State of the Art: Transport Research in Chile by International Cooperation Programme CONICYT

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities State of the Art Report

Table of Contents 1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................6 1.1 Chile at a Glance............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2 National Science, Technology and Innovation System........................................................................................ 8 1.3 Funding schemes for Science, Technology and Innovation............................................................................... 11 2 National Science, Technology and Innovation System......................................................................14 2.1 Funding schemes for Science, Technology and Innovation............................................................................... 14 2.2 Railway transport.......................................................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Air Transport.................................................................................................................................................. 17 2.4 Maritime Transport....................................................................................................................................... 19 2.5 Land Transport.............................................................................................................................................. 21 2.5.1 Interurban transport............................................................................................................................. 23 2.5.2 Urban transport................................................................................................................................... 23 2.6 Transport challenges in Chile......................................................................................................................... 26 3 The transport sector in Chile.............................................................................................................28 3.1 Transport in figures........................................................................................................................................ 28 3.2 Railway transport.......................................................................................................................................... 33

3.3 Air Transport................................................................................................................................................ 34 3.3.1 Aeronautics and air transport............................................................................................................... 34 3.3.2 Sustainable surface transport (rail, road, and waterborne)..................................................................... 35 3.4 Maritime Transport........................................................................................................................................ 39 4 Transport Research in Chile...............................................................................................................40 4.1 The decrease in the impact of transport on climate change............................................................................. 42 4.1.1 Road safety......................................................................................................................................... 42 References.......................................................................................................................................................... 43 Glossary of Abbreviations.................................................................................................................................... 43 Annexes.............................................................................................................................................................. 44

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Published by the European Union Programme of the International Relations Department at CONICYT Santiago, December 2010 This document was developed with funds of the European Union under the scope of the CHIEP II project (Grant Agreement 222705) of the Capacities programme under the Seventh Framework Programme. The content of the document is the sole responsibility of CONICYT and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

1. Introducción The overall objective of this report is to deliveracurrentvisionof scientific research and technological development in Chile related to transport and itsassociatedareas. The specific objectives are: • To bring to readers an overview of the transportation sector in Chile. • To disclose information about relevant research topics and researchers in transportation in Chile. • To provide information to EU researchers on opportunities for cooperation with Chile, in the transportation sector. This study titled “Transport Research in Chile: State of the Art and Capabilities“,has been divided into five chapters. Besides this introduction that presents useful information about Chile, the contents are as presented below: Chapter 2. National science, technology and innovation system.This chapter describes the supporting public and private policies, entities and funding programmes for scientific research in Chile. Chapter 3. Transport Sector in Chile. It delivers an overview of the transportation system in Chile through statistical information divided by the transport sector and helpful descriptions in order to understand the Chilean transport system. Chapter 4. Transport research in Chile. This chapter reports the results of information gathering undertaken to construct a map of research in the transport sector in Chile. Chapter 5. Scientific cooperation between the European Union and Chile.It presents the current initiatives of scientific collaboration between Chile and the European Union and based on the analysis of previous chapters provides recommendations and highlights opportunities to improve scientific and technological cooperation.

1.1 Chile at a Glance Chile is located to the Southwest of South America spanning 4,200 kilometres of continental territory, and 8,000 kilometres if the Antarctic territory is included. The continental territory is located between the 17.50º and the 56.50º South Latitude, and the Antarctic area reaches the South Pole, at 90º South Latitude.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

AmĂŠrica del Sur South America

Chile

Capital

Santiago

Population (2009)

17.09 million people

Gross Domestic Product (2009)

US$ 188.459 million

GDP per capita (2009)

US$ 11.027

PPP GDP per capita (2009 est.) (PPP: Purchasing Power Parity)

US$ 14.600

Currency

Chilean peso

Approximate equivalence

US$ 1= $ 500; â&#x201A;Ź 1= $ 650 (Nov. 2010)

Workforce

7,4 million people

Literacy rate

96%

Main industries

Mining, aquaculture, forestry,-agro-industry, telecommunications,-banking

Main exports

copper, fruit, fish, wine,forest products

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Chile is a unitary State with its central government located in the capital, Santiago, in the central and landlocked Regi贸n Metropolitana. The rest of the territory is divided into 14 administrative regions, all of which have access to the Pacific Ocean. These regions were traditionally ordered from North to South, from I (on the border with Peru) to XII (including the Chilean Antarctic territory). The recently created XIV and XV regions were inserted as a result of the division of other regions and therefore do not follow the same geographical criteria.

1.2 National Science, Technology and Innovation System The National Science, Technology and Innovation System in Chile is composed of public and private entities such as government agencies, companies, universities, technological institutes and research centres which aim at developing research, technology, human capital training and innovation, as well as creating policies to support this. As part of this system, the government formulates public policies, develops a considerable amount of research at the national level and supports research and innovation performed in companies and universities through different funding schemes and financial incentives. State participation is essential for the coordination of the different actors of the System and the development of networks. The State establishes priorities and objectives in this area and defines the National Innovation Strategy to orient the System. Although industry does not conduct a significant amount of research, they finance an important percentage of the research performed by universities and private institutions. Enterprises are where innovation is produced and used. Therefore, a higher participation of the industry sector in research projects must be encouraged since they play a fundamental role in technological innovation by developing the concepts, ideas and knowledge produced by scientific institutions. The education sector forms specialised human capital who later participates in innovation processes at universities and private companies. Universities and research centres develop most of the fundamental research and contribute in applied research and technological development. This activity is financed through direct government contributions, government grants, private company funds and international resources. In Chile there are several public sector agencies in charge of executing Science, Technology and Innovation activities. Some of these are independent institutes and others are under the supervision and dependence of a Ministry. These agencies focus on research, development, transfer and dissemination of technologies in different areas such as agriculture, forestry, mining, fisheries, defence, and public health.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

The National Science, Technology and Innovation System is regulated by a series of norms and laws related to the activity of researchers, their formation and the results of the research process. Included in these are the Statutes of National Science and Technology Organisations1, norms on Funds for Financing Scientific and Technological Research and Tax Incentives for Scientific and Technological Research. In 2005, The National Council of Innovation and Competitiveness was created to propose guidelines for a National Innovation Strategy. Council members include high level authorities from the public, scientific, academic and private sectors. Taking into consideration the opinion of the academic and productive sectors, representatives from different regions and the civil society, the Council integrates diverse visions in order to define national priorities for strategically oriented scientific activities, public policies and to develop an efficient National Innovation System. Following a recommendation of the Council, the Interministerial Committee for Innovation and Competitiveness was formed in 2007 and is integrated by representatives of seven ministries to serve as a counterpart of the Council and implement public innovation policies for competitiveness. The Committee of Ministers defines the National Innovation Strategy after consideration of the recommendations of the authorities from the National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT) and the Chilean Economic Development Agency (CORFO).

