Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Nutritional and Functional Properties of Moringa Leaves − From Germplasm, to Plant to Food, to Health Moringa and Other Highly Nutritious Plant Resources: Strategies, Standards and Markets for a Better Impact on Nutrition in Africa 16 − 18, 2006, Accra, Ganna
Ray-Yu Yang, Lien-Chung Chang and Virginie Levasseur Nutrition Unit, Plant Breeding Unit, West Africa Office AVRDC − The World Vegetable Center
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Coexist of underweight and overweight: overweight is on the rise Percentage of population 25
Underweight Overweight
20 15 10 5 0 Global
Source: FAO, focus 2004
Least Developing Economies developed countries in transition countries
Developed market economy countries
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Per capita fruit and vegetable supply (kg/person/year) Fruits
Vegetables
Total
Total: 146 kg/capita/yr Veg: 73 kg/capita/yr
Developing countries in Africa Developed countries
Developing countries in Asia Developing countries
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
AVRDC multi-strategies to improved nutrition and health Consumption •
Nutrient/ bioactive compound density
X
Increased vegetable availability and consumption
•
Improved nutrient and phytochemical density
= •
X •
Bioavailability
Enhanced iron bioavailability
Health outcome
Assessing the benefits from the consumption of vegetables on health and overall economic development.
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
AVRDC Vegetable Genetic Resources
• • •
The most diverse collection of vegetable germplasm in the world. Contains about 55,000 accessions of 334 different species from 151 countries. More than 300,000 seed samples distributed to researchers in 180 countries over 30 years
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Hidden Treasures in Indigenous Vegetable Garden
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Nutrient Content Ranges
In 100 g FW
N
Min
Max
Mean
SD
Protein, g
243
0.2
10
3
1.6
β-carotene, mg
241
0.0
22
3.1
3.3
Vit. C, mg
243
1.1
353
70
77
Vit. E, mg
243
0.0
71
2.6
5.6
Folates, Âľg
90
2.8
175
51
40
Ca, mg
243
2
744
121
136
Fe, mg
243
0.2
26
2.1
2.6
Zn, mg
27
0.17
1.24
0.49
0.24
Total phenol, mg
241
17
12,070
444
940
AOA, TE
243
0.63
82,170
1383
5648
Specie no.: ~120
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Vegetable distribution for β-carotene
Frequency
140
115
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
57 32 0 <0
<2
<4
<6
14
12
6
1
<8
<10
<20
<30
b-Carotene, mg/100 g fw
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Frequency
Vegetable distribution for Iron 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
88 78
38 8
<4
<5 <10 <20 <30
0 <0
<1
<2
<3
12
11
Iron content (mg/100 g fw)
4
1
AVRDC The World Vegetable Center
â&#x20AC;˘ Daily consumption of 200 g vegetables is not enough to achieve sufficient nutrient intake. Must also include nutrient-rich vegetables. â&#x20AC;˘ Nutrient-rich vegetables are underutilized and merit greater attention. Additional investigations will likely uncover even more nutritional value in these treasures
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
10
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Criteria for vegetable selection Criteria
Chinese cedar
Moringa leaves
Vitamin A
****
*****
***
***
Iron
***
****
****
****
Fresh market
***
***
*****
*****
Postharvest handling
****
**
****
****
Processing
****
****
*
*
Health promoting factors
****
****
****
***
Phytochemicals
*****
****
***
***
Low input
****
*****
****
****
**
*****
*****
*****
Tropically grown
Sweetpotato Amaranth leaves
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Moringa Leaves from to to to
Germplasm Plant Food Health
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
From Germplasm Nutrient and phytochemical contents among four Moringa species
Moringa drouhardii
Moringa oleifera
Moringa stenopetala
Moringa peregrina
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Moringa samples Sample number
Species
Tree age
Part for analyses
Groups
Origin
MO27
oleifera
3 yr
Leaf, stem, seed
Slender tree India
MO28
stenopetala 3 yr
Leaf, stem
Bottle tree
Kenya, Ethiopia
MO30
peregrina
3 yr
Leaf, stem
Slender tree
Arabia, red sea area
MO31
drouhardii
3 yr
Leaf, stem
Bottle tree
Madagascar
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Nutrients in four Moringa species 100 g fresh mature leaves
β-Car mg
24
Prot. g 5.7
stenopetala
24
peregrina drouhardii
Specie
DM
15
Vit C mg 459
Vit E mg 25
Iron mg 9.2
Ca mg 638
olerifera
5.8
13
400
18
5.4
711
21
2.9
5
264
28
5.6
458
29
5.0
11
388
14
8.7
745
• No stachyose or raffinose were detected in leaves • Low in oxalate (~25 mg/100g, only 5% of oxalate in spinach)
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Dominant Antioxidants in Moringa leaves
Antioxidant content, _mol/g
(Âľmole/g on dry weight basis) 250
210
200 150 100
25
olerifera
20
stenopetala
15 80
94
100 74
88
65 70
5
0
0
Methods:
drouhardii
10
50
Phenolics Folin method, chlorogenic acid equivalents
peregrina
2.3 2.8 1.6 1.1
Ascorbate a-Tocopherol Colorimetric, HPLC measuring total oxidized ascorbate
1.1 0.9 0.4 0.7 b-Carotene HPLC
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Phytochemicals in Moringa oleifera Intens. [mAU]
100
50
Glucosinolates m/z 570
m/z 612
Quercetin-3-O6”-malonylglucoside
4-(α-Lrhamnopyranosyloxy)benxylglucosinolate
Flavonoids Kampherol3-glucoside
Quercetin-3glucoside
Kampherol-3O-6”-malonylglucoside
0
350 nm -50
Monoacetyl 4-(α-Lrhamnopyranosyloxy)benxylglucosinolate isomers
10 20 30 40 50 60 YG-24-05.D: UV Chromatogram, 350.4 nm YG-24-05.D: EIC 612 ±All
70 Time [min] YG-24-05.D: EIC 570 ±All
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Conclusion 1 â&#x20AC;˘ High nutrients, antioxidants and glucosinolates, and low oxalate contents are common features of the four M. species. â&#x20AC;˘ M. peregrina was the uppermost for antioxidant; M. oleifera has the highest nutrient values among the four.
