Coelacanth Fish Fossils † Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from Lebanon by Dr-Norman Khalaf

Coelacanth Fish Fossils † Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from Lebanon By: Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa When I was writing some articles about the Coelacanth Fishes, I noticed that there were some Lebanese Coelacanth fish fossil specimens for sale on the internet and other specimens were in Museums or Private Collections. These coelacanth fish fossils belong to the species † Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from the Upper Cretaceous (Middle Cenomanian) Limestone in Haqel (Hakel) and Hajula, Lebanon.

A coelacanth fossil Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from Lebanon. Photo at the Senckenberg Museum of Frankfurt, Germany. Photo by Ghedoghedo. 19 August 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macropomoides_orientalis_-_Lebanon.jpg

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 113 – May 2014

Genus Macropomoides Woodward 1942 The body is relatively deep and reaches about 300 mm SL. The head bones are without ornament; a preorbital is absent; the lachrymojugal is narrow beneath the eye and barely larger than the enclosed sensory canal; postorbital is deep, expanded dorsally with a narrow ventral limb; the squamosal is very small and both the spiracular and the preoperculum may be absent. The premaxilla carries a few stout teeth. The operculum is rounded poster-odorsally with a very oblique ventral margin. Sensory canals open by a few large pores on the parietonasal shield; the angular and splenial each have four large sensory pores. Teeth upon the parasphenoid are restricted to the anterior third of the bone. The principal

A coelacanth fossil Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from the Cretaceous Cenomanian Sannine Limestone of Hajoula, Lebanon. Museum Quality B- . Weight 460 gram, Slab’s size 15.5 cm x 16 cm, fish 9.5 cm. Price $ 600.00. Item location: Trieste, Italy. http://www.ebay.com/itm/ZOIC-FOSSIL-FISH-LEBANON-COELACANTHMACROPOMOIDES-ORIENTALIS-UNPREPARED-/110950562251 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 113 – May 2014

coronoid has a distinct waist and a longitudinally expanded head. The gular plates are twice as long as broad. The anocleithrum is forked dorsally with a narrow dorsal limb and a broad anterodorsal limb. Short ribs are developed throughout the posterior half of the abdominal region. The caudal fin has a rounded posterior margin which encloses the supplementary lobe. Pointed denticles are present on at least the first three rays of D1 and the leading rays of the principal caudal lobes. The pelvic bone is a simple rod with a proximal lateral expansion and the D1 support has a prominent anteroventrally directed thickened ridge. The scales are ornamented with many closely spaced denticles which, like the denticles on the fins, bear many fine striations. Those scales beneath and behind the level of D1 show a prominent central denticle (the only denticle present in small specimens) (Forey 1997/1998, Khalaf 2013). The species Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 reaching 30 cm estimated SL, HL/SL=26%, PD1/SL=35%, TL/SL=18%, CL/SL=32%, TD/SL=30%, CP/SL=20%, PV/SL=43%, D1=8, D2=14, C=20/19, AbdV=55, CauV=20. Proportional measurements based on two small specimens: meristic counts based on four small specimens (Woodward 1942, Forey 1997/1998).

The generic and specific diagnoses are based primarily on small specimens and it is possible that when more complete large individuals are found they will have to be revised. Some features such as the lack of ornament and the weak development of the squamosal may be juvenile features. However, there remains the possibility that the small and large individuals represent different taxa. The restoration provided is based on small individuals. Some remarks are therefore necessary (Forey 1997/1998). Woodward (1942) erected the species solely on the holotype (AUB 108935) which, based on proportions of the complete smaller specimens, must have been a fish of about 30 cm. Another large, but disarticulated tail (MNHN HDJ-73-22) is known, again probably from a comparable-sized fish. The remaining specimens, although articulated, are much smaller (< 10 cm SL) and there are differences in certain features between them and the holotype. The scales of the small individuals are more delicately ornamented or lack ornament completely, and the rays of D1 lack expanded tips (a feature considered diagnostic by Woodward). A number of features suggest that the small specimens are juvenile: the endochondral fin supports and pelvic girdle are lightly ossified; the scales are very thin and carry little ornamentation. All these features are seen in young Rhabdoderma exiguum and in Coccoderma nudum which also are thought to be juvenile forms (Forey 1997/1998). Gaudant (1975) was also unsure whether the small specimens were juvenile Macropomoides orientalis or separate species. She further recognized two forms of small individuals which she called ‘coelacanthe B’ (two specimens) and ‘coelacanthe C’ (one specimen). The differences between them were alleged to be the slightly more anterior placement of the pelvic bone relative to the pectoral lobe and the dorsal fin in ‘B’ than in ’C’ and the fact that form ‘B’ showed scales with a small central spine-like denticle (in large specimens the scale ornament consists of a spine-like central denticle flanked by many small denticles) (Forey 1997/1998).

