------------------------------------------------------------------(Ä) ekf=k -----------------------------------(p) iks/k vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

uhps fn, x, la;qDr O;atuksa ls nks&nks 'kCn fyf[k,µ -------------------------------(d) O; µ -------------------------------([k) U; (x) Dr (?k) Lo (Ä) n~;

µ -------------------------------µ --------------------------------

--------------------------------

µ -------------------------------µ --------------------------------

--------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------

uhps fn, x, n~foRo O;atuksa ls nks&nks 'kCn fyf[k,µ -------------------------------(d) Dd µ -------------------------------([k) Cc (x) Rr (?k) YY (Ä) Uu

µ -------------------------------µ --------------------------------

--------------------------------

µ -------------------------------µ --------------------------------

--------------------------------

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

---------------------------------------------------------------

laf/

'kCn&fuekZ.k dk ,d lk/u ^laf/* Hkh gSA ^laf/* ewyr% laLo`Qr dk 'kCn gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gSµesyA Hkk"kk iz;ksx esa tc nks 'kCn ,d&nwljs osQ ikl vk tkrs gSa rks igys 'kCn dh vafre èofu vkSj nwljs 'kCn dh izFke èofu feydj ,d vU; èofu dk :i ys ysrh gSA bu èofu;ksa osQ esy dks ^laf/* dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ jek $ bZ'k ¾ jes'k iq#"k $ vFkZ ¾ iq#"kkFkZ jfo $ banz ¾ johanz mijksDr 'kCnksa esa igys 'kCn osQ vafre o.kZ dks nwljs 'kCn osQ igys o.kZ ls esy gqvk gSA blh esy osQ dkj.k fodkj Hkh gqvkA ^^fudVorhZ o.kks± osQ esy ls gksus okyk ifjorZu gh laf/ dgykrk gSA** vFkok ^^nks o.kks± osQ esy ls gksus okys ifjorZu dks ^laf/* dgrs gSaA** laf/&foPNsnµ^foPNsn* dk vFkZ gksrk gSµvyx djuk ;k rksM+ukA laf/ osQ vuqlkj vkil esa feys] gq, o.kks± dks vyx&vyx djosQ laf/ ls iwoZ dh fLFkfr esa yk;k tk, rks mls ^laf/&foPNsn* dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ Nk=kkokl ¾ Nk=k $ vkokl fgeky; ¾ fge $ vky; joh'k ¾ jfo $ bZ'k o`Qikyq ¾ o`Qik $ vkyq Hktukuan ¾ Hktu $ vkuan ohjsanz ¾ ohj $ banz laf/ osQ Hksn 1- Loj laf/ 2O;atu laf/ 3- folxZ laf/ 1- Loj laf/µtc nks 'kCnksa esa ls igys 'kCn osQ var esa vkSj nwljs 'kCn osQ izkjaHk eas ^Loj* vk,¡ rFkk nksuksa osQ esy ls dksbZ u;k Loj rks Lojksa osQ bl esy dks Loj laf/ dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ nso $ vky; ¾ nsoky; ¾ (v $ vk ¾ vk) ije $ v.kq ¾ ijek.kq ¾ (v $ v ¾ vk) Hkko $ vFkZ ¾ HkkokFkZ ¾ (v $ v ¾ vk) dfi $ bZ'k ¾ dih'k ¾ (b $ bZ ¾ bZ) Loj laf/ osQ HksnµLoj laf/ osQ ik¡p Hksn gksrs gSaµ 1- nh?kZ laf/ 2- xq.k laf/ 3- o`n~f/ laf/ 4- ;.k~ laf/ 5- v;kfn laf/ 24

