2019 First Draft
Forensic Lab examinations Abbreviations, definitions & clinical diagnostic advise‌
H/ Dr. Younis Kashali KHM Research Model Town Mirpurkhas 9/21/2019
Introduction Several times I’ve discussed with different Doctors & laboratories to know about particular specific definitions for key terms of the diagnostic tests. But unfortunately they couldn’t make me satisfied. Then I started research from beginning to the Now. During this I found much useful material to share with other Homoeopathic Doctors & Students, desiring to provide good health care facilities/ establishment with a good & blameless clinical and/or lab diagnosis. Actually being a Homoeopathic Doctor we have not well studied this diagnostic factor, but in clinical practice, we are dealing with this substance. People have various lab examination papers, but we don’t have sufficient awareness to understand as they desires. If you are concerned that homoeopathic doesn’t need any forensic lab examinations. Then I encourage & say you that you are correct & I also understand that homoeopathic deal with miasmatic symptoms only. Even lots of times lab examinations fails to find the situation but sometimes we need to know the internal physical conditions to find its stages or values of blood or chemical reactions or urine & hormones appearance (etc…) to making diagnosis easier and faster. Other thing that this diagnostic method is just for diagnosis; it is not a methodical & curative treatment. So I think it will be beneficial that we aspect and identify each fact. It is the first written draft; I will welcome your all comments and suggestions to make it absolute and publish for whole homoeopathic community. This booklet will discuss specific abbreviations with their full formed name & definitions, homoeopathic first aid and important remedies. Along with I have described that what conditions, which diagnostic tests requires to be advised. I hope my concerns will be helpful to entire seekers and homoeopathic community.
Booklet Title: Booklet subtitle: Booklet chapters:
Features: Forensic Lab examinations Abbreviations, definitions and clinical diagnostic advise… 1. Test definitions, 2. Medical dictionary and 3. First aid.
Thank you, Sincerely
H/ Dr. Younis Kashali Kashali’s Herbal Medicare Model Town Mirpurkhas, Sindh Pakistan
(+92) 307 3180 153 KHM Research Draft | Forensic lab examinations
Table of continents First chapter: Definition & importance of some regular tests 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Subcontinents: CBC (Complete blood count) or Blood CP LFT (Liver Function Test ) Kidney function tests Lipid profile (Cholesterol and triglycerides) Blood Sugar Test (Plasma Glucose Test) Urine Test (Urine D.R) Cardiac Blood Test Thyroid Function Test Blood Tests for Infertility Semen Analysis Tumor Markers (Cancer identifications) Blood test for arthritis Hepatitis A, B, C including HIV (AIDS) Dengue Serology Chikungunya
1 – 10 2 2 3 3 4 4 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 10
Second chapter: Mini Medical Dictionary
11 – 14
Third Chapter: Homoeopathic First Aid Remedies
15 – 18
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Subcontinents: Homoeopathic first aid kit Arthritis and Sciatica Disturbances during Pregnancy Frozen Shoulder pain Homoeopathic remedies for fever High Blood Pressure
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1
Definition & importance of some regular tests
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CBC (Complete blood count) or Blood CP (Complete picture) Name: Definition: Hb or Hbg (Hemoglobin) This is the protein in blood that holds the oxygen. WBC (White blood cells) Also called leucocytes are cells of the immune system. RBC (Red blood cells) They carry oxygen through your body and filter Corbin dioxide. HCT (Hematocrit) This is the volume percentage (%) of red blood cells. MCV (Mean corpuscular volume) This is the average size of the blood cells. Platelets Also called thrombocytes are a component of blood whose function is to stop bleeding by clumping and clotting blood vessel. ESR (Westegren) 1hr An ESR test can help determine a condition that causes inflammation. High ESR level shows inflammatory conditions. LFT (Liver Function Test (LFT’s)) Name: Bilirubin Total
Conjugated (D-Bilirubin)
Unconjugated (I.D Bilirubin) SGOT (AST)
SGPT (ALT)
Alkaline Phosphatase
Total Protein
Definition: Bilirubin is reddish yellow pigment made during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Or Direct Bilirubin is the more soluble, less toxic and conjugated with glucuronic acid. Or Indirect Bilirubin is bound to a certain protein (albumin) in the blood. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, an enzyme that is normally in liver and heart cells. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, an enzyme that is normally in liver and heart cells. Alkane phosphatase is an enzyme found throughout the body. However, it tends to be most concentrated in the liver, the bile ducts, bones and placenta. Is a biochemical test for measuring the total amount of protein in serum.