President of Chile

National Council of Innovation

Human Capital Science and Technology

Interministerial Committee for innovation

Innovation

MINEDUC CONICYT

Innovation strategy and guidelines

MINECON CORFO (Innova Chile)

Promotes the formation of advanced human capital Strengthens the scientific and technological base

Promotes innovation and technological diffusion

National Science, Technology and Innovation System

There are 27 National Science and Technology Organisations. For a complete list of these and their Statutes, please visit: http:// directorio.conicyt.cl/legislacion/estatuto.html

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

The National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT) is in charge of promoting the formation of advanced human capital, disseminating scientific and technological research and strengthening the country’s scientific and technological foundation. CONICYT is an autonomous public institution which is part of the National Science, Technology and Innovation System and which relates administratively with the government through the Ministry of Education (MINEDUC). The Chilean Economic Development Agency (CORFO) is responsible for increasing competitiveness in Small and Medium Scale Enterprises through innovation and technological dissemination. With this main aim, CORFO finances entrepreneurship, technology transfer and innovation in SMEs, seeks to attract foreign investment, and supports optimisation of management of procedures. CORFO is part of the Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism (MINECON). As part of the National Innovation Strategy, five economic sectors have been identified as the one which offer more development potential for the future: Aquaculture, Agri food, Mining, Global Services and Special Interest Tourism. A large amount of the research CONICYT supports and funds corresponds to the areas of Environment and Energy due to their importance for the development of the country in general, and in the areas of Education and Health since these significantly impact the population’s quality of life. CONICYT also focuses on Chile’s unique natural conditions in order to develop research in the areas of Earth Sciences and Oceanography, and Astronomy. It is in the country’s best interest to increase the number of professionals working in science to a level comparable to countries of similar size and productive profile which excel for their economic growth and innovation. In this sense, the National Innovation Strategy aims at forming advanced human capital that will contribute to the economic, social and human development of the country. In 2009 the National Statistics Institute of Chile (INE) conducted the first national R&D survey which complies with OECD standards. The survey presented that in 2008 the national expenditure allocated for R&D in Chile was of USD 674 million representing 0.4% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product. In more advanced countries, a close relationship is observed between levels of development and of quality of life and the relevance that RTD has in governmental policies. Chile should continue increasing its investment in science, technology and innovation for the forthcoming years and achieve a higher participation and contribution of the business sector in this effort. It is noticed that in countries with a high RTD investment, the participation of the private productive sector is essential and reaches more than 60% of the total2. The aforementioned survey revealed that the industry sector in Chile financed 43.7% of the expenditure in R&D in 2008. According to the National Innovation Council for Competitiveness, Chile’s RTD expenditure should reach 2.3% of the GDP by 2020 and about half of the resources should be contributed by the private sector3.

http://www.conicyt.cl/573/article-35902.html

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

1.3 Funding schemes for Science, Technology and Innovation There are various national funding schemes for science, technology and innovation. The Chilean Economic Development Agency (CORFO) and the National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT) play a key role in the system in financial terms. CONICYT’s programmes and funding schemes are divided into two separate lines: the promotion and strengthening of the national scientific and technological foundation and the formation and training of advanced human capital. Scientific and Technological Foundation • National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FONDECYT): It is the country’s main public fund aimed at supporting and strengthening individual basic research. It finances research projects of excellence in all areas and has caused a significant impact in the generation of a critical mass of researchers. • Fund for Financing Research Centres of Excellence (FONDAP): This funding scheme supports the establishment or strengthening of centres in research areas which are relevant for the country and where basic national science has reached a high development level. Besides promoting research of excellence, these centres are oriented towards the training of advanced human capital and collaborative networking. • Fund for the Promotion of Scientific and Technological Development (FONDEF): This funding scheme aims at promoting a relationship among research institutions and companies for the development of applied research projects, precompetitive development and technology transfer. All projects must have a high socio-economic impact and be oriented to creating or improving products, processes and services. • Astronomy Programme: It seeks to support and strengthen the development of astronomy in Chile by providing grants in this field, managing observation time at telescopes in the north of the country, and managing doctoral and post doctoral scholarships in astronomy among others. • National Fund for Research and Development in Health (FONIS): FONIS was created as a result of a joint effort by the Ministry of Health and CONICYT. Its mission is to create greater technological and scientific development, which in turn will allow better public health decisions to be made in the country at both policy level and clinical and management level. In order to achieve its objective, this programme finances projects, which contribute to the improvement of decision-making in health. FONIS’ beneficiaries are universities, research centres related to health or academics or health personnel directly.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

• Associative Research Programme (PIA):This programme aims to promote the articulation and partnership between different groups of researchers and other national and/or international groups from the academy and/or the private and public sectors. PIA supports the strengthening of structured groups in research areas of excellence at national level, thus contributing to the economy and competitiveness of the Chilean society. The programme is founded on four lines of actions that provide support for: Research Rings, Research and Development Centres, Scientific and Technological Equipment, and Articulation and Liaison. • Regional Programme for Scientific and Technological Development: This scheme supports units of scientific and technological development located in the different regions of the country to promote decentralised research. Training of Human Capital • Advanced Human Capital Formation Programme: This programme focuses its actions on supporting and strengthening the formation of advanced human capital in every area of knowledge, both in Chile and abroad. In order to achieve its goals, this programme has several postgraduate and complementary scholarships. Since 2008, the advanced human capital formation programme has been the executing agency for all postgraduate international scholarships under the BECAS CHILE programme. • Attraction and Insertion of Advanced Human Capital Programme:Its purpose is to increase the scientific, technological and academic capabilities of Chilean institutions devoted to science and technology, by means of attracting international researchers and by inserting highly qualified professionals in academia and productive sectors. In terms of innovation, through a variety of funding schemes, CORFO promotes technology innovation for companies, technological transference and dissemination, pre-competitive innovation, public-oriented innovation, and innovating entrepreneurship among others. In the past years, the country has set forth high-level initiatives, with diverse funding schemes, aimed at scientific and technological development and innovation. These intend to create an impact on productive sectors and knowledge by integrating the best capabilities of the country linking universities, technology centres, research groups and in some cases, enterprises. The Millennium Institutes and Millennium Nuclei are examples of the most outstanding ones. These are integrated by associate researchers and young

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

researchers, and aim at developing cutting-edge research, training young researchers, and working with collaborative networks with foreign centres. These focus their projects towards the industrial sector, education, the public sector and society as a whole. Both Millennium Institutes and Millennium Nuclei are financed through the Millennium Scientific Initiative, a government entity which is part of the Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism (and which was formerly part of the Ministry of Planning). Apart from being financed by the Millennium Scientific Initiative, Millennium Institutes also receive funds from the Innovation Fund for Competitiveness (FIC). Chile is currently implementing through the International Relations Department at CONICYT three multilateral cooperation agreements in science and technology, as well as fifteen bilateral agreements with European countries. The multilateral agreements are: i) STIC-Amsud with Argentina, Brazil, France, Peru and Uruguay in the area of Information and Communication Technologies, ii) MATH-Amsud with Argentina, Brazil, France, Peru and Uruguay in the area of Mathematics and iii) CYTED with Iberoamerican countries in the areas of food/agriculture, health, industrial development, sustainable development, ICT, social sciences and energy. Regarding the bilateral agreements, Chile has four agreements with institutes in Germany, nine with France, one with Belgium and one with Finland. International experience shows that tax incentives are effective instruments for increasing the private sectorÂ´s expense in research and development. Also, a strong relationship between the private sector and research centres is essential for orienting the capacities of research centres towards the satisfaction of companiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs. In Chile, the ties between these sectors are still weak. In Chile, law nÂ° 20,241 of the 19th of January 2008 regulates tax incentives for private investment in research and development. This law has the objective of increasing private investment in research and development and to strengthen the ties amongst universities or research centres and companies. It allows enterprises to obtain a tax credit equivalent to 35 per cent of the total payments of research and development contracts signed with Research Centres registered in the Research Centres Registry and certified by CORFO. This law will be in force until December 31, 2017.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

2. The transport sector in Chile This chapter provides a statistical overview of transport in Chile. A brief description of air, railway, inland waterways, maritime and land transport is presented below.

