Doublew Education Alankar Hindi Vyakaran- 8 (Ch 1-4) by Doublew Education

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fganh O;kdj.k ys[kd MkWú egs'k HkVukxj ,eú,ú ih&,púMh (fganh)

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,eú,ú] ih&,púMhú (fganh)

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izdk'kd ISBN : 978-81-938544-5-7

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Hkk"kk euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA lekt esa jgdj og viuh vko';drkvksa vkSj bPNkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, vius fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoksa dks vusd :iksa esa izdV djrk gSA og cksydj viuh ckr dgrk gSA og laosQr n~okjk viuh ckr dgrk gS ;k fy[kdj viuh ckr dk vFkZ Li"V djrk gS] ysfdu laosQrksa n~okjk ge viuh ckr dks ,d lhek rd gh le>k ldrs gSaA pkSjkgs ij [kM+k flikgh eq¡g ls oqQN ugha cksyrkA og laosQrksa osQ n~okjk okguksa dks vkus&tkus dh vuqefr nsrk gSaA cPpk ek¡ dks cksydj [ksyus osQ fy, ckgj tkrk gSA fon~;kFkhZ fy[kdj ifj{kkvksa esa vius mRrj nsrs gSA vr% ;g Li"V gS fd gj txg vkSj gj le; ,d gh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Hkk"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ n~okjk O;fDr vius eu osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks cksydj ;k fy[kdj izdV djrk gS vkSj nwljksa osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks le> ldrk gSA Hkk"kk dh ifjHkk"kkµvius eu osQ fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoksa dks fy[kdj] cksydj ;k i<+dj izdV djus osQ lk/u dks Hkk"kk dgrs gSaA lalkj esa yxHkx 2760 Hkk"kk,¡ gSaA vaxzsth] fganh] laLo`Qr] teZuh] izaQklhlh] phuh] tkikuh] vjch] iQkjlh bR;kfnA euq"; ,d&nwljs osQ eu osQ Hkkoksa dks vfHkO;fDr djus osQ fy, Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;g vius eu osQ Hkko izdV djus dk ,dek=k lk/u gSA laosQrksa osQ n~okjk lHkh Hkko izdV ugha fd, tk ldrs blfy, Hkk"kk dk tUe gqvkA

veu LowQy esa Hkk"k.k nsrs gq,A vè;kfidk fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks pqi jgus dk laosQr dj jgh gSA fon~;kfFkZ;ksa us vè;kfidk dk laosQr le> fy;k vkSj pqi gks x,] ysfdu og fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks laosQr osQ n~okjk i<+k ugha ldrhA laosQrksa dh Hkk"kk dks le>us esa cgqr dfBukbZ gksrh gS vkSj blesa le; Hkh vf/d yxrk vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

gSA Hkk"kk 'kCn ^Hkk"k~* /krq ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gSµ^cksyuk*A ekuo tks oqQN Hkh cksyrk gS mlls èofu;k¡ mRiUu gksrh gSa] os vFkZ ogu djrh gSa ekuo us èofu&izrhdksa dh ,d fuf'pr O;oLFkk fodflr dh gS] ftls Hkk"kk dk uke fn;k x;k gSA veu osQ Hkk"k.k nsus dk dk;Z laosQrksa n~okjk iwjk ugha gks ldrkA blosQ fy, Hkk"kk dh gh vko';drk gksrh gSA ifjHkk"kkµHkk"kk og ekè;e gS] ftlosQ n~okjk euq"; vius fopkjksa@Hkkoksa dk vknku&iznku djrk gSA euq"; osQ eq¡g ls fudyus okyh èofu ls 'kCn vkSj 'kCnksa ls okD;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] tks vFkZ dks crkrs gSaA bl izdkj Hkk"kk nks rjg ls dk;Z djrh gSµ 1- ok.kh (eq[k ls mPpkfjr gksuk) vkSj 2- vFkZ (ml èofu dk lkFkZd gksuk) bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa Hkk"kk Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa osQ vknku&iznku dk lk/u gSA Hkk"kk osQ fuEufyf[kr rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ 1- ekSf[kd Hkk"kk 2- fyf[kr Hkk"kk 3- lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk 1- ekSf[kd Hkk"kkµblesa oDrk cksydj vius fopkj izdV djrk gSA euq"; ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dk gh iz;ksx djuk loZizFke lh[kkA Hkk"kk dk ;g :i dfFkr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g Hkk"kk dk ifjorZu'khy :i gSA 2- fyf[kr Hkk"kkµeu osQ Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa dks tc dkxt ij :i fn;k tkrk gS rks og Hkk"kk dk fyf[kr :i dgykrk gSA èofu fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx djosQ Hkk"kk dks fy[kk tkrk gSA ftUgsa ^o.kZ* ;k ^v{kj* dgk tkrk gSA 3- lkaosQfrd Hkk"kkµtc ge eq¡g ij m¡xyh j[kdj fdlh dks pqi jgus dks dgrs gSa rks bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ge lkaosQfrd Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSa_ tSlk fd fp=k esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA ekr`Hkk"kk] jk"VªHkk"kk] jktHkk"kk] laioZQ Hkk"kk ekr`Hkk"kkµekr` $ Hkk"kk vFkkZr ek¡ n~okjk izkIr Hkk"kkA og Hkk"kk ftls ckyd viuh ek¡ rFkk ifjokj n~okjk lh[krk gS mls ekr`Hkk"kk dgrs gSaA bl Hkk"kk ls ckyd dk loZizFke ifjp; gksrk gSA ;fn ek¡ xqtjkrh cksyrh gS rks ckyd dh ekr`Hkk"kk xqtjkrh gksxhA ;fn ifjokj n~okjk d'ehjh cksyh tkrh gS rks ckyd dh ekr`Hkk"kk d'ehjh gksxhA jk"VªHkk"kkµjk"Vª $ Hkk"kk vFkkZr jk"Vª dh Hkk"kkA og Hkk"kk ftldk iz;ksx ,d ns'k osQ vf/dka'k fuokfl;ksa n~okjk fd;k tkrk gS] jk"VªHkk"kk dgykrh gSA Hkkjr esa fganh dk iz;ksx yxHkx 80 izfr'kr fuokfl;ksa n~okjk fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA vr% fganh gekjh jk"Vª Hkk"kk gSA m izR;sd jk"Vª dh viuh&viuh jk"VªHkk"kk gksrh gS_ tSlsµbVyh dh bVSfy;u] tkiku dh tkikuh] izQkal dh izQkalhlh rFkk fczVsu dh vaxzsthA jktHkk"kkµjkt $ Hkk"kk vFkkZr jkt&dkt dh Hkk"kkA og Hkk"kk ftldk iz;ksx ns'k osQ dk;kZy;ksa esa dke&dkt osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] jktHkk"kk dgykrh gSA 6