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

1- nh?kZ laf/µtc ßLo ;k nh?kZ v] b] m osQ i'pkr ozQe'k% ßLo ;k nh?kZ v] b] m vk,¡ rks nksuksa osQ esy ls nh?kZ vk] bZ] mQ gks tkrs gSa] blh esy dks nh?kZ laf/ dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ v $ v ¾ vk pj $ vpj ¾ pjkpj nhi $ voyh ¾ nhikoyh Lo $ vFkZ ¾ LokFkZ 'kL=k $ vL=k ¾ 'kL=kkL=k ;ksx $ vH;kl ¾ ;ksxkH;kl /eZ $ vFkZ ¾ /ekZFkZ ije $ vFkZ ¾ ijekFkZ pj.k $ ve`r ¾ pj.kke`r v $ vk ¾ vk lR; $ vkxzg ¾ lR;kxzg l $ vkdkj ¾ lkdkj uhy $ vkdk'k ¾ uhykdk'k U;k; $ vky; ¾ U;k;ky; v'kksd $ vkuan ¾ v'kksdkuan /eZ $ vkRek ¾ /ekZRek nso $ vky; ¾ nsoky; nso $ vkxeu ¾ nsokxeu ije $ vkuan ¾ ijekuan vk $ v ¾ vk fon~;k $ vFkhZ ¾ fon~;kFkhZ f'k{kk $ vFkhZ ¾ f'k{kkFkhZ ;Fkk $ vFkZ ¾ ;FkkZFk js[kk $ vafdr ¾ js[kkafdr vk $ vk ¾ vk okrkZ $ vkyki ¾ okrkZyki n;k $ vkuan ¾ n;kuan o`Qik $ vkyq ¾ o`Qikyq egk $ vkRek ¾ egkRek fon~;k $ vky; ¾ fon~;ky; Jn~/k $ vkyq ¾ Jn~/kyq b $ b ¾ bZ gfj $ bPNk ¾ gfjPNk eqfu $ banz ¾ equhanz vfHk $ b"V ¾ vHkh"V dfo $ banz ¾ dohanz dfi $ banz ¾ dihanz vfr $ bo ¾ vrhr b $ bZ ¾ bZ eqfu $ bZ'oj ¾ eqfubZ'oj fxj $ bZ'k ¾ fxfj'k gfj $ bZ'k ¾ gjh'k dfi $ bZ'oj ¾ dih'oj dfo $ bZ'k ¾ doh'k jfo $ bZ'k ¾ joh'k f{kfr $ bZ'k ¾ f{krh'k bZ $ b ¾ bZ y{eh $ bPNk ¾ y{ehPNk 'kph $ banz ¾ 'kphanz unh $ banz ¾ unhanz ukjh $ banz ¾ ukjhanz ukjh $ b"V ¾ ukjh"V bZ $ bZ ¾ bZ unh $ bZ'k ¾ unh'k lrh $ bZ'k ¾ lrh'k egh $ bZ'k ¾ egh'k y{eh $ bZ'k ¾ y{eh'k ukjh $ bZ'oj ¾ ukjh'oj jtuh $ bZ'k ¾ jtuh'k m $ m ¾ mQ lk/q $ mins'k ¾ lk/wins'k lq $ mfDr ¾ lwfDr y?kq $ mins'k ¾ y?kwins'k Hkkuq $ mn; ¾ Hkkuwn; vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

vuq $ mfnr ¾ vuwfnr fo/q $ mn; ¾ fo/wn; xq# $ mins'k ¾ xq#ins'k m $ mQ ¾ mQ fla/q $ mQfeZ ¾ fla/wfeZ lk/q $ mQtkZ ¾ lk/wtkZ y?kq $ mQtkZ ¾ y?kwtkZ e/q $ mQ"ek ¾ e/w"ek mQ $ m ¾ mQ o/w $ mYys[k ¾ o/wYys[k Hkw $ mRlxZ ¾ HkwRlxZ o/w $ mRlo ¾ o/wRlo Hkw $ mUufr ¾ HkwUufr mQ $ mQ ¾ mQ Hkw $ mèoZ ¾ HkwèoZ o/w $ mfeZ ¾ o/wfeZ o/w $ mQtkZ ¾ o/wtkZ Hkw $ mQtkZ ¾ HkwtkZ lj;w $ mQfeZ ¾ lj;wfeZ 2- xq.k laf/µtc v ;k vk osQ lkeus b ;k bZ] m ;k mQ ;k ½ Loj vk,¡] rks laf/ djrs le; buosQ LFkku ij ozQe'k% ,] vks] vj~ gks tkrs gSaA bls xq.k laf/ dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ v $ b ¾ , uj $ banz ¾ ujsanz Lo $ bPNk ¾ LosPNk /eZ $ banz ¾ /es±nz ohj $ banz ¾ ohjsanz lqj $ banz ¾ lqjsanz nso $ banz ¾ nsosnz v $ bZ ¾ , x.k $ bZ'k ¾ x.ks'k ;ksx $ bZ'k ¾ ;ksxs'k Kku $ bZ'oj ¾ Kkus'oj lkse $ bZ'k ¾ lkses'k dey $ bZ'k ¾ deys'k nso $ bZ'k ¾ nsos'k uj $ bZ'k ¾ ujs'k ije $ bZ'oj ¾ ijes'oj vk $ b ¾ , egk $ bZ'oj ¾ ekgs'oj egk $ banz ¾ egsanz ;Fkk $ b"V ¾ ;Fks"V jek $ banz ¾ jeasnz vk $ bZ ¾ , egk $ bZ'k ¾ egs'k jktk $ bZ'k ¾ jkts'k dey $ bZ'k ¾ deys'k jek $ bZ'k ¾ jes'k v $ m ¾ vks ij $ midkj ¾ ijksidkj loZ $ mn; ¾ loksZn; okf"kZd $ mRlo ¾ okf"kZdksRlo Kku $ mn; ¾ Kkuksn; olar $ mRlo ¾ olarksRlo uo $ mn; ¾ uoksn; lw;Z $ mn; ¾ lw;ksZn; v $ mQ ¾ vks uo $ mQ<+k ¾ uoks<+k ty $ mQfeZ ¾ tyksfeZ lw;Z $ mQtkZ ¾ lw;ksZtkZ lkxj $ mQfeZ ¾ lkxjksfeZ vk $ m ¾ vks egk $ m".k ¾ egks".k xaxk $ mnd ¾ xaxksnd yack $ mnj ¾ yacksnj ;Fkk $ mfpr ¾ ;Fkksfpr egk $ mn; ¾ egksn; egk $ mRlo ¾ egksRlo 26