2.1 Transport in figures • Transport provides about 7% of the gross domestic product4. • Transportation activities use 25% of the total energy consumed in Chile. • Transportation is the largest source of CO2 emissions in Chile. Approximately 36% of emissions due to energy consumption are from the transportation sector. By 2020 emissions could be quadrupled if no mitigation measures are taken.5,6 • Trucks are the main mode of freight transport, both nationwide and international.

Central Bank of Chile, 2011. www.bcentral.cl

National Balance of Energy 2009, Chilean National Energy Commission

World Energy Outlook, 2010, International Energy Agency

4 5 6

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Table 3-1: Freight transport, in tons by mode (2009)7 Truck

Rail

Maritime

Air

669,984,892

25,492,418

106,683,050

262,053

Air

262

Maritime

106,683

Rail

25,492

Truck

669,985

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000 Miles

As in freight transport, most of the interurban passenger transport is done by road.

Compiled from Yearbook of transport. National Statistics Institute. INE 2009

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Table 3-2: Interurban passenger transport by mode, 2009 Road

Railway

Air

51,462,000

23,274,675

9,711,882

Air 9,711,882

Road 51,462,000

23,274,675

2.2 Railway transport The railway transport in Chile began its operation in the mid-nineteenth century. Today, built railroads go from the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s second region to the tenth region (from Antofagasta to Puerto Montt). In the past, there were four international train services: two of these were operational until 2005 and connected the north of Chile with the capital city of Bolivia. In 2010, the State Railway Company (EFE) began the repair of the Chilean section of the FCALP (Arica - La Pazâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Railroad) and expects to complete it in 2012 in order to enable its use again. Another service went from the second region of Chile to the north of Argentina and was used mainly to take goods to the Chilean Port of Mejillones. This service operated between 1943 and 1990 for freight and passenger use. In 2009 this railway service was reactivated. Finally between 1910 and 1984 a bi-oceanic corridor existed between Valparaiso in Chile and Buenos Aires in Argentina.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Nowadays, Chilean railroads are mainly used by the mining and forestry industries for freight transport, and for transport to and from ports. There are six systems for passenger transport in the central region and the State Railway Company (EFE) manages them. The largest is the TerraSur service, which covers 400 kilometres between Santiago and the southern city of Chillan. The most populated cities have urban rails. In Santiago, Metro moves 2.3 million passengers daily through five lines and 92 stations. There are more than 100 kilometres of underground and surface Metro railroads. The urban train of Valparaíso, Merval, has twenty stations and connects the port city of Valparaíso with the town of Limache, 43 kilometres away. Biotrén in Concepción, crosses the city from northwest to southeast, has two lines and twenty-three stops covering almost 50 kilometres.

2.3 Air Transport According to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGAC), Chile has 7 airports for international operations, 28 airfields managed by DGAC, 38 private airfields for public use, 198 private airfields, 6 military airfields and 53 public airfields managed by other institutions. Due to the long and narrow geography of Chile, air transport is essential in order to have rapid, efficient and reliable connections inside the country. The capital, Santiago, is located 2,050 kilometres away from Arica towards the north, and 2,180 kilometres from Punta Arenas towards the south, and 3,750 kilometres of Easter Island. For the above mentioned reason, air transport is vital for the internal connections of 9 million inhabitants who live outside the capital city.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Figure 3-1: Chilean airports and airfields 8

The Figure shows main airports marked with blue circles, main airfields with light blue circles and Arturo Merino Benitez Airport the main air terminal with a red circle.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Air transport provides key connections to global markets for Chilean companies and better access to Chile for tourists worldwide. There are around twenty international airlines operating from Chile to over thirty locations around the world. In2008, air transport in Chile moved 9.7 million passengers, 50.9% of them corresponded to international traffic. On the other hand, domestic traffic grew by 16.5% between 2008 and 2009.9 In Chile, aircrafts have been built throughout history. Since the 1950s, there have been significant efforts to develop the aviation industry by the National Aeronautics Company FANAERO, which later became ENAER, and is still running until today. Complete aircrafts have been built such as the Pillán, the Ñamcú and the Turbo Pillán. Besides being in operation at the School of Aviation of the Chilean Air Force, FACH, the Pillán has been exported to many countries including Spain, Panamá, El Salvador and Paraguay among others. ENAER also participated in the construction of aircraft components used on aircrafts manufactured by the Brazilian Aeronautics Company – EMBRAER –and Spanish aircraft manufacturer, CASA, the oldest Spanish company in aerospace. At the same time, ENAER manufactures aircraft structures and aeronautical parts.

2.4 Maritime Transport Chile has 6,435 km of continental coastline. Chile’s main ports are shown in the figure below. The most important are San Antonio and Valparaiso, both located in the fifth region of Valparaíso.

JAC (Civil Aeronautics Board)

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Figure 3-2: Main ports of Chile

Arica Iquique Antofagasta

Coquimbo Valparaiso San Antonio Talcahuano San Vicente Puerto Montt

Chacabuco

Punta Arenas

With the exception of Santiago, all regions of Chile have major marine terminals managed by the state and by private companies. Statistics of the Economic Commission for Latin America, ECLAC, place Chile, along with Colombia, in the fourth place among the busiest ports in the region, behind Brazil, Mexico and Argentina. The development achieved by the country and its projections for the coming years delivered to the port and maritime sector a key role in Chileâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s competitiveness against the increasing openness of world markets. Maritime transport transfer up to 90% of the foreign trade and its projected growth for the next ten years indicates that freight volumes will double.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

The types of cargo moved through the ports of Chile are very diverse with a preponderance of solid bulk, mainly copper and wood, as shown in Table 3-3. Table 3-3: Tonnage moved by Ports, period 1996-2006 (thousand tons)10 Cargo Type

1996

2001

2006

General Cargo

10.9

13.7

18.7

Refrigerated

1.9

2.4

3.7

Solid Bulk

32.2

25.8

31.1

Liquid Bulk

7.7

10.5

21.6

Transit and Tax Free Zones

2.4

1.5

2.4

General Total

53.9

77.4

Cargo Container

7.9

12.2

23.1

No Bulk Cargo

15.1

17.6

24.8

Cabotage is linked to the needs of transport for connectivity and for tourism purposes. Also in terms of economic and geopolitical importance, domestic passenger transport has a fundamental role in the southern regions of Chile, since it is the only means by which they can connect the eleventh region of AysĂŠn and the twelfth region of Magallanes, located at the far south of the country, to the rest of the mainland.

2.5 Land Transport According to the National Automotive Association of Chile, ANAC, regarding the automotive park in Chile, from 1990 to 2010 the number of vehicles in circulation has tripled, resulting in a motorisation rate of 6.1 persons per vehicle. From 960 thousand cars in 1990, to 2.8 million in 2010. The figure grows along with the GDP per capita in the country, which has also tripled in the same period.