species

Macropomoides orientalis

Woodward, 1942

†

kingdom Animalia - animals » phylum Chordata chordates » class Sarcopterygii » order Coelacanthiformes coelacanth » family Latimeriidae - coelacanths Temporal range:

Upper Cretaceous

The fossil specimens of the coelacanth fish Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from the Upper Cretaceous (Middle Cenomanian) originate from the Hakel and Hajula sites in Lebanon. Author: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-von Jaffa

BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1075888/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 113 – May 2014

A coelacanth fossil Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from the Middle Cretaceous, Cenomanian Stage (95 million years ago) Limestone of Haqel, Lebanon. Size: 65 mm in length, 15 mm height on a 98 mm by 70 mm matrix. Price: $825.00. http://www.fossilmall.com/EDCOPE_Enterprises/fish/fishfossils1/fishfossils-1b.htm & http://www.fossilmall.com/EDCOPE_Enterprises/fish/fishfossils1/L472B.jpg Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Number 113 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2014

A coelacanth fossil Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from the Middle Cretaceous, Cenomanian Stage (95 million years ago) Limestone of Haqel, Lebanon. Size: 65 mm in length, 15 mm height on a 98 mm by 70 mm matrix. Price: $825.00. http://www.fossilmall.com/EDCOPE_Enterprises/fish/fishfossils1/L472D.jpg & http://www.fossilmall.com/EDCOPE_Enterprises/fish/fishfossils1/L472A.jpg Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Number 113 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2014

A coelacanth fossil Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from the Middle Cretaceous, Cenomanian Stage (95 million years ago) Limestone of Haqel Quarry, Lebanon. Fish size: 7.1 cm long, Matrix size: 10.7 x 8.9 cm. Price $ 374.99. Item location: New Brighton, Pennsylvania, USA. http://www.ebay.com/itm/DetailedCretaceous-Fossil-Coelacanth-Fish-Macropomoides-Lebanon-/271298246660 Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Number 113 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2014

The pictures above and below of the 7.1 cm long rare coelacanth specimen from Lebanon is complete except for a small missing section of the tail. All of the rest of the fins are preserved with exceptional detail. The detail on the skull, delicate teeth, body, scales and fins is impressive. This is likely a juvenile specimen because of the large eye (dark spot) and small size of the fish. This specimen has no restoration and the colour is natural. This specimen has been coated to protect the fish and the delicate bones but this can be washed off easily with water. This specimen has one repaired break but no restoration.

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A coelacanth fossil Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from the Middle Cretaceous, Cenomanian Stage (95 million years ago) from Lebanon. Fossil No.: SF3696. Harun Yahya Collection. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-fossilinformation-2/

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Number 113 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2014

A coelacanth fossil Macropomoides orientalis from the Middle Cretaceous, Cenomanian Stage (95 million years ago) from Lebanon. Fossil No.: SF3696. H. Yahya Collection.

A coelacanth Macropomoides orientalis with its pair fossil from the Middle Cretaceous, Cenomanian Stage (95 million years ago) from Hjoula, Lebanon. Fossil No.: SF2347. Harun Yahya Collection. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-with-its-pair-fossilspictures-of-fossils/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Number 113 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2014

A coelacanth Macropomoides orientalis from the Middle Cretaceous, Cenomanian Stage (100 million years ago) from Hjoula, Byblos, Lebanon. Fossil Width/Height 15 cm. Fossil No.: SF0816. Harun Yahya Collection. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanthfossils-pictures-of-fossils/ Up to 1938, it was believed that coelacanth fossils represented the solution to a serious problem for evolutionists, who needed evidence documenting the imaginary emergence of living things from the sea onto dry land. They therefore took fossils of the coelacanth, which they believed was well suited to this scenario, and began making propaganda regarding them. They interpreted the animal’s fins as ‘feet about to walk’ and another unidentified organ as ‘a primitive lung.’ Yet striking proof soon emerged that none of these interpretations had any validity at all. The capture by fisherman of a living coelacanth in 1938 came as a terrible disappointment to evolutionists. James Leonard Brierley Smith, a professor in the Rhodes University Chemistry Faculty, expressed his amazement in these words: ‘Although I had come prepared, that first sight hit me like a white-hot blast and made me feel shaky and queer, my body tingled. I stood as if stricken to stone. Yes, there was not a shadow of doubt, scale by scale, bone by bone, fin by fin, it was a true Coelacanth’ (Samantha Weinberg, 2001). Detailed examinations were conducted of the coelacanth’s structure and internal organs, which had no primitive features as had been imagined and bore no intermediate-form characteristics of any imaginary primitive forebear. The structure that evolutionists imagined to be a primitive lung was actually a swim bladder filled with fat in the creature’s body. In addition, this creature, depicted as a prospective reptile preparing to emerge onto dry land, was actually a bottom-dwelling fish inhabiting deep waters and not rising above depths of 180 meters. Therefore, according to Dr. Millot, who conducted the investigation, this life form, which should have represented the Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 113 – May 2014