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
To Plants Nutrient and phytochemical contents in Moringa leaves as affected by accession, harvesting season and leaf stage
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Effects of variety, leaf type and season on nutrient and phytochemical contents • Experimental design – RCBD – Factors: • Variety: 10 M. oleifera accessions, 3 field replications • Leaf type: mature, young shoots • Harvesting season: hot-wet (June), cool-dry (Jan), spring (April) • Analyses: – Protein, 3 vitamins, 2 minerals, phenolics, antioxidant activity (AOA)
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
High density planting and pruning enable convenient and continuous harvests of young shoots
Harvesting
Young shoots grows quickly after the harvest
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
40
Air temperature
16
35
Rain precip
14
30
12
25
10
20
8
15
6
10
4
5
2
0
0 Apr- May- Jun- Jul- Aug- Sep- Oct- Nov- Dec- Jan- Feb- Mar- Apr04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05
Rain precip (mm)
Air temperature( _ )
Air temperature and rain fall
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Nutritional values of mature moringa leaves for three harvests 100 g FW
June 2004 (Summer)
January 2005 (Winter) Mature leaves
April 2005(Spring)
Dry matter, g
23.8 ± 0.9 a
21.4
±
0.7.b
21.4 ± 1.5 b
Protein, g
7.59 ± 0.35 a
6.59
±
0.30 b
6.46 ± 0.89 b
Fiber, g
1.83 ± 0.16 b
1.93
±
0.13 a
1.47 ± 0.11 c
Sugars, g
3.17 ± 0.41 a
3.04
±
0.22 a
2.59 ± 0.44 b
434 ± 66 b
448
±
48 b
481 ± 67 a
9.73
±
1.00 a
4.10 ± 2.35 c
Calcium, mg Iron, mg
6.24 ± 0.84 b
β-carotene
20.1 ± 1.8 a
7.8
±
0.7 c
13.8 ± 0.9 b
Vitamin C
244 ± 18 b
320
±
28 a
206 ± 21 c
Vitamin E
18.1 ± 3.6 a
17.4
±
2.6 a
14.8 ± 2.3 b
AOA, μmol TE
4380 ± 862 a
2341
±
205 b
4166 ± 1211 a
Phenolics, mg
558 ± 70 c
802
±
54 a
681 ± 51 b
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Nutritional values of moringa young shoots for three harvests Components.
June 2004 (Summer)
January 2005 (Winter)
April (Spring)
Young shoots Dry matter, g
17.7
±
1.5 a
15.4
±
1.7 b
12.2 ± 1.1 c
Protein, g
5.33
±
0.46 a
4.03
±
0.57 b
3.48 ± 0.35 c
Fiber, g
1.59
±
0.13 a
1.39
±
0.16 b
1.43 ± 0.17 b
Sugars, g
2.52
±
0.34 a
2.19
±
0.28 b
1.88 ± 0.34 c
88
±
20
84
±
49
Iron, mg
2.86
±
1.08 b
4.22
±
1.36 a
1.40 ± 0.34 c
β-carotene
6.96
±
1.15 a
2.75
±
1.00 b
2.56 ± 0.58 b
Vitamin C
256
±
25 b
294
±
35 a
Vitamin E
6.09
±
1.76 a
4.08
±
1.60 b
AOA, μmol TE
3381
±
449 a
2223
±
381 b
1307 ± 219 c
Phenolics, mg
552
±
68 b
731
±
100 a
461 ± 40 c
Calcium, mg
74 ± 9
183 ± 21 c 2.86 ± 0.45 c
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Conclusion 2 • Variation among 10 M. oleifera accessions for nutrient contents was small so breeding for higher nutrient content not worthwhile. Varietal selection should focus on horticultural traits. • Mature leaves were more nutritious than young shoots and could be quickly dried with minimum nutrient loss; however, young shoots exhibited better eating quality and more acceptable for the fresh market. • Seasonal effects caused 1.5 – 3x content variation for vitamin A, iron and antioxidants in moringa leaves; higher vitamin A was obtained in hot-wet season while higher iron and vitamin C were found in cooldry.
