MFA THESIS | LIBERTY STATE EXCHANGE by Dylan Robets

LIBERTY STATE EXCHANGE by Dylan K. Roberts

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts in Interior Design School of Design Pratt Institute May 2022

Table of Contents 00

Achowledgement s

T hesis D esign Problem

1 - 14

Rese arch S ources Bibliography

15 - 18

Precedent Anal ysis

19 - 24

Case St udies

25 - 30

Programming and User Groups

31 - 34

S ite D escription and Anal ysis

35 - 50

Final T hesis D esign S cheme

51 - 64

Appendix

65 - 80

Table of Contents • MFA Thesis Book

LIBERTY STATE EXCHANGE by Dylan K. Roberts

Received and approved: Professor Alison B. Snyder

May 2022

David Foley, Chair May 2022

• MFA Thesis Book

LIBERTY STATE EXCHANGE by Dylan K. Roberts

Acknowledgements : I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my Thesis Advisor, Alison B. Snyder who, has guided me over the last nine months. I would also like to thank the Interior Design department, Pratt SOD and my classmates for their continuous support. I would like to also acknowledge my mother and brother for their constant guidance and reassurance in my abilities.

• MFA Thesis Book

figure 1.1 Yucatan Peninsula Map, drawn by Author

T hesis D esi gn Problem

Rese arch S ources Bibliography

Precedent Anal ysis

Case St udies

Programming and User Groups

S ite D escription and Anal ysis

Final T hesis D esign S cheme

Appendix

Thesis Design Problem • MFA Thesis Book

figure 1.2 Liberty State Exchange Building Section, drawn by Author

L I B E R T Y S TAT E E X C H A N G E A transformable market concept. T h i s t h es i s ex p l o res t ra n sfo rm a b l e sp a ce as a m e a n s fo r fa c i l i tat i n g a n e nv i ro n m e n t o f cu l t u ra l exch a n g e .

Thesis Statement • MFA Thesis Book

figure 1.3 Transforming Market Composite, drawn by Author

Thesis Abstract

The essence of this project’s investigation is rooted in the notion of travel, and how culture is both consumed and experienced as a tourist. Relating to the unique and temporal qualities of travel, the spatial methodology of transformability is employed to investigate how transformable space can facilitate an environment of cultural exchange.Taking cues from a street market or bazaar, which transforms the urban fabric of the streetscape into a place of exchange, the proposed project reprograms an existing historical site to render how occupants may experience culture as a mosaic of localities. The proposed project site, The Central Railroad of New Jersey, which played a major role in Ellis Island’s immigration story at the turn of the 20th century, reinforces the project’s narrative and overarching concept of exploring multicultural identity. The building’s expansive iron frame open plan atrium space and abandoned train shed platforms are reimagined through a system of modular markets booths and movable architectural components. Taking its name from the building’s location, Liberty State Exchange, invites vendors with intentions to showcase their cultural backgrounds through commerce, the opportunity to lease out the market booths.. Through interactions among vendors and visitors, the exchange of ideas, cultures and social interactions is facilitated.The interior explorations fundamental to this thesis project consists of market spaces of various types that are adaptable and performance spaces that build excitement through framed views and transformable conditions. Both types of interventions honor the existing station through highlighting its interior architectural stories and historical atmospheres. Significantly, the project tests transformable space through utilizing the typology of the existing train platforms to create a system of floor tracks that facilitate the movability of architectural components. The transformable and flexible elements of this project, which include market booths, performance spaces and train-car shaped pavilions, allows for the program’s layout to be configured in a variety of ways. Organized by the Market Curator, Liberty State Exchange reconfigures itself periodically, recreating the interior environment to provide a unique experience for its occupants that echoes the experience of travel and facilitates new opportunities for exchange.

Thesis Abstract • MFA Thesis Book

Thesis Research Statement The foundation of this thesis exploration is rooted in field research performed during the summer of 2021 while living in Tulum, Mexico. With intentions to work with local architects, designers, builders and sustainable figures, the objective of the trip was to collect research and data on eco-design and sustainable practices that could be used for the formulation of an interior based thesis investigation. As illustrated in figure 1.2, a detailed research journal was composed during the time abroad, which illustrated and explained the various topics of field research that was performed. A significant case study of the research was working closely with the owners of the eco-hotel, KAN Tulum. This initiative helped to develop a firm understanding of bio-architectural strategies and sustainable practices. Kan’s co-founder, Sam Gordon, shared invaluable wisdom, strongly believing that sustainable education is the answer to addressing the environmental challenges of our future. Additionally, shadowing Ruben, a local Mayan builder, while he built out the interiors of a small clothing boutique was informative to understanding the local practices and materials of the Yucatan Peninsula. In addition to working with these individuals, a large amount of images were collected, which explored sustainable building materials, interior design, architecture and the natural environment. Although the research sought out sustainable topics, the true significance of the research endeavor was found in the unexpected truths that Tulum was in fact, quite un-sustainable. While the off the beaten path beach destination markets itself as a eco-friendly and sustainable haven, the unprecedented boom in international tourism and rapid development is jeopardizing the natural paradise. For instance, thousands of tons of rotting seaweed washes up onto the shoreline during the summer months, covering the beaches and shallow waters. A direct result of corrupt real development and inadequate water filtration systems, the seaweed kills reefs and endangers wildlife. The millions of tourists that travel to Tulum each year has resulted in an unmanageable amount of trash, which is being piled up in the volumes of small hills in the middle of a cleared patch of jungle. Toxic chemicals and pollutants from the trash filter into the ground and pollute the underground Cenote system, which is the peninsula’s only source of freshwater. Additionally, Tulum’s lack of infrastructure has resulted in an excessive amount of diesel generators being used to provide power to beach front hotels and restaurants in order to keep up with the growing demand for luxury accommodation. In experiencing first hand the magnitude of these environmental issues, a reevaluation of the possible impacts of tourism on local environments was explored. This field research highlighted the topics of tourism and the global-local relationship for further investigation. 7

MATERIAL places like Tulum & Costa Rico should be evaluated differently then in places like New York, Miami or Mexico City. Because of these tropical environments inherent nature and urban underdevelopment, developments in these types of areas don’t have to do much in order to receive and sustainable certification or reward. What I had learned from Sam while he was talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is certainly a point of interest for me to speak with Sam further. On a side note working with Sam and his partner Alex, although only at the beginning of our relationship and learning about KAN / sustainable development has re-sparked my interest in development as a career path. The Interior design / “tastemaker” aspect of my identity impressed people and gets me in the door. For example, Alex and Sam are impressed by my skillset and intrest in design mostly because they themselves don’t believe in their own creative abilty as in pertains to interior design. This is the case for many people who are impressed by my work. Coming

Tulum Research Reflecting

August 2021

Tulum Research Reflecting

from the mixed background of design and business, this sets me up in the be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogu. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this iswhen I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogu. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this iswhen I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogu. in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogu.

August 2021

to explore the aspects (left) of sustainable development as an interior designer (top) as an interio (bottom) to explore the aspects (left) of sustainable development as an interior designer (top) as an interio (bottom)

KAN TULUM places like Tulum & Costa Rico should be evaluated differently then in places like New York, Miami or Mexico City. Because of these tropical environments inherent nature and urban underdevelopment, developments in these types of areas don’t have to do much in order to receive and sustainable certification or reward. What I had learned from Sam while he was talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this iswhen I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogu. talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is.

talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is. talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is.talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is. dialogue completely but this is.

this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is. dialogue completely but this is.