‘missing link,’ they were seeking, lacked the primitive features of the living thing they claimed had evolved (Samantha Weinberg, 2001). Very simply, it was no intermediate form, but had existed with the same complex characteristics in deep waters for 400 million years (Harun Yahya).

A coelacanth Macropomoides orientalis from the Middle Cretaceous, Cenomanian Stage (95 million years ago) from Lebanon. Fossil No.: SF2632. Harun Yahya Collection. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-hd-fossil-photographs/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Number 113 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2014

A coelacanth Macropomoides orientalis from the Middle Cretaceous, Cenomanian Stage (95 million years ago) from Hjoula, Lebanon. Fossil No.: SF2724. Harun Yahya Collection. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-fossil-information/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Number 113 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2014

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Number 113 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2014

A coelacanth Macropomoides orientalis from the Middle Cretaceous, Cenomanian Stage (95 million years ago) from Lebanon. Fossil No.: SF3699. Harun Yahya Collection. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-fossil-museum/ The coelacanth is a large fish some 150 centimeters in length, whose body is all covered by thick scales reminiscent of armor. It is a member of the class of bony fishes (Osteichthyes), of which the earliest fossils are found in strata belonging to the Devonian Period (417 to 354 million years ago). For years, evolutionists portrayed fossils belonging to this vertebrate as belonging to an intermediate form, until the capture of a live coelacanth invalidated such claims. Research into the fish's anatomy again inflicted a major defeat on Darwinists (Harun Yahya). In an article in Nature magazine, an evolutionist paleontologist named Peter L. Forey (1988) said this: "The discovery of Latimeria [coelacanth] raised hopes of gathering direct information on the transition of fish to amphibians, for there was then a long-held belief that coelacanths were close to the ancestry of tetrapods . . . But studies of the anatomy and physiology of Latimeria have found this theory of relationship to be wanting and the living coelacanth's reputation as a missing link seems unjustified." The latest information regarding the complex structure of the coelacanth continues to pose difficulties for evolutionists. This problem was expressed in Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Number 113 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2014

Focus magazine (2003): "According to fossils, fish emerged some 470 million years ago. The coelacanth emerged 60 million years after that. It is astonishing that this creature, which would be expected to possess very primitive features, actually has a most complex structure." For evolutionists insisting on a gradual process of evolution, the appearance of the coelacanth with its complex structure naturally came as a major surprise. Yet there is nothing surprising about this at all. Any rational person is able to understand that God creates all living things, together with their complex structures, in the form and at the time He so desires, and in a single moment. The entities flawlessly created by God are all means by which His might and power can be appreciated (Harun Yahya).

Coelacanth Fossil with both negative and positive slabs from the Middle Cretaceous, Cenomanian Stage (95 million years ago) from Lebanon. http://harunyahya.com/en/Books/4632/atlas-of-creation--/chapter/4495

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Position in a system << Go back one level - Macropomoides

species

Macropomoides orientalis

Woodward, 1942

system

Vitae - living organisms

domain

Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis, 1978 - lifeforms with nucletic cells

superregnum

Unikonta

system

Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith, 1987

kingdom

Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals

subregnum

Eumetazoa Butschli, 1910

divisio

Bilateria Hatschek, 1888

subdivisio

Deuterostomia - deuterostomes

phylum

Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates

subphylum

Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates

infraphylum

Gnathostomata Zittel, 1879 - jawed vertebrates

superclassis

Osteichthyes Huxley, 1880 - bony fishes

class

Sarcopterygii Romer, 1955

subclass

Coelacanthimorpha

superorder

Actinistia

order

Coelacanthiformes Berg, 1937 - coelacanth

family

Latimeriidae Berg, 1940 - coelacanths

genus

Macropomoides †

species

Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 †

†

Position in a system. Species Macropomoides orientalis. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxonposition/id1075888/