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

jk"VªHkk"kk rFkk jktHkk"kk esa varj gS] bls ,d u le>saA Hkkjr esa dk;kZy;ksa esa dke&dkt osQ fy, fganh rFkk vaxzsth nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA m 14 flracj] 1949 dks lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 343 osQ vuqlkj fganh dks Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA blfy, izfro"kZ bl fnu fganh fnol euk;k tkrk gSA laioZQ Hkk"kkµlaioZQ $ Hkk"kk vFkkZr laioZQ dh Hkk"kkA og Hkk"kk ftldk iz;ksx izns'k osQ fuoklh vkil esa laioZQ djus osQ fy, djrs gSa] laioZQ Hkk"kk dgykrh gSA m Hkkjr dh laioZQ Hkk"kk fganh gS rFkk fo'o dh laioZQ Hkk"kk vaxzsth gSA Hkkjr dks ekU;rk izkIr Hkk"kk,¡ Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa ckbZl (22) Hkk"kkvksa dks ekU;rk iznku dh xbZ gS os bl izdkj gSaµ fganh] vlfe;k] eSfFkyh] caxkyh] d'ehjh] mnwZ] xqtjkrh] iatkch] cksMks] dksd.kh] Mksxjh] dUuM+] fla/h] ey;kye] rsyqxw] ejkBh] mfM+;k] laFkkyh] usikyh] laLo`Qr] ef.kiqjh rFkk rfeyA ekud Hkk"kkµtc Hkk"kk fodkl izfozQ;k ls xqtjrh gS] rc mldh ,d:irk dks cuk, j[kuk dfBu gksrk gSA fganh Hkk"kk dk {ks=k cgqr O;kid gS blfy, bl ij cksfy;ksa rFkk miHkk"kkvksa dk izHkko iM+rk jgrk gS ,slh fLFkfr esa o.kks± o 'kCnksa osQ ,d ls vf/d :i izpfyr gks tkrs gSaA Hkk"kk osQ ftl :i dks f'kf{kr tuksa n~okjk iz;qDr o fon~okuksa n~okjk Loho`Qr fd;k tkrk gS] og Hkk"kk dk ekud :i dgykrk gSA mnkgj.kµ vekud :i ekud :i ¼ n~/ Ã v jo [k HkQ > vUr var lEcU/ laca/ u;s u, vk;h vkbZ Hkk"kk osQ nksuksa :iksa esa varjµHkk"kk dk ekSf[kd :i ifjorZu'khy gS] foaQrq fyf[kr :i esa fLFkjrk cuh jgrh gSA bl varj osQ dkj.k fyf[kr :i dks vf/d egRRo fn;k tkrk gSA Hkk"kk osQ fyf[kr :i osQ dkj.k gh gekjk izkphu lkfgR; lajf{kr gSA fo'o esa vf/dka'k dk;Z blh osQ n~okjk fd;k tkrk gSA Hkk"kk dk egRRoµekuo thou esa Hkk"kk dk vR;f/d egRRo gSA Hkk"kk fopkjksa osQ vknku&iznku osQ lkFk&lkFk u, fopkjksa dks tUe nsus esa Hkh ekuo dh lgk;rk djrh gSA Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e ls gh ge fopkj&fofu;e djrs gSa vkSj ,d&nwljs dk lg;ksx djrs gSaA blh osQ lgkjs ge vius iwoZtksa osQ fopkjksa ls ifjfpr gksrs gSa vkSj vius fopkjksa dks vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, /jksgj osQ :i esa lafpr j[k ldrs gSaA bl rjg m

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

Hkk"kk orZeku dk lapkyu djus osQ lkFk&lkFk gekjs vrhr vkSj Hkfo"; dks orZeku ls tksM+us dk vn~Hkqr iz;Ru djrh gSA 1- èofuµeq[k ls fudyus okyh izR;sd Lora=k vkokt èofu dgykrh gSA Hkk"kk dh bdkb;k¡ 1- èofuµeq[k ls fudyus okyh izR;sd Lora=k vkokt èofu dgykrh gSA 2- o.kZµog NksVh&ls&NksVh èofu ftlosQ [kaM ugha gks ldrs o.kZ dgykrh gS_ tSlsµv] b] m] y~] e~ vkfnA 3- 'kCnµo.kks± osQ lkFkZd lewg ls 'kCn curs gSaA okD; esa iz;qDr 'kCn osQ O;kogkfjd :i dks in dgrs gSa_ tSlsµvkxeu ¾ v $ x $ e $ uA 4- okD;µ,d iw.kZ fopkj O;Dr djus okyk 'kCn&lewg okD; dgykrk gS_ tSlsµjktho iqQVckWy [ksyrk gSA ;g 'kCn vyx&vyx gS] ijarq buosQ ,d lkFk iz;ksx ls ,d vFkZ fudy jgk gSA cksyh cksyhµfdlh NksVs ;k lhfer {ks=k esa cksyh tkus okyh LFkkuh; Hkk"kk osQ :i dks ^cksyh* dgk tkrk gSA ;g osQoy cksyus osQ :i esa iz;qDr gksrh gSA dbZ ckj cksfy;k¡ Hkh /hjs&/hjs fodflr gksdj Hkk"kk dk :i ys ysrh gSaA cksyh gh lkfgR;&jpuk osQ dk;Z esa f'kf{kr oxZ n~okjk iz;ksx esa ykus ij ^miHkk"kk* cu tkrh gS_ tSlsµczt] vo/h] eSfFkyh] ^cksyh* gksus ij Hkh miHkk"kk,¡ cu xbZ gSa] D;ksafd buesa izpqj lkfgR; fy[kk x;k gSA [kM+h cksyh dk fodflr :i vk/qfud fganh gSA fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ vuqlkj fganh dh fofHkUu cksfy;k¡ gSaA cksyh dks fuEufyf[kr ik¡p oxks± esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ 1- iwohZ fganhµvo/h] NRrhlx<+h] c?ksyh vkfnA 2- if'peh fganhµ[kM+h cksyh] dUukSth] czt] cqansyh] gfj;k.koh] (ck¡xM+) vkfnA 3- fcgkjh fganhµex/h] Hkkstiqjh] eSfFkyh] vafxdk vkfnA 4- igkM+h fganhµx<+okyh] fgekpyh] oqQekm¡Quh] eafM;kyh vkfnA 5- jktLFkkuh fganhµekjokM+h] tks/iqjh] esokrh vkfnA osaQnzh; fganh funs'kky; osQ vuqlkj ekud orZuh ekud fganh orZuh laca/h eq[; fcanq fuEufyf[kr gSaµ P ^Î*] ^y`*] vkSj ^y`* dk iz;ksx fganh esa u gksus osQ dkj.k bUgas fganh dh ekud o.kZekyk esa LFkku ugha fn;k x;kA P la;qDr o.kZ ikbZ gVkdj] ?kqaMh dks vk/k dj ;k gyar yxkdj cuk, tkrs gSa_ tSlsµcPpk] iDdk] fpg~uA P foHkfDr fpg~u laKk 'kCnksa ls i`Fko~Q rFkk loZuke 'kCnksa ls feykdj fy[ks tk,¡xs_ tSlsµ laKk µ jke dks loZuke µ mldks 8

