Section 4 • 1
2 • Section 4
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Cubism • • • • • • 4 Pablo Picasso Juan Gris Fernand Léger
Futurism • • • • • • 9
Filippo Marinetti Stéphane Mallarmé Guillaume Apolinaire Antonio Sant’Elia Fortunato Depero
Dada • • • • • • 14 John Heartfield Marcel Duchamp Kurt Schwitter
Surrealism • • • • • • 18 Giorgio de Chirico Max Ernst Salvador Dali
Expressionism • • • • • • 22
Käthe Schmidt Kollwitz Wassily Kandinsky Paul Klee
Section 4 • 3
What is included? This is a study manual is meant to be used with Meggs’ History of Graphic Design. The study manual covers section 4 “The Modernist Era” chapter 13 The Influence of Modern Art. The chapter is broken into different sections. These sections are then broken down to the most influential artists of that section. Not all artists or terms are covered. Additional artists and terms can be found in the pullout study guides found between the pages. The pullout study guides help the study stay organized and review the information after it has already been taught. This study set also includes a group of study questions, which are available in a flash card layout to make it easier to study a way from the book. Please enjoy this chapter’s information.
4 • Section 4
Cubisim In cubist artworks, objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. Often the surfaces intersect at seemingly random angles, removing a coherent sense of depth. The background and object planes interpenetrate one another to create the shallow ambiguous space, one of cubism’s distinct characteristics. Analytical Cubism (1910-1912) Synthetic Cubism (1913-1920)
Artists Pablo Picasso Paul Cézanne George Brague Juan Gris Fernand Léger
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Pablo Picasso 1881-1973
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6
Cubism
Juan Gris 1887–1927
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Fernand Léger 1881–1955
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8
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Futurism Futurism, Italian Futurismo, Russian Futurism, an early 20thcentury artistic movement that centred in Italy and emphasized the dynamism, speed, energy, and power of the machine and the vitality, change, and restlessness of modern life in general. The most significant results of the movement were in the visual arts and poetry. Futurism was first announced on Feb. 20, 1909, when the Paris newspaper Le Figaro published a manifesto by the Italian poet and editor Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (q.v.). The name Futurism, coined by Marinetti, reflected his emphasis on discarding what he conceived to be the static and irrelevant art of the past and celebrating change, originality, and innovation in culture and society. Marinetti’s manifesto glorified the new technology of the automobile and the beauty of its speed, power, and movement. He exalted violence and conflict and called for the sweeping repudiation of traditional cultural, social, and political values and the destruction of such cultural institutions as museums and libraries. The manifesto’s rhetoric was passionately bombastic; its tone was aggressive and inflammatory and was purposely intended to inspire public anger and amazement, to arouse controversy, and to attract widespread attention. Movement in art, music, and literature begun in Italy about 1910 and marked esp. by an effort to give formal expression to the dynamic energy and movement of mechanical processes.
Artists Filippo Marinetti
Guillaume
Giacomo Balla
Giovanni Papini
Apollinaire
Gino Severini
Arno Holz
Umberto Boccioni
Antonio Sant’Elia
Lewis Carroll
Carlo Carrá
Furtunato Depero
Stéphane Mallarmé
Luigi Russolo
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Filippo Marinetti 1876–1944
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Futurism
Stéphane Mallarmé 1842–1898
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Guillaume Apolinaire 1880–1918
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Futurism
Antonio Sant’Elia 1888–1916
Section 4 • 13
Fortunato Depero 1892–1960
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Dada Dada or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Zürich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. [1] The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature— poetry, art manifestoes, art theory—theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Its purpose was to ridicule what its participants considered to be the meaninglessness of the modern world. In addition to being antiwar, dada was also anti-bourgeois and anarchistic in nature. Dada activities included public gatherings, demonstrations, and publication of art/literary journals; passionate coverage of art, politics, and culture were topics often discussed in a variety of media. The movement influenced later styles like the avant-garde and downtown music movements, and groups including surrealism, Nouveau réalisme, pop art, Fluxus and punk rock. Dada is the groundwork to abstract art and sound poetry, a starting point for performance art, a prelude to postmodernism, an influence on pop art, a celebration of antiart to be later embraced for anarcho-political uses in the 1960s and the movement that lay the foundation for Surrealism.
—Marc Lowenthal, translator’s introduction to Francis Picabia’s I Am a Beautiful Monster: Poetry, Prose, And Provocation
Artists Hugo Ball
Marcel Duchamp
John Heartsfield
Tristan Tzara
Raoul Hausmann
Wieland Herzfelde
Jean Arp
Kurt Schwitters
George Grosz
Richard Huelsenbeck
Théo van Doesburg
André Breton
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John Heartfield 1891–1968
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Dada
Marcel Duchamp 1887–1968
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Kurt Schwitter 1887–1948
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Surrealism Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities of World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film and music of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy and social theory.
Artists André Breton
Giorgio de Chirico
Tristan Tzara
Max Ernst
Louis Aragon
René Magritte
Paul Eluard
Salvador Dali
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Giorgio de Chirico 1888–1978
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Surrealism
Max Ernst 1891–1965
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Salvador Dali 1904–1989
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Expressionism Expressionism’ was a cultural movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the start of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world in an utterly subjective perspective, radically distorting it for emotional effect, to evoke moods or ideas.[1][2] Expressionist artists sought to express the meaning of “being alive”and emotional experience rather than physical reality. Expressionism emerged as an ‘avant-garde movement’ in poetry and painting before the First World War. It remained popular during the Weimar years,[1] particularly in Berlin. The movement was embodied in various art forms, including painting, literature, theatre, dance, film, architecture and music.
Artists Die Brücke
Henri Matisse
Blaue Reiter
Georges Rouault
Käthe Schmidt Kollwitz
Paul Klee
Wassily Kandinsky
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Käthe Schmidt Kollwitz 1867–1945
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Expressionism
Wassily Kandinsky 1866–1944
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Paul Klee 1879–1940
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The Influence of Modern Art Section 4, Chapter 13