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Protein in the serum is made up of albumin and globulin. Is produced in the live and forms a large proportion of all plasma protein. Group of protein in blood, play an important role in liver function, blood clotting and fighting infection.
Albumin Globulin
Kidney function tests Name: Blood Urea
Serum Creatinine (S-Creatinine)
Serum Uric Acid
Serum Sodium
Serum Potassium
Chloride
Total Protein
Definition: Urea is a terminal product of protein metabolism. 1g of protein can produce about 0.3g of urea. Is a chemical waste product in the blood that passes through the kidneys to be filtered and eliminated in urine. Is the product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotide and it is a normal component of urine. Sodium is a key to controlling the amount of fluid in your body. Body needs it for brain and muscles to work the right way. A potassium test is used to measure the amount of potassium in your blood. Potassium is an electrolyte that’s essential for proper muscle and nerve function‌ Chloride is an electrolyte that helps keep a proper fluid and acid-base balance in body. Albumin and Globulin are two types of protein is your body. The total protein test measures the total amount of albumin and globulin.
Lipid profile (Cholesterol and triglycerides) Name: Definition: Total Cholesterol This is the total amount of cholesterol in your blood. Triglycerides Triglycerides, another type of fat that causes hardening of arteries. HDL Cholesterol (High-density This is referred to as good cholesterol KHM Research Draft | Forensic lab examinations
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lipoprotein) LDL Cholesterol (Low-density lipoprotein) VLDL (Very Low-density lipoprotein)
because it helps remove LDL cholesterol from blood. This is referred to as bad cholesterol. Too much of it raises your risk of heart attack, stroke and atherosclerosis. It’s considered one of the bad forms of cholesterol along with LDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides.
Blood Sugar Test (Plasma Glucose Test) Name: Definition: RBS (Random Blood Sugar) A random test checks your blood glucose at a random time (after mealtimes) of a day (usually). FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar) Fasting, as the name suggests, means refraining from eating or drinking any liquids other than water for eight hours. 2 hour post-prandial postprandiaL blood glucose test measures blood glucose exactly 2 hours after eating a meal, timed from the start of the meal. Glucose tolerance test A glucose tolerance test measures how well your body’s cells are able to absorb glucose (75 gm), or sugar, after you ingest a given amount of sugar. It performed as Fasting, 1 hour and 2 hour after meal. HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) HbA1c is a marker that can determine your average blood sugar levels over the previous 3 months. Its normal result is from > 4 to < 8. Urine Test (Urine D.R (Detailed report)) Name: Definition: Color It shows urine appeared color, e.g. Yellow, Cloudy or Reddish etc… Appearance Its normal value is “Clear”, but sometimes it appears with different unclear properties. E.g. cloudy urine may be caused by crystals, deposits, WBCs, RBCs, epithelial cells or fat globules. Specific gravity Increase in specific gravity – KHM Research Draft | Forensic lab examinations
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PH
Protein
Glucose
Ketones Bilirubin
Blood
Nitrate
Urobilinogen
Leukocyte esterase
WBC/ HFP (WBCs per high power field)
dehydration, diarrhea, emesis, excessive sweeting, urinary tract/ bladder infection, glycosuria, renal artery stenosis etcâ&#x20AC;Ś A high (alkaline) pH can be caused by sever vomiting, a kidney disease, some urinary tract infections and asthma. Protein may be present in the urine because of acute inflammation or kidney stone disease or as a sign of kidney damage. When blood sugar levels rise well above a target range which can occur in type 1 and type 2 diabetes the kidneys often release some of the excess sugar from the blood into the urine. High ketone levels in urine may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). In certain liver diseases, such as biliary obstruction or hepatitis, excess bilirubin can build up in the blood and is eliminated in urine. Painful blood in the urine can be caused by a number of disorders, including infections and stones in the urinary tract. Painless blood in the urine can also be due to many causes including cancer. This test is commonly used in diagnosis urinary tract infection (UTI). A positive nitrate test indicates that the cause of the UTI is a gram negative organism, most commonly Escherichia coli. Too much urobilinogen in urine can indicate a liver disease such as hepatitis or cirrhosis. Leukocyte esterase is a screening test used to detect a substance that suggests there are white blood cells in the urine. This indicates a UTI. This test is usually ordered to determine is someone has a UTI. If both WBCs and Leukoesterase are elevated it more strongly suggests a UTI.