National Ship owners Association

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Table 3-4: Vehicles in circulation by type, 2009 Vehicle type

Public

Freight

Private

Total

174,998

219,509

2,744,581

87%

Freight 219,509 Public 174,998

Private 2,744,581

One of the main problems attributed to vehicles is pollution. According to the National Statistics Institute of Chile, INE, in 2009, 88% of the vehicles had catalytic converter technology. However 50% of the national car fleet are ten years or older, therefore the replacement of vehicles in the fleet for cleaner cars is a challenge in order to reduce the pollution. In Santiago, vehicular restriction was implemented from the mid-1990s as a measure to decrease high levels of air pollution. The restriction prohibits the transit of vehicles without catalytic converters during certain months of the year (April â&#x20AC;&#x201C;September) according to the last digit of their license plates. During episodes of high pollution known as environmental pre emergency periods, this restriction also extends to vehicles with catalytic converters, buses and trucks included.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

2.5.1 Interurban transport Regarding interurban transport infrastructure, a consistent partnership between state and private enterprises, through an innovative system of highway franchises has modernized and strengthened the Chilean road network. There are over 80 thousand kilometres of roads across the country connecting productive activities from Arica in the far north region of Chile to Quellón in the Island of Chiloé. In the south of Chile, the southern highway Carretera Austral connects the city of Puerto Montt to Villa O’Higgins in Patagonia. Although there are no official statistics on the number of passengers carried by interurban buses, due to the poor coverage of rail services and air transport and the good connectivity given by road networks, the major part of these interurban trips are madeby bus.

2.5.2 Urban transport In order to improve mobility in large cities - such as Santiago, Gran Concepción and Gran Valparaíso - and medium sized cities, the Secretary of Transportation Planning, SECTRA, defined a Master Plan for Urban Transport. These plans involve investments in road infrastructure, the improvement of public transport or automatic systems of traffic control. Master Plans of Urban Transport are defined for 24 cities. In smaller cities, the improvements are reflected in a Master Plan for Traffic Management. These plans mainly aim at diagnosing the current operative transport networks and then formulate, technically analyse and socially evaluate a set of projects of road infrastructure and management measures including plans for pedestrians and bicycle facilities. The city of Santiago has four modern highway systems. There are 155 km of highways with a free flow toll system through an electronic device, known as TAG, attached to the windshield of every vehicle.

2.5.2.1 Modal Split Table 35 shows the modal split for some major Chilean cities. Most motorised trips are done by public transport, except for the cities of Rancagua and Punta Arenas. For non-motorised travel, cycling mode shows a low participation in the overall total, with less than 5% except in the cities of Curicó, Talca and Chillán. Unfortunately the information on modal split is not updated on a regular basis except for the case of Santiago, so it is difficult to define and evaluate policies, for example, aimed at encouraging the use of public transport.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Table 3-5: Modal split of some cities in Chile11

Year

Total trips

Arica

1998

Iquique

City

Motorised Trips

Non-motorised trips

Private Transport

Public Transport

Others

Walk

Bicycle

348,113

22%

38%

33%

1998

407,397

27%

38%

30%

Antofagasta

1998

527,930

25%

48%

23%

Copiapó

1998

220,335

19%

40%

32%

La Serena Coquimbo

1999

528,431

15%

44%

34%

Gran Valparaíso

1999

1,235,878

17%

60%

17%

Gran Santiago

2006

17,333,023

22%

33%

37%

Rancagua

2006

670,869

32%

28%

30%

Curicó

2003

245,710

19%

31%

33%

12%

Talca

2003

523,270

20%

33%

37%

Chillán

2003

445,089

19%

26%

41%

Los Ángeles

2004

278,025

21%

29%

10%

36%

Gran Concepción

1999

2,846,001

12%

35%

17%

35%

Temuco

2002

657,770

21%

40%

33%

Valdivia

2002

375,766

23%

38%

33%

Osorno

2002

363,818

20%

37%

Puerto Montt

2004

365,904

29%

32%

33%

Punta Arenas

2005

226,498

33%

29%

28%

In Santiago, between 1991 and 2001 there was a large increase in private transport trips as the use of public transport decreased (See Figure 33), by 2006 the situation still remains the same. This is mainly due to two reasons, firstly the increase in the motorisation rate and secondly the decrease in the level of service of public transport reflected in increases of travel times, transfers and fares.

www.sectra.cl

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Figure 3-3: Evolution of participation of public and private transport in Santiago

2006

2001

1991

10%

20%

30%

Public Transport

40%

50%

60%

Private Transport

Transantiago is a public transport system that serves Santiago. The system was introduced in February 2007. It standardised bus routes and eliminated redundancies. The system combines local (feeder) bus lines, main bus lines and the Metro (subway) network. It includes an integrated fare system, which enables passengers to make bus-to-bus or bus-to-metro transfers for the price of one ticket, using a single contactless smart card.

2.6.2.3 Non-motorised modes In 2002, the Chilean government began the GEF-UNDP12 project “Sustainable transport and air quality for Santiago” which aims to reduce greenhouse emissions from urban transport and improve air quality in the capital city. One of its components is the Programme for Promotion of Cycling. During the development of the first phase of the GEF project, cycle paths were built in the Región Metropolitana districts of Ñuñoa, Providencia and Santiago, aiming to create a bikeway corridor for a high number of potential users as the specific objective of the GEF project is to promote a modal shift from private cars to the bicycle mode. The district of Providencia in Santiago is the first to have a public bicycle programme. Currently, the service rents 150 bicycles, has 350 users per day and 10,000 trips per month.

Global Environmental Facilities – United Nations Development Programme

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

The Metropolitan area of Santiago has the “Cycle Route Plan 2007-2012”, which encourages, since 2007, the development of exclusive lanes for bicycles to form a broad network that involves 690 kilometres of bike paths in the entire metropolitan area by 2012. Figure 34, shows a map of the Santiago Metropolitan Area, where the blue lines represent the existing bike path network and the yellow lines show the objective network of the plan. Figure 3-4: Cycle Route Plan 2007-2012

There is also a strong programme to encourage the use of bicycles in the eighth region, especially in Gran Concepción, known as Ciclobío, which includes the construction of 70 kilometres of bike paths, which will be added to the existing network of 24 kilometres.

2.6 Transport challenges in Chile In recent years, Chile has made major changes to modernise transportation systems in the country, nevertheless it is possible to identify areas where improvements are still needed. The main ones are:

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

• Urban transport: Although Transantiago has contributed to a reduction in the number of buses circulating in Santiago and thereby to a decrease in air pollution and noise, it is needed to make urgent improvements to the infrastructure intended to give priority to buses, bus stops and modal transfer stations with the Metro, as its passenger traffic increased by 81% in 2007 over 2006, totalling 601 million trips in 2007 and 620.7 million trips in 2010.

Also, the full implementation of fleet management software and useful user information services is necessary. After four years of its implementation, Transantiago still needs adjustments regarding the routes, procurement contracts with bus operators and strategies to reduce the payment evasion rate what has contributed to a financial deficit of the system.

At the same time, it is necessary to optimise the urban transport systems in cities such as Gran Valparaíso and Gran Concepción.