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

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la;qDr fozQ;k,¡ i`Fkd fy[kh tk,¡xh_ tSlsµi<+ pqdk gSA vO;; i`Fkd fy[ks tk,¡xs_ tSlsµmuosQ] lkFk] ;gk¡ rdA Jh] th vkfn Hkh vyx fy[ks tk,¡xs_ tSlsµJh oekZ] oekZ thA fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k vkfn vO;; esa ^;* vkSj ^o* dh txg LojkRed iz;ksx fd;k tk,_ tSlsµu;h&ubZ] gqok&gqvkA fd,] vk,] ubZ] gqvk vkfn ekud :i gSaA tgk¡ ^;* 'kCn dk ewy rRo gks ogk¡ og ^;* gh jgsxk_ tSlsµLFkk;h] vO;;hHkko] nkf;Ro vkfn esa ^;* osQ LFkku ij ^bZ* vk,xkA la;qDr O;atu osQ :i esa iapek{kj osQ LFkku ij vuqLokj (µa ) vk,xkA vuqLokj (µa ) o vuqukfld (µ¡ ) nksuksa fpg~u iz;ksx esa vk,¡xsA f'kjksjs[kk osQ mQij tgk¡ ek=kk o panzfcanq nksuksa osQ fy, LFkku dk vHkko gks ldrk gS] vr,o fcanq (vuqLokj) yxk;k tk ldrk gS_ tSlsµeS ¡ ¾ eSaA vU;=k panzfcanq dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A + [+k] Xk]+ ”k] iQ+ esa ls oqQN èofu;k¡ fganh mPpkj.k esa ifjofrZr gks xbZ gSa] osQoy ”k] iQ+ vHkh Hkh oQ] + iz;ksx esa gSaA vjch] iQkjlh ;k vaxzs”khewyd 'kCnksa esa budk iz;ksx ekud gSA oqQN 'kCn nksuksa :iksa esa ekud gSa_ tSlsµlnhZ&ljnh] xnZu&xjnu vkfnA 'kCn osQ var dk gyar fganh esa yqIr gks pqdk gS_ tSlsµfon~oku] egku] ifj"kn] laln vkfnA rRle 'kCnksa esa rhu O;atuksa osQ la;ksx dh fLFkfr esa ,d n~foRoewyd O;atu yqIr gks x;k gS] mls u fy[kus dh NwV gS_ tSlsµvn~/Z@v/Z] rRRo@rRoA rRle 'kCnksa osQ rn~Hko gks tkus ij folxZ dk yksi gks tkrk gS_ tSlsµnq%[k&nq[kA iwoZdkfyd izR;; ^dj* fozQ;k ls feykdj fy[kk tk,_ tSlsµnkSM+dj] i<+djA mnkgj.kµ vekud :i ekud :i vekud :i ekud :i ¼ n~/ vUr var Ã v lEcU/ laca/ } n~o u;s u, HkQ > vk;h vkbZ

fganh Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ o miyfC/;k¡ P fganh Hkkjr dh jk"VªHkk"kk] jktHkk"kk rFkk laioZQ Hkk"kk gSA P ;g Hkkjr esa vusd jkT;ksa osQ fuokfl;ksa dh ekr`Hkk"kk gS rFkk ;g ns'k dh laioZQ Hkk"kk Hkh gSA P fgekpy izns'k] mRrj izns'k] mRrjk[kaM] gfj;k.kk] fnYyh] eè; izns'k] NRrhlx<+] fcgkj rFkk >kj[kaM eq[; fganh&Hkk"kh izns'k gSaA P fganh iw.kZr;k oSKkfud Hkk"kk gSA blosQ mPpkj.k o ys[ku esa ,d:irk gSA P fyfi&fpg~uksa osQ uke o èofu;ksa esa dksbZ varj ugha gS_ tSlsµjkseu esa v{kj ch gh èofu c gS] ijarq fganh esa v{kj v dh èofu Hkh v gh gSA vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

+ fganh iQh”kh] f=kuhnkn vkSj VkscSxks] lwjhuke] eysf'k;k] vejhdk] nf{k.k vizQhdk] ;eu] ;qxkaMk] usiky] U;w”khySaM] teZuh vkfn esa Hkh cksyh tkrh gSA P MkWú t;arh ukSfV;ky us 20 o"kks± rd ns'kh rFkk fons'kh Hkk"kkvksa osQ vk¡dM+ksa dk vè;;u djosQ ;g fln~/ dj fn;k gS fd fganh&Hkkf"k;ksa dh la[;k phuh cksyus okyksa ls vf/d gSA + a cukbZ tkrh gSaA P laiw.kZ fo'o esa fganh Hkk"kk esa lcls vf/d fiQYes P vktdy Vhúohú pSuyksa ij lekpkj] foKku vkSj vU; dk;ZozQe Hkh fganh Hkk"kk esa lcls vf/d izlkfjr gksrs gSaA P Hkkjr esa lokZf/d i=k&if=kdk,¡ o ikBd fganh Hkk"kk osQ gSaA P fganh dk 'kCn&HkaMkj ,d djksM+ ls Hkh vf/d gSA P og fnu nwj ugha tc fganh fo'o dh laioZQ Hkk"kk osQ :i esa iz;ksx dh tk,xhA fyfi ifjHkk"kkµHkk"kk dks fy[kus osQ fy, ge ftu fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ^fyfi* dgk tkrk gSA fyfi dk vFkZ gSµyhiukA fo'o dh fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dks fy[kus osQ fy, vusd fyfi;k¡ izpfyr gSaA fganh vkSj laLo`Qr ftl fyfi esa fy[kh tkrh gS_ mls ^nsoukxjh* fyfi dgrs gSaA oqQN Hkk"kk,¡ o fyfi;k¡µ Hkk"kk fyfi Hkk"kk fyfi fganh nsoukxjh laLo`Qr nsoukxjh ejkBh nsoukxjh mnwZ iQkjlh d'ehjh nsoukxjh iatkch xq#eq[kh dksad.kh nsoukxjh ckaxyk ckaxyk vaxzsth jkseu usikyh nsoukxjh teZu jkseu laFkkyh nsoukxjh izQkalhlh jkseu cksMks nsoukxjh vksfM+;k vksfM+;k P

P P P P P P

nsoukxjh fyfi dh fo'ks"krk,¡ nsoukxjh fo'o dh ,dek=k oSKkfud fyfi gSA nsoukxjh fyfi ckb± ls nkb± vkSj fy[kh tkrh gSA iQkjlh nkb± ls ckb± vksj fy[kh tkrh gSA ,d èofu osQ fy, ,d laosQr fpg~u fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gSA blosQ o.kZ tSls cksys tkrs gSa] oSls gh fy[ks tkrs gSa rFkk tSls fy[ks tkrs gSa] oSls gh cksyrs tkrs gSaA ;g jkseu fyfi dh (oSQfiVy vkSj (LekWy ysVj) voSKkfud O;oLFkk ls eqDr gSA vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa orZuh dh leL;k dks lqy>kus osQ fy, nsoukxjh ij vk/kfjr nsoxzhd fyfi izLrkfor dh xbZ gSA vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