Tulum Research Reflecting

CENOTE SYSTEM Understanding environmental issues in Tulum started with learning about the underground cenote system of the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula. Millions of years ago the peninsula was a submarine ecosystem of reefs covered by ocean. During the Ice Ages as sea levels dropped and rose, the reef ecosystems did not survive and a limestone bed was formed. When rainwater met the limestone, a chemical reaction transformed the rain into an acid that slowly melted the soluble limestone forming a series of sinkholes, underwater rivers and caves. Rise in sea levels and the natural penetration of rainwater through the permeable limestone eventually flooded the caves and created the largest underground freshwater river system in the world. In the process, a lush jungle grew over the limestone bed giving birth to the vibrant ecosystem of the Yucatan Peninsula. Scattered through the entire peninsula are thousands of natural sinkholes resulting from collapses in the limestone bed. Called cenotes, these pits expose fresh water pools of the vast underground waterway system. Their agua blue clear appearance and untapped underground waterway channels attract tourists and divers from around the world. The cenote system is unique to the Yucatan peninsula and has played a vital role in its Tulum Research Reflecting

August 2021

Tulum Research Reflecting

August 2021

to explore the aspects (left) of sustainable development as an interior designer (top) as an interio (bottom) to explore the aspects (left) of

ecosystem and human development dating back to Mayan empire. Referred to as the “Mayan Underworld”, archifacts and skeletons have been discovered in the cenotes and underground caves dating back to the Mayan Empire. Historical research has shown that cenotes played a major role in the spirituality of Mayan life. Thought of as an entrance to the underworld, the Mayans were known for using cenotes as sites of human sacrifice. Given there are no above ground fresh water sources on the Yucatan, the underground cenotes system served as a water source for the Mayans and continues to sustain modern human development.

which is damaging the cenotes and in turn the ecosystem. The lack of proper infrastructure and legislation is leading to inadequate plumbing systems which is directly polluting the freshwater of the cenotes. The polluted waters are eventually draining into the ocean, causing additional damage to the reefs and producing massive amounts of unwanted seaweed known locally as “sargasso”. The unprecedented three million tourists that visit Tulum and the unregulated development is causing significant damage to the cenote system and putting the Tulum’s ecosystem at risk.

What’s important to understand about the cenote system is its connectivity to the Yucatan’s ecosystem and the surrounding oceans. The waterways eventually flows out into the ocean and is the only freshwater source of Yucatan Peninsula, sustaining all life on it. Without it, the lush jungle and aqua blue beaches of Tulum would cease to exist. Understanding the cenotes importance and connectivity was the first step to understanding environmental issues in Tulum. Unfortunately, the recent boom in demand of Tulum restate and tourism is leading to over development

Digesting the ugly truth of what was happening to the cenotes and ecosystem was hard to grasp. I was slowly uncovering the greenwashing tactics of Tulum and exposing the ugly truth that Tulum isn’t sustainable at all. It is actually the exact opposite. The destruction of the environment served as a microcosm for the current environmental emergency that occurring on the world scale.

August 2021

Tulum Research Reflecting

August 2021

places like Tulum & Costa Rico should be evaluated differently then in places like New York, Miami or Mexico City. Because of these tropical environments inherent nature and urban underdevelopment, developments in these types of areas don’t have to do much in order to receive and sustainable certification or reward. What I had learned from Sam while he was talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification.

It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is certainly a point of interest for me to speak with Sam further. On a side note working with Sam and his partner Alex, although only at the beginning of our relationship and learning about KAN / sustainable development has re-sparked my interest in development as a career path. The Interior design / “tastemaker” aspect of my identity impressed people and gets me in the door. For example, Alex and Sam are impressed by my skillset and intrest in design mostly because they themselves don’t believe

in their own creative abilty as in pertains to interior design. This is the case for many people who are impressed by my work. Coming from the mixed background of design and business, this sets me up in the perfect position to line my interests in developments. Now with an interest and new found purpose to push forward sustainability, I’m very interested in sustainable development and curious if this might be my calling. With all this in mind, how can you begin to tailor your thesis work to explore the aspects of sustainable development as an interior designer. work to explore the aspects of sustainable development as an

Tulum Research Reflecting

August 2021

sustainable certification process in places like Tulum & Costa Rico should be evaluated differently then in places like New York, Miami or Mexico City. Because of these tropical environments inherent nature and urban underdevelopment, developments in these types of areas don’t have to do much in order to receive and sustainable certification or reward. What I had learned from Sam while he was talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate Tulum Research Reflecting

if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is certainly a point of interest for me to speak with Sam further. On a side note working with Sam and his partner Alex, although only at the beginning of our relationship and learning about KAN / sustainable development has re-sparked my interest in development as a career path. The Interior design / “tastemaker” aspect of my identity impressed people and gets me in the door. For example, Alex and Sam are impressed by my skillset and

intrest in design mostly because they themselves don’t believe in their own creative abilty as in pertains to interior design. This is the case for many people who are impressed by my work. Coming from the mixed background of design and business, this sets me up in the perfect position to line my interests in developments. Now with an interest and new found purpose to push forward sustainability, I’m very interested in sustainadevelopment and curious if this might be my calling. With all this in mind, how can you begin to tailor your thesis work to explore the aspects of sustainable development as an interior designer. work August 2021

THE DARK SIDE he sustainable certification process in places like Tulum & Costa Rico should be evaluated differently then in places like New York, Miami or Mexico City. Because of these tropical environments inherent nature and urban underdevelopment, developments in these types of areas don’t have to do much in order to receive and sustainable certification or reward. What I had learned from Sam while he was talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is certainly a point of interest for me to speak with Sam further. On a side note working with Sam and his partner Alex, although only at the beginning of our relationship and learning about KAN / sustainable development has re-sparked my interest in development as a career path. The Interior design / “tastemaker” aspect of my identity impressed people and gets me in the door. For example, Alex and Sam are impressed by my skillset and intrest in design mostly because they themselves don’t believe in their own creative abilty as in pertains to interior design. This is the case for many people who are impressed by my work. Coming from the mixed background of design and business, this sets me up in the perfect position to line my interests in developments. Now with an interest and new found purpose

Tulum Research Reflecting

August 2021

Tulum Research Reflecting

to push forward sustainability, I’m very interested in sustainadevelopment and curious if this might be my calling. With all this in mind, how can you begin to tailor your thesis work to explore the aspects of sustainable development as an interior designer. work to explore the aspects of sustainable development as an interior designer. work to explore the aspects. What I had learned from Sam while he was talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is.

of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this iswhen I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogu. all this in mind, how can you begin to tailor your thesis work to explore the aspects of sustainable development as an interior designer. work to explore the aspects of sustainable development as an interior designer. work to explore the aspects. What I had learned from Sam while he was talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should

MAYAN TEK places like Tulum & Costa Rico should be evaluated differently then in places like New York, Miami or Mexico City. Because of these tropical environments inherent nature and urban underdevelopment, developments in these types of areas don’t have to do much in order to receive and sustainable certification or reward. What I had learned from Sam while he was talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is certainly a point of interest for me to speak with Sam further. On a side note working with Sam and his partner Alex, although only at the beginning of our relationship and learning about KAN / sustainable development has re-sparked my interest in development as a career path. The Interior design / “tastemaker” aspect of my identity impressed people and gets me in the door. For example, Alex and Sam are impressed by my skillset and intrest in design mostly because they themselves don’t believe in their own creative abilty

when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot August 2021

as in pertains to interior design. This is the case for many people who are impressed by my work. Coming from the mixed background of design and business, this sets me up in the perfect position to line my interests in developments. Now with an interest and new found purpose to push forward sustainability, I’m very interested in sustainable development and curious if this might be my calling. With all this in mind, how can you begin to tailor your thesis work to explore the aspects of sustainable development as an interior designer. work to explore the aspects of sustainable development as an interior designer. work to explore the aspects. What I had learned from Sam while he was talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is.when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification.