• Intermodal transport: Intermodal transport combines two or more modes of transport. This combination can be useful to significantly reduce economic costs, to improve shipment security, reduce pollution and energy consumption. Chile needs a framework to ensure optimal integration of different transport modes and in this way provide continuous door-to-door services that meet customer needs and enable effective and efficient use of the transport system, while promoting competition among operators. This framework should include technical, legal and infrastructural topics among others. • Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS): In Chile, there are many ITS applications in Santiago and in cities across the country. However, all these have been developed under the management of different public and private institutions, and in most cases have lacked proper coordination among the different sectors, resulting in a non-integrated vision for ITS applications. SUBTRANS has carried out studies to establish an ITS legal and regulatory framework and is also currently developing a national ITS architecture to achieve the exchange of information and interoperability among ITS elements to reduce project implementation costs.

Therefore, Chile offers a big challenge in order to use the full potential of ITS in all modes, for freight or passenger transport and for public or private operators.

• Climate Change, energy efficiency and sustainable transport.: As shown at the beginning of this chapter, transport activities consume 25% of the total energy used in the country and are the largest source of CO2 emissions in Chile. SUBTRANS is working in a fuel efficiency label for light vehicles, and in several programmes to teach eco-driving to bus and truck drivers.It is also needed to encourage the use of more efficient and less pollutant technologies for land, air and maritime transport, as part of a comprehensive strategy for climate change in the transport sector.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

3. Transport Research in Chile This chapter describes the transport research activities in Chile related to the priority areas of FP7. The FP7 areas defined by the European Union for transport are: Aeronautics and air transport ● Reduction of emissions, work on engines and alternative fuels ● Air traffic management ● Safety aspects of air transport ● Environmentally efficient aviation Sustainable surface transport rail, road and waterborne ● Development of clean and efficient engines and power trains ● Reducing the impact of transport on climate change ● Intermodal regional and national transport ● Clean and safe vehicles ● Infrastructure construction and maintenance, integrative architectures.

3.1 Research capabilities in the transport sector In Chile, transport research is mainly carried out by academics conducting research at universities in different areas. Eight universities offer specialised university degrees in transport, three in the Metropolitan Region, three in the Valparaíso Region, two in the Bio-Bio Region and one in Los Rios Region.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Table 4-1: University degrees in transport in Chile University Degree

University

Region

Transportation Engineering

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso

Valparaíso

Maritime Engineering

Universidad Andrés Bello

Valparaíso

Maritime Transportation and Ports Engineering

Universidad del Mar

Valparaíso

Logistics Civil Engineering

Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción

Biobío

Civil Engineering major in Transportation

Universidad de Concepción

Biobío

Civil Aerospace Engineering

Universidad de Concepción

Biobío

Marine Engineering

Universidad Austral

Los Rios

Civil Engineering major in Transportation

Universidad de Chile

Metropolitana

Civil Engineering Transportation diploma

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Metropolitana

Logistics Engineering

Universidad Andrés Bello

Metropolitana

Other active researchers also develop scientific research in transport as academics in other areas of engineering such as Civil, Mechanical, Commercial and Industrial Engineering. Thirty-three active researchers were identified across the country. Regarding their distribution, the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile concentrated the major part with twelve researchers, followed by the Universidad de Chile with five and Universidad de Concepción with four. See the Annexes for a full list of researchers and their research areas. Even though the scientific community may seem limited, it is important to highlight that all of them hold a PhD degree. The quality of researchers is also reflected in the prolific paper publishing in ISI-indexed journals and participation in specialised national and international conferences (For a list of recent ISI publications see the Annexes).

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Chilean academics have made important contributions at international level in the study of transport systems. In 2011the fourth edition of the book “Modelling Transport” was published. This book is considered part of the key literature references of undergraduate and graduate transportation students. The authors13present the state of the art and practical application of trips models generation, trip distribution models, discrete choice theory and application, transport demand models and freight demand models. The continuous advances in research have allowed including in this last edition topics about modelling transport industry and activity-based modelling. This book incorporates recent issues like treatment of risk analysis and the dynamic interaction between land use and transport as well as valuation of externalities and the role of GPS in travel time surveys. The references in this book include the latest research findings of Chilean universities´ academics placing their work at the same level as their international peers. Research on discrete choice models have provided new knowledge about development and predictive power of logit, multinomial logit, mixed logit and probit models with varied applications in the transportation choice making process.14 Another area of strong growth is transport economy, in this area Chilean researchers have made steady contributions from the 80s. The analysis of the cost functions of transport companies has allowed the formulation of theories and practical applications for the calculation of optimal rates, as well as the study of cost structures and economies of scale and space15. Although not yet introduced in Chile, the theory of congestion road pricing has been widely studied and discussed at national level. In accordance with the needs of local research, studies have been conducted about the microeconomic theory of public passenger transport including users behavioral characteristics . The traffic engineering has also made contributions to scientific and technological development of transport engineering in Chile. This discipline has contributed to the definition of models to simulate urban traffic operations primarily through the estimation of parameters that represent the actual conditions, for example, capacity of roads in different traffic conditions, analysis of operations at bus stops and the study of the impact on the operating times at public transport bus stops in variables such as the width and number of doors and the system of fare payment.16 Another area of study within the interests defined by the Chilean Society of Transportation Engineering, SOCHITRAN17, corresponds to logistics and distribution. The development of new technologies have supplemented the progress in the investigations in this field to improve the operations of fleets of passenger

PhD. Juan de Dios Ortúzar from Pontificia Universidad Católica of Chile and PhD. Luis Willumsen Chilean transport consultant based in Britain since 1975.

See a list of PhD Juan de Dios Ortúzar and PhD Marcela Munizaga papers in Annexes

See a list of PhD Sergio Jara-Diaz and PhD Leonardo Basso papersin Annexes.

See a list of PhD Rodrigo Fernández papers in Annexes.

www.sochitran.cl

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

and freight, introducing fleet management in real-time for dynamic allocation of fleet, routes and crew18. In particular, the data obtained from vehicle tracking devices introduced into Transantiago buses have allowed the analysis and continuous improvement of the operations of public transport corridors in Santiago. While academics do their research in specific areas, there are also centres associated to universities, which conduct research on transportation in an interdisciplinary way. The Complex Systems of Engineering Institute of the Universidad de Chile (ISCI) is one of the eight Millennium Institutes existing in the country, which collaborates with private and public entities in applied research. In addition to transportation professionals, ISCI researchers include economists, industrial engineers and mathematicians. Table 43 shows some of the most important projects of the centre. Table 4-3: ISCI Projects19 Projects in Transport Industry19 Analysis and validation of design criteria in areas of public transport by micro simulation Crew Assignment Design of Public Transport simulation Diagnosis, Analysis and Recommendations on the Development of Public Transportation in Santiago INTERCOR: Optimisation of intermodal coordination Measurement Methodology of the quality of public transport services (La Serena, Coquimbo, Temuco) Methodological design and implementation of evaluation models of service quality at airports PBCT-R19, Developments in Modelling Urban Systems Pro Bike: Methodology of Planning and Management Strategies for the Promotion of the Bicycle REPLICA: Spanish Network for Intermodal Logistics Platforms Shipping logistics optimisation Sustainable Campus Tempo: Study of the Social Conditions for a Sustainable Transport sector Valuation of travel time savings and reductions in risk of road accidents

See a list of PhD Ricardo Giesen and PhD CristiĂĄn CortĂŠs in Annexes.