P P

bldk v{kj ozQe loksZRre gSA blesa igys Loj rFkk ckn esa O;atu vkrs gSaA oaQI;wVj ij ;wuhdksM n~okjk nsoukxjh esa fy[ks x, ys[k dk fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn fd;k tk ldrk gSA

O;kdj.k o.kks± osQ O;ofLFkr esy ls 'kCn] 'kCnksa osQ O;ofLFkr esy ls okD; rFkk okD;ksa osQ O;ofLFkr esy ls Hkk"kk curh gSA ;fn ;s O;ofLFkr u gksa] rks Hkk"kk vFkZiw.kZ ugha gksxhA fdl o.kZ] 'kCn rFkk okD; dk iz;ksx dgk¡ vkSj oSQls djuk gSA bldk Kku ^O;kdj.k* djkrk gSA O;kdj.k dk lgh Kku izkIr djosQ gh ge fdlh Hkk"kk dk 'kqn~/ cksyuk] le>uk vkSj i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[k ldrs gSaA ifjHkk"kkµO;kdj.k og 'kkL=k gS] tks Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i o iz;ksx dk Kku djkrk gSA O;kdj.k osQ foHkkxµO;kdj.k esa okD;] in] 'kCn rFkk o.kZ dh izo`Qfr] jpuk rFkk iz;ksx fof/ dk Kku djok;k tkrk gSA O;kdj.k osQ pkj Hksn gSaµ 1- o.kZ&fopkj 2- 'kCn&fopkj 3- in&fopkj 4- okD;&fopkj 1- o.kZ&fopkjµblosQ varxZr o.kks± osQ vkdkj] mPpkj.k] muosQ la;ksx vkSj laf/ vkfn osQ fu;eksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA 2- 'kCn&fopkjµblosQ varxZr 'kCnksa] Hksn] O;qRifRr vkSj jpuk vkfn ls lacaf/r fu;eksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA 3- in&fopkjµin fopkj osQ varxZr laKk] loZuke vkfn inksa osQ Lo:i rFkk iz;ksx ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA 4- okD;&fopkjµbl foHkkx esa okD;ksa osQ Hksn] mlosQ laca/] okD;&fo'ys"k.k] la'ys"k.k] fojke&fpg~uksa vkfn osQ ckjs esa fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA fganh Hkk"kk dk ekud :iµHkk"kk esa ,d:irk ykus ls mldh mi;ksfxrk c<+ tkrh gSA blh ,d:irk dks Hkk"kk dk ekud :i dgrs gSaA ekud Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx ljdkjh dk;ks± ,oa lkfgR; esa fd;k tkrk gSA [kM+h cksyh ls fganh osQ ekud :i dk fodkl gqvkA f'kf{kr ifjokjksa] jsfM;ksa vkSj nwjn'kZu esa fganh osQ ekud :i dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA fganh Hkk"kk dk egRRoµT;knkrj jkT;ksa esa fganh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ftueas fnYyh] mRrj izns'k] eè; izns'k] fcgkj] fgekpy] jktLFkku vkfn izns'k vkrs gSaA fo'o osQ vusd fo'o&fon~;ky;ksa esa fganh i<+kus dk izca/ gSA ;g Hkk"kk viuh ljy izo`Qfr osQ dkj.k vklkuh ls le>h tkrh gSA Lora=krk izkfIr osQ ckn 1950 bZú ls ;g Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk gSA bldk 'kCn HkaMkj ,d djksM+ ls Hkh vf/d gSA Lora=krk&laxzke dks laxfBr vkSj lapkfyr djus esa fganh us egRRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA fganh osQ 'kCn HkaMkj esa vaxzsth] vjch&iQkjlh] rqdhZ vkfn Hkk"kkvksa osQ vusd 'kCn Hkjs iM+s gSaA vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

Lej.kh; fcanq [ Hkk"kk n~okjk fopkjksa o Hkkoksa dk vknku&iznku gksrk gSA [ Hkk"kk osQ rhu :i gksrs gSaµekSf[kd] fyf[kr rFkk lkaosQfrdA [ ekr`Hkk"kk ls ckyd dk loZizFke ifjp; gksrk gSA [ Hkk"kk dk {ks=kh; :i cksyh dgykrk gSA [ ns'k osQ vf/dka'k fuokfl;ksa n~okjk cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk jk"VªHkk"kk gksrh gSA [ gekjh jk"VªHkk"kk fganh gSA bldh fyfi nsoukxjh gSA [ jktHkk"kk dk iz;ksx ns'k osQ ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA [ vaxzs”kh dh fyfi jkseu gSA [ mnwZ dh fyfi iQkjlh rFkk iatkch dh xq#eq[kh gSA [ laLo`Qr gekjh izkphu Hkk"kk gSA [ O;kdj.k Hkk"kk dh 'kqn~/rk osQ fu;e fl[kus okyk 'kkL=k gSA [ fon~okuksa o f'k{kkfonksa n~okjk Loho`Qr Hkk"kk dk :i ekud Hkk"kk dgykrk gSA

vH;kl vkb, ns[ksa] vkius D;k lh[kk\ 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ (d) Hkk"kk osQ eq[; :i dkSu&ls gSa\ mlosQ mnkgj.k fyf[k,A ([k) cksyh rFkk miHkk"kk esa varj crkb,A (x) fyfi ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ nsoukxjh fyfi dh rhu fo'ks"krk crkb,A (?k) O;kdj.k osQ egRRo dks le>kb,A fuEufyf[kr fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkk"kk osQ fdl :i dk iz;ksx gksrk gSµ -------------------------------------------(d) nknh n~okjk ekU;k dks dgkuh lqukukA -------------------------------------------([k) lekpkj&okfpdk n~okjk lekpkj&okpu -------------------------------------------(x) Nk=kksa n~okjk iz'u&i=k gy djuk -------------------------------------------(?k) firk th n~okjk oaQI;wVj ij dke djuk -------------------------------------------(Ä) ek¡ n~okjk fuR;k dks le>kuk -------------------------------------------(p) vfer n~okjk ^jkek;.k* i<+uk vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkkuksa dks iwjk dhft,µ (d) Hkk"kk osQ lafpr -------------- dks -------------- dgrs gSaA ([k) Hkk"kk osQ {ks=kh; :i dks -------------- dgrs gSaA (x) miHkk"kkvksa dks -------------- oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA (?k) Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa -------------- Hkk"kkvksa dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA (Ä) nsoukxjh fyfi -------------- ls -------------- vksj fy[kh tkrh gSA (p) 'kCn -------------- osQ lkFkZd lewg ls curs gSaA (N) Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku djkus okyk 'kkL=k -------------- dgykrk gSA (t) Hkk"kk dk vYifodflr :i -------------- dgykrk gSA

fuEufyf[kr osQ lkeus (3) vkSj (7) dk fpg~u yxkb,µ (d) in&fopkj esa o.kks± dh tkudkjh nh tkrh gSA ([k) nsoukxjh mnwZ Hkk"kk dh fyfi gSA (x) O;kdj.k Hkk"kk dks 'kqn~/ cukrk gSA (?k) gekjh jk"VªHkk"kk iatkch gSA (Ä) cksyh ns'kHkj esa cksyh tkrh gSA (p) Hkk"kk ifjoZru'khy gksrh gSA lgh fodYi pqudj fyf[k,µ (d) cPpk ftl Hkk"kk dks lcls igys lh[krk gS] og dgykrh gSµ (v) ekr`Hkk"kk (c) jktHkk"kk (l) cksyh (n) izknsf'kd Hkk"kk ---------------------([k) ge vius fopkj nwljksa rd igq¡pkus osQ fy, dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA (v) cksyh (c) Hkk"kk (l) fyfi (n) O;kdj.k ---------------------(x) fyfi osQ n~okjk ge Hkk"kk dks ldrs gSaA (v) cksy (c) i<+ (l) lqu (n) ij[k ---------------------(?k) {ks=kh; Hkk"kk dks dgk tkrk gSA (v) ekSf[kd (c) dfork (l) dgkuh (n) fyf[kr