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

;equk $ mQfeZ ¾ ;equksfeZ egk $ mQtkZ ¾ egkstkZ fnok $ mQ"ek ¾ nsoks"ek xaxk $ mQfeZ ¾ xaxksfeZ v $ ½ ¾ vj~ jkt $ ½f"k ¾ jktf"kZ lIr $ ½f"k ¾ lIrf"kZ nso $ ½f"k ¾ nsof"kZ olar $ ½rq ¾ olarrqZ czg~e $ ½f"k ¾ czg~ef"kZ vk $ ½ ¾ vj~ o"kkZ $ ½f"k ¾ o"kZrqZ egk $ ½f"k ¾ egf"kZ jktk $ ½f"kZ ¾ jktf"kZ 3- o`n~f/ laf/µv] vk dk , ,s ls esy gksus ij ^,s* rFkk v] vk dk vks] vkS ls esy gksus ij ^vkS* gks tkrk gS] rks bl esy dks o`n~f/ laf/ dgrs gSaA v $ , ¾ ,s ,d $ ,d ¾ ,oSQd /u $ ,"k.kk ¾ /uS"k.k yksd $ ,"k.kk ¾ yksoSQ"k.kk vk $ , ¾ ,s er $ ,sD; ¾ erSD; Hkko $ ,sD; ¾ HkkoSD; lnk $ ,o ¾ lnSo ;Fkk $ ,o ¾ ;FkSo v $ ,s ¾ ,s /u $ ,s'o;Z ¾ /uS'o;Z vFkZ $ ,sD; ¾ vFksZD; er $ ,D; ¾ erSD; ije $ ,s'o;Z ¾ ijeS'o;Z vk $ ,s ¾ ,s ekrk $ ,s'o;Z ¾ ekrS'o;Z jktk $ ,s'o;Z ¾ jktS'o;Z egk $ ,s'o;Z ¾ egS'o;Z v $ vks ¾ vkS nar $ vks"B ¾ narks"B ije $ vkst ¾ ijekSt ou $ vks"kf/ ¾ oukS"kf/ vk $ vks ¾ vkS egk $ vkst ¾ egkSt xaxk $ vks?k ¾ xaxkS/ egk $ vks"kf/ ¾ vkS"kf/ egk $ vkstLoh¾ egkStLoh v $ vkS ¾ vkS ohj $ vkSnk;Z ¾ ohjkSnk;Z ije $ vkS"k/ ¾ ijekS"k/ egk $ vkS"k/ ¾ egkS"k/ vk $ vkS ¾ vkS ty $ vkS?k ¾ tykS?k jktk $ vkSnk;Z ¾ jktkSnk;Z 4- ;.k~ laf/µßLo ;k nh?kZ b] m] ½ osQ i'pkr ;fn vU; ^v* leku Loj vkrk gS rc b] bZ dks ^;~*_ m] mQ dks ^o~* vkSj ^½* dks ^j~* gks tkrk gSA bls ;.k~ laf/ dgrs gSaA b $ v ¾ ; ;fn $ vfi ¾ ;n~;fi izfr $ vax ¾ izR;ax vfr $ vf/d ¾ vR;f/d vfr $ var ¾ vR;ar b $ vk ¾ ;k vfr $ vko';d¾ vR;ko';d bfr $ vkfn ¾ bR;kfn b $ m ¾ ;q izfr $ mRrj ¾ izR;qRrj vfr $ mRre ¾ vR;qRre vfHk $ mn; ¾ vH;qn; vk $ mQ ¾ vks