www.isci.cl

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

The BusRapidTransit (BRT) Centre managed by the Department of Transport Engineering of the Pontificia Universidad Católica began as a project to create a centre of excellence in sustainable transportation, funded by the Volvo Research Foundation. Its aim is to support the deployment of a BRT system through research, education and outreach with emphasis on the development of BRT20 but also working on other transport research areas related to sustainable transport. The centre works with local authorities to perform continuous improvements to the public transport system. This centre works on projects nationally and internationally with its international partners: Lisbon Technical University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Sydney and EMBARQ Centre for Sustainable Transport. Most of the Chilean researchers of the centre are professors at the Transport Engineering Department at the Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Chile. They work with Chilean professionals of other disciplines such as sociologists and architects and with their researchers’ network from others countries including Brazil and Mexico. The scope of the research of BRT Centre is international. This centreaims to implementa observatory for monitoringparameters that allowsto characterizeand make comparasions of thepublic transport servicesin various cities. The Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción runs the Maritime and Port Research Centre (CIMP). Its lines of research and development include: • Coastal Land Management (Geographic Information Systems, Energy from the Oceans, Aquaculture and Fisheries) • Coastal Modelling and Design (Port Infrastructure, Coastal Infrastructure, Flood Risk Maps and Environmental Impact) • Management and Logistics and Port Operation (Simulation, port operations, supply chain, Transport and Maritime Economy) The Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at the Universidad de Chile, through a cooperation agreement with the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK), German research centre funded the International Centre for Sustainable Urban Development (IDUS) with the participation of the Civil, Industrial and Mechanical Engineering and Geophysics departments of the Universidad de Chile. IDUS was established in order to conduct research, encourage technology transfer and develop postgraduate teaching in the field of sustainable development of megacities in Latin America. This interdisciplinary centre encompasses areas of policy, planning, modelling systems (transportation, land use and air pollution) and quantification and assessment of impacts in energy and health.

www.brt.cl

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

The Latin American Logistics Innovation Centre of Chile (CLI-Chile) was created in 2010 resulting from a partnership between the Universidad Andrés Bello and the foundation LOGyCA that is part of an international network for innovation in logistics that includes the Logistics Research Centre of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The main research areas of CLI – Chile are: • Certification of Energy Efficiency and Carbon Footprint in Transport. • Security (Security & Safety) in transport operations. • Humanitarian Logistics(Logisticsin Emergencies andDisasters). • Sustainability in Supply Chains. • Mobile technology in logistics and Health Program (MIT NextLabm-Health and m-Logistics). • Radio-frecuency identificaction, RFID, in Retail The CLI-Chile belongs to the CLI network, so it works in coordination with others network members, for example in a project that seeks to encourage the use RFID in Retail, with CLI-Colombia-LOGyCA. In addition to CLI network´s researchers, CLI-Chile works with scientists from MIT and TEC de Monterrey, Mexico. NGOs in Chile related to transportation issues do not usually conduct research. One exception to this is Ciudad Viva, which manages the Active Transportation Centre and works to promote social equality in active transport. Ciudad Viva is working with public and private institutions and has helped to develop a chapter for the urban design manual used in Chile together with national transportation authorities and Dutch experts to include in the manual solutions for mobility of non-motorised modes of transport.

3.2 The role of the private sector It is difficult to quantify the presence of researchers in both public and private companies. Two factors might explain it, one is the lack of written products for international publishing and the other is companies’ privacy policy on research and technological development in order to protect their intellectual property from other companies. However, it is possible to identify two options by which private enterprises contribute to scientific and technological research in Chile. The first is research in the framework of companies seeking to improve their products or build new ones; this is mostly applicable to companies engaged in the design, construction, management and maintenance of transport infrastructure. In this case it is necessary to consider that Chile has a policy of expanding public infrastructure (mainly roads, ports and airports) based on a public-private partnership, led by the Concessions Coordination Unit of the Ministry of Public Works, MOP, open to the participation of foreign companies.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

The second relates to consulting firms that carry out research in the framework of projects commissioned by third parties. The main client is the Chilean Government through its agencies such as SECTRA, SUBTRANS, MOP and others in which there are no units dealing with research. In addition, a third less spread way corresponds to collaborative initiatives of research universities funded by private companies and conducted by universities aimed to solve specific problems. This is the case of companies in which transport is the main activity or companies in wich transport have a major part of share in their operation costs.

3.3 Research in FP7 areas The previous sections of this chapter described research in transport developed in Chile during recent years. This section further develops the information and connects these activities with the FP7 priority areas for transport.

3.3.1 Aeronautics and air transport In Chile, there is not an industry working on the manufacturing of commercial aircrafts. However, in recent years, research centres have been established and cooperation agreements have been signed aiming to develop this area of research in Chile. Civil and military aeronautics focus their investigation and technological development on the design and manufacture of unmanned aerial vehicles which are reliable, scalable and low costing for civilian use and the development of clean production methods for structures in lighter materials to export as certified aircraft parts. The Centre for Science Research and Development in Aerospace was created in 2009, in order to meet the needs of the Air Force of Chile in the field of scientific research, innovation and technological development with emphasis on improving the aircrafts’ material performance. In 2010 the Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria signed a cooperation agreement with the Air Force of Chile and the Universidad de Concepción aimed to support the training of human capital in aeronautical sciences. Universidad de Concepción is working to develop unmanned aircrafts while ENAER develops aircraft for civilian use and aircraft parts for international clients such as Dassault Aviation and CASA-Spain.

3.3.1.1 Reduction of emissions, work on engines and alternative fuels The Chilean government has developed instruments to promote the so-called second-generation biofuels focused on their efficient production and improving their performance. Nevertheless, it has not taken the step to test these biofuels in aircrafts although there is international evidence that a mix of traditional fuels with biodiesel could be used in their operations. Regarding alternative fuels, several research groups are focused on improving the production of micro and macro algae for biodiesel production. Privileged geographical conditions exist in Chile for mass cultivation of microalgae.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

3.3.1.2 Air traffic management In Chile, DGAC is responsible for setting standards and technologies that operate at airports along the country. DGAC is also in charge of the preparation of traffic operators, through its Aviation Technical School with the Chilean Air Force. Since there is no local development of technology for air traffic management, DGAC focuses on technology transfer for the adoption of the latest technologies available for their use in the Chilean air terminals.

3.3.1.3 Safety aspects of air transport The Airport Security Service of the DGAC is the authority on matters of civil aviation security in the country in airports and airfields, which are run according to the rules of the International Civil Aviation Organisation. Although Chile does not have active researchers working on this topic, local authorities are up to date in international advances to incorporate the latest technologies and best practices in airport security operations.

3.3.1.4 Environmentally efficient aviation In Chile there are no emissions standards for air transport, however the regulations adopted by the European Union about CO2 emissions and noise pollution should positively affect the environmental impact of air transport in the country although there is no active research activities focused on this topic in Chile. Currently there are only three national airlines. In 2010 Lan-Chile, the largest airline in the country with a strong presence in Latin America, created its Environment Management Unit. Since its creation, its main objective has been to certify and reduce the carbon footprint of the company in accordance to environmental policies of major international airlines. There has been an aircraft upgrade to cleaner technologies and the company has a plan to continue the upgrade of its fleet and the purchase of new AIRBUS aircrafts including environmental variables in its decisions based on the international technological advances.