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Squamous epithelium
Cardiac Blood Test Name: Creatine phosphokinase – MB (CPK-MB) Troponin (Trop - T)
C – Creative Protein and Heart Disease Risk
Thyroid Function Test Name: TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
THYROXINE (T4)
THYROID – Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
The presence of squamous epithelial cells may indicate contamination of the urine specimen.
Definition: CPK-MB test is a cardiac marker used to assist diagnoses of an acute myocardial infarction. A troponin test measures the levels troponin T or troponin I proteins in the blood. These proteins are released when the heart muscle has been damaged, such as occurs with a heart attack. CRP seems to predict the chance of having cardiovascular problems at least as well as cholesterol levels.
Definition: Abnormally high levels most commonly indicate a condition called grave’s disease. This is an autoimmune disorder associated with hyperthyroidism, A high level of T4 indicates an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). Symptoms include anxiety, un-planned weight loss, tremors and diarrhea. Is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce (T4) and the (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body.
Blood Tests for Infertility Name: Definition: FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) It helps control a woman’s menstrual cycle and production of eggs. LH (Luteinizing Hormone Level) In woman luteinizing hormone (LH) is linked to ovarian hormone production and egg maturation. KHM Research Draft | Forensic lab examinations
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Prolactin
Ovarian Reserve (AHM) Test AntiMullerian Hormone Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Serum Calcium
Bone density test
Semen Analysis Name: Volume Concentration (Sperm Count) Motility
Morphology Liquefaction
In woman a prolactin test is done to find out why they are not menstruating or why they are having infertility problems or abnormal nipple discharge. The level of AHM in a womanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s blood is generally a good indicator of her ovarian reserve. It also called cobalamin, is a water soluble vitamin that has a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system via the synthesis of myelin (myelinogenesis) and the formation of RBCs. Is a nutrient essential for proper growth and formation of teeth and bones. A vitamin D test measure the level of 25 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; hydroxyvitamin D and/or 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D in the blood to detect a deficiency or excess. All cells needs calcium in order to work properly. Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth. It is important for heart function and helps with muscle contraction, nerve signaling and blood clotting. A bone density test is the only test that can diagnose osteoporosis before of breaking a bone.