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

vf/ $ ,"k.kk ¾ vè;s"k.k vf/ $ ,rk ¾ vè;srk nklh $ vijk/ ¾ nkL;ijk/ nsoh $ vyadkj ¾ nsO;yadkj nsoh $ viZ.k ¾ nSO;iZ.k unh $ viZ.k ¾ un~;iZ.k bZ $ vk ¾ ;k nsoh $ vkjk/uk ¾ nsO;kjk/uk unh $ vkxe ¾ un~;kxe m $ v ¾ o lq $ vfLr ¾ LofLr vuq $ v; ¾ vuqO; vuq $ v; ¾ vUo; lq $ vPN ¾ LoPN m $ vk ¾ ok vuq $ vkKk ¾ vUokKk xq# $ vkKk ¾ xqokZKk mQ $ vk ¾ ok o/w $ vkns'k ¾ oèokns'k o/w $ vkxeu ¾ oèokxeu ½ $ b ¾ fj ekr` $ bPNk ¾ ekf=kPNk fir` $ bPNk ¾ fif=kPNk 5- v;kfn laf/µtc ,] ,s] vks ;k vkS osQ ckn buls vyx dksbZ vU; Loj vk, rks , osQ LFkku ij ^v;~*_ ^,s* osQ LFkku ij ^vk;~*_ ^vks* osQ LFkku ij ^vo~* vkSj ^vkS* osQ LFkku ij ^vko~* gks tkrk gSA , $ v ¾ v; 'ks $ vu ¾ 'k;u ps $ vu ¾ p;u ,s $ v ¾ vk; xS $ vd ¾ xk;d uS $ vd ¾ uk;d vks $ v ¾ vo iks $ vu ¾ iou Hkks $ vu ¾ Hkou vkS $ v ¾ vko ikS $ vd ¾ ikod ikS $ vu ¾ ikou 2- O;atu laf/µtc nks O;atuksa ;k Loj rFkk O;atu dk esy gksrk gS rFkk blls tks ifjorZu gksrk gS_ mls O;atu laf/ dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ txr~ $ bZ'k ¾ txnh'k "kV~ $ vkuu~ ¾ "kM~kuu vp~ $ var ¾ vtar vi~ $ t ¾ vCt fno~Q $ xt ¾ fnXxt mr~ $ ?kkVu ¾ mn~?kkVu O;atu laf/ osQ oqQN fu;e vkSj mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSaµ (d) o.kZ ls igys o.kZ dk rhljs o.kZ esa ifjorZuµfdlh oxZ osQ igys o.kZ (o~Q] p~] V~] r~] y~] o~] i~)dk esy fdlh Loj ;k ^;~] j~] y~] o~* esa fdlh o.kZ ls gksus ij oxZ dk igyk o.kZ vius gh oxZ oxZ osQ rhljs o.kZ (t~] t~] M~] n~] c~) esa cny tkrk gS_ tSlsµ fno~Q $ n'kZu ¾ fnXn'kZu fno~Q $ xt ¾ fnXxt lr~ $ ok.kh ¾ ln~ok.kh oko~Q $ bZ'k ¾ okxh'k rr~ $ Hko ¾ rn~Hko mr~ $ gkj ¾ mn~/kj ([k) oxZ osQ igys o.kZ dk ik¡posa esa ifjorZuµo~Q] p~] V~] r~] i~ osQ ckn ^e~* ;k ^u~* gks rks ozQe'k% o~Q ¾ Ä~] p ¾ ×k~] V~ ¾ .k~] r~ ¾ u~] i ¾ e~ gks tkrs gSa_ tSlsµ fno~Q $ ukx ¾ fnÄ~ukx lr~ $ ekxZ ¾ lUekxZ dV~ $ e; ¾ d.e; txr~ $ ukFk ¾ txUukFk oko~Q $ e; ¾ okÄ~e; mr~ $ es"k ¾ mUes"k b bZ

$ , ¾ ;s $ v ¾ ;~

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

mr~ $ u;u ¾ mUu;u mr~ $ eRr ¾ mUeRr lr~ $ efr ¾ lUefr rr~ $ e;~ ¾ rUe; (x) ^r* laca/h fu;eµ^r~* dk ^p~*] ^r* dk ^t~*] ^r* dk ^V~*] ^r* dk ^M~*] ^r* dk ^y*] ^r* osQ ckn ^g~* vk, rks ^r~* d ^n~* vkSj ^g~* dk ^/~* gks tkrk gS_ tSlsµ vr~ $ pkj.k ¾ mPpkj.k lr~ $ tu ¾ lTtu rr~ $ Vhdk ¾ rV~Vhdk mr~ $ >fVdk ¾ mT>fVdk mr~ $ M;u ¾ mM~M;u mr~ $ ys[k ¾ mYys[k mr~ $ gkj ¾ mn~/kj in~ $ gfr ¾ in~/fr txr~ $ Nk;k ¾ txPNk;k lr~ $ pfj=k ¾ lPpfj=k mr~ $ 'okl ¾ mPN~okl (?k) ê* laca/h fu;eµê* dk ukflD; vuqLokjµ le~ $ rks"k ¾ larks"k le~ $ Hko ¾ laHko le~ $ p; ¾ lap; le~ $ t; ¾ lat; le~ $ okn ¾ laokn le~ $ 'kks/u ¾ la'kks/u foQe~ $ rq ¾ foaQrq le~ $ Lej.k ¾ laLej.k le~ $ U;kl ¾ laU;kl le~ $ ca/ ¾ laca/ le~ $ rq"V ¾ larq"V le~ $ Hkkx ¾ laHkkx le~ $ thouh ¾ lathouh le~ $ xfr ¾ laxfr vge~ $ dkj ¾ vgadkj (Ä) û~* dk ^.k* gksuk vkSj ^l* dk ^"k* gksukµ ifj $ eku ¾ ifjek.k o`Q"k~ $ u ¾ o`Q".k fo"k~ $ uq ¾ fo".kq Hkw"k $ vu ¾ Hkw"k.k vfHk $ lsd ¾ vfHk"ksd fo $ le ¾ fo"ke 3- folxZ laf/µfolxZ (%) osQ ckn fdlh Loj ;k O;atu osQ vkus ls folxZ esa tks ifjorZu gksrk gS] mls folxZ laf/ dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ (d) folxZ ls igys ;fn dksbZ Loj gks ;k folxZ osQ ckn p ;k N gks rks ^'k~* gks tkrk gS] folxZ osQ ckn V ;k B gksus ij ^"k~* gks tkrk gS rFkk r ;k Fk gksus ij ^l~* gks tkrk gS_ tSlsµ fu% $ Bqj ¾ fu"Bqj /uq% $ Vadkj ¾ /uq"Vadkj nq% $ deZ ¾ nq"deZ ue% $ rs ¾ ueLrs fu% $ p; ¾ fu'p; fu% $ lansg ¾ fuLlansg ([k) folxZ dk ^j* gks tkukµ nq% $ xq.k ¾ nqxqZ.k fu% $ /u ¾ fu/Zu vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