3.3.2 Sustainable surface transport (rail, road, and waterborne) 3.3.2.1 Development of clean and efficient engines and power trains In the 1980s, the Mechanic Department of the Universidad de la Serena, located in the Coquimbo Region, carried out projects with FONDECYT funds aimed at studying the use of secondary fuels in diesel engines to improve their performance and reduce their contaminant effects. Nowadays the Universidad de la Serena has defined other priority areas of research. The Mechanical Engineering Department of the Universidad de Chile has developed emission models to compare technologies and explore the impact of introducing new technologies in the Transantiago buses. CONICYTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Millennium initiative funded the creation of the Industrial Electronic and Mechatronics Nuclei, which is composed by researchers from two university groups:

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

• Power Electronics Group – Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso. (Led by Professor Jorge Pontt). • Power Electronics Group – Department of Electrical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Región Metropolitana. (Led by Professor Juan Dixon). This Nuclei conducts research in engines and power systems and has made successful work on prototypes of electric vehicles.

3.3.2.2 Reducing the impact of transport on climate change In Chile there are several lines of research and technological development aimed at reducing the impact of transport on climate change, among which we can mention the development of fuel efficient vehicles; vehicle emissions modelling; shift transport mode, non-motorised transport and land use planning. Due to pollution problems in Santiago and other Chilean cities, government funds have helped to encourage research in advanced models to estimate emissions of air pollutants generated by the urban road transport sector. To reduce emissions, studies are conducted on combustion processes (traditional and developing technology assessment) and on improvements of traditional and alternative fuels. The OECD in their report “Cities and Climate Change” confirmed that urban areas use most of the world’s energy and are responsible for most emissions of greenhouse gases in the planet. In Chile, universities host major research capabilities that result in the development of models of land use, urban transport systems operation and externalities to simulate current conditions and evaluate the impacts of new projects or policies. The department of transportation engineering at the Universidad de Chile has been working on the software MUSSA, a mathematical model to predict and simulate the urban real estate market to a variety of possible scenarios integrating the study of the transport system and land use. Today the company CITILABs sells this software, which is being used for academic purposes at universities in the United States and Asia. In addition to the already mentioned research centres specialised in transport (BRT, ISCI and IDUS), there are other organisations that work on topics of sustainable development and climate change considering the impacts of transport activities in the environment. Table 44 Sustainability research centres Name

Institution

Research Topics

Sustainability Centre

Universidad Andrés Bello

Pollution Climate Change

Energy and Sustainable Development

Universidad Diego Portales

Climate change Oil scarcity Technological innovation

Studies and Research in Energy Programme

Universidad de Chile

Energy efficiency Non-conventional renewable energies

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Today in Chile there is growing interest in the measurement, verification and in the decreasing of the carbon footprint of products and services. This becomes important in a country like Chile, which bases its economy on foreign trade and that is away from its target markets so transport has a major influence in the carbon emissions related to exported items. Researchers at the Centre for Logistics Innovation of the University Andres Bello, CLI, participated in the process of measuring CO2 emissions that allowed to a Chilean land transport company to be the first in Latin America to be certified by the New Zealander program carboNZero. The development ofenergy efficiency programsin transportby theChilean government andprivateinitiativeshas helped to strengthen the capacity ofconsulting firms anduniversitiesin the development ofmethodologies for measuringfuel consumption,implementingprograms to reduceconsumption and itssubsequent verification. Thedevelopment of modelshas also contributedto the estimation ofwillingness to pay forthe externalitiesassociated withtransporteitherthey relates to environment, road accidentsor other21.

3.3.2.3 Inter-modal regional and national transport Challenges presented by the geographical location of Chile have strengthened scientific and technological development of inter-modal transport. In the case of shipping, most of the research capacities are related to universities located in port cities like Valparaiso and Concepci贸n which focus on information and communications technologies (ICT) uses to improve competitiveness of ports in Chile. The current research activities include the incorporation of information technologies that enable efficient operations in an intermodal environment, especially in interfaces that result by the operation of shipping and cargo transportation by truck as the main mode that brings freight to ports. At national level, the changes to improve public transport systems have created a close collaboration between the Secretary of Transport authorities and universities for the study of infrastructure and operation solutions to suit the new requirements of the system. Examples of this are the construction of intermodal bus-metro stations, public transport corridors and the design of high standard bus stops. The Secretary of Transportation has as a strategic goal, the incorporation of intelligent technology applied to transportation management. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) encompass the application of telecommunications technology, computer science, which add value to the transportation system, and thus improve its operation. To meet these strategic objectives, the following lines of work have been set:

See PhD Luis Rizzi papers in Annexes

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

• ITS in Railmode • ITS for Traffic Safety • ITS urban mobility solutions for the disabled • ITS communication and information systems for commuters • ITS in MaritimeTransport • ITS Logistics and Foreign Trade

3.3.2.4 Clean and safe vehicles In Chile, there is not an automotive industry. However, it is possible to identify initiatives that can contribute to the development of new vehicles more efficient and less polluting. Chile, Bolivia and Argentina are the countries with the largest lithium reserves in the world. To tap this potential, researchers at the School of Chemistry and Biology Universidad de Santiago22 and the Center for Innovation Lithium Energy at the Universidad de Chile23, are focusing on the production of lithium batteries, which seeks to grant greater autonomy to these batteries for electric cars use. Also students and teachers from the Physical Sciences and Mathematics School at the Universidad de Chile have contrived a solar racing car Eolian II, in collaboration with the School of Architecture and Urbanism. Eolian II is an electric car powered by an array of small solar cells spread across the upper surface of the vehicle.

3.3.2.5 Infrastructure construction and maintenance, integrative architectures Along the country there are several schools of engineering working in research topics related to infrastructure, focusing mostly on road infrastructure. The Pontificia Universidad Católica, through its School of Engineering and Construction Management, works on the study of new materials such as foamed bitumen and construction systems with a component of minimizing the environmental impact considering the life cycle of pavements, evaluating the energy consumption of asphalt rehabilitation techniques, investigating the use of asphalt with recycled materials and maintenance procedures for concrete pavements.24 Meanwhile, the Universidad de Concepción focuses its research on integrating pavement design parameters affecting road safety such as slip resistance, side friction and the equations used in geometric design of roads. With regard to infrastructure management the researchers address the problem of road maintenance in Chile from the point of view of quality management. This is consistent with the current view in road

http://www.quimicaybiologia.usach.cl/

http://www.centroenergia.cl/

See papers of PhD Guillermo Thenoux in Annexes

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

infrastructure which tends to consider the user as a client and set the role of the state highway agency as the responsible to provide adequate maintenance of the network25. Projects at the Universidad Federico Santa Maria have been related to the study of asphalt technology, in terms of its mechanical properties complemented by laboratory experiments to understand the behavior of this material under different scenarios of load and temperature.26

3.4 Funding sources Funding for the Engineering Science comes primarily from state granted funds: FONDECYT, FONDEF, Millennium Nuclei and Millennium Institutes and Bicentennial Science and Technology Programmes27. Those funding sources were described in detail in Chapter 2. These grants have also funded a significant proportion of transport research in Chile. Ninety-four research projects related to the transport discipline funded by CONICYT have been carried out in the last 15 years. The FONDECYT database analysis provides figures of the distribution of those projects. This database shows that studies have focused more frequently on urban transport (15%) and public transport (10%), 9% are related to road infrastructure construction and maintenance and 5% to urban planning and transport. Other areas of research are demand modelling, transport economics, user behaviour, transport externalities assessment, network modelling among others. A full list of these research projects is presented in the Annexes. CORFO, through its committee INNOVA Chile, has developed a wide range of support lines, which operate through co-financing innovation initiatives.One of these lines is the “Pre-investment for research and development of international partnerships”. This grantis seeking to promote collaboration between Chilean and foreign R&D institutions, preferably with countries with which Chile has signed an International Convention on Science and Technology or R&D Cooperation.28 Another source of fundingfor the development oftransport researchin Chile is given by foreign research centres and universities through cooperation agreements with local universities that focusprimarily onhuman capital through the exchangeof graduate studentsand local capacity building through intern ship sabroad.

