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Record: 1 Title:
Antimicrobial Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum).
Authors:
Goncagul, Gulsen1 Ayaz, Erol1 eayaz@uludag.edu.tr
Source:
Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery; Jan2010, Vol. 5 Issue 1, p9193, 3p
Document Type:
Article
Subject Terms:
*ANTI-infective agents *GARLIC *BLACK cumin *NIGELLA *LEMON balm *CARDIOVASCULAR system -- Diseases
Author-Supplied Keywords:
antimicrobial effect
Abstract:
Medicinal plants like pumpkin seed, thyme, onion, Nigella sativa, lemon balm, and stinging nettle are used extensively today. One of these plants used most intensively and widespread is garlic. In this context, fresh shape, powder state and oil of garlic have been used all around the world, especially in Far East for centuries. It is scientifically proven that garlic is effectively used in cardiovascular diseases as a regulator of blood pressure, with dropper effects on glycaemia and high blood cholesterol, against bacterial, viral, mycotic and parasitic infections. It's also known that garlic is a wonderful plant having the properties of empowering immune system, anti-tumour and antioxidant effects. In this article, the summary of properties of garlic and its use against bacterial diseases is given. This article is a short review of recent patents on antimicrobial effect of garlic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery is the property of Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Author Affiliations:
1Uludağ
University, Yenişehir İbrahim Orhan Vocational School,
Yenişehir/Bursa, Turkey Full Text Word Count: 2724 http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/ehost/delivery?sid=322f0dfc-e87a-4569-b510-b7192c5a72ef%40sessionmgr112&vid=3&hid=113
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ISSN:
1574891X
Accession Number:
64464726
Database:
Academic Search Complete
Antimicrobial Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) Medicinal plants like pumpkin seed, thyme, onion, Nigella sativa, lemon balm, and stinging nettle are used extensively today. One of these plants used most intensively and widespread is garlic. In this context, fresh shape, powder state and oil of garlic have been used all around the world, especially in Far East for centuries. It is scientifically proven that garlic is effectively used in cardiovascular diseases as a regulator of blood pressure, with dropper effects on glycaemia and high blood cholesterol, against bacterial, viral, mycotic and parasitic infections. It's also known that garlic is a wonderful plant having the properties of empowering immune system, anti-tumour and antioxidant effects. In this article, the summary of properties of garlic and its use against bacterial diseases is given. This article is a short review of recent patents on antimicrobial effect of garlic. Received: September 2, 2009; Accepted: October 10, 2009; Revised: October 21, 2009 Keywords: Garlic (Allium sativum); antimicrobial effect INTRODUCTION Garlic is an earth's wonder, the name of which has been lived by the Turks without forgetting during the long history and extensive geography [ 1]. Garlic (Allium sativum) the land of which is said as Middle and West Asia steps has a place among the eldest crop plants. This plant which is of great medical importance which takes place inside many foods especially meat ones due to its sharp odour, appetizer property and bitter taste, and gives flavour to them. Calorie value of Garlic is 140, and has 63.8g water, 28.2g carbohydrate, 5.3 g protein, 0.2 g oil and 11 g cellulose in its 100g [ 2, 3]. Garlic can be consumed as fresh and has also its pills, capsules and extracts. While it is safe when taken in careful amounts, it can lacerate stomach when consumed in excessive amounts [ 4]. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF GARLIC Garlic is a plant which kills some bacteria, fungus, parasites and lowers glycaemia and cholesterol and has liver protector property and including antitumor agents. Garlic, with more than 200 chemical substances in its body, has the capacity of protecting the human body against many illnesses. Although it is said that garlic should be consumed as fresh for it can be effective, some researchers argue that in some situations its cooked and waited extracts and oils can provide better protection against free radicals and infections than fresh garlic [ 2, 4]. Natural Antibiotic Effect
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It's declared that garlic, as an anti-bacterial agent, is effective against many more gram negative and gram positive bacteria like Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli (E.coli), and Lactobacillus casei. This effect is sourced from allicin inside it [ 5, 6]. It is also declared that components including sulphur in garlic and also bioflavonoids like quercetin and cyanidin in it have great value in preventing diseases and infections. It has been revealed that active substances like allistatin I and allistatin II in garlic are powerful agents against Staphylococcus and E.coli bacteria [ 2, 4, 7-9]. It has been predicted that antimicrobial effect of garlic has revealed in conclusion that thiosulphonates in garlic inhibit enzymes including thiol which can take place in microorganisms, as a result of the ability of quick reaction giving with thiol groups. In traditional eastern medicine, garlic has been used in various forms for the treatment of almost all infections. It is also pointed out that garlic juice has been used in typhoid