fu% $ vFkZd ¾ fujFkZd vk'kh $ okn ¾ vk'khokZn iqu% $ tUe ¾ iqutZUe fu% $ mRlkg ¾ fu#Rlkg (x) folxZ dk ^vks* gks tkukµ eu% $ jFk ¾ euksjFk rst% $ e; ¾ rstkse; eu% $ gkj ¾ euksgkj eu% $ jatu ¾ euksjatu ri% $ ou ¾ riksou eu% $ t ¾ eukst (?k) ;fn folxZ ls igys ^v* gks vkSj folxZ osQ ckn ^d* ;k ^i* gks] rks folxZ dk yksi ugha gksrk_ tSlsµ var% $ iqj ¾ var%iqj var $ dj.k ¾ var%dj.k izkr% $ dky ¾ izkr%dky

vH;kl vkb, ns[ksa] vkius D;k lh[kk\ 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) laf/ dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ D;k gS\ blosQ fdrus Hksn gSa\ ([k) Loj laf/ dks mnkgj.k lfgr ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A (x) folxZ laf/ dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A (?k) O;atu laf/ ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ ik¡p mnkgj.k Hkh nhft,A

fuEufyf[kr dh laf/ dhft,µ (d) ikS $ v ¾ ---------------------(x) egk $ vkS"kf/ ¾ ---------------------(Ä) izfr $ ,d ¾ ---------------------(N) rFkk $ ,o ¾ ---------------------(>) mr~ $ gkj ¾ ---------------------fuEufyf[kr eas laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ ---------------------(d) HkwtkZ ¾ ---------------------(x) LofLr ¾ ---------------------(Ä) la;ksx ¾

([k) (?k) (p) (t) (×k)

ije jktk lw;Z Lo czg~e

$ $ $ $ $

v.kq banz mQ"ek Nan ½f"k

([k) vfUofr ¾ (?k) tykS?k ¾ (p) fu'p; ¾

¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

------------------------------------------(N) LosPNk ¾ (t) izR;qidkj ¾ ------------------------------------------(>) in~/fr ¾ (×k) mYys[k ¾ lgh fodYi pqudj fyf[k,µ (d) ---------------------- 'kCn dk vFkZ gSµtqM+uk ;k esyA (v) laf/ (c) okD; (l) ifjHkk"kk (n) o.kZ ([k) laf/ osQ fdrus Hksn gSa\ (v) pkj (c) rhu (l) nks (n) ik¡p (x) folxZ dk esy ;fn fdlh Loj ;k O;atu ls gks rks folxZ osQ LFkku ij gksus okyk ifjorZu ---------------------- dgykrk gSA (v) o.kZ (c) folxZ laf/ (l) laf/ O;atu (n) Loj laf/ ---------------------(?k) nks Lojksa osQ esy dks laf/ dgrs gSaA (v) folxZ (c) O;atu (l) Loj (n) o.kZ fn, x, 'kCnksa dks lgh 'kh"kZd osQ uhps fyf[k,µ fueZy] la;ksx] n;kuan] izR;ax] lsokFkZ] ;'kksnk] okXtky] lUekxZ] lTtu] u;u] mPpkj.k] thoS"k.kk] fuLrkj] fu'p;] fu"Bqj Loj laf/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