References and Internet Websites Association for the Preservation of the Coelacanth. http://gombessa.tripod.com/ Attenborough, David (1979). Life on Earth. Collins, London, Glasgow, Sydney, Auckland, Toronto, Johannesburg, and the British Broadcasting Corporation, London. 319 pp. Blancpain. Project Gombessa. http://www.blancpain.com/projet-gombessa Bone, Quentin and Moore, Richard H. (2008). Biology of Fishes. 3rd (third) edition. published by Taylor & Francis, New York. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 113 – May 2014

Boyd, A.J. and J.D. Hewitson (1983). Distribution of anchovy larvae off the west coast of southern Africa between 32 degree 30' and 26 degree 30'S, 1979-1982. S. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 9:53-67. Coelacanth. Hjoula, Byblos, Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanthfossils-pictures-of-fossils/ Coelacanth. Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-hd-fossilphotographs/ Coelacanth Fossils – Fossil Information. Hjoula, Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-fossil-information/ Coelacanth Fossils – Fossil Information. Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-fossil-information-2/ Coelacanth Fossils – Fossil Museum. Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-fossil-museum/ Coelacanth News! http://www.dinofish.com/news.html Coelacanth with its pair fossils. Hjoula, Lebanon. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-with-its-pair-fossils-pictures-of-fossils/ Coelacanthiformes. http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/sarcopt erygii/coelacanthinimorpha/coelacanthiformes.html Coelacanthinimorpha. http://www.palaeocritti.com/bygroup/sarcopterygii/coelacanthinimorpha Cretaceous - Macropomoides: A Coelacanth Fish. http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/seymouria/conversations/topics/1810 Ebay. Zoic Fossil Fish Lebanon Coelacanth Macropomoides orientalis unprepared. http://www.ebay.com/itm/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=110950562251 Encyclopedia of Life (EOL). Macropomoides. http://eol.org/pages/10648844/details Erdmann, Mark V.; Caldwell, Roy L.; Moosa, M. Kasim (1998). "Indonesian 'king of the sea' discovered". Nature 395 (6700): 335. FishBase. http://www.fishbase.org/search.php FishBase References for Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, N.A.B.A.T., 2009. http://www.fishbase.org/References/ReferencesListTitles.php?Author=KhalafSakerfalke%20von%20Jaffa,%20N.A.B.A.T.&Year=2009&FishBase=Yes Focus Magazine (April 2003). Focus Magazine’s Coelacanth Confessions. Harun Yahya. http://www.harunyahya.com/en/NetCevap/147866/Focus-MagazinesCoelacanth-Confessions Forey, P. L. (1988). Golden Jubilee for the Coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae. Nature, 336: 727-732. Forey, Peter L. (1999/1998). History of the Coelacanth Fishes. London: Champan & Hall and the Natural History Museum. pp. 440. Gaudant, J. (1975). Intérêt paléoécologique de la découverte de Gobius aries (AG.) (Poisson téléostéen, Gobioidei) dans l’Oligocène des bassins de Marseille et de Saint-Pierre-lès-Martigues (Bouches-du-Rhône). Geol Mediterran 2: 111–114. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 113 – May 2014