and meningitis, its fume in whooping cough, garlic wicks in yeast infections and garlic soup in pneumonia. This specialty of garlic possibly sourced from allicin components and being effective even against some organisms resistant to antibiotics necessitates its more use in standard medicinal applications [ 4, 10]. It is stated that garlic has very wide spectrum against gram positive and gram negative Pasteurella, Coryne and Micro-bacteria and mostly this effect is seen in the bulb of garlic. Furthermore, antibacterial spectrum of various garlic species shows difference. Antibiotic effect of garlic in watery extracts drops fastly especially at high temperatures. In Garlic one of the substances having strong antibiotic effect is allican. Degrading with cysteine stops antibiotic effect without return. Oxygen must be available for the continuation of antibacterial effect of garlic and its active substance allicin. Powerful effect of garlic extract is seen especially against Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Asper-gillus, Trichophytum species and Penicillium. The results got with garlic extract can also be got with pure allicin [ 11, 12]. In various researches made, the effect of garlic on Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aerus, Brusella abortus, Bacillus anthracis, Vibrio and fungus growth has been determined [ 13-16]. The studies made on bacteria concerning garlic are not limited only with social originated infection factors but also its effectiveness against microorganisms obtained from infections growing in patients lying in the hospital and resist against many medicines. It has been pointed out that within these pressed and dried garlic and allicin on enterococcus (VDE) species having resistance against Vancomycin individually and also by forming synergic effect on VDE species with garlic dried with vancomycine and vancomycin allicin, bacteriostatic effect has been revealed [ 17]. Antibacterial activities against various antimicrobials and garlic oil that have been made as in vitro against 237 Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated as another hospital infection factor and disk diffusion test has been made by combining dialkyl trisulphide (DAT) and dialkyl tetra-sulphide (DATS) together with cephtazidim, gentamicin, imipenem and meropenem and it has been determined that synergistic or additive effect against the given isolates has been http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/ehost/delivery?sid=322f0dfc-e87a-4569-b510-b7192c5a72ef%40sessionmgr112&vid=3&hid=113
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obtained [ 13, 18]. Limura et al. [ 19] have researched on gastritis and stomach cancer formation by comparing with control group, by giving a group of mice H. pylori which can lead to gastritis and stomach cancer and garlic extract. In conclusion, while gastritis and stomach cancer occur in control group, it is observed that in the individuals given extract gastritis symptoms have grown slightly and stomach cancer hasn't occurred. It has been judged that garlic extracts and garlic oil [ 20] can be used in the prevention of gastritis, stomach cancers and other gastrointestinal infections in humans to which H. pylori can lead. Araki et al. in US Patent 20070128206 proposed the treatment strategy to prevent and cure the infections by the agents from different foods containing garlic [ 21] Aydin et al. [ 22] demonsrated that the chopped garlic added to raw meatball which is a traditional food product eaten raw in Turkey has a slowing-down effect on microbiological growth in ground meat depending on the garlic concentration, but this effect was not at an expected level even at the highest concentration, because potential antimicrobial agents in chopped garlic were probably insufficiently extracted. Effect against Viral Infections In laboratory study, it has been shown that garlic is effective against influenza B and herpes simplex viruses. While, Chinese scientists have examined the effect of garlic on viral encephalitis for almost 30 years, an English researcher has used garlic extract successfully against a pertinacious virus in horses. At last, no matter if infection becomes bacterial or viral; garlic mobilizes immune system and empowers the defense ability of the body against infectious organisms [ 8, 13, 23]. Effect on Fungal Infections The treatment of fungal infections is difficult in viruses and medicines used for this aim are generally toxic and a resistance can develop against the medicine in long term. It has been stated that garlic, which consists of allicin being a fungistatic substance, has proved itself against microorganisms, such as Candida, Aspergillus and Cryptococci as an effective anti-fungal substance. Chinese people state that intravenous garlic extract application against a deathful and rarely seen fungal infection called cryptococcal meningitis is more effective than a very poisonous antibiotic Amphotericin-B standard application and is not toxic, no matter what dosage is. In another research, chickens infected with C. albicans have healed after they have consumed garlic for ten days and this effect has been linked to allicin components in garlic as well. In addition, since high glycaemia increases yeast infections risk and components in garlic drop glycaemia, therapy of garlic provides an extra advantage in the treatment of yeast infections [ 4, 15]. The increase in antifungal effects by the mixture of garlic extract and chitosan is patented by http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/ehost/delivery?sid=322f0dfc-e87a-4569-b510-b7192c5a72ef%40sessionmgr112&vid=3&hid=113