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

(Ä) eq[k ls cksyh tkus okyh ckrphr Hkk"kk dk ---------------------- :i gSA (v) ekSf[kd (c) dfork (l) dgkuh (n) fyf[kr 6-

fuEufyf[kr Hkk"kkvksa dh fyfi;k¡ fyf[k,µ (d) vaxzs”kh µ ---------------------([k) usikyh µ ---------------------(x) iatkch µ ---------------------(?k) mnwZ µ ---------------------(Ä) laLo`Qr µ ---------------------(p) laFkkyh µ ---------------------fuEufyf[kr dks mfpr LFkku ij fyf[k,µ cztHkk"kk] cqansyh] dUukSth] x<+okyh] esokrh] exgh] c?ksyh] vo/h] ekjokM+h] ekyoh] oqQekm¡Quh] ck¡xMw] NRrhlx<+h] gfj;k.koh] vafxdk] t;iqjhA if'peh fganh iwohZ fganh jktLFkkuh igkM+h fganh ekx/h ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------- ----------------------

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

o.kZ&fopkj

uhps fn, x, o.kZ oqQN lans'k nsrs gSa] bUgsa if<+,µ d µ de cksyksA N µ Ny&diV ls nwj jgksA [k µ [kkyh er cSBksA t µ tho&tarqvksa ls izse djksA x µ xanxh er djksA > µ >wB er cksyksA ?k µ ?keaM er djksA V µ Vksdk&Vksdh er djksA p µ fpark fprk leku gSA B µ Bxks erA 'ks"k o.kZ vki Lo;a fyf[k, vkSj mu ij ppkZ dhft,µ vkius fiNys vè;k; esa tkuk fd euq"; us eq[k ls mPpfjr èofu;ksa dks Hkk"kk dk :i fn;kA èofu;ksa dk fyf[kr :i o.kZ dgykrk gSA fyfi o.kks± dks fy[kus dk <ax gksrk gS ftlesa izR;sd èofu osQ fy, ,d fpg~u fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA o.kZ Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bZdkbZ gksrh gS ftuosQ [kaM ugha fd, tk ldrsA ifjHkk"kkµHkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bZdkbZ] ftlosQ VqdM+s ugha fd, tk ldrs o.kZ dgykrh gS_ tSlsµv] i~] ;~] mQ vkfnA fganh o.kZekyk v vk b bZ m mQ ½ , ,s vks vkS va v% o~Q [k~ x~ ?k~ Ä~ p~ N~ t~ >~ ×k~ V~ B~ M~ <~ .k~ r~ Fk~ n~ /~ u~ i~ i~~Q c~ Hk~ e~ ;~ j~ y~ o~ 'k~ "k~ l~ g~ M+~ <+~ fganh o.kZekyk esa 48 o.kZ gSaA + vkfn o.kks± dk Hkh o.kks± dk O;ofLFkr lewg o.kZekyk dgykrk gSA bu 48 o.kks± osQ vfrfjDr ^”k] iQ* iz;ksx fganh Hkk"kk esa fd;k tkrk gSA o.kZ Hksn fganh esa o.kZ dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ 1- Loj 2- O;atu 1- Lojµftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k fdlh vU; o.kZ dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gS] os Loj dgykrs gSaA v vk b bZ m mQ ½ , ,s vks vkS vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

buosQ mPpkj.k esa gok eq[k ls fcuk fdlh #dkoV osQ ckgj fudyrh gSA ;g 11 o.kZ Loj gSaA Loj osQ Hksn Lojksa osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµ 1- ßLo Loj 2- nh?kZ Loj 3- Iyqr Loj 1- ßLo Lojµftu Lojkas osQ mPpkj.k esa cgqr de le; yxrk gS] os ßLo Loj dgykrs gSa] bUgsa ewy Loj Hkh dgrs gSaA v

2- nh?kZ Lojµftu Lojkas dk mPpkj.k djus esa ßLo Lojksa ls nqxuk le; yxrk gS] mUgsa nh?kZ Loj dgrs gSaA vk

vks

vkS

3- Iyqr Lojµftu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa ßLo ls rhu xquk le; yxrk gS] os Iyqr Loj dgykrs gSaA Iyqr Lojksa dk iz;ksx iqdkjus osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA jkýe] gsý] HkSý;k vkfnA Lojksa osQ ek=kk&fpg~u Loj v vk vkW b bZ m mQ ½ , ,s vks vkS

ek=kk&fpg~u dksbZ ek=kk ugha k kW f h q w ` µs µS ks kS

ek=kk&iz;ksx o~Q $ v ¾ d o~Q $ k ¾ dk o~Q $ kW ¾ dkW f $ d ¾ fd d $ h ¾ dh d $ q ¾ oqQ d $ w ¾ owQ oQ $ ` ¾ o`Q d $ µs ¾ osQ d $ µS ¾ oSQ d $ ks ¾ dks d $ kS ¾ dkS

mnkgj.k dye] idM+ vkt] vktkn dkWyst] MkWDVj fdlku] fdukjk thr] lh/ oqQN] pqi owQp] lwi o`Qi;k] o`{k osQjyk] ns[kuk dlSyk] lnSo dksVjk] lksp dkSu] dUukSt

v;ksxokgµ^va* vkSj ^v%* ,slh èofu;k¡ gSa tks u rks Loj gSa vkSj u rks O;atu ghA bUgsa v;ksxokg dgrs gSaA ^va*] vkSj ^v%* Lojksa vkSj O;atuksa esa u jgus ij Hkh buosQ lkFk iz;qDr gksrs gSaA blfy, bUgsa v;ksxokg dgk tkrk gSA 16