O;atu laf/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

folxZ laf/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

'kCn&fopkj

èofu;ksa ls o.kZ] o.kks± ls ^'kCn* curs gSa ij os o.kZ O;ofLFkr gksus pkfg,A mnkgj.kµ=k/k] rLdiqA vxj vki myV&iqyV o.kks± dks ozQe ls yxkrs gSa_ rks le>rs gSaµ^Nk=k*] îqLrdA vr% 'kCn esa O;ofLFkr ozQe lewg gksuk pkfg, vkSj mldk oqQN vFkZ Hkh gksuk pkfg,A o.kks± osQ lkFkZd lewg dks ^'kCn* dg ldrs gSa] ij dHkh&dHkh fujFkZd 'kCn Hkh okD; esa iz;qDr gksdj vFkZoku cu tkrs gSa_ tSlsµVjZ&VjZ] f[kp&f[kp vkfnA okD; esa iz;qDr gksus ij 'kCn dks în* dgrs gSaA okD; esa iz;qDr gksdj 'kCn dks fofHkUu :iksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS_ tSlsµ^tk* 'kCn dksµeSa tk jgk gw¡A eS dy tkm¡QxkA ogk¡ tkdj vkvksA og tkrk gSA rqe tkvksA eSa tkm¡QA o.kZ osQ esy ls 'kCn curs gSa vkSj izR;sd 'kCn dk dksbZ&uk&dksbZ vFkZ t:j gksrk gSA vFkZghu 'kCnksa dks okD;ksa esa iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA dgus osQ fy, vkSj fy[kus osQ fy, 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ge 'kCnksa dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSaµ ^ô.kks± ls fufeZr Lora=k rFkk lkFkZd èofu ^'kCn* dgykrh gSA** vFkok ^ô.kks± dk ,slk lewg ftldk fuf'pr vFkZ gksrk gS] mls 'kCn dgrs gSaA** fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa vè;;u dh lqfo/k osQ fy, 'kCnksa dk oxhZdj.k dj fy;k tkrk gS] 'kCnksa dk oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr ik¡p izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSµ 1- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 2- okD; iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 3- mRifRr osQ vk/kj ij 4- jpuk ;k cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 5- O;kdjf.kd izdkj osQ vk/kj ij 1- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ijµvFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ lkr izeq[k Hksn gSaµ (d) ,dkFkhZ 'kCn ([k) vusdkFkhZ 'kCn (x) i;kZ;okph 'kCn (?k) foykse 'kCn (Ä) okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d (p) JqfrlefHkUukFkZd 'kCn (N) ,dkFkhZ izrhr gksus okys 'kCn (d) ,dkFkhZ 'kCnµ,sls 'kCn ftudk lkekU;r% ,d gh vFkZ gksrk gS] os ,dkFkhZ 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ izk;% O;fDrokpd laKk 'kCn bl oxZ esa vkrs gSa_ tSlsµ?kj] iqLrd] xk;] fe=k vkfnA 32

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

([k) vusdkFkhZ 'kCnµ,sls 'kCn ftudk vFkZ ,d ls vf/d gksrk gS] o vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ gkj µ ekyk] gkjuk tM+ µ o`{k dh tM+] ew[kZ cky µ ckyd] 'kjhj osQ cky (x) i;kZ;okph 'kCnµos 'kCn tks leku vFkZ izdV djrs gSa] os lekukFkhZ ;k i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµukx&lk¡i] liZ] HkqtaxA /u&laifRr] nkSyr] y{ehA (?k) foykse 'kCnµtks 'kCn ,d&nwljs ls foijhr vFkZ izdV djrs gSa] os 'kCn foykse 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµdVq&enq] xqIr&izdV] t;&ijkt; vkfnA (Ä) okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCnµokD;ka'k osQ LFkku ij bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ fp=k cukus okyk µ fp=kdkj Hkxoku dks ekuus okyk µ vkfLrd fpfdRlk djus okyk µ fpfdRld fgalk djus okyk µ fgald (p) JqfrlefHkUukFkZd 'kCnµos 'kCn tks lquus esa leku izrhr gksrs gSa] ij mudk vFkZ feyk gksrk gS_ tSlsµ vuy µ vkx v/e µ uhp vfuy µ gok v/eZ µ iki xzg µ u{k=k x`g µ ?kj (N) ,dkFkhZ izrhr gksus okys 'kCnµos 'kCn ftudk iz;ksx ge ,d vFkZ esa dj ysrs gS- ij muesa lw{e varj gksrk gS_ tSlsµ xzaFk µ dksbZ cM+h rFkk izfln~/ iqLrd iqLrd µ dksbZ Hkh lk/kj.k iqLrd 2- okD; iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij oxhZdj.kµblosQ vuqlkj 'kCnksa dks fuEufyf[kr nks oxks± esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ (d) lkFkZd 'kCnµftu 'kCnksa ls vFkZ dk cks/ gksrk gS] os lkFkZd 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµiqLrd] dejk] nhikoyh vkfnA ([k) fujFkZd 'kCnµftu 'kCnksa ls vFkZ dk cks/ ugha gksrk gS] os fujFkZd 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµVj] pw¡] pd vkfnA 3- mRifRr osQ vk/kj ijµfdlh Hkk"kk esa tks 'kCn tgk¡ ls vk;k gS] ml LFkku dks ml 'kCn dk lzksr dgrs gSa_ mRifRr osQ vuqlkj 'kCnksa osQ pkj Hksn gksrs gSaA (d) rRle 'kCnµlaLo`Qr osQ os 'kCn ftudk iz;ksx fganh esa muosQ gh ewy :i esa gksrk gSA os rRle 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµok;q] vfXu] xq# vkfnA vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