Definition: The average volume of semen produced at ejaculation. Sperm per milliliter. 50 to 150 million quantity is normal counting. How many moving sperm are present? Low motility can also indicate hormonal problems. What percentage of sperm is normally shaped? While semen is initially thick, its ability to liquefy or turn to watery consistency, help sperm to move. If semen does not liquefy in 15 to 30 minutes, fertility
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could be affected. A pH level higher than 8.0 could indicate the donor has an infection.
pH level
Tumor Markers (Cancer identifications) Tumor Marker: Associated tumor types: Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) Hepatocellular Carcinoma, germ cell tumor CA 15 – 3 Breast Cancer CA 27 – 29 Breast Cancer CA 19 – 9 Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer. CA 125 Mainly ovarian cancer, but may also be elevated in endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, lung cancer, Breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. Calcitonin Medullary thyroid carcinoma. Human chorionic gonadotropin Gestational trophoblastic disease, germ (hCG) cell tumor, choriocarcinoma. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) It is a substance that has been detected in patients with certain tumor, namely: neuroblastoma, small cell lung cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, carcinoid tumors, endocrine tumors of the pancreas and melanoma. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Is a protein found in many types of cells but associated with tumors and the developing fetus. CEA is tested in blood. CEA level is the tumor marker most often used in colorectal cancer. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test A prostate-specific antigen (or simply “PSA”) test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen in the blood. PSA is released into a man’s blood by his prostate gland. Blood test for arthritis Name: Rheumatoid factor (RF)
Definition: RF are proteins produced by your immune system that can attack healthy tissue in the body.
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Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (Anti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CCP) HLA â&#x20AC;&#x201C; B 27
C-reactive protein
It detects ANA (antinuclear antibodies) in the blood. Immune system normally makes antibodies to help you fight infection. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide is an antibody present in most rheumatoid arthritis patients. Human Leukocyte Antigen B27 is a major histocompatibility complex class 1 molecule that strongly associated with the disease ankylosing spondylitis. This test measures wide inflammation of body. It measures a substance produced by the liver that increases in the presence of inflammation.
Hepatitis A, B, C including HIV (AIDS) Name: Definition: Hepatitis A It is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is primarily spread when an uninfected (and unvaccinated) person ingests food or water that is contaminated with the faces of an infected person. The disease is closely associated with unsafe water or food, inadequate sanitation and poor personal hygiene. Hepatitis B (HBsAg) This is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It indicates current hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver. During the initial infection people often have mild or no symptoms. Occasionally a fever, dark urine, abdominal pain and yellow tinged skin occur. HIV (AIDS) test definition HIV 1 & HIV 2 HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in serum, saliva or urine. Such tests may detect antibodies, KHM Research Draft | Forensic lab examinations
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antigens or RNA. The CD4 T-cell count is not an HIV test, but rather a procedure where the number of CD4 T-cells in the blood is determined. So remember CD4 T-cells does not check for the presence of HIV. It is used to monitor immune system function in HIV-Positive people. A normal CD4 count can range from 500 cells/ mm3 to 1000 cells/ mm3. In HIVPositive people CD4 count below 200 cells/ÂľL. Dengue Serology Dengue NS1 is a glycoprotein that is common to all dengue Serology serotypes and can be used to detect either primary or secondary infections in the earliest stages. Serology testing for dengue virus-specific antibodies, types IgG and IgM can be useful in confirming primary or secondary diagnosis. Chikungunya Chikungunya
The type of testing performed is typically dictated by the timing and volume of samples available. Blood test is the only reliable way to identify chikungunya since the symptoms are similar to much more deadly dengue fever. Common laboratory tests for chikungunya include for instance RT-PCR and serological tests.