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Benhamou and Nicole in the US Patent 20080260876 [ 24]. An et al. [ 25] demonstrated that a combination of Amphotericin B (AmB), which is the gold standard of antifungal treatment for the most severe invasive mycoses, with allicin proved to be a promising strategy for the therapy of disseminated candidiasis. The researchers [ 25, 26] observed that allicin, an allyl sulphur compound from garlic, has shown to significantly enhance the effect of AmB against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro and in vivo, although allicin did not exert a fungicidal effect. It has been stated that antibacterial and antifungal effects of garlic extracts are sourced from the existence of dialkyl disulfide having evaporation ability and allicin [ 9, 27, 28]. It has been pointed out that antifungal effect of garlic extract on Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and A. fumigatus is not available but with acetic acid addition into this extract, in the situation of increasing acidity, fungal development decreases in important ratio [ 29]. It has been determined that the effect of water and ethanol extracts of garlic on Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum being green and blue mould factor in the orange is more effective than control but this effect is not as much as a fungicide [ 30]. It has been determined that garlic is effective first against Candida species and against Histoplasma capsulatum, dermatofit factors and a variety of fungus species such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Rhodotorula torulopsis and Trichosporon. In the studies made, it has been found that it is also effective on Coccidioides immitis and Sporothrix schenkii [ 11, 16]. Garlic as one of the active ingredient in a herbal formulation proposed by Mazzio and Karam in the US patent 20090004301 is useful for treating the skin diseases [ 31]. In a clinical and mycological study made on ajoene and Tinea pedis being an organo-sulphur component of garlic, a 0.4% cream form has been used for 7 days. Absolute clinical and mycological treatment have been observed in 27 (79%) of 34 events. In this study the events have been evaluated again the scope of the infection reiteration 90 days after finishing the treatment and it has been determined that proliferation has not occurred in the taken fungus moulds. According to these results, it has been arrived to the opinion that ajoene can be effective against Tinea pedis and has low cost and can be an alternative agent in short term treatment of T. pedis [ 32]. In a study concerning antifungal activity of Allium sativum, a fresh garlic extract, after taken orally byvoluntary people orally, antibody forming against Candida and Cryptococcus species in serum and urine at certain intervals has been researched and it has been concluded that the treatment activities of garlic extracts taken from mouth are limited [ 33]. CURRENT & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS The use of herbal drugs is increasing. One of these plants used the most intensively and http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/ehost/delivery?sid=322f0dfc-e87a-4569-b510-b7192c5a72ef%40sessionmgr112&vid=3&hid=113
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widespread is garlic. Fresh shape, powder state and garlic oil has been effectively used all around the world against bacterial, viral, mycotic and parasitic infections. With the scientific studies in this issue increase, garlic prescriptions will be written by physicians for many diseases and sold in pharmacy shelves But, its traditional used must be primarily proven with scientific data. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been carried out in the Uludag University Yenişehir İbrahim Orhan Vocational Schools. Authors thank to their wife and colleagues for their help during the work. CONFLICT OF INTEREST None. REFERENCES [1] Akçiçek E. History and culture of garlic. Eds. Akçiçek E, Ötleş S, Garlic Book. İzmir Guven Kitabevi. İzmir 2006 ISBN: 975-6240-09-1. [2] Baytop T. Türkiye'de bitkilerle tedavi. Nobel Tip Kitabevi, İstanbul 1999; ISBN No: 9754200211. [3] Kütevin Z, Türkeş T. Sebzecilik ve Genel sebze tarimi prensipleri ve pratik sebzecilik yöntemleri. İnkilap Kitabevi, Ankara cad: 95. İstanbul 1987. [4] Ayaz E, Alpsoy HC. Sarimsak (Allium sativum) ve Geleneksel Tedavide Kullanimi. Acta parasitol Turcica 2007; 31(2): 145-149. [5] Cellini L, Di Campli E, Masulli M, Di Bartolomeo S, Allocati N. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by garlic extract (Allium sativum). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1996; 13: 273-277. [6] Lemar KM, Passa O, Aon MA, et al. Allyl alcohol and garlic (Allium sativum) extract produce oxidative stress in Candida albicans. Microbiol 2005; 151: 3257-3265. [7] Ahsan M, Islam SN. Garlic: A broad spectrum antibacterial agent effective against common pathogenic bacteria. Fitoterapia 1996; 67 (4): 374-376. [8] Hanafy MS, Shalaby SM, el-Fouly MA. Effect of garlic on lead contents in chicken tissues. DTW 1994; 101 (4): 157-158. [9] Yoshida H, Iwata N, Katsuzaki H, et al. Antimicrobial activity of a compound isolated from an oil-macerated garlic extract. Bioscien Biotech Biochem 1998; 62: 1014-1017. [10] Imai J, Ide N, Nagae S, Moriguchi T, Matsuura H, Itakura Y. Antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of aged garlic and its constituents. Planta Med 1994; 60: 417-420.