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

vuqLokjµvuqLokj dk mPpkj.k ukd ls fd;k tkrk gSA bldk fpg~u f'kjksjs[kk osQ mQij fcanq (µa) osQ :i esa yxk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµxaxk] var] larjk vkfnA vuqukfldµbldk mPpkj.k ukd vkSj eq¡g ls gksrk gSA bldk fpg~u (µ¡) gSA ;g ,d Lora=k èofu ugha gSA budk iz;ksx Lojksa osQ lkFk gksrk gSA folxZµbldk mPpkj.k ^g~* dh rjg fd;k tkrk gSA bls O;atuksa osQ vkxs yxk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµue%] izkr%] Lor% vkfnA gyarµbldk fpg~u (~ ) gSA bldk iz;ksx O;atu osQ uhps fd;k tkrk gSA ftl O;atu esa Loj ugha feyk gksrk ogk¡ gyar dk fpg~u yxkdj mls Li"V fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµn~on~ao] fon~;kFkhZ vkfnA vkxr èofuµ(µW ) ^vkW* vaxzs”kh ls fganh Hkk"kk esa vk x;k gSA bldk iz;ksx vaxzs”kh 'kCnksa dks fganh esa fy[krs le; gh fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµMkWDVj] VkWi+ Qh] dkWiQh] LVkWi] VªkWyh vkfnA ^j* esa m@mQ dh ek=kk,¡ P ^m@mQ* Lojksa dh ek=kk dk iz;ksx tc ^j* osQ lkFk gksrk gSA rc izk;% Hkze gks tkrk gSA è;ku nhft,µ j $ m ¾ # ( q ) xq# #fp j $ mQ ¾ : ( w ) :eky :i ^j* osQ fofHkUu :i P ^j* O;atu dk iz;ksx ek=kk osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA ^j* osQ rhu :i ns[kus esa vkrs gSaµ z] µZ rFkk ªA P ftu O;atuksa esa ikbZ gksrh gS] mUgsa Loj jfgr fn[kkus osQ fy, ^j* dk iz;ksx insu ( z) osQ :i esa muosQ iSjksa esa fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµHkze (Hk~ Loj jfgr gS j Loj ;qDr gS)] ozQe (o~Q Loj jfgr gS rFkk j Loj ;qDr gSA) P ftu O;atuksa esa ikbZ ugha gksrh mUgsa Loj jfgr fn[kkus osQ fy, ^j* dk iz;ksx ( ª) osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ V $ j ¾ Vª] M~ $ j ¾ Mª P ^j* dks Loj jfgr fn[kkus osQ fy, bldk iz;ksx jsiQ (µZ ) osQ :i esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA P mPpkj.k djrs le; bldh tgk¡ vkokt vk,] mlls vxys O;atu osQ mQij bl (µZ ) :i esa yxk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµl $ mQ $ j~ $ ; $ v ¾ lw;Z ½ dh ek=kk P ^½* ,d Loj gSA bldk mPpkj.k ^fj* dh rjg gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx osQoy laLo`Qr ls vk, 'kCnksa esa gh gksrk gSA P ^½* dh ek=kk ( `) O;atu osQ iSjksa esa yxrh gS_ tSlsµo`Qik] o`Qfr] o`Fkk vkfnA 2- O;atuµftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k Lojksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gS] os O;atu dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµo~Q] p~] V~] r~ vkfnA ftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k Lojksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gS] os O;atu dgykrs gSaA buosQ mPpkj.k ls gok vo#n~/ gksdj (:ddj) eq[k ls ckgj fudyrh gSA vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

;s ewy :i ls rSarhl 33 gksrs gSaA la;qDr O;atu rFkk fodflr O;atu dks feykdj budh la[;k murkyhl 39 gksrh gSA O;atuksa osQ Hksn O;atu rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ 1- Li'kZ O;atu 2- var%LFk O;atu 3- mQ"e O;atu 1- Li'kZ O;atuµftu O;atuksa dks cksyrs le; oaQB] gksaB] thHk vkfn osQ Li'kZ n~okjk gksrk gS] os Li'kZ O;atu dgykrs gSaA ^M* vkSj ^<+* dks feykdj Li'kZ O;atu 27 gksrs gSaA blosQ ik¡p oxZ gSaA izR;sd o.kZ osQ ik¡p o.kZ gSaA oxZ dk vafre o.kZ (ik¡pok¡) o.kZ dgykrk gSA doxZ ¾ o~Q [k~ x~ ?k~ Ä~ oaQB iapek{kj poxZ ¾ p~ N~ t~ >~ ×k~ rkyq (”k) VoxZ ¾ V~ B~ M~ <~ .k~ ew/kZ (M+] <+) + roxZ ¾ r~ Fk~ n~ /~ u~ nk¡r (iQ) ioxZ ¾ i~ i~ c~ Hk~ e~ vksaB 2- var%LFk O;atuµvar%LFk dk vFkZ chp esa fLFkr gksuk gSA bldk mPpkj.k djrs le; thHk iwjh rjg eq[k osQ fdlh Hkkx dks ugha NwrhA ;s v/Z Loj Hkh dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ;~] j~] y~] o~ vkfnA 3- mQ"e O;atuµftu O;atukas osQ mPpkj.k esa gok osQ jxM+ [kkus osQ dkj.k eq[k ls mQ"ek fudyrh gSA os mQ"e O;atu dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµ'k] "k] l vkfnA vU; O;atu d- la;qDr O;atuµtc nks ;k nks ls vf/d Loj&jfgr O;atu vkil esa feydj ,d u;k O;atu cukrs gSA rc os la;qDr O;atu dgykrs gSaA o~Q $ "k~ ¾ {k µ d{k] o`{k] j{kk r~ $ j ¾ =k µ f=kiQyk] fe=k] f=k'kwy 'k~ $ j ¾ J µ Jko.k] Je] Jkfed [k- n~foRo O;atuµnks lekl O;atu vkil esa feys tks mUgsa n~foRo O;atu dgrs gSaA o~Q $ d ¾ /Ddk] iDdk t~ $ t ¾ yTtk] NTtk y~ $ y ¾ yYyw] xqYyh i~ $ i ¾ pIik] pIiy P

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

Lej.kh; fcanq [ o.kks± osQ nks Hksn gSaµLoj rFkk O;atuA [ o.kks± dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ ftlosQ vkSj [kaM ugha gks ldrs] o.kZ dgykrh gSA [ o.kks± dk O;ofLFkr lewg o.kZekyk dgykrk gSA [ Loj osQ HksnµßLo] nh?kZ rFkk IyqrA [ Lora=k :i ls mPpfjr èofu;k¡ Loj dgykrh gSaA [ ßLoµftuosQ mPpkj.k osQ cgqr de le; yxsA [ nh?kZµftuosQ mPpkj.k esa ßLo ls nqxuk le; yxsA [ IyqrµftuosQ mPpkj.k esa ßLo ls rhu xquk le; yxsA [ O;atu osQ HksnµLi'kZ (25) var%LFk (4) rFkk m"e (4)A [ Li'kZ O;atuµftu O;atuksa dk mPpkj.k LFkku fo'ks"k dks Li'kZ djosQ gksrk gSA [ var%LFkµLojksa rFkk O;atuksa osQ chp dk mPpkj.kA [ mQ"e O;atuµmPpkj.k osQ le; eq[k ls mQ"ek fudyrh gSA [ la;qDr O;atuµ;s Loj jfgr O;atuksa osQ esy ls cuk u;k O;atuA

vH;kl vkb, ns[ksa] vkius D;k lh[kk\ 1-

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj fyf[k,µ (d) o.kZ fdls dgrs gSa\ buosQ Hksnksa dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A ([k) âLo Loj vkSj nh?kZ Loj esa varj Li"V dhft,A (x) v;ksxokg vkSj folxZ esa D;k lekurk gS\ (?k) Li'kZ O;atuksa dks o.kZekyk osQ ozQe esa lqukb,A

uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ (d) Hkk"kk osQ lHkh o.kks± dks -------------- o.kZekyk dgrs gSaA ([k) lPpk yYyw -------------- O;atu gSA (x) o.kZ èofu;ksa osQ -------------- :i gksrs gSaA (?k) o.kZ Hkk"kk dh -------------- bZdkbZ gSA (Ä) ftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k ukd rFkk eq[k ls gksrk gS -------------- dgykrs gSaA vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