The sustainable certification process in places like Tulum & Costa Rico should be evaluated differently then in places like New York, Miami or Mexico City. Because of these tropical environments inherent nature and urban underdevelopment, developments in these types of areas don’t have to do much in order to receive and sustainable certification or reward.

It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this iswhen I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogu. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this iswhen I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogu. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this iswhen I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogu.

Tulum Research Reflecting

August 2021

What I had learned from Sam while he was talking about this topic that when I comes down to lets say a new development in Tulum, this certification process should be specific to that plot of land. It should consider the uniqueness of that hectare and use that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is certainly a point of interest for me to speak with Sam further. that criteria to evaluate if the development meets the standards for the certification. It was hard to follow this dialogue completely but this is certainly a point of interest for me to speak with Sam further.

Tulum Research Reflecting

August 2021

figure 1.2 Tulum Field Research Journal, by author

Thesis Research Statement • MFA Thesis Book

figure 1.3 Concepts of global-local interactions, Warwick E. Murray

Nagycsarnok (Great Market Hall)

San Juan Market

Chatcuchak Weekend Market

Budapest, Hungary

Mexico Cit y, Mexico

Bangkok, Thailand

figure 1.4 Images of markets from around world, taken by author

Switching focus from field research to the early development of this interior design thesis, an interest in tourism, particularly in the global and local relationship, set the stage for the project’s research investigation which promoted an interest in the tourism industry and the cultural narratives associated with New York City. With intentions to better understand the tourist or the global, and the local communities that they inhibit while traveling, theories within globalization were explored. Referenced in figure 1.3, Murray’s diagram illustrates how global and local interactions have been conceptualized. Murray’s network concept is described as “the connections between different people and institutions located on specific nodes across the world” (Murray, 51). This concept emphasizes the links between place and other parts of the world, which have been transmitted down particular networks, concluding that locality is constructed from interactions with the global. Relating this concept to the intentions of this thesis investigation, understanding how the roles of the global and local play in formulating a network between one another, becomes a driver in the formulation of this thesis’s project type. In exploring project types for this investigation, experiences of street markets from past travel endeavors were considered. Illustrated in figure 1.4, a variety of street markets from different parts of the world have proven invaluable in understanding different local cultures. The street market can be defined as a space of sensory experience and social interactions that revitalizes a program, going far beyond retail and promoting shared spaces that bring diverse communities together (Ganatra, 2021). In this line of thinking, interpreting these markets through the lens of Murray’s network theory, reinforced how this project type may be used to influence occupants to reinterpret their understanding of culture as it relates to globalization through bringing people together in a series of social exchanges. Throughout history, street markets have been a distinguishing place of the direct sale of goods. This exchange, which can be regarded as the social activity of shopping, constitutes an interface of exchange through the goods and services that is moved between the patron and the vendor (Ganatra, 2021). Analyzing the typology of a street market through the method of exchange, formalizes this thesis exploration’s project type and sets the stage for an investigation of how a reprogramed street market can facilitate an environment of cultural exchange.

Thesis Research Statement • MFA Thesis Book

Exploring the typology of a street market further, Ari Minelli’s 2014 dissertation, Temporal Markets and an Architecture of Time, uses Istanbul’s network of street markets as a case study to define them through the lens of the global and local interactions as well as its relationship to time. Defining the market as an architecture dependent on time, these urban armatures may transform a streetscape temporarily by taking over the fabric of the city and drawing large businesses and crowds, setting the stage for an intense battle of commerce where thousands of exchanges and conversations buzz in an ad-hoc setting (Minelli, 8). Minelli points out that these bustling urban markets slow down as the sun sets and often disappear by the time the city residents wake up, highlighting their temporal nature and ability to transform. Through a catalog of diagrams depicted in figure 1.5, Minieli begins to define the foundation of a market booth as a kit of parts consisting of goods, display surfaces and architectural elements which are the individual units that aggregate into an assembly of the informal market. When these single units aggregate into the self organized system of a street market, a complex network of interrelated stands create a unified network. Relating this back to the global and local interactions discussed earlier, a single market booth, operated independently, can be understood as a locality. When the booths are interconnected into a system, the market acts as a global network consisting of a series of interconnected localities, reinforcing Murray’s network concept discussed earlier. Analyzing the street market, as it relates to the global and local interactions reinforces this thesis investigation’s project type as a method for suggesting how a market can be used to test an environment that facilitates exchange among different cultures. As pointed out by Minelli, a street market can be defined by its temporal nature through its transformable qualities. This insight became a jumping off point to understand how transformability could play a role in this interior based exploration. Circling back to earlier research development, this investigation seeks to echo the experience of travel through spatial strategies, to provide users with opportunities for cultural exchange. When traveling, we encounter and experience something unique, that is often transformative to how we understand a culture and at times, ourselves. Rooted in the unique and transformative qualities of travel, attention was shifted into testing how transformable space can be integrated into this street market project type. With intentions to facilitate an environment of exchange, transformability was considered as a design method in order to build an interior environment that could be manipulated and changed, providing users with a unique spatial experience and the opportunity for encounters of exchange. Referencing New York’s recently built transformable cultural center The Shed, the architecture created an armature and trampoline for a calisthenics of creativity that invites the city’s to explore its multi-cultural roots (Giovannini, 2019). Used as a significant case study for this thesis, The Shed was an architectural precedent that provided insight into how transformable space could be employed and can impact the user.

TEMPORAL MARKETS AND AN ARCHITECTURE OF TIME Ari Minelli

figure 1.5 Temporal Markets and an Architecture of Time, Ari Minelli

Thesis Research Statement • MFA Thesis Book

In exploring a site to begin the design development of this thesis investigation, buildings in the New York area that possessed historical and cultural significance became criteria for the site selection. On the shore of Jersey City, an historical building located in Liberty State Park called the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal (CRRNJ) stands tall on the Hudson River waterfront looking onto downtown Manhattan, Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty. The CRRNJ is a train terminal and ferry port which played a fundamental role in Ellis Islands immigration story at the turn of the 20th century. Built by the Boston architectural firm Peabody and Stearns in 1889, the three story house joined twelve tracks to six ferry slips at the water’s edge, making it the largest and most complex water terminal in the New York Harbor at the turn of the century (Eastmead, 2020). Most significantly for the purpose of this thesis investigation, the opening of the immigration station on Ellis Island in 1892, increased traffic through this terminal building dramatically. After granting entry status at Ellis Island, Immigrants from an array of cultures and backgrounds would be transported via ferry to the CRRNJ where they would purchase train tickets and catch trains to their new homes in America. Two-thirds of the immigrants processed at Ellis Island, upwards of 10.5 million people, started their new lives via the CRRNJ Terminal, settling in New Jersey or traveling on to other states (Wanko, 2018). Considering the rich history of this site, rooted in both travel and multicultural identities, the CRRNJ was selected as this project site for this thesis investigation. Utilizing this building’s story and significance in shaping the cultural identity of New York, provided a strong opportunity for the building to support and facilitate the intentions of this thesis project. In bringing together the research outlined above, a thesis investigation was formed which tested how transformable space could serve as a means for facilitating an environment of cultural exchange. Field research that explored culture and tourism set the stage for topics of interest, as illustrated in the early thinking mind map in figure 1.6. With that body of knowledge, along with a further examination of personal experiences, the typology of a street market was employed as this investigation’s project type which facilitated the testing of the thesis’s intentions. Through research into globalization, concepts of the global-local relationship were defined and explored, which informed the theoretical thinking of this project. The global-local theories were then related to the typology of street markets to consider how an environment of cultural exchange may be tested through transformable space. Setting the stage and context for the project, the historical CRRNJ building was selected as the project site which reinforced the investigation through its significance in New York’s immigration story and multicultural identity.

How can the local and global relationship be more reciprocal?

How is tourism destructive for communities and ecosystems?

of, relating to, or characteristic of a particular place

Where can global travel empower local communites?

Who is harmed and who does the harm? How can we participate in tourism more collaboratively and sustainability?

Local

Can temporary spaces we inhabit when traveling increase awareness and connection to local culture? How can this awareness influence behavior and perspective towards local communities?

of, relating to, or involving the entire world

the act of inhabiting Habitation

exchange

inhabitation of

bewteen

temporary

global vs. local

space

sustainable

Global

participation in tourism

TOURISM

summer living in tulum

the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment

characteristic of or appropriate to an organism's healthy or normal functioning

Internal Prompts

Behavior

Phsycolgoical

childhood memory of space

IMAGINARY BOUNDARIES OF SPACE

objects as boundaries

boundaries within interior space

phsycolgoical impact of boundaries

Boundary

Sustainable of or relating to a lifestyle involving the use of sustainable methods

something that indicates or fixes a limit or extent

How can objects define spatial boundaries? How can objects facilitate temporary boundaries?

How do imaginary boundaries impact human psychology?

How can imaginary boundaries blur our perception of spaces? How can something invisible or imaginary be spatial?

How do they shape identity? How can they satisfy human needs like privacy, protection, etc.?

“La ye rs & T hre ads ” mind ma p e arl y proposal devel opme nt

figure 1.6 Layers & Threads Mind Map, drawn by author

Final Thesis Design Scheme • MFA Thesis Book

figure 2.1 Diagram of Train Shed Inserts, created by author

T hesis D esign Problem

Research S ources Biblio g raphy

Precedent Anal ysis

Case St udies

Programming and User Groups

S ite D escription and Anal ysis

Final T hesis D esign S cheme

Appendix

Research Sources Bibliography • MFA Thesis Book

Architectural Precedents A variety of architectural precedent studies were researched and analyzed to develop this investigation’s design approach and intentions. “Atarazanas Municipal Market Restoration by Aranguren + Gallegos Arquitectos.” Architizer, July 28, 2013. https://architizer.com/projects/atarazanas-municipal-market-restoration/. Brown, O’Donnel. “The Community Classroom.” O’DonnellBrown. Accessed May 3, 2022. https://www. odonnellbrown.com/the-community-classroom. Caballero, Pilar. “Three Pavilions / Rotative Studio.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, February 3, 2022. https://www. archdaily.com/976174/three-pavilions-rotative-studio. Caballero, Pilar. “Vila Nova De Famalicão Municipal Market Rehabilitation Project / Rui Mendes Ribeiro.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, September 15, 2021. https://www.archdaily.com/968458/vila-nova-de-famalicaomunicipal-market-rehabilitation-project-rui-mendes-ribeiro-plus-unidade-de-projeto-urbano-do-municipiode-vila-nova-de-famalicao. Giovannini, Joseph. “The Shed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro with Rockwell Group.” Architectural Record RSS. Architectural Record, November 4, 2019. https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/14044-the-shedby-diller-scofidio-renfro-with-rockwell-group. Luco, Andreas. “Restructuring of the Sanremo Annonary Market / Calvi Ceschia Viganò Architetti Associati.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, May 27, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/939897/restructuring-of-the-sanremoannonary-market-calvi-ceschia-vigano-architetti-associati. “Overview.” The High Line, November 29, 2021. https://www.thehighline.org/about/. Pintos, Paula. “Calton Hill Play Shelter / O’DonnellBrown.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, November 29, 2021. https://www.archdaily.com/972599/calton-hill-play-shelter-odonnellbrown. Pintos, Paula. “Santa Monica Greenhouse / Part Office + Cactus Store.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, January 30, 2022. https://www.archdaily.com/947982/santa-monica-greenhouse-part-office-plus-cactus-store. Tapia, Daniel. “Dadad Market / Bangkok Tokyo Architecture + Oph.” ArchDaily. ArchDaily, June 9, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/905924/dadad-market-bangkok-tokyo-architecture-plus-oph. “The Shed.” DS+R. Accessed May 10, 2022. https://dsrny.com/project/the-shed.

Central Railroad of New Jersey The below outlined sources provided historical information, data and imagery on this thesis project’s site; The Central Railroad of New Jersey. Eastmead, Joy. “The Historic CRRNJ Train Terminal.” Department of Environmental Protection. Accessed May 4, 2022. https://nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/parks/liberty_state_park/liberty_crrnj.html. “Official Site of the State of New Jersey.” NJDEP | Liberty State Park | New Jersey State Park Service. Accessed May 4, 2022. https://nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/parks/libertystatepark.html. Wanko, Lauren. “A Look at the Historic Rail Terminal in Liberty State Park.” NJ Spotlight News. Accessed May 4, 2022. https://www.njspotlightnews.org/video/look-historic-rail-terminal-liberty-state-park/. Historic American Engineering Record, Creator, and Peabody & Stearns. Central Railroad of New Jersey, Jersey City Ferry Terminal, Johnson Avenue at Hudson River, Jersey City, Hudson County, NJ. New Jersey Hudson County Jersey City, 1968. Documentation Compiled After. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/ nj0195/.

Tourism & Globalization These sources outline different topics related to tourism, globalization and culture that were fundamental in this theiss investigation’s understanding of the global and local relationship and exchange in tourism. Kongbuamai, Nattapan, Quocviet Bui, Hafiz Muhammad Yousaf, and Yun Liu. “The Impact of Tourism and Natural Resources on the Ecological Footprint: A Case Study of Asean Countries.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 16 (2020): 19251–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08582-x.. Murray, Warwick. “Global-Local Interaction.” Essay. In Geographies of Globalization, 48–54. London etc.: Routledge, 2006 Snyder, Alison B. “Globalization: What Shapes a Global Interior .” Essay. In The Handbook of Interior Architecture and Design, edited by Lois Weinthal and Graeme Brooker, 404–22, n.d. Stienmetz, Jason, Jeongmi (Jamie) Kim, Zheng Xiang, and Daniel R. Fesenmaier. “Managing the Structure of Tourism Experiences: Foundations for Tourism Design.” Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 19 (March 2021): 100408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100408. Woolley, Kevin. “Thinking Global? Cultural Competency a Top Priority for the Future of Interior Design.” i+s. Accessed May 8, 2022. https://iands.design/articles/32842/thinking-global-cultural-competency-toppriority-future-interior-design.

Street Markets The below outlined sources provided historical information, data and imagery on this thesis project’s site; The Central Railroad of New Jersey. Ganatra Swara, Swara. “Interpretation of Market Spaces Through an Architects Point of View.” RTF | Rethinking The Future, February 17, 2021. https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/city-and-architecture/ a2436-interpretation-of-market-spaces-through-an-architects-point-of-view/. Minelli, Ariel, “Temporal Markets and an Architecture of Time - Inclusion Legitimacy and Emergence- Part 1” (2014). Architecture Senior Theses. 202.https://surface.syr.edu/architecture_theses/202 Snyder, Alison B. (2020) “Shifting Inheritances: Ongoing Adaptations of the Passage Inside Beyoglu District” in International Journal of Interior Architecture + Spatial Design, Parallel Territories, v6, eds. Z. Qureshi, G,. Marinic. C. Odom, University of Houston: 72-79 Wilkinson, Tom. “Typology: Market Hall.” Architectural Review, July 25, 2020. https://www.architecturalreview.com/essays/typology-market-hall.

Transformable Space This collection of sources provides insight research into the topic of transformable space and architectur Heap, Celia Mahon. “Matthew Mazzotta: Open House a Transforming Public Theater.” designboom, November 8, 2013. Takatsu, Akio, and Yoichi Ando. “Temporal and Spatial Designing in Architecture .” J. Temporal Des. Arch. Environ. 12 (2013): 34–47. https://doi.org/http://www.jtdweb.org/.

Research Sources Bibliography • MFA Thesis Book

figure 3.1 TWA Hotel Program Diagram , drawn by author

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Case St udies

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Appendix

Precedent Analysis • MFA Thesis Book

Calton Hill Play Shelter location | date | architect |

Edinburgh, UK 201 O’ Donnell Brown figure 3.2 Calton Hill Play Shelter Image, O’ Donnell Brown, 2021

Designed by Glasgow-based architects O’Donnell Brown, this outdoor play shelter was commissioned to provide a fully accessible and sheltered outdoor space. The semi enclosed structure’s modular design consists of light weight timber posts and a polycarbonate roof. Understanding the structure’s functional, rhythmic geometry and design was informative for the design development of Liberty States Exchange’s modular booths design. Brown designed the structure with a kit of parts approach, allowing the structure to be easily erected and demounted. Similarly, the design of modular booths of the LSE were influenced by this kit of parts thinking, which allowed for methods of transformability and adaptation to be employed into the design.

figure 3.3 Calton Hill Play Shelter Architectural Drawings, O’ Donnell Brown, 2021

Three Pavillions location | date | architect |

Aigle, Switzerland 2021 Rotative Studio figure 3.4 Three Pavillions Image, Rotative Studio, 2021

In the city of Aigle, Switzerland, Rotative Studio transformed the town’s central square through the design of three temporary pavilions. With the intention to encourage the central square as a place for public encounters and interactions, Rotative proposed the pavilions with a combination of functions such as a public library, an observatory, a small theater and a collective table with benches. Understanding the architect’s intention for the insertion of these structures, was strongly considered in LSE’s approach to facilitating an environment of exchange. Similarly, LSE’s market booths intended to shift between an array of functions in order to provide visitors with unique opportunities to exchange ideas, goods and services.

figure 3.5 Three Pavillion Rendered Plan Diagram, Rotative Studio, 2021

Precedent Analysis • MFA Thesis Book

Ataranzas Municipal Market location | date | architect |

Malaga, Spain 2010 Aranduren & Gallegos figure 3.6 Ataranzas Municipal Market , Aranduren & Gallegos, 2010

Located in Malaga, Spain, this project by Aranguren + Gallegos Arquitectos involved the rehabilitation and recovery of the former Central Market Of Atarazanas. Drawing a parallel to the abandoned state of the CRRNJ, this precedent was informative to a restorative and adaptive reuse design approach. The unique design of the late 19 c. iron structure building was a fundamental aspect of the project, guiding the design approach to enhance the building’s inherent character and architectural monumentality. In regards to the market stalls that were restored, the design intent aimed to create small structures to establish a horizontal plane of new construction which infused into the historical dialogue of the architecture. Since this building shares many commonalities with the CRRNJ, this project was fundamental in understanding how to execute the design of LSE while still preserving the CRRNJ’s historical presence.

figure 3.7 Ataranzas Municipal Market Floor Plan , Aranduren & Gallegos, 2010

Villa Nova de Famalicao location | date | architect |

San Remo, Italy 2019 Calci Ceschia Vigano figure 3.8 Villa Nova de Famalicao, Calci Ceschia Vigano, 2019

Rui Mendes Ribeiro restored an historical community market built in 1952, to enliven the historical space and invite new visitors. Of particular interest is the project’s linear metallic structure which housed functional spaces and surfaces that facilitated a cyclical market. Analyzing the section detail shown in figure 3.9 was insightful in understanding the functional and ergonomic requirements of a market booth. The analysis was used in the design development of the LSE market booths.

figure 3.9 Villa Nova de Famalicao Detail Section , Calci Ceschia Vigano, 2019

Precedent Analysis • MFA Thesis Book

figure 4.1 Highline Aerial View Image, Highline.org

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Appendix

Case Studies • MFA Thesis Book

The High Line location | date | architect |

Manhattan, New York 2009-2014 James Corner Field Operattions, Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Piet Oudolf

Located on the West Side of Manhattan, the High Line is a public park built on a historic elevated rail line. The public park invites visitors to walk through the gardens, view art and experience performance, all while taking in the sweeping views of New York’s historical Chelsea and Meatpacking District. Drawing direct parallels to the CRRNJ, as they both were decommissioned railways, the High Line serves as a significant case study for this thesis investigation. Of particular interest illustrated in figure 4.5, is the strategy used to preserve the High Line’s existing historical train tracks. During construction each section of rail track was removed, tagged, surveyed, and stored. Many of these rails were returned to their original locations and integrated into the landscape design. (Highline.org, 2021). Following a similar line of thinking, the typology of the train tracks in the CRRNJ was used as a design driver for facilitating transformable space and preserving the historical significance of the building history. A second aspect of this case study which was used to inform the design strategies of this project was the use of framed openings. Shown in figure 4.2, framed openings which orient visitors’ views towards various parts of Manhattan, provide users with the opportunity to reflect and take in the urban landscape of this historical district of Manhattan. In Liberty State Exchange, a similar technique of framed portals is used to tell a visual story of the history of the CRRNJ.

figure 4.2 Render & section of framed opening on the High Line , photo from thehighline.org

figure 4.3 Aerial photo of the High Line , photo from thehighline.org

figure 4.4 Image of High Line and users , photo from thehighline.org

figure 4.5 Construction image (left) rendered section (right) of the High Line, photo from thehighline.org