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[11] Adetumbi MA, Benjavin HS. Allium sativum (garlic) a natural antibiotic medical. Hypotheses 1983; 12: 227-237. [12] Venagopal P, vanugopal T. Antidermatophytic activity OG garlic (Allium sativum) in vitro. Int J Dermatol 1995; 34: 278-279. [13] Weber ND, Andersen DO, North JA. in vitro Virucidal effects of Allium sativum extract and compounds. Planta Med 1992; 58: 417-423. [14] Frontling RA, Bulmer GS. in vitro Effect of aqueous extract of garlic on the growth and viability of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycopathol 1978; 70: 397-405. [15] Prasad G, Sharma VD. Efficacy of garlic treatment against experimental candidiasis in chicks. British Vet J 1980; 136: 448-451. [16] Lemar KM, Passa O, Aon MA, et al. Allyl alcohol and garlic (Allium sativum) extract produce oxidative stress in Candida albicans. Microbiol 2005; 151: 3257-3265. [17] Jonkers D, Sluimer J, Stobberingh E. Effect of garlic on vancomycin resistant Enterococci. Antimicrom Agents Chemotherap 1999; 43: 30-45. [18] Tsao S, Yin M. in vitro Activity of garlic oil and four diallyl sulphides against antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47: 665-670. [19] Limuroa M, Shibataa H, Kawamoria T, et al. Suppressive effects of garlic extract on Helicobacter pylori induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils. Cancer Letters 2002; 187: 61-68. [20] O'Gara EA, Maslin DJ, Nevill AM, Hill DJ. The effect of simulated gastric environments on the anti-Helicobacter activity of garlic oil. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 104(5): 1324-1331. [21] Araki, S., Suzuki, M., Mizutani, T., Koge, K., Nagai, Y., Murakami, H., Kawai, T., Kashimura, J., Shimizu, T.: US20070128206 (2007). [22] Aydin A, Bostan K, Erkan ME, Bingรถl B. The antimicrobial effects of chopped garlic in ground beef and raw meatball (ciฤ kรถfte). J Med Food 2007; 10(1): 203-207. [23] Josling P. Proventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: A douple-blind, placebocontrolled survey. Adv Ther 2001; 18: 189-193. [24] Benhamou, N., Couture, S.: US20080260876 (2008). [25] An M, Shen H, Cao Y, et al. Allicin enhances the oxidative damage effect of amphotericin B http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.bib.uottawa.ca/ehost/delivery?sid=322f0dfc-e87a-4569-b510-b7192c5a72ef%40sessionmgr112&vid=3&hid=113
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against Candida albicans. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 33(3): 258-263. [26] Ogita A, Fujita K, Tanaka T. Enhancement of the fungicidal activity of amphotericin B by allicin: Effects on intracellular ergosterol trafficking. Planta Med 2009; 75(3): 222-226. [27] Agrawal KC. Therapeutic action of garlic constituents. Med Res Rev 1996; 16: 111-124. [28] Tariq VN, Magee AC. Effect of volatiles from garlic extraction on Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. Lyocopersici. Mycol Res 1990; 94: 617-620. [29] Yin MC, Tsao SM. Inhibitory effects of seven Allium plants upon three Aspergillus species. Int J Food Microbiol 1999; 49(1-2): 49-56. [30] Obagwu J, Korsten L. Control of citrus green and blue molds with garlic axtracts. Europen J Plant Pathol 2003; 109: 221-225. [31] Mazzio, E., Soliman, K.: US20090004301 (2009). [32] Ledezme E, De Sousa L, Jorquera A, et al. efficacy of ajoene, an organosulpr derived from garlic, in the shotterm the apy of tinea pedis. Mycoces 1996; 39: 278-279. [33] Caporaso N, Smith SM, Eng RH. Antifungal activity in human urine and serum after ingestion of garlic (Allium sativum). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983; 23:700-702. ~~~~~~~~ By Gulsen Goncagul, Uludağ University, Yenişehir İbrahim Orhan Vocational School, Yenişehir/Bursa, Turkey and Erol Ayaz, Uludağ University, Yenişehir İbrahim Orhan Vocational School, Yenişehir/Bursa, Turkey Address correspondence to this author at the Uludag University Yenişehir, İbrahim Orhan Vocational School, Bursa/Turkey; Tel: + 90 224 773 60 42; Fax: + 90 224 773 60 41; E-mail: eayaz@uludag.edu.tr Copyright of Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery is the property of Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.
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