(p) folxZ -------------- osQ vkxs yxrs gSaA (N) ftu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa -------------- le; yxs ßLo Loj dgykrs gSaA (t) Li'kZ O;atuksa dh la[;k -------------- gksrh gSA 3-

fuEufyf[kr 'kCnkas dk o.kZ&foPNsn dhft,µ n`f"Vdks.k Ük`a[kyk izLFkku y{e.k oSKkfud vko`Q"V ckSn~f/d

uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa esa mfpr ek=kk yxkb,µ vyw doh owQRrk jLrs Jaxkj e=k X;jg mPpj.k èou ppy izk; ln'k vuqLokj rFkk vuqukfld laca/h v'kqn~f/;ksa osQ 'kqn~/ :i fyf[k,µ o¡Qxu ¾ -------------lkal ¾ -------------ek¡lkgkjh ¾ -------------dkaVk ¾ -------------mPpkj.k laca/h oqQN v'kqn~f/;k¡ uhps nh xbZ gSa] (d) i`Fkd ¾ ---------------------------------(x) vR;kf/d ¾ ---------------------------------(Ä) d'V ¾ ---------------------------------(N) iz'kkn ¾ ---------------------------------(>) es<+d ¾ ---------------------------------fuEufyf[kr osQ nks&nks mnkgj.k fyf[k,µ (d) nh?kZ Loj µ ---------------------------------([k) Li'kZ O;atu µ ---------------------------------(x) ßLo Loj µ ---------------------------------(?k) mQ"e O;atu µ ---------------------------------(×k) varLFk O;atu µ ---------------------------------n~foRo O;atuksa ls nks&nks 'kCn fyf[k,µ (d) Uu ¾ ---------------------------------(x) Dd ¾ ---------------------------------(Ä) Rr ¾ ----------------------------------

rkRi;Z

muosQ ([k) (?k) (p) (t) (×k)

'kqn~/ :i fyf[k,µ euksrh ¾ ---------------------------------fclckl ¾ ---------------------------------Jhefr ¾ ---------------------------------tteku ¾ ---------------------------------iznf'kZuh ¾ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

([k) Yy ¾ ---------------------------------(?k) Cc ¾ ---------------------------------(p) Pp ¾ ----------------------------------

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

uhps fn, x, la;qDr O;atuksa ls nks&nks 'kCn fyf[k,µ (d) n~; ¾ ---------------------------------([k) 'p (x) Dr ¾ ---------------------------------(?k) I; (Ä) O; ¾ ---------------------------------(p) Lo

10- lgh fodYi pqudj fyf[k,µ (d) O;atu osQ Hksn gksrs gSa (v) ik¡p (c) (l) rhu (n) ---------------------([k) Lojksa dk O;atu osQ lkFk osQ :i esa (v) mnkgj.kksa (c) (l) ek=kkvksa (n) (x) Hkk"kk dk mPpkj.k gksrk gSµ (v) èofu (c) (l) o.kZekyk (n) (?k) o.kZ dh lcls NksVh bZdkbZ gSµ (v) fopkj (c) (l) Hkk"kk (n) (Ä) Loj osQ Hksn gksrs gSaµ (v) pkj (c) (l) rhu (n)

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

¾ ---------------------------------¾ ---------------------------------¾ ----------------------------------

pkj lkr Hkh iz;ksx gksrk gSA la;qDr Lojksa èofu;ksa O;atu Loj O;kdj.k o.kZekyk lkr nks

'kCn&fopkj

'kCn&fopkj vkius i<+k fd Hkk"kk osQ rhu :i gksrs gSaµekSf[kd Hkk"kk fyf[kr Hkk"kk vkSj lkaosQfrd Hkk"kkA fyf[kr Hkk"kk ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dh vuqxkeh gSA ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dk fuekZ.k fofHkUu izdkj dh èofu;ksa ls gqvk gS rks fyf[kr Hkk"kk mUghas èofu;ksa osQ laosQr&fpg~ukas ls cuh gS vFkkZr~ fofHkUu izdkj dh èofu;ksa ls gh Hkk"kk dk fuekZ.k gqvk gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls ge vius fopkj ,d&nwljs rd igq¡pkrs gSaA 'kCn dh fo'ks"krk,¡ 1- 'kCn o.kks± osQ lewg ls curs gSaA 2- lkFkZd 'kCnksa osQ lgkjs ge vius fopkjksa dks izdV dj ldrs gSaA 3- 'kCn esa fdlh vFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA 4- 'kCn okD; esa ,d fuf'pr dk;Z djrs gSa mlosQ vuqlkj bUgsa laKk] loZuke] fozQ;k] fo'ks"k.k vkfn 'kCn Hksnksa esa ck¡V ldrs gSaA 5- lkFkZd 'kCnksa dks okD; esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 'kCn ifjHkk"kkµèofu;ksa dk ,slk esy ftldk dksbZ fuf'pr vFkZ gksrk gS 'kCn dgykrk gSA o.kks± osQ esy ls gh 'kCnksa dh jpuk gksrh gSA 'kCn Lora=k bZdkbZ gksrs gSaA 'kCnksa osQ esy ls okD; vkSj okD;ksa osQ esy ls Hkk"kk curh gSA izR;sd 'kCn dk viuk vFkZ gksrk gSA ,d o.kZ ls fufeZr 'kCn µ u (ugha)] o (vkSj)] vk (fozQ;k)A nks o.kks± ls fufeZr 'kCn µ [kx] ux] Fky] uHk vkfnA rhu o.kks± ls fufeZr 'kCn µ egy] 'kgj] ugj vkfnA pkj o.kks± ls fufeZr 'kCn µ [kVey] HkxnM+ vkfnA vusd o.kks± ls fufeZr 'kCn µ vkdk'kok.kh] vkRefo'okl vkfnA 'kCnkas dk oxhZdj.k 'kCnksa dk oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr ik¡p izdkj ls fd;k x;k gSµ 1- iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn 2- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn 3- O;kdjf.kd izfozQ;k osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn 4- jpuk ;k cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn 5- lzksr@mRifRr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn 22