Case Studies • MFA Thesis Book

The Shed location | date | architect |

Manhattan, New York (located on the The High Line) 2019 Diller Scofidio + Renfro & The Rockwell Group

Sitting at the North end of the highline, is a recently built building called The Shed, which commissions, develops and presents original works of art across all disciplines for all audiences. Illustrated in figure 4.7, the structure physically transforms to support a variety of programs and artistic visions. The eight level base building includes galleries and event spaces and a large-scale performance space built for installations and theater performances. The Shed became an important case study for this thesis investigation, providing insight into the experience of transformable space and its operability. The building is able to expand and contract by rolling its architectural shell on a system of rails which is inspired by the industrial part of the High Line and West Side Railyards. Understanding both the conceptual driver and function of this component of the Shed was fundamental in exploring how to employ transformable performance space and modular market booths in the Liberty State Exchange. Relating to the flexible intentions of the LSE, The Shed provided evidence into how permanently flexible features can respond to a variability of user needs and program purposes.

figure 4.6 Performance installation inside The Shed, The Rockwell Group

figure 4.7 Diagrams of The Shed illustrating program transformability, Diller Scofidio + Renfro

Case Studies • MFA Thesis Book

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Pro g rammin g

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Appendix

Programming • MFA Thesis Book

Liberty State Exchange Program Table

Terminal Buil di ng ( Entr y Exhi b i t ) Greeting Area

200 SF

Large open greeting area at the market entrance

Reception

325 SF

Information desk located in the greeting area

Digital Exhibition

2675 SF

Digital screens displaying the building’s

Terminal Buil di ng ( Sta f f Of fi ces + Fo o d Co u n ter)

Staff Bathrooms

360 SF

Private bathrooms for staff and vendors

Public Bathrooms

600 SF

Public bathrooms for market visitors

Director Offices

214 SF

(1) Market Director, (2) Event Director (1) Performance Director

Conference Room

223 SF

Staff conference room

Administrative Offices

240 SF

Office with filing and (2) work desks

Food Counter

320 SF

Open kitchen concept counter with rotating food vendors (2)

Kitchen + BOH

250 SF

Kitchen space and storage for (2) food vendors.

Staff Corridor

975 SF

Staff corridors in BOH

Public Corridor

400 SF

Public corridor to restroom

TERMINAL BUILDING (FL 1)

27,965 SF

LSE INTERVENTION

8,383 SF

Tra i n S h eds Platform Path

12126 SF

Walking path curved from the existing train platforms

Framed Opening Inserts

9749 SF

Inserted structure that orientate views through a framed opening

Performance Seating B

2675 SF

A panoramic performance space with build in seating

TRAIN SHEDS

270,097 SF

LSE INTERVENTION

24,550 SF

Co ncourse Bui ld i ng

Market Booth Areas

7805 SF

Areas with ground tracks to insert moveable market booths

Performance Space A

6500 SF

Movable performance space with bleacher seating & a stage

Market Pavilions

1763 SF

Movable multifunction pavilions with a parametric patterned skin

CONCOURSE BUILDING

23,420 SF

LSE INTERVENTION

17,831 SF

TOTAL SITE SF

321,482 SF

TOTAL INTERVENTION SF

50,764 SF

Programming • MFA Thesis Book

figure 6.1 CRRNJ Historical Image of Train Sheds, Library of Congress

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Appendix

Site Description and Analysis • MFA Thesis Book

CRRNJ

LOWER MANHAT TAN

LIBERT Y STATE PARK

ELLIS ISLAND

STATUE OF LIBERT Y

B R O O K LY N

figure 6.2 CRRNJ Context Map, drawn by author

Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal (CRRNJ) Located on the Jersey side of the Hudson River, The CRRNJ Terminal looks out onto lower Manhattan and Ellis Island. The building sits nestled in Liberty State Park, a green oasis that serves as the gateway to New Jersey’s rich natural, cultural and historical resources. Within the waterfront park is a two-mile promenade, two picnic and playground areas, a nature center and sprawling views of the Hudson River and Manhattan skyline. Designed by Peabody and Stearns Architects in 1889, the CRRNJ was erected in response to the mass migrations of European immigrants through Ellis Island. Referenced in 6.3, the CRRNJ’s close proximity to the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island, allows the site to currently serve as a point of departure for ferry service to both to visit both the historical sites. Conquensiding with the European immigration boom through Ellis island at the turn of the 20 century, CRRNJ played a major role in New York’s immgration story. The building acted as both a ferry port and departure train terminal, transporting immigrants from Ellis Island to their new homes. Two-thirds of the immigrants processed in Ellis Island, upwards of 10.5 million people, started their new lives via the CRRNJ Terminal. Over the years the building was expanded to keep up with the growing demand of railway commuters. Currently the building is open to the public, selling tickets to ferry tours to the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island as well as being used for a variety of community events. While the CRRNJ’s highly ornamented neoclassical terminal building and its clock tower stand tall over the Hudson, the original train sheds and docks, illustrated in figure 6.9, have been left in abandonment and decay. Explained in this dissertation, the abandonment train sheds serve as a point of departure for the design approach of the Liberty State Exchange.

Site Description and Analysis • MFA Thesis Book

figure 6.3 CRRNJ Original Facade Drawing, Peabody and Stearns Architects

figure 6.4 CRRNJ Terminal Building Original Plan, Peabody and Stearns Architects

figure 6.5 CRRNJ Terminal Building Back Facde Elevation, Peabody and Stearns Architect

figure 6.6 CRRNJ Original Site Plan, Peabody and Stearns Archiects

Site Description and Analysis • MFA Thesis Book

1885 - 1910

1910 - 1930

1930 - 1960

1960 - 1980

Today

El l is I sl and I m m igratio n Ferr y Po r t & Train Term inal

figure 6.7 CRRNJ Visual History, drawn by author

CRRNJ History 1885-1910 Constructed by Peabody and Stearns in 1889, the CRRNJ consisted of a three story head house which joined nine Bush Style train sheds to ferry slips at the water’s edge. During the turn of the century this building was the largest complex in the New York Harbor. With the opening of the immgrantition station on Ellis Island in 1892, traffic through CRRNJ dramatically increased, welcoming two-thirds of the immigrants to their new homes in America. 1910-1930 As “The Age of the Railroad” boomed in the early 20 century, the CRRNJ terminal accommodated between 30,000-50,000 people per day on 128 ferry runs and 300 trains (Eastmead, 2022). In 1914, the train and ferry sheds were enlarged to meet the growing number of commuters. 1930-1960 The railroad industry had peaked in 1929 and shortly fell into rapid decline, as the shift from coal to oil and gas led to the birth of automobiles and the demise of railroads. The CRRNJ saw a steady decrease in commuters during this time until it was evenly closed in 1967. 1930-1980 In 1967, the Adlene Plan rerouted all train traffic through CRRNJ to Pennsylvania Station Newark. In that same year, the CRRNJ declared bankruptcy and ceased passenger operations. The building was left for abandonment as shown in the historical images in figure 6.8. Today Beginning in 1975, a massive clean-up campaign kicked off, adding the CRRNJ to both the State and National Register of Historic Places. Today the terminal sits in the green oasis of Liberty State Park and serves as a departure point for ferry tours to the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island, as well as hosting community and statewide special events.

Site Description and Analysis • MFA Thesis Book

figure 6.8 CRRNJ Historical Images, Library of Congress

Site Description and Analysis • MFA Thesis Book

figure 6.9 CRRNJ Site Photos, images from google

Building Anatomy As it stands today, the CRRNJ consists of three distinctive building parts; the Terminal Building, Concourse and Train Sheds. The Terminal and Concourse building, which were restored in the late 20th century and are open to the public. The train sheds, which are closed off to the public due to the hazard of its decaying roof and structure, shown in the top image of figure 6.9, have stood in a state of abandonment since the building ceased passenger operations in 1967. Once housing twenty train tracks, the original tracks have been removed and the platforms are currently overgrown with weeds and shrubbery. The terminal building is a grand neoclassical three story brick building with a promenade clocktower. Sitting behind a waterfront terrace and reminiscences of the building’s original ferry slips, the facade can be seen from Manhattan’s Battery Park waterfront. Inside the building is a large three story high atrium space showcasing the original wood and iron truss ceiling. Situated around this atrium space are closed off interior spaces stretching the three floors, which house bathrooms, office space and event space. Flanking the terminal building are two semi-outdoor corridor spaces lined with windows and wood ceiling beams, which crave a path from the building waterfront entrance to the concourse. The concourse is an expansive open plan space which connects the Terminal Building to the nine train sheds. This 22,000 SF building is built from a series of iron archways and trusses, with a pitched glass skylight that stretches the length of space as shown in the middle image of figure 6.9. The abundant sunlight that filters into the space through the skylight and the row of celestial windows, highlights the green aged patina of the space’s iron structure. Currently the space can be accessed at both ends through a wall of sliding glass doors and the Terminal Buildings flanking corridors discussed above.

Site Description and Analysis • MFA Thesis Book

figure 6.9 Interior site photos of CRRNJ Concourse Building, taken by author

figure 6.10 Exterior site photos of CRRNJ, taken by author

Site Description and Analysis • MFA Thesis Book

figure 6.11 CRRNJ Train shed site photos, taken by author

figure 6.12 CRRNJ Terminal Building interior site photos, taken by author

• MFA Thesis Book

MOR R IS BA SIN C AN AL

H UDSON R I V ER

figure 7.1 CRRNJ Site Plan , drawn by author

T hesis D esign Problem

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Case St udies

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Final T hesis D esi gn S cheme

Appendix

Final Thesis Design Scheme • MFA Thesis Book

figure 7.2 LSE Plan, drawn by author

Liberty State Exchange (LSE) In first considering the entrance of Liberty State Exchange, the entry point was reorientated from the concourse building to the front of the Terminal Building as denoted by the user silhouettes in figure 7.2. The re-defined entry point, guided users to walk around the entirety of the Terminal Building façade and onto the waterfront terrace, where views are forced onto the skyline of Lower Manhattan, Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty. From the terrace, users entered LSE through a long corridor space flanking the Terminal Building, which feeds into the expansive Concourse. As illustrated in the existing site conditions images in figure 6.12, inherent to this long corridor space are framed views in both directions which became a design driver to the consideration of framed portals in other areas of the project. Additionally, considering the space’s long and narrow shape provided an opportunity to design an entry sequence exhibit that users would experience as they walked down the corridor towards the Concourse. As illustrated in figure 7.5, a system of digital screens in the entry sequence align with the space’s wall columns and display historic imagery and text which educated users on the building history and the fundamental role it played in the Ellis Island immigration story. Upon moving through the entry sequence into the Concourse, users encounter the LSE main program; a network of market booths and a transformable performance space. The Concourse’s expansive open plan, forces an architectural intervention to reimagine and reprogram the footprint of the space. As discussed in the prior Thesis Design Problem section, transformable systems became major design drivers for this project in order to facilitate an environment of exchange which had the ability to transform, making the experience unique for occupants. The open plan and high ceiling of the Concourse facilitated the ability to insert large architectural components into the space such as the market booths and a performance space with a large stage and three segments of monolithic bleacher seating. With intentions to preserve the building’s historical architecture and context, interventions of insertion were employed to minimize the manipulation to the existing architectural structure of the CRRNJ. The methodology of insertion was also rooted in the project’s interest in tourism, reinforcing the travel experience of being inserted into the system of another city or culture.

Final Thesis Design Scheme • MFA Thesis Book

figure 7.3 LSE Train Shed Inserts Render, by author

On the opposite side of the Terminal Building, nine large iron archways, illustrated in section in figure 7.12, connect the Concourse to the train sheds. With the original train tracks removed, the existing train platforms remained and served as a point of intervention. Drawing from the framed openings of the entry sequence, metal inserts shown in 7.3 were designed around the existing platforms which provided users with seating that orientated their views into a portal of what seems to be a never ending system of iron columns and archway structures that stretch back almost 800 feet. Additionally, shown in figure 7.2, the longitudinal layout of the platforms were connected through a transverse walkway, titled the Platform Path. The path, reimagined the abandoned train sheds, reviving the decaying space through an integration of vegetation, built in seating and a skylight puncture. The Platform Path and train shed inserts provided a separate experience from the concourse space, giving users an opportunity to experience the history of the CRRNJ through a sensorial experience of space.

figure 7.4 LSE Platform Path Render. by author

figure 7.5 LSE ection A, drawn by author

Final Thesis Design Scheme • MFA Thesis Book

figure 7.6 LSE Transformable Pavilions Render, by author

figure 7.8 Transformable Space Diagrams, drawn by author

figure 7.7 LSE Transformable Performance Space Render, by author

Transformable Space As previously discussed, methods of transformability and temporality are employed into this project to investigate how transformable space could facilitate an environment of exchange. Drawing from the typologies of the building existing conditions of train sheds, a series of tracks are employed into the ground in order to facilitate the transformation of space. As shown in figure 7.8, a performance arena and parametric pavilions can be configured in a multiple of ways, providing occupants with an experience that is both unique and temporal, echoing that essence of travel and tourism. Illustrated, in the renderings in figures 7.7 and 7.11, the integrated ground tracks provide the ability for two separate performance spaces in different parts of the building. Additionally, modular market booths are similarly mounted onto ground tracks, providing the ability for multiple configurations, showcasing the space’s flexible capabilities. the spaces transformable capabilities.

Final Thesis Design Scheme • MFA Thesis Book

figure 7.9 LSE Market Booths Render, by author

Market Booths Shared earlier, personal encounters of street markets while traveling informed the design of a system of market booths sought to facilitate an environment of exchange. This system of booths illustrated in figure 7.9 shows how the modular architectural structures are inserted into the space and aggregate together to create a network of individual units. Curated by LSE staff, the market booths are leased to cultural vendors selling goods and services, specific to their cultural background. The booths which each provide unique cultural experiences through exchange, engage users to learn about a variety of cultures as they spatially exist adjacent to one another. Modular and prefabricated design thinking is materialized in an assembly of wood posts, lightweight aluminum and polycarbonate panels, diagrammed in figure 7.12. A kit of display surfaces slide into the assembly allowing for the vendors to adapt the booth to suit their needs. Embedded into the ground, on a series of tracks, the booths aggregate to create a network and can be configured into a variety of layouts, recreating the experience of the market for its occupants.

