RE-DEFINING DROP-IN CENTRES FOR THE HOMELESS A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by
SNEHA UTTARKAR JAYAPRAKASH in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (B.ARCH)
SASI CREATIVE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025
JULY 2021
ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “RE-DEFINING DROP-IN CENTRES FOR THE HOMELESS ” is the bonafide work of “SNEHA UTTARKAR JAYAPRAKASH ” who carried out the project work under my supervision.
SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE
C Sam Charles Devanand
C Sam Charles Devanand
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
SUPERVISOR
Sasi Creative School of Architecture
Sasi Creative School of Architecture
293 / 2A, Pollachi Main Road
293 / 2A, Pollachi Main Road
Coimbatore-641 032
Coimbatore-641 032
INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DECLARATION
SNEHA UTTARKAR JAYAPRAKASH (Reg. No. 723816251069), a bonafide student of Sasi Creative School of Architecture, Coimbatore, declares that this thesis report entitled “RE-DEFINING DROP-IN CENTRES FOR THE HOMELESS” for the award of the degree, Bachelor of Architecture, is her original work and has not formed the basis or submitted to any other university or educational institution for the award of the degree or diploma.
DATE: PLACE: COIMBATORE (SNEHA UTTARKAR JAYAPRAKASH)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would firstly thank God, whose graceful blessings are always present. I am and will forever be grateful for my Mom and Dad who stood by me and without whom I wouldn’t have made it this far. I am deeply indebted to my guide C. