Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) skins on sale at the Spice Souq in Dubai, UAE

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Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran on sale at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates ‫ دولة اإلمارات العربية‬، ‫جلود نمور فارسية من إيران للبيع في سوق التوابل في دُبي‬ ‫ال ُمتحدة‬ By : Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa

Two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, laid above each other at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof.

Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-panthera-pardus2.webs.com/

ً‫ دوالر أمرٌكً لكل فراء ف‬0111 ‫ ومعروضٌن للبٌع بمبلغ‬، ‫فراء نمرٌن فارسٌ​ٌن من إٌران فوق بعضهما البعض‬ ‫ نورمان علً بسام علً طاهر مُحمد أحمد مُصطفى خلف الٌافاوي العٌزري‬.‫ د‬.‫ أ‬: ‫ تصوٌر‬.. ً‫سوق التوابل فً ُدب‬ I visited the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates on 21.06.2016. One of the spice shops was showing in its vitrine a taxidermied Iranian Beech Marten (Martes foina Erxleben, 1777) for sale for 33 US Dollars. I entered the shop, and took photos of the beech marten. The shop seller showed me two endangered Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

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Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins for sale for 1000 US Dollars each, and fur hats belonging to three fox species: Common Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758), Rüppell's Sand Fox (Vulpes rueppellii Schinz, 1825), Afghan or Blanford’s Fox (Vulpes cana Blanford, 1877); and a Gray Wolf (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) hat. All these mammal skins and fur originates from Iran.

The price of these fur hats was around 40 US Dollars each.

All these mammal species are protected by law. The dealing with their skins and fur is prohibited.

The Spice Souq shop seller showing a bullet hole in one of the two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-panthera-pardus-2.webs.com/

The Persian leopard is one of the leopard subspecies native to western Asia. It is endangered throughout its range in the Middle East (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2008).

The Persian leopard is said to be the largest of all the subspecies of leopards in the world. It can grow to up to 1.5 to 2.7 feet tall at the shoulder, and weigh as much as 155 lbs. Before 1990, when Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkmenistan were the Soviet republics, the scientific names of the leopard used in these countries were Panthera pardus tulliana and Panthera pardus ciscaucasica, whereas the name Panthera pardus saxicolor had been traditionally used by the western specialists for the cats in Iran and, partially, Afghanistan. There are currently a few hundred left in the world (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2008).

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Two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, laid above each other at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof.

Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-pantherapardus-2.webs.com/

Range and Population: The Persian leopard's current range extends over the Middle East and its total number does not exceed 1,300 individuals. Most of the cats are found in Iran (550-850 animals) and especially in its northwestern portion adjoining southern Armenia and Azerbaijan (160-275; Kiabi et al. 2002). The number in Afghanistan is unknown, but should be at least several hundred (Habibi 2004); however, today's rampant leopard fur trade on the Kabul market and over harvest during and after the long-term civil unrest pose the greatest threat to survival of this predator in the country (Mishra and Fitzherbert 2004). In northeastern Iraq contiguous to western Iran and southeastern Turkey and elsewhere in the country, the leopard was considered rare as early as the late 1950s (Hatt 1959), and now this war-torn country is believed to no longer contain this carnivore.

The southern edge of Turkmenistan holds 78 to 90 leopards (Lukarevsky 2001).

The most recent and highly mysterious case of killing an old male leopard in southern Kazakhstan (Shakula 2004) raises an important question about the cat's status in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan from where the animal could have come, but since the late 1970s virtually nothing is known about the leopard in either of these countries (Lukarevsky 2001). Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province also holds the Persian leopard population, but of unknown size (Zulfiqar 2001).

Armenia and Azerbaijan together are unlikely to harbor more than 30 cats, of Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

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which a maximum of 10 to 20 may live in southern and southwestern Armenia (Khorozyan 2003) and the others roam over Azerbaijan's Naxcivan Republic and in the Talis Mountains (Askerov 2002). Some transient individuals can penetrate to Georgia; recently, a good-looking young male was captured by photo-traps in Vashlovani Reserve in the extreme southeast of the country (Butkhuzi 2004). The presence of the leopard in European Russia's North Caucasus Mountains is questionable (Semenov 2002), but a sort of evidence was recently reported for the triangle between the republics of Daghestan and Ingushetiya, southeastern Georgia, and northwestern Azerbaijan (Anonymous 2004). It is unknown whether the leopard from northeastern Turkey close to Georgia belongs to the Persian subspecies (Baskaya and Bilgili 2004), but it should be separated from the Caucasus because there are no records from adjoining parts of southwestern Georgia and western Armenia (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2008).

One of the two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-panthera-pardus2.webs.com/

Range and Habitat: It thrives in Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and northwestern Afghanistan. Habitat varies from mountain steppe to grasslands, or anywhere having a reasonable amount of cover and a supply of prey. Unconfirmed reports of big cats in the far southeast of Turkey might also pertain to these animals (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2008).

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Two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, laid above each other at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof.

Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-pantherapardus-2.webs.com/

Persian Leopard in Persia (Iran): The main range of this species in Iran closely overlaps with that of Bezoar Ibex.

Hence, it is found throughout Alborz and Zagros mountain ranges, as well as smaller ranges within the Iranian plateau. Leopard population is very sparse, due to loss of habitat, loss of natural prey, and population fragmentation (Khalafvon Jaffa, 2008).

Traditionally, large populations were found in northern Khorasan, Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Fars, Ardabil, Kurdistan, Lorestan, West Azarbaijan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, and Esfahan provinces. Leopards do not usually enter the deep desert interior of the country.

Apart from Bezoar Ibex, wild sheep, boar, deer (either Maral red deer or roe deer), and domestic animals constitute leopards' diet in Iran (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2008).

Subspecies: There is much debate on how many leopard subspecies exist in the Middle East.

Before 1990, when Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkmenistan Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

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were the Soviet republics, the scientific names of the leopard used in these countries were Panthera pardus tulliana (Valenciennes 1856) and Panthera pardus ciscaucasica (Satunin 1914), whereas the name Panthera pardus saxicolor (Pocock 1927) had been traditionally used by the western specialists for the cats in Iran and, partially, Afghanistan. Current international regulations consider both P. p. ciscaucasica (Caucasus leopard) and P. p. saxicolor (Persian leopard) as synonyms and use only one, P. p. saxicolor (IUCN 2004) because these races are identical morphologically (Khorozyan 1999) and should be so genetically (Miththapala et al. 1996), and because the leopards occasionally move between Iran and Armenia. The name P. p. tulliana (Anatolian leopard) applies to the leopard in southwestern Turkey (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2008).

One of the two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-panthera-pardus2.webs.com/

Historically, the Caucasus was inhabited by three big cats: Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica), Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata), and Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor). Moreover, until 15 A.D. the Armenian princes imported the Asiatic cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), tamed them, and used in high-rank hunts (Nowell and Jackson 1996). The lion disappeared here in about 10 A.D. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

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(Nowell and Jackson 1996) and the last tiger was shot in 1932 near Prishib village in Talis, Azerbaijan (Gadjiev 2000). The principal reasons of their disappearance were extermination of predators and their prey and habitat destruction. Later, this tiger subspecies had vanished forever and the Asiatic lion is confined now to a single population in west India. The leopard has outlived them all, but can be wiped out if the authorities at all levels do not express more political will and support (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2008).

Food and Hunting: A leopard's diet varies depending on where it thrives. The Persian leopard's diet varies from small mammals and birds, to larger animals such as, deer, antelope, Bezoar ibex, and occasionally wild boar. The animal silently stalks its prey, and then strikes out of nowhere, ending with a bite to the throat (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2008).

Biology: The Persian leopard has a gestation period of 3-4 months. Females reach sexual maturity at about two and a half years of age. The offspring usually consists of 3 cubs (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2008).

Two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, laid above each other at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof.

Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-pantherapardus-2.webs.com/ Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

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Threats: This species is listed as endangered and commercial trade of this species is prohibited by international law. The Persian leopard has been threatened due to persecution, habitat loss, and poaching. It is also one of the animals in western Asia which is suffering from warfare in its mountain range (Khalaf-von Jaffa, 2008).

The Spice Souq shop seller showing a bullet hole in one of the two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-panthera-pardus-2.webs.com/

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Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

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Persian Leopard information sign at the Zoological Center Tel Aviv-Ramat Gan Safari near Jaffa, Occupied Palestine. Photo by Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa.

03.08.2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ep6-l-ebttc Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

11 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1992). An Introduction to the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 30, Tenth Year, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (in Arabic).

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Acquaintance Card: Majallet Al-Ghazzal (Gazelle Magazine): The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn, Germany. Shqae'q Al-Nouma'n (Anemone coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI (Education for Awareness and for Involvement).

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51-52. (in Arabic).

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Zweite erweiterte Auflage, August 2004: 460 Seiten. Norman Ali Khalaf, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Leopards of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Arab Emirates. Number 41. Twenty Third Year. May 2005. pp. 1-9. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). Der Arabische Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr).

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Der Treffpunkt für Raubkatzen-freunde. Yahoo! Deutschland Groups. http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Raubkatzen/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2005). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo, Dubai City, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 45, September 2005. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

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12 Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 46, October 2005. pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

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1-7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/0NDhl Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali (2006). Die Rohrkatze (Felis chaus). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 54, June 2006. pp. 1-8. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/R9B7r Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Mammalia Palaestina: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twenty-fourth Year, July 2006, Jumada Al-Thania 1427. pp. 1-46.

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13 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). Ein Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland / A Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 59, November 2006. pp.1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabisch / Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Ein%20Besuch%20im%20Neunkircher%20Zoo%20Neunkirchen-%20Saarland-%20Deutschland Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2006). The Chinese Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) in Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Germany / Der Chinesische Leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis, Gray 1862) im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland, Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 60, December 2006. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/chineseleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 61, January 2007, Thu Al-Hijja 1427 AH. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Behavioural%20Observations%20on%20the% 20Arabian%20Leopard%20in%20the%20Arabia-s%20Wildlife%20Centre-% 20Sharjah-%20UAE Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). A Recent Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Kuwaiti Desert, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.

Number 64, April 2007, Rabi'e Al-Awal 1428 AH. pp. 1-20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic; Abstract in English, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/A%20Recent%20Record%20of%20the%20Arabian%20San d%20Cat%20from%20the%20Kuwaiti%20Desert-%20State%20of%20Kuwait Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Qit Sahrawi (Desert Cat or Sand Cat). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 64, April 2007, Rabi'e Al-Awal 1428 AH. p.

21. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7 % D9%88%D9%8A Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The First Sight Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. pp. 1-19. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in English; Abstract in English and Arabic, Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and Arabic). https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/katzen/conversations/topics/1785 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Presence of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni) in the State of Qatar. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65, May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. p. 20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

14 https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Wild_Predators/conversations/topics/664 & http://archive.is/gKhv6 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 66, Juni 2007, Jamada Al-Ulla 1428 AH. Seiten 1-13. Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Haywanat Filistin (The Animals of Palestine). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia).

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7 %D8% AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Sanuriyat (Felidae).

Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7% D8%AA Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Der Karakal oder Wüstenluchs (Caracal caracal, von Schreber 1776). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Nummer 67, Juli 2007, Jamada Al-Akhera 1428 AH. Seiten 1-12.

Sharjah, Vereinigte Arabische Emirate. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Karakal.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Um Rishat (Caracal or Desert Lynx). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7 %D8%AA

Persian Leopard information sign at the Kölner Zoo, Köln, Germany. Photo by Ola Khalaf. 25.09.2012. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjePsXdsBfk Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

15 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). The Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Palestine_Sand_Cat.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Die Sandkatze oder Wüstenkatze (Felis margarita, Loche 1858). Gazelle: Das Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. 2007. (Article in German; References in English, German and Arabic). http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Sandkatze.html Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at Al Ain Zoo, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German).

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) at the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. 2007. (Article in Arabic; References in English and German).

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2007). Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007.

ISBN 978-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007, 300 pp. Norman Ali Khalaf, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic, German and English). http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/felidaearabica.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 73, January 2008. pp. 1-20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/conversations/topics/86 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008). Qisset Al-Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza (The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Story in Arabic). http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of%20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza%20Zoo %20Lioness Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (Text) and Nora Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf (Drawings) (2008). Qisset Al-Labu'a Sabrina fi Hadiqet Haywanat Ghaza / The Story of Sabrina, the Gaza Zoo Lioness. First Edition. Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf-vonJaffa, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Germany & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Publication in Summer 2008, in Arabic and English). ISBN 978-9948-03-603-6.

English article Website: http://www.geocities.com/jaffacity/Gaza_Lioness_Sabrina.html & Arabic Story Website: http://khalaf.homepage24.de/The%20Story%20of% 20Sabrina,%20the%20Gaza%20Zoo%20Lioness Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock 1932). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/zanzibarleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Nimer Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

16 Zanjibar (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al- Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008.

Page 14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC %D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Leopard Stamps from Zanzibar and Tanzania. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.

Number 75, March 2008. pp. 1-4. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). The Sri Lanka leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya, Deraniyagala 1956). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. pp. 1-17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/srilankaleopard.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia).

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. Page 18. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A %D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor, Pocock 1927). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 77, May 2008. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/persianleopard.htm & http://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Persian_Leopard.html.tmp Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Royal White Tigers (Panthera tigris, Linnaeus 1758) at Zoo d'Amnéville (Amneville Zoo), Amneville, Lorraine, France. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 78, June 2008. Pp. 1-26. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/WildCats_/conversations/topics/907 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Nimer Farisi (Persian leopard). Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic). http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1 %D8%B3%D9%8A Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher. Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist: The Scientific References (1980-2008). http://dr-norman-ali-khalafreferences.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008). Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. 396 pps. Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Khalaf, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany. ISBN 978-9948-03-459-9. (In Arabic, English and German). http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2008).

Carnivora Palaestina: The Carnivores of Palestine / Die Raubtiere Palästinas.

Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 82, October 2008, Shawal 1429 AH. pp. 1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

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17 https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Fauna_Arabica/conversations/messages/3 1 Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2009). Flora and Fauna in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-faunapalestine.webs.com/ Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2009). Fauna Palaestina – Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2006 / Fauna Palaestina – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. ISBN 978-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2010). Fauna Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / Fauna Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009. ISBN 978-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm

Two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, laid above each other at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof.

Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-pantherapardus-2.webs.com/

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

18 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2012). Fauna Palaestina – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Zwei.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. ISBN 978-9948-16-667-2.

1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Der Mosbacher Löwe (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906) / The Early Middle Pleistocene European Cave Lion (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906). Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 101. January 2013. Pp. 1-26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://lion-panthera-leo.webs.com/mosbacher-loewe Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Der Europäische Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969) / The European Leopard (Panthera pardus sickenbergi, Schütt 1969). Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 102. February 2013. Pp. 1-17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/europeanleopard.htm & http://issuu.com/drnormanalibassamkhalaf/docs/europ__ische_leopard_panthera_pardu Khalaf-von Jaffa, Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2013). Fauna Palaestina – Part Three.

Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Drei.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 2005 – 2012. ISBN 978-9950-383-35-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). The Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013): A New Leopard Subspecies from South Africa. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 108, December 2013, Safar 1435 AH. pp. 26-42. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/pinkpanther.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013).

Subspecies Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013. BioLib. Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/adtaxon/id300734/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2013). Pink Panther (Panthera pardus roseus Khalaf, 2013). EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/98287 Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2014). Fauna Palaestina – Part Four.

Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2014 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Vier.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2014. ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2014, Ramadan 1435 H. pp. 456 (English part 378 pages and Arabic part 78 pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2014). Poisoning case of an Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) at Wadi Noaman, North East of Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

19 Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 118. October 2014. pp. 1-18. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://animals-of-makkah.webs.com/arabian-leopard-wadinoaman Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher (2015). Killing Incident of an Anatolian Leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana Valenciennes, 1856) in Turkey.

Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 121. January 2015. pp. 1-20. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/anatolianleopard.htm Khalaf-von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam (2015). Fauna Palaestina – Part Five.

Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2016 / Fauna Palaestina - Teil Fünf.

Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2016. ISBN 978-9950-383-92-0. Erste Auflage / First Edition : July 2015, Ramadan 1436 H. 448 pp. (English Part 304 Pages and the Arabic Part 144 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-books.webs.com/ Khalaf-Sakerfalke von Jaffa, Prof. Dr. Sc. Norman Ali Bassam Ali Taher Mohammad Ahmad Mostafa (2017). Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran on sale at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 152, August 2017, pp. 1-21.

Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-panthera-pardus2.webs.com/ Khorozyan, I. (1999). The leopard in Armenia: which subspecies is it? Cat News 30: 2224.

Khorozyan, I. (2003). Habitat preferences by the endangered Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) in Armenia. Zoology in the Middle East 30: 25-36.

Khorozyan, 1. (2004). Strengthening local capacities for biodiversity conservation in Armenia. Final report submitted to The Whitley Awards, UK. Khorozyan, I. and A. Malkhasyan. (2002). Ecology of the leopard (Panthera pardus) in Khosrov Reserve, Armenia: implications for conservation. Scientific Reports of Societa Zoologica "La Torbiera" 6: 1-41.

Kiabi, B. H.; Dareshouri, B. F.; Ghaemi, R. A.; Jahanshahi, M. (2002). Population status of the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) in Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 26: 41-47.

Linnell, J.D.C., J.E. Swenson and R. Andersen. (2001). Predators and people: conservation of large carnivores is possible at high human densities if management policy is favourable. Animal Conservation 4: 345-349.

Lukarevsky V. (2001). The leopard, striped hyena and wolf in Turkmenistan. Moscow, Signar.

Manasyan, M.G., A.T. Grigoryan and A.H. Potosyan. (2002). Siunik Province: nature, population, economy. Yerevan, Nahapet.

Mezhlumyan, S.K. (1985). Hunting in petroglyphs of the Geghama Mountains and Siunik. Biological Journal of Armenia 38: 685-696.

Mishra, C. and A. Fitzherbert. (2004). War and wildlife: a post-conflict assessment of Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor. Oryx 38:102-105.

Miththapala, S., J. Seidensticker and SJ. O'Brien. (1996). Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation. Conservation Biology 10: 1115-1132.

Nanagulyan, S.G. (1987). Macromycetes of Dilijan and Khosrov Reserves of Armenian Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

20 SSR. PhD dissertation. Yerevan, Institute of Botany.

Nowell, K. and P. Jackson. (1996). Wild cats: status survey and conservation action plan.

Gland, IUCN. Panthera pardus ssp. saxicolor. http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/15961/all Persian Leopard Research in Armenia. http://www.ptes.org/events/documents/ArmeniaItinerary.pdf Persian Leopard Research in Armenia. http://www.ptes.org/events/holidays/armenia_sep05.html Pikunov, D.G. and V.G. Korkishko. (1992). The Amur leopard. Moscow, Nauka.

Pocock, R. I. (1927). Descriptions of two subspecies of leopards. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 20:213-214.

Pocock, R. I. (1932). The leopards of Africa. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 543–591.

Probst, Ernst. In Deutschland jagten einst riesige Löwen. http://www.artikelweb.de/db/artikel_in_deutschland_jagten_einst_riesige_loewen.ht ml Reintroducing endangered leopards to the Northern Caucasus. http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/index.cfm?uNewsID=103140 Roza Khutor to bring Persian leopard back to Russia’s Caucasus. http://english.pravda.ru/science/earth/22-05-2007/91916-rosa_khutor-0 Schütt, Gerda (1969). Panthera pardus sickenbergi n. subsp. aus den Mauerer Sanden.

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaeontologie 5, 299–310.

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Takhtajyan, A.L. (1973). Flora of Armenia, vol. 6. Erinaceae-Elaeagnaceae. Yerevan, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The Last Anatolian Leopard. http://wild-cat.org/pardus/leopards/index.htm?lastanatolian.htm The Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Armenia. http://www.persianleopard.com/ The Persian Leopard Prowls its Way to Survival. Khorozyan, Igor, Malkhasyan, Alexander, Asmaryan, Shushanik. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4444/is_200504/ai_n16057590 The Persian Leopard Prowls Its Way to Survival. http://www.persianleopard.com/pdf/leopard_survival.pdf The results of 2001 census of the Republic of Armenia. (2003). Yerevan, State Committee of Organization and Implementation of the RA Census 2001 and National Statistical Service of RA. Video: Kurdish guy Kills thought-to-be-extinct Anatolian Leopard. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PlwFZ5s2c8 Video: http://webtv.hurriyet.com.tr/2/56493/0/1/cobanlarin-oldurdugu-hayvananadulu-leopari-mi.aspx Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017

21 Wikipedia. Anatolian leopard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_leopard Wikipedia. Arabian Leopard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_leopard Wikipedia. Leopard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_leopard Wikipedia. Persian Leopard. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_leopard Wikramanayake, E.D., E. Dinerstein, J.G. Robinson, U. Karanth, A. Rabinowitz, D. Olson, T. Mathew, P. Hedao, M. Conner, G. Hemley and D. Bolze (1998). An ecologybased method for defining priorities for large mammal conservation: the tiger as a case study. Conservation Biology 12: 865-878.

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YouTube. Endangered Persian Leopard skin on sale 1000 US $ Dubai Spice Souq.

21.06.2016. By: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://youtu.be/O3xWfcI032s YouTube, Persian Leopard at Zoological Center Ramat Gan Safari near Jaffa. 03.08.2014.

By: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ep6-l-ebttc Youtube. Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) at the Kölner Zoo, Köln, Germany.

25.09.2012. Video by Ola Khalaf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjePsXdsBfk YouTube. Persian Leopard skin & Iranian Beech Marten Dubai Spice Souq. 21.06.2016.

By: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa. https://youtu.be/JRF_JCbXvoE Zulfiqar, A. (2001). Leopard in Pakistan's North West Frontier Province. Cat News 35: 910.

One of the two Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) skins originating from Iran, at the Spice Souq in Dubai, United Arab Emirates .. Photo by: Prof. Dr. Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa .. 21.06.2016 .. http://leopard-panthera-pardus2.webs.com/

Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological Bulletin – Number 152 – August 2017