figure 7.10 Market Booth Drawing, drawn by author

Final Thesis Design Scheme • MFA Thesis Book

figure 7.11 LSE Platform Path Performance Space, by author

figure 7.12 Market Booth Assembly Diagrams, drawn by author

Conclusion Ultimately an adaptive reuse project, considering design interventions that reinforced the building’s history and integrated with its existing architectural components, was a major take away from this thesis investigation. Fundamental to this project’s exploration was the rich history of the CRRNJ and the building’s distinct anatomy, which played a major role in both LSE’s design scheme and narrative. Through the early on process of historical research, site visits, the collection of the building’s original architectural drawings that eventually lead to the redrawing of the entire building and its site context, invaluable knowledge was gained on how to properly document a site and consider both the historical and architectural context in the final design scheme. Moving forward, this thesis exploration set the foundation for the ability to investigate site context and implement design interventions which considered the site’s significance. Pertaining to this project’s thesis testing, an exploration of transformable space through the design of modular market booths proved unique and interesting but called for further investigation. Being that ultimately, this project was an interior based investigation, the market booths provided an excellent opportunity to shift from the large scale of the project planning to design a much smaller scale which focused on methods of construction, assembly and connection. Considering how the massive area of the CRRNJ building footprint made it challenging to focus on small to medium scale design elements, the opportunity to test the market booths in more depth through further design development and research called to be executed with more rigor. Retrospectively considering this design intervention, a deeper dive into the booths form, materiality and systems would have reinforced this project’s concept and allowed for a more developed understanding of prefabricated design and modular building components. Most significantly, the presentation drawings presented in this investigation showcased a strong understanding of how different methods of architectural drawing techniques could be employed to express design intentions and strategy. Drawing the

Final Thesis Design Scheme • MFA Thesis Book

figure 7.10 Transformable Space Diagrams, drawn by author

complexities of the CRRNJ building anatomy proved challenging, but provided an opportunity to explore and understand the building’s architecture in depth and detail. Understanding the importance of the surrounding site context and strategizing on how to communicate it in the presentation drawings was also an additional drawing skill that was developed through the investigation. Rooted in personal interests and experiences of travel, this project allowed for the development of a deeper understanding of how architecture and interior space may be informed by culture. Exploring different types of tourism space and how culture is consumed in these spaces, provided invaluable insight into understanding the role that space plays in how we experience culture when traveling. Not limited to an interior architectural study, this investigation is impactful for defining and understanding the significance of cultural exchange. Through engaging in field research and living abroad, this method proved invaluable for learning about another culture and understanding different modes of research. Additionally, diving deep into the CRRNJ historical significance illustrated the colorful history of New York’s immgiation story, highlighting how the cross pollination and integration of a variety of backgrounds and cultures serves as the foundation for one of the greatest metropolises on earth, New York City.

figure 7.12 Liberty State Exchange Section B, drawn by author

Final Thesis Design Scheme • MFA Thesis Book

T hesis D esign Problem

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Precedent Anal ysis

Case St udies

Programming and User Groups

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Final T hesis D esign S cheme

Appendix

Appendix • MFA Thesis Book

Appendix Table of Contents

A-00

Earl y T hinking Diagrams

A-01

Earl y Concept Models

A-02

Earl y D esign Proposals

A-04

S ite G eometries

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Additional Renders

Appendix • MFA Thesis Book

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Earl y T hinking Diagrams

figure A.1 Discovery + Tourism concept diagram, drawn by author

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Earl y Concept Models

concept model exploded axon

Obstructed Views

slide a_ heritage Mayan hieroglyphics

side b_ location Riviera Maya, Mexico

side c _ context environmental destruction

A trapezoid envelope conceptuals how users or occupants awareness is shifted from a narrower opening to a wider one through manipulated perspective. Engraved plexi glass slides are inserted into the top of the model by the user, obstructing their view with abstract representations of site specific themes related to the Riviera Maya of Mexico. The user experiencing the model is forced to engage, activating discovery and exploration related to a specific place.

figure A.3 Obstructed Views diagram & photos, created by author

Appendix • MFA Thesis Book

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Earl y Concept Models

figure A.4 Inserted Dowels concept model, created by author

This concept model abstracts notions of insertion while exploring material in space. Plywood dowels are inserted into a plywood sheet, creating a spatial simulation that explores a possible concept for an exhibit space. The integral layers within the plywood through a wave shape form, drawing a connection to the waves of immirgation and layers of cultural history that passed through the terminal building.

figure A.5 CRRNJ Inserted Shed Volumes Section, drawn by author

figure A.6 Reflective Platform Insert concept model, created by author

This 3D model studies an intervention with the existing site conditions of the original housing for the train tracks. Additionally material in space is studied through the implementation of a refiective material. Mirrored plexi is embedded into the ground void to explore the notion of a refiecting pool. Water is considered as an element with the exhibit spaces for its tactile role in New York’s immgration story and close relationship to the site.

figure A.7 CRRNJ Train Platform Diagram, drawn by author

Appendix • MFA Thesis Book

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Earl y D esign Proposals

figure A.8 CCRNJ Section, early thesis proposal, drawn by author

Train Shed Intervention Today as the terminal is protected and maintained under historical preservation, the attached train sheds have been abandoned, stripped of their tracks, encased by chain linked fences and left for decay. The forgotten nature of these iconic train sheds threaten their embedded history and infiuence, which is so critical to New York’s immigration story. The primary intervention for this thesis investigation proposes a architectural design that reimagines the train sheds through the integration and insertion of volumes that mirror the form of the existing architecture to create inhabitable space. Through this intervention, the forgotten heritage of these train sheds are reinvigorated and reimagined to retell and celebrate their role in shaping New York’s multicultural identity.

Integ rated Vol u mes tra in s h ed concept s ch eme A

S ep erated Vol u mes tra in s h ed concept s ch eme B

figure A.9 Early thesis proposal parti diagrams, drawn by author

Early Train Shed Volume Parti Diagrams In exploring the Train Shed Volumes concept further, the methods of integration and separation which stem from notions embedded in the story of New York’s immgration history are tested to develop two spatial schemes for the proposed volumes.

Appendix • MFA Thesis Book

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S ite G eometries

figure A.10 CRRNJ site geometres diagram A, drawn by author

inserted volumes study a

inserted volume study b

inserted volumes study c

inserted volumes study d cross grid stud y

inserted volumes study e cross grid stud y

inserted volumes study f

site plan key

figure A.11 CRRNJ site geometres diagram B, drawn by author

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understanding how site can be par titioned through embedded geometr y

highlighting steel frame structure rhythm with relatioinship to train shed rhythm and column grid

dividing concourse spaces through architecural geometr y

highlighting steel frame structure rhythm

figure A.12 CRRNJ site geometres diagram C, drawn by author

figure A.13 CRRNJ site geometres diagram D, drawn by author

Appendix • MFA Thesis Book

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Additional Renders

figure A.21 Existing Concourse Entrance Render, by author

figure A.19 Pavillion Render, by author

figure A.20 Train Shed Insert Early Proposal Render, by author

Additional Renders • MFA Thesis Book

T he s is D e s i g n Pr o blem

Re s e ar c h S our c e s Bibliog r a ph y

Pr e c e dent Anal y s is

C a s e S t udie s

Pr o g r a mmin g and User Gr o ups

S it e D e s cr i p t i on and Anal y s is

Final T he s is D e s i g n S c h eme

Appendix FIN .

End Page • MFA Thesis Book