([k) rn~Hko 'kCnµlaLo`Qr osQ os 'kCn ftudk fganh esa iz;ksx djus ij muosQ Lo:i esa ifjroZu gks tkrk gS] os 'kCn rn~Hko 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ?k`r&?kh] nf/&ngh vkfnA vkb,] bu 'kCnksa dh lwph dks ns[kdj vius 'kCn dks'k dks c<+k,¡µ rRle rn~Hko rRle rn~Hko v/Z vk/k vf{k vk¡[k vkJ; vkljk dikV fdokM+ oaQd.k oaQxu Lo.kZ lksuk d.kZ dku nqX/ nw/ ftg~ok thHk gLr gkFk u`R; ukp dk"B dkB liZ lk¡i nar nk¡r e`fRrdk feV~Vh xzke xk¡o oqQiq=k oQiwr vks"B gksaB vJq vk¡lw vxz vkxs nf/ ngh izLrj iRFkj eqf"V eqV~Bh ukfldk ukd funzk uhan lR; lp (x) ns'kt 'kCnµtks 'kCn LFkkuh; ;k {ks=kh; izHkko osQ dkj.k vko';drkuqlkj fganh esa vk x, gSa] ns'kt 'kCn dgykrs gSaA ;g 'kCn ns'k esa cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa vkSj cksfy;ksa ls cus gSa_ tSlsµ[kfV;k] lksVk] eVdk] ixM+h] pkS[kV] twrk] vVdy] isV] yFkiFk] fMCck] >qXxh] f[kM+dh] >kM+™ vkfnA (?k) fons'kh 'kCnµfganh esa iz;ksx fd, tkus okys 'kCn fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa ls fy, x, gSaA ;gh 'kCn fons'kh 'kCn dgykrs gSaA ;s vius ewy :i esa gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gS_ tSlsµ vaxszth 'kCn µ e'khu] ulZ] LowQy] flusek] MkWDVj] jk'ku] fVdV] dkWyst] Mk;jh] eksVj] VSDlh] iqfyl] LVs'ku vkfnA iQkjlh 'kCn µ [kq'k] 'kknh] etk] uko] xqykc] ftanxh] p'ek] fd'fe'k] dn vkfnA vjch 'kCn µ dher] rfd;k] rkjh[k] buke] dlwj] udy] enn] iSQlyk] cgl] e'kgwj vkfnA rqdhZ 'kCn µ pspd] lqjkx] oqQy] rk'k] yiaQxk vkfnA iqrZxkyh 'kCn µ vyekjh] duLrj] lkcqu] rkSfy;k] vkyw xksHkh vkfnA (Ä) ladj 'kCnµmi;qZDr pkj oxks± osQ vfrfjDr oqQN ladj 'kCn Hkh gSa tks nks fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa osQ 'kCnksa dks feykdj cus gSa_ tSlsµ jsyxkM+h µ jsy (vaxzsth) $ xkM+h (fganh] ns'kt) + ikunku µ iku (fganh] ns'kt) $ nku (iQkjlh) 34

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

+ Nk;knkj µ Nk;k (laLo`Qr) $ nkj (iQkjlh) + lhycan µ lhy (vaxzsth) $ can (iQkjlh) ek¡xi=k µ ek¡x (fganh) $ i=k (laLo`Qr) 4- jpuk ;k cukoV osQ vk/kj ij oxhZdj.kµbls fuEufyf[kr rhu oxks± esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ (d) :<+ 'kCn ([k) ;kSfxd 'kCn (x) ;ksx:<+ 'kCn (d) :<+ 'kCnµ,sls 'kCn ftudk vFkZ fuf'pr gksrk gS] ijarq muosQ [kaM djus ls] muosQ [kaMksas dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha fudyrk ^:<+* 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµnhokj] dey] vaxwj] isM+ vkfnA ([k) ;kSfxd 'kCnµtks 'kCn ,d ls vf/d 'kCnksa ;k 'kCnkFkks± osQ ;ksx ls cus gks rFkk muosQ lkFkZ [kaM fd, tk ldrs gS] os ;kSfxd 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ fge $ vky; ¾ fgeky; nso $ nwr ¾ nsonwr ued $ bZu ¾ uedhu (x) ;ksx:<+ 'kCnµnks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cus 'kCn ;ksx:<+ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA buesa varj cl bruk gS fd ;s vius [kaM ls mRiUu vFkZ dks NksM+dj fo'ks"k vFkZ izdV djrs gSa_ tSlsµ^tyt* dk vFkZ ty ls mRiUuA ty ls vusd oLrq,¡ mRiUu gksrh gS] ijarq ;g dey osQ vFkZ esa izfln~/ gks x;k gSA 5- iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ HksnµO;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls 'kCn osQ vkB Hksn gSaµ (d) laKk ([k) loZuke (x) fozQ;k (?k) fo'ks"k.k (Ä) fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k (p) laca/cks/d (N) leqPp;cks/d (t) foLe;kfncks/d bu vkB Hksnksa dks fodkj dh n`f"V ls nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ (v) fodkjh 'kCn (c) vfodkjh 'kCn (v) fodkjh 'kCnµftl 'kCnksa osQ :i esa ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gks] os fodkjh 'kCn dgykrs gSaA vfodkjh 'kCn pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµlaKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k vkSj fozQ;kA buosQ :i ifjorZu'khy gS_ tSlsµ fyax osQ dkj.k µ csVk&csVh Nk=k&Nk=kk opu osQ dkj.k µ csVk&csVs Nk=kk&Nk=kk,¡ dkjd osQ dkj.k µ csVk&csVksa us Nk=kk&Nk=kkvksa osQ fy,A dky osQ dkj.k µ tkuk&x;k (Hkwrdky) tkuk&Hkfo";r~ dky buosQ varxZr laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k vkSj fozQ;k fodkjh 'kCn vkrs gSaA (c) vfodkjh 'kCnµos 'kCn ftuosQ :i esa dHkh ifjorZu ugha gksrk] os vfodkjh 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ;gk¡] vjs] vkSj] gS vkfnA blosQ varxZrµfozQ;kfo'ks"k.k] laca/cks/d] vO;;] leqPp;cks/d vO;; vkSj foLe;kfncks/d vO;; vkrs gSaA buosQ :i vifjorZu'khy gS_ tSlsµ fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k µ vpkud] ijlksa] ;gk¡ vkfnA laca/cks/d µ vksj ikl] [kkfrj (osQ) ckgj (osQ) fcuk (osQ) lkFk vkfnA leqPp;cks/d µ ysfdu] ;k] D;ksafdA foLe;kfncks/dµ okg! vksg! gk;! vjs vkfnA buosQ :i ugha cnyrsA vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