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
to Food Nutrient and phytochemical contents in Moringa leaves as affected by processing temperature and simulated gastrointestinal digestion
Young shoots for fresh markets in Taiwan
Mature leaves for commercial products: Leaf extracts and tea bags sold in Taiwan
50째C oven dried moringa powder for nutritional analysis and animal studies
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Mild-heat drying maintained most nutrients/ phytochemicals in moringa leaves Per 100 g DW Protein, g Fiber, g β-Carotene, mg Vitamin C, mg Tocopherols, mg Calcium, mg Iron, mg Polyphenols, g Glucosinolates, mmol AOA, mmol TE
Freeze dry
50°C dry
28 8 154 582 169 1760 20 3 8.6 15.4
28 8 110 157 165 1670 21 3 9.9 17.3
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Temperature effect on antioxidant activities (AOA) of Moringa oleifera leaves Water soluble AOA 250
200
200
150 100 50 0 -20
25
50
100
150 SODE, 100 unit/g dry
250 ABTSw, TE/g dry
ABTSm, TE/g dry
Methanol soluble AOA
150 100 50
Water soluble super oxide scavenging
120 90 60 30 0
0 -20
25
50
100
-20
25
50
Treatments Freezing
Fresh
Mild heat
Boiling
-20째C / 4hr
RT, 25째C
50째C/10 min
100째C/10 min
100
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
AOA changes before and after simulated digestion AOA (TE, _mol/flask)
120 100
AOA of dialysate 30
AOA of remainder
80 60 40
21 74
87
80
Fresh
Digested
40
20 0 Fresh
Digested
ILP assay
ABTS assay
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
In Vitro Iron bioavailability of Moringa leaves 1.6 Raw
Dialyzable iron, ppm
1.4
Cooked
1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Fresh leaves
50 _ oven dried
Effect Effect of of Selected Selected Vegetables Vegetables on on In In Vitro Vitro Iron Iron Bioavailability Bioavailability of of Mungbean Mungbean Dialyzable iron, ug
25
mungbean and moringa were boiled together fro 10 min
20 15 10 5
MB: mung bean, Cab: cabbage, Tom: tomato, DL: drumstick leaves (Moringa), SP: sweet pepper
MB+SP (MB +SP)
Sweet MB P
MB +Kale
(MB+Kale) Kale
MB
MB+DL (MB +DL)
Moringa MB
MB +Tom
(MB+Tom) Tomato
MB
MB+Cab (MB +Cab)
MB Cabbage
0
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Conclusion 3 • Boiling Moringa leaves in water enhanced aqueous AOA, and the AOA was maintained after simulated digestion • Cooking Moringa leaves increased available iron and raised total available iron of mixtures with mungbean. • Mild-heat drying maintained most nutrients/ phytochemicals in Moringa leaves and provides a way for long term preservation and continuous nutrient/antioxidant supply
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
to Health â&#x20AC;˘ As dietary micronutrients and antioxidants for human use â&#x20AC;˘ Added to fodder for livestock production
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Moringa leaves: â&#x20AC;˘ as a micronutrients and antioxidants in diets for human use â&#x20AC;˘ added to fodder as a potential bioceutical agent to substitute for antibiotics in livestock (broiler chicken) production
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Immuno-modulation activity of dried morinag powder in diet for human use â&#x20AC;˘ Intervention with a diet containing 5% moringa powder was investigated using a rat model and compared to a 5% common cabbage diet, and a nutrient-sufficient diet without vegetable. â&#x20AC;˘ The preliminary results after 3 weeks indicated that the moringa diet reduced blood triglycerides, enhanced immune response due to increased peripheral and splenocyte T-cell proliferations.
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Conclusion 4 â&#x20AC;˘ The study implies the consumption of moringa enhances the immune response of nutrient sufficient subjects. â&#x20AC;˘ In addition, consumption of nutrient and phytochemical-rich vegetables, like moringa, leads to a better immune response compared to consumption of vegetables that are rich in fiber but lower in nutrient or phytochemical content, like common cabbage. â&#x20AC;˘ Moringa should be promoted for greater consumption to improve nutrition and strengthen immune functions.
Moringa dishes
Moringa and other highly nutritious plant resources: Strategies, standards and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. Accra, Ghana, November 16-18, 2006
Acknowledgments AVRDC-The World Veg Nutrition Unit Center Plant Breeding Unit
Lab staff Mr. LC Chang
Genetic Resource and Seed Unit
Dr. L Engle
National Chiayi University, Taiwan
Applied Microbiology
Prof. B. C. Weng
National Chug-Hsin University, Taiwan
Animal Science
Prof. JC Hsu
Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey
Food Science Dep. and Adv Food Technology Center
Prof. TC Lee
Moringa Oleifera Tree