See papers of PhD Tomás Echevaguren in Annexes

See papers of Gabriel García in Annexes

National Sciences Academy, 2005.

For further information visit http://www.corfo.cl/

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

4. Scientific cooperation between the European Union and Chile According to CORDIS29database,Chile has participated in the following projects regarding past Framework Programmes: INTEGRAIL: INTElligent inteGration of RAILway systems   Sixth Framework Programme Coordinator: Union of European Railway Industries. Chilean partner: Mathematic Modelling Centre, Universidad de Chile. MODURBAN: Modular urban guided rail systems Sixth Framework Programme Coordinator: Union of European Railway Industries. Chilean partner: Mathematic Modelling Centre, Universidad de Chile. Chile was part of the project Coopair-LA, with a budget of 333,074 euros financed by the FP7 and led by the National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), a Spanish public research entity. Other Latin American country partners were Brazil, Argentina and México. The high level of research conducted in recent years put Chile as one of the leaders in the region with an installed capacity of skilled human capital for the development of projects in the frontier of knowledge in various areas of transport research. Chilean researchers are actively involved in the editorial boards of scientific journals in Europe, evaluation committees for doctoral thesis in European universities and international scientific societies. In addition, most of Chilean researchers have done their post graduate studies in foreign universities, which has led to maintain strong links with the international scientific community through the continued development of joint projects. Pontifícia Universidad Católica academics and Universidad de Chile participate in the project TEMPO: Transport and Environment - Measures and Policies, led by the Institute of Transport Economics in Oslo. This project will last 4 years and its main purpose is to give to policy-makers relevant information in order to formulate policies that support the mitigation of transport effects on climate change. In addition to the

29 http://cordis.europa.eu/

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

Chilean researchers, scientists from universities in Germany, UK and Austria have expressed interest in participating in this project. The University of Los Andes is working together with the Pedestrian Accessibilit and Movement Environment Laboratory (PAMELA) at University College London in the study of field data and laboratory tests of public transport operations. In the examples above, we add the eminently collaborative research at international centers and described: BRT, IDUS, CLI and ISCI. There are challenges that Chile shares with the European Union on transport and represent potential research areas, within which we can mention the following: • De-carbonisation of transport for all modes, environmental sustainability and fossil fuel scarcity. • To revitalise the railways by creating an integrated, efficient, competitive and safe network dedicated to freight services. • Urban growth, urban planning of megacities and globalisation. • Lower the rate of journeys made by private vehicles while introducing cleaner technologies and prioritise the investments into infrastructure to make the alternatives cheaper, easier, and more attractive. • Emphasis on Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), which can help deliver efficient mobility to people and goods, while minimising negative effects on health, nature, the economy and quality of life. Although there has been no Chilean transportation researchers involved in the past framework programmes launched by the European Union in this sector, the national scientific community provides solid knowledge and high standards in research by each professional in his/her area of expertise, providing local capabilities both theoretical and practical that could be a great contribution to the development of joint projects with the European Union. Research centres and Transportation Departments of the Engineering Schools are aware of the Framework Programmes, specifically of the opportunity that brings the FP7 for the presentation of challenging projects with public and private partners of European countries. Considering the research of Chilean scientists and challenges shared by Chile and the EU is possible to identify areas for joint development.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

4.1 The decrease in the impact of transport on climate change The interest in having environmentally sustainable transport systems brings with it the need for further research in several fields: • The design and construction of infrastructure, considering the whole life cycle • Study of environmental impacts through micro-simulation traffic • Economic analysis for the assessment of externalities caused by transportation. • Study the behavior of users from the availability of new technologies • Strategies for designing efficient public transport systems and attractive to users from other alternatives • Continuous improvement of the tools available to encourage intermodal transport • Changes in travel patterns due to changes in land use structure of cities and transportation networks resulting. ● Integration between strategic transport models and microsimulation traffic

4.1.1 Road safety The United Nations has defined the period 2011 - 2020 as the Decade of Action for Road Safety, urging member countries to take effective measures to reduce accidents and fatalities. Although road safety was a priority in the fourth and fifth framework program, the magnitude of the problem and the continued progress of research in transportation can contribute to this objective through: • Analysis of the variables that influence the occurrence of accidents through micro-simulation. • Analysis and continuous improvement of the definition of design parameters of the tracks and the characteristics of the materials used. • Study of the willingness to pay for accident reduction. • Increase road safety by enhancing the development and use of information technology • Development of assessment methodologies of public and private projects to improve road safety.

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

References Analysis and Projections for Chilean Science. Chilean Academy of Science, 2005. Annual Report. Ciudad Viva, 2010. Annual Report. National ship-owners association, 2009. Economic benefits of air transport in Chile. IATA, 2008. Energy efficiency in urban and inter-urban passenger transport. National Energy Commission, 2008. Legal and regulatory analysis of intelligent transport systems. SUBTRANS, 2009. Maritime transport diagnosis. SUBTRANS, 2008. Rail transport diagnosis. SUBTRANS, 2007. Research, development and innovation in ICTs to strength trade logistics chain. Catholic University of ValparaĂso, 2008. Road concession policies: analysis of the experiences of Chile, Colombia and Peru. ECLAC, 2002. Statistics section Civil Aeronautics Board, www.jac-chile.cl/ Statistics section Directorate General of Civil Aviation, http://www.dgac.cl/ Transport Yearbook. National Statistics Institute, 2009.

Glossary of Abbreviations ANAC

National Automotive Association of Chile.

CONICYT

National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research.

CORFO

Chilean Economic Development Agency.

DGAC

Directorate General of Civil Aeronautics.

EFE

State Railway Company.

ENAER

National Aeronautics Company.

European Union.

FIC

Innovation Fund for Competitiveness.

FONDAP

Fund for Financing Research Centres of Excellence.

FONDEF

Fund for the Promotion of Scientific and Technological Development.

FONIS

National Fund for Research and Development in Health.

FP7

The Seventh Framework Programme for research and technological development.

GEF

Global Environment Facilities.

INE

National Statistics Institute of Chile

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report

ISCI

Complex Systems of Engineering Institute of the Universidad de Chile.

JAC

Civil Aeronautics Board.

MOP

Ministry of Public Infrastructure.

NGOs

Non-governmental organizations.

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

PIA

Associative Research Programme.

SECTRA

Secretary of Transportation Planning.

SOCHITRAN Chilean Transport Engineering Society. SUBTRAN

Undersecretary of Transport.

Annexes Annex 1. Researchers area of interest Annex 2. ISI-journals published by Chilean researchers Annex 2. FONDECYT research in transport projects Annex 3. Research centres Annex 4. Directory of transport

Transport Research in Chile: Research Areas and Capabilities. State of the Art Report