Gayet 1983. Name - Lates maliensis Gayet 1983. http://www.organismnames.com/namedetails.htm?lsid=689373 Gayet, M. and F.J. Meunier (2000). Rectification of the nomenclature of the genus name Ellisella Gayet & Meunier, 1991 (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes) in Humboldtichthys nom. nov. Cybium 24(1):104. Goldsmith, N. F., Tchernov, E., Ginsburg, L., Tassy, P., and Van Couvering, J. A. (1982). Ctenodactylid rodents in the Miocene Negev fauna of Israel. Nature, 296 (5858): 645-647. Goldsmith, Naomi F. & Yanai-Inbar, Ilana (1999). Coelacanthid in Israel’s Early Miocene? Latimeria tests Schaeffer’s theory. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Volume 17, Supplement to number 3, September 1997, p. 49A. Abstracts of Papers: Fifty-Seventh Annual Meeting, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Ramada Congress Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, October 8-11, 1997, Sponsored by the Field Museum. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Quastenflosser/message/99 Gombessa Coelacanth Expedition. http://www.saiab.ac.za/saiabnews/gombessa-coelacanth-expedition.htm Holder, Mark T.; Mark V. Erdmann, Thomas P. Wilcox, Roy L. Caldwell, and David M. Hillis (1999). Two living species of coelacanths? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999 October 26; 96(22): 12616–12620. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23015/ Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (Zoology, Second Year) (1982). Samak Al-Coelacanth (The Coelacanth Fish). Al-Biology Magazine. Number 2, February 1982, Biological Society, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait. pp.14-15. (In Arabic). http://issuu.com/drnormanalibassamkhalaf/docs/coelacanth_fish_al_biology_magazine Khalaf, Norman Ali Bassam (1987). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) in the Science and Natural History Museum, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 15. Fifth Year, July 1989, Thul Qi’dah 1409 AH. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. pp. 1-8. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthkuwait.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (2005). Der Komoren-Quastenflosser (Latimeria chalumnae) und der Manado-Quastenflosser (Latimeria menadoensis). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 38, Twenty Third Year. February 2005. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 1-8. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (Gründer) (seit Juni 2005). Der Quastenflosser: Coelacanth Latimeria Yahoo! Deutschland Group. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Quastenflosser/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. ISBN 3-00-014835-3. Erste Auflage / First Edition, August Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 113 – May 2014

2005: 376 Seiten / Pages. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, RilchingenHanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/aquaticaarabica.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) in the Science and Natural History Museum, State of Kuwait. In : Aquatica Arabica. An Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980 - 2005. ISBN 3-00-014835-3. Erste Auflage / First Edition, August 2005, pp. 110-117. Self-Publisher: Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Khalaf, Dr. Norman Ali (Zoologist) (2011). A note on the Coelacanth of Kuwait. Readers’ Letters, National Geographic Al Arabiya Magazine. April 2011, Volume 2, Number 7, pp. 8. (In Arabic). http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/10122383976/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). † Coelacanthus sharjah Khalaf, 2013 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from Sharjah Natural History and Botanical Museum, Sharjah, Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 6288. Number 106, October 2013, Thu Al Hijja 1434 AH. pp. 18–38. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthussharjah.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Taxon Profile: Species Sharjah Coelacanth Coelacanthus sharjah Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1068520/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Sharjah Coelacanth († Coelacanthus sharjah Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/95987/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). † Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 107, November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. pp. 30-38. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/macropomoidespalaestina.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Taxon Profile: Species Palestine Coelacanth Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1075889/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Palestine Coelacanth († Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/97239 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). A Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) Model at the Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig in Bonn, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 113 – May 2014

Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 111, March 2014, Jumada Al Oula 1435 AH. pp. 1–9. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthmuseumkoenig.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) at the Educational Science Museum, Kuwait City, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 112, April 2014, Jumada Al Akhera 1435 AH. pp. 1–10. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthkuwait2013.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). Coelacanth Fish Fossils † Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 from Lebanon. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 113, May 2014, Rajab 1435 AH. pp. 1–26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/macropomoidesorientalis.htm Macropomoides orientalis Coelacanth Fish Fossil. http://www.fossilmall.com/EDCOPE_Enterprises/fish/fishfossils1/fishfossils1b.htm Meinke, D.K. (1987). Morphology and evolution of the dermal skeleton in lungfishes. In W.E. Bemis, W.W. Burggren, N.E. Kemp (eds) The biology and evolution of lungfishes. Alan R. Liss., New York. J. Morph. suppl. 1.:133-149. Millot, J. and J. Anthony (1958). Anatomie de Latimeria chalumnae. Tome I. Squelette et Muscles et formations de soutien. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Paris (Tome 1):122pp+ill. Moore, J.A. (2003). p. 1189-1191. In K.E. Carpenter (ed.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2: Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae to Grammatidae). Nulens, Rik; Lucy Scott , Marc Herbin (2011). An Updated Inventory of All Known Specimens of the Coelacanth, Latimeria Spp. Smithiana Special Publication 3. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. 52 pages. http://www.nhbs.com/an_updated_inventory_of_all_known_specimens_of_tef no_184079.html Pitman M.D., Sean D. (April 2012). The Fossil Record. http://www.detectingdesign.com/fossilrecord.html Pouyaud, Laurent; Wirjoatmodjo, Soetikno; Rachmatika, Ike; Tjakrawidjaja, Agus; Hadiaty, Renny; Hadie, Wartono (1999). Une nouvelle espèce de coelacanthe. Preuves génétiques et morphologiques. A new species of coelacanth. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences - Série III - Sciences de la vie / Life Sciences - 1999, 322, 261-267. www.elsevier.fr/html/news/cras3mars99/pouyaud.html Robbins, Neal (2009). Cretaceous – Macropomoides orientalis. Yahoo Groups. Seymouria. http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/seymouria/conversations/topic Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 113 – May 2014