vH;kl vkb, ns[ksa] vkius D;k lh[kk\ 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj nhft,µ (d) 'kCn fdls dgrs gSa\ blosQ fdrus Hksn gSa\ ([k) rRle vkSj rn~Hko 'kCnksa esa varj Li"V dhft,A (x) iz;ksx dh n`f"V ls 'kCnksa osQ Hksn Li"V dhft,A (?k) vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa dk oxhZdj.k dhft,A (Ä) ;kSfxd vkSj ;ksx:<+ esa varj crkb,A

lgh fodYi pqudj fyf[k,µ (d) tks 'kCn ijLij ---------------------- vFkZ cukrs gSa] os foykse 'kCn dgykrs gSaA (v) ,dkFkhZ (c) foijhr (l) rRle (n) rn~Hko ([k) ftu 'kCnksa ls vFkZ dk cks/ ugha gksrk gS] os 'kCn dgykrs gSaµ (v) fujFkZd (c) ,dkFkhZ (l) rn~Hko (n) rRle (x) o.kks± dk ,slk lewg ftldk fuf'pr vFkZ gksrk gS] mls dgrs gSaµ (v) fujFkZd (c) rn~Hko (l) 'kCn (n) ,dkFkhZ (?k) nks Hkk"kkvksa osQ esy ls cus 'kCn dgykrs gSaµ (v) ns'kt (c) fons'kt (l) ladj (n) fodkjh

fuEufyf[kr esa ls :<+] ;kSfxd vkSj ;ksx:<+ 'kCnksa dks Nk¡fV,µ nw/] iadt] i`Foh] vieku] uhyoaQB] es?kukn] funksZ"k] jlksbZ?kj] pozQ/j] nks"k] pozQ] oqQpozQ] ihrkacj eqjyh/j] fon~;k] iqLrdky;] 'kkdkgkjh] iq#"k] ty] vkx] fnu] f=kus=kA ------------------------------------------:<+ 'kCn ¾ ------------------------------------------;ksx:<+ 'kCn ¾ ------------------------------------------;kSfxd 'kCn ¾

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7

uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa dks pqudj tksM+s cukb,µ dk"B] gLr Lo.kZ] ftg~ok] nar] lR;] ukfldk] liZ] nqX/] lk¡i] nw/ dkB gkFk] thHk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------fuEufyf[kr (d) fe=k (x) n¡r (Ä) LoIu (N) 'kkd (>) m"Vª

funzk] uhan] lksuk] nk¡r] lp] ukd]

rRle 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko :i fyf[k,µ ¾ ---------------------([k) fookg ¾ ---------------------(?k) owQi ¾ ---------------------(p) ew[kZ ¾ ---------------------(t) nf/ ¾ ---------------------(×k) lw;Z

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks mi;qDr oxZ esa fyf[k,µ okrkZ jkf=k oqQjlh yM+dh ?kM+k [ksr chekj ekFkk odhy dkd fMCck fVdV MkWDVj diwj lw=k ued vyekjh ngh fHk{kk egy iVk[kk rRle ¾ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rn~Hko ¾ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ns'kt ¾ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------fons'kt ¾ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&7