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

1- iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn Hksn iz;ksx osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ fuEufyf[kr nks Hksn gSaµ 1- lkFkZd 'kCn 2- fujFkZd 'kCn 1- lkFkZd 'kCnµftu 'kCnksa ls 'kCn dk dksbZ vFkZ fudyrk gks] mUgsa lkFkZd 'kCn dgrs gSa_ tSlsµHkou] ty] ?kj vkfnA 2- fujFkZd 'kCnµftu 'kCnksa ls 'kCn dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha fudyrk mUgsa fujFkZd 'kCn dgrs gSa_ tSlsµoj] 'kou] oy] okWiQh vkfnA 2- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn dks pkj Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gSµ 1- i;kZ;okph 'kCn 2- vusdkFkhZ 'kCn 3- ,dkFkhZ 'kCn 4- foijhrkFkZd 'kCn 1- i;kZ;okph 'kCnµleku vFkZ crkus okys 'kCn i;kZ;okph dgykrs gSaA budk iz;ksx ,d gh oLrq osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA 2- vusdkFkhZ 'kCnµtks 'kCn ,d ls vf/d vFkZ nsrs gSa] os vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA 3- ,dkFkhZ 'kCnµftu 'kCnksa dk osQoy ,d gh vFkZ gksrk gS] os vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA 4- foijhrkFkZd 'kCnµtks 'kCn ,d&nwljs dk foijhr@myVk vFkZ izdV djrs gSA os foijhrkFkZd 'kCn dgykrs gSaA 3- O;kdjf.kd izfozQ;k osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn O;kdjf.kd izfozQ;k osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ fuEufyf[kr vkB Hksn gSaµ 1- laKk 2- loZuke 3- fo'ks"k.k 4- fozQ;k 5- fozQ;k&fo'ks"k.k 6- laca/cks/d 7- leqPp;cks/d 8- foLe;kfncks/d 4- jpuk ;k cukoV osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn 'kCn dbZ izdkj ls curs gSaA oqQN 'kCn ,d ls vf/d 'kCnksa dks tksM+dj cuk, tkrs gSaA lHkh 'kCnksa dk viuk vFkZ gksrk gSA ,d 'kCn tc nwljs 'kCn osQ lkFk tqM+rk gSA rc og fHkUu vFkZ nsrk gS_ tSlsµ

iqLrd (fdrkc) vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

vky; (?kj)

iqLrdky; (fdrkcksa dk ?kj) 23

jpuk osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ rhu Hksn gSaµ 1- :<+ 'kCn 2- ;kSfxd 'kCn 3- ;ksx:<+ 'kCn 1- :<+ 'kCnµtks 'kCn fdlh fo'ks"k vFkZ osQ fy, izfln~/ gks tkrs gSa] mUgsa :<+ ;k ewy 'kCn dgrs gSaA buosQ [kaM ugha fd, tk ldrs gSA ;fn buosQ 'kCnksa osQ [kaM fd, tkrs gS rks ;s vFkZghu gks tkrs gS_ tSlsµikuh] iqLrd] gkFkh] ex vkfn bu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ gS] ijarq ;fn bUgsa iqL $ rd] ik $ ikuh] gk $ Fkh] e $ x djosQ fy[kk tk, rks budk dksbZ vFkZ ugha jg tkrk gSA 2- ;kSfxd 'kCnµnks ;k nks ls vf/d 'kCnksa osQ ;ksx ls cuus okys lkFkZd 'kCn ;kSfxd 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ ;fn bu 'kCnksa osQ VqdM+s fd, tk,¡ rks os [kaM Hkh lkFkZd gksrs gSAtSlsµjk"Vªifr (jk"Vª $ ifr)] f'koky; (f'ko $ vky;)] jlksbZ?kj (jlksbZ $ ?kj)] jsyxkM+h (jsy $ xkM+h) vkfnA 3- ;ksx:<+ 'kCnµtks ;kSfxd 'kCn vius [kaMksa ls mRiUu vFkks± dks NksM+dj dksbZ fo'ks"k vFkZ xzg.k dj ysrs gSA os ^;ksx:<+* dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµuhyoaQB] prqjkuu vkfnA 5- mRifRr ;k lzksr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn&Hksn fganh Hkk"kk esa Hkh 'kCnksa dh mRifRr vFkok lzksr rFkk ekè;e vusd Hkk"kk,¡ jgh gS_ tSlsµlaLo`Qr] vjch] iQkjlh] vaxzsth] iqrZxkyh] rqdhZ vkfnA mRifRr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCn osQ ik¡p Hksn gSaµ 1- rRle 'kCn 2- rn~Hko 'kCn 3- ns'kt 'kCn 4- fons'kt 'kCn 5- ladj 'kCn 1- rRle 'kCnµtks 'kCn laLo`Qr Hkk"kk ls T;ksa&osQ&R;kas fganh esa vk x, gSa] os rRle 'kCn dgykrs gSaA budk iz;ksx fganh esa Hkh mlh :i esa fd;k tkrk gS ftl :i esa laLo`Qr esa fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµvkJ;] ân;] xzke] fnol] vfXu] ftg~ok] d.kZ] lw;Z] {ks=k] Lo.kZ] izdk'k vkfnA 2- rn~Hko 'kCnµos 'kCn ftudk ewy rks laLo`Qr esa gS_ foaQrq eè;;qxhu Hkk"kkvksa esa ifjofrZr Lo:i esa iz;qDr gksrs gq,] fganh esa Hkh iz;qDr gksus yxs gSaA mudks rn~Hko 'kCn dgrs gSa_ tSlsµlp] yk[k] canj] lk¡i] dku] [ksr] pk¡n] xk¡o] ngh] 'kke] oaQxu] ekFkk] ukd vkfnA 3- ns'kt 'kCnµtks 'kCn ns'k osQ fofHkUu izkarksa dh cksfy;ksa ls fganh Hkk"kk esa vk x, gSa] os ns'kt 'kCn dgykrs gSa_ tSlsµpgpgkuk] cklu] f[kM+dh [kkV] >kM™+] yksVk] isV] /ksrh] f[kM+dh vkfnA 4- fons'kt 'kCnµtks 'kCn fons'kh Hkk"kk ls fganh esa vk, gSa] os fons'kh 'kCn dgykrs gSA vaxzsth] vjch] iQkjlh] phuh] iqrZxkyh] :lh] rqdhZ vkfnA Hkk"kkvksa ls vusd 'kCn fganh HkaMkj esa vkdj tqM+s gSa vc budk iz;ksx csf>>d fganh esa fd;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµ (d) vaxzsthµLowQy] dkj] dkWyst] Vªsu] Vªd] cl] LowQVj] fizQt] Vsyhfotu] cSad] isu] dkWih] fVdV vkfnA 24

vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

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yk[k iRrk vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

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vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

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vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

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vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

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vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

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xf.krK f=kdkyK funZ;h vej fo/qj laoknnkrk xksiuh; izfrfyfi v{ke fudEek vuqie jpf;rk 'kj.kkxr vo.kZuh; uokxr vxE; v'kDr ikf{kd ikjn'khZ okpky =kSekfld nwjn'khZ uHkpj fu"i{k vijk/h fujijk/ lkIrkfgd nSfud ekfld okf"kZd 'k=kq?u xf.krK vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

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vyadkj fganh O;kdj.k&8

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(ifjek.k@ifj.kke) (ozQe@deZ) (fu/Zu@fu/u) (pykd@pkykd) (mn~;r@mn~/r)

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