s/1810 Schaeffer, B. (1977). The dermal skeleton in fishes. in “Problems in Vertebrate Evolution,” S. M. Andrews, R. S. Miles and A. D. Walker, eds., Academic Press London. Smith, C.L. )1978(. Coral reef fish communities: a compromise view. Environ. Biol. Fish. 3(1):109-128. Smith, C.L. )1978( Lobotidae. In W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). Vol. 3. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome. Smith, J.L.B. (1939). A surviving fish of the order Actinistia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 27: 47-50. Smith, J.L.B. (1940). A living coelacanthid fish from South Africa. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 28: 1-106. Smith, M.M. (1986). Latimeriidae. p. 152-153. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Smith, H.T., C.B. Schreck and O.E. Maughan (1978). Effect of population density and feeding rate on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). J. Fish Biol. 12:449455. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. The Coelacanth: More Living than Fossil. http://vertebrates.si.edu/fishes/coelacanth/coelacanth_wider.html Vorobjeva, E.I. and Obruchev, D.V. (1967). Subclass Sarcopterygii, pp. 480-498. In: Obruchev, D.V. (ed.). Fundamentals of Palaeontology, 11, Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. Weinberg, Samantha (2001). A Fish Caught in Time: The Search for the Coelacanth. New York: Harper Perennial Publishing. Wendruff, Andrew J. and Mark V.H. Wilson (2013). New Early Triassic coelacanth in the family Laugiidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the Sulphur Mountain Formation near Wapiti Lake, British Columbia, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci., September 2013, v.50:904-910. http://cjes.geoscienceworld.org/content/50/9/904.full Wenz, S. (1975). Un nouveau Coelacanthidé du Crétacé inférieur du Niger, remarques sur la fusion des os dermiques [A new coelacanth from the Lower Cretaceous of Niger, remarks on fusion of the dermal bones]. Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1973. Problèmes actuels de Paléontologie (Évolution des Vertébrés). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 218:175-190. http://fossilworks.org/cgibin/bridge.pl?taxon_no=193977&action=basicTaxonInfo Wiki Project. Paleontology. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Paleontology Wikipedia. Coelacanth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth Wikipedia. Comoro Islands. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoro_Islands Wikipedia. Indonesian Coelacanth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_coelacanth Wikipedia. Macropomoides. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropomoides Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 113 – May 2014

Wikipedia. West Indian Ocean Coelacanth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_Ocean_coelacanth Woodward, A. S. (1942). Some new and little-known Upper Cretaceous Fishes from Mount Lebanon: The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (eleventh series), n. 56, p. 537-648. Yahya, Harun. Atlas of Creation – Volume 3 – Fossil Specimens of Marine Creatures 2 – Coelacanth from Lebanon. http://harunyahya.com/en/Books/4632/atlas-of-creation--/chapter/4495 Yahya, Harun. Coelacanth Fossils – Pictures of Fossils. http://en.harunyahya.net/coelacanth-fossils-pictures-of-fossils/

Position in a system << Go back one level - Macropomoides

species

Palestine Coelacanth Macropomoides palaestina

Khalaf, 2013

system

Vitae - living organisms

domain

Eukaryota Whittaker & Margulis, 1978 - lifeforms with nucletic cells

superregnum

Unikonta

system

Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith, 1987

kingdom

Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals

subregnum

Eumetazoa Butschli, 1910

divisio

Bilateria Hatschek, 1888

subdivisio

Deuterostomia - deuterostomes

phylum

Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates

subphylum

Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates

infraphylum

Gnathostomata Zittel, 1879 - jawed vertebrates

superclassis

Osteichthyes Huxley, 1880 - bony fishes

class

Sarcopterygii Romer, 1955

subclass

Coelacanthimorpha

superorder

Actinistia

order

Coelacanthiformes Berg, 1937 - coelacanth

family

Latimeriidae Berg, 1940 - coelacanths

genus

Macropomoides †

species

Macropomoides palaestina Khalaf, 2013 - Palestine Coelacanth †

†

Position in a system. Species Palestine Coelacanth Macropomoides palaestina. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxonposition/id1075889/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 113 – May 2014