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Mini Medical Dictionary
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Ellipsis AF
Full form/ Meaning atrial fibrillation acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. alcoholic ketoacidosis acute lymphoblastic leukaemia alkaline phosphatase alanine aminotransferase @ (sgpt)
Ellipsis LFT
Full form/ Meaning liver function test
LFTs
liver function tests
LIF
left iliac fossa
LUQ
left upper quadrant
LVF
left ventricular failure
LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
ALT
alanine aminotransferase
MC&S
AMI ARF
MCH MI Min
minutes
BT Ca
acute myocardial infarction acute renal failure aspartate aminotransferase @(sgot) bleeding time calcium
microscopy, culture & sensitivity mean cell hemoglobin myocardial infarction
MPD MRI
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
MS
CAH CBC CCF CCK
congenital adrenal hyperplasia complete blood count congestive cardiac failure cholecystokinin
Na NaCl OA OCP
CF
cystic fibrosis
PACWP
CHD
coronary heart disease
PAD
CNS
central nervous system
PaO2
myeloproliferative disease magnetic resonance imaging multiple sclerosis or mass spectroscopy sodium sodium chloride osteo arthritis oral contraceptive pill pulmonary artery capillary wedge pressure peripheral arterial disease partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood
AIDS AKA ALL ALP ALT
AST
CVD CXR
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complete picture of blood continuous positive airways pressure chronic renal failure cerebrospinal fluid clotting time computer mography cerebrovascular accident (stroke) cardiovascular disease X-ray chest (PA view)
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
RAS
DU
duodenal ulcer
RBBB
COPD CP CPAP CRF CSF CT CT CVA
PB
peripheral blood
PBC
PCL PE PR PT
primary biliary cirrhosis percutaneous coronary intervention plasma cell leukaemia pulmonary embolism per rectum prothrombing time
PV
per vagina
PV RA
plasma volume rheumatoid arthritis renal angiotensin system or renal artery stenosis right bundle branch block
PCI
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DVT
deep vein thrombosis electrocardiography/ or cardiogram electroencephalogram erythrocyte sedimentation rate end-stage renal disease fasting plasma glucose gamma glutamyl transpeptidase gamma glutamile transpeptidase
RBCs
red blood cells
RCC
red blood cell count
Rh
Rhesus (monkey)
RIF
right iliac fossa
RUQ SC
right upper quadrant subcutaneous
SDH
subdural haemorrhage
GIT
gastrointestinal tract
SGPT
GTT GU GvHD
glucose tolerance test gastric ulcer graft versus host disease
SM SOB SVC
HAV
hepatitis A virus
SVCO
HAV HBV HBV
hepatitis A virus hepatitis B virus HBs Ag hepatitis B antigen human chorionic gonadotrophin @ PT : :pregnancy test (by urine) hepatitis: C virus human immunodeficiency virus heparin neutralizing activity high/ blood pressure,@hyper tension intracranial hemorrhage iron deficiency anemia insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus impaired fasting glucose immunoglobulin impaired glucose tolerance ischemic heart disease intramuscular international normalized ratio/rate
SXR T° t1/2
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase smooth muscle shortness of breath superior vena cava superior vena caval obstruction skull x-ray temperature half-life
T4
thyroxine
TA
temporal arteritis
TB
tuberculosis
TFT
thyroid function test
TIAs
transient ischaemic attacks
TLC TPO
INR
international normalized ratio
URTI
ITU
intensive therapy unit
USS
total leukocytes count thyroid peroxidase thyrotropin receptor antibodies thyroid-stimulating hormone thrombin time urea and electrolytes units ulcerative colitis urea creatinine & electrolytes upper respiratory tract infection ultrasound scan (U/S)
ECG EEG ESR ESRD FPG GGT GGT
Hcg HCV HIV HNA HTN ICH IDA IDDM IFG Ig IGT IHD IM INR
SGOT
TRAB TSH TT U&E u/U UC UCE
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IV IVU KUB LBBB LCM LDH
intravenous intravenous urogram kidney, ureter, bladder (xray)/ U-S left bundle branch block left costal margin lactae dehydrogenase
UTI VIII
urinary tract infection C factor VIII clotting activity
VIP
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vit K VSD WBC
vitamin K ventricular septal defect white blood cell
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Homoeopathic First Aid Remedies
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Homoeopathic first aid kit The best way to learn about homeopathy is to experience it directly. Many homeopaths came to homeopathy in the first place through a positive experience of using a remedy in a first aid situation. So I wanted to give you some top tips to put together your own remedy kit to use in first-aid situations for yourself, friends and family and/ or also at your clinical practice. Top 10 Homoeopathic First Aid Medicine with effective usages: 1. ACONITE This remedy is great for shock, such as from bad news or a from having a fall. It is also very effective for treating conditions which come on suddenly, like a sudden sore throat or headache. 2. APIS Youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll want this one when in your kit when you go on holiday! This remedy is used to treat insect bites or stings, and allergic reactions which can be caused by these. Affected areas will be red, hot and swollen, and the pain will be described as stinging. 3. ARNICA This is the classic remedy for trauma, injury and bruising. The typical arnica patient will tell you that theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re fine and avoid attention, but may well still be in shock. This is also a good one for jet-lag. 4. ARSENICUM This is your go-to remedy for food-poisoning. A keynote of this remedy is anxiety, and the patient is likely to be very cold. Pains might be described as burning. 5. BELLADONNA The words red, hot and swollen are keywords for this remedy. This is a great remedy for fever, sunstroke, and for a skin condition such as boils. 6. CALENDULA Calendula can be taken as a pill or as a solution to bathe wounds. This remedy can be used for cold sores, mouth ulcers, cuts or burns. 7. HEPAR SULPH Very painful and infected wounds and abscesses respond well to this remedy. KHM Research Draft | Forensic lab examinations
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8. NUX VOMICA This remedy can be a life-saver in the case of hangover! It also works well for stomach upsets and headaches which were caused by overindulgence in food and / or alcohol. A keynote of this remedy is irritability. 9. RHUS TOX This is a versatile remedy which can be used to treat bruised and sore muscles and joints. It is sometimes used to relieve the pain of arthritis. It is also sometimes used to treat skin rashes like chicken pox and shingles. 10. SULPHUR Skin conditions often respond well to this remedy. Skin may be red and unhealthy looking, and the patient may have scratched a lot. These types of skin reactions or often aggravated from the heat of being in bed.
Arthritis and Sciatica I. II. III. IV. V.
Medorenium 1M weekly/daily Coloucynthis Gnaphalium Rhustox Coluphylum
Note: In acute case 30 or 200 in chronic 200 or Q
Disturbances during Pregnancy SYMPHORICARPUS RACEMOSUS Snowberry (SYMPHORICARPUS RACEMOSA) This drug is highly recommended for the persistent vomiting of pregnancy. Gastric disturbances, fickle appetite, nausea, waterbrash, bitter taste. Constipation. Nausea during menstruation. Nausea, worse any motion. Averse to all food. Better, lying on back. Dose.--Second and third potency. 200th has proved curative. Note: Must take a study for these medicines to use as needed: Sepia, Ipecac, Nux Vomica, Lactic Acid, Tabacum, Nux Moschata, Kreasot, Pulsatilla, Coculus Indicus, Colchicum, Antimonium Crudum, Anacardium , Phosphorus, Arsenicum Alb. KHM Research Draft | Forensic lab examinations
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Frozen Shoulder pain Left or right /both sides Syphilinum 1m weekly or fortnightly one dose in night Right side Sanguinaria can.200 Rhus tox 200 Left side Spigelia 200 Rhus tox 200 Both side Symphitum off 200 Rhus tox 200 (There are many more medicines to choose from)
Homoeopathic Remedies for Fever Study and use as needed: 1. Aconite 2. Belladona 3. Bryonia alba 4. Baptisia T 5. China 6. Hepar sulph 7. Pyroginum There are many more medicines available as expectedly
High Blood Pressure 1. Rouwolfia Ser 2. Corbo Veg 3. Amyl Nit There are many more medicines available as expectedly Note:There are many more remedies to choose from, but hopefully this will give you a good little starter kit. I encourage you to keep studying “Materia Medica”, “Organon of Medicine” and other homoeopathic remedy and constitutional books, along with you may read my miasm study book in urdu language “Miasm a trick or treat” online. You must get in touch continually with homoeopathic experts to be aided by their experience. The End. KHM Research Draft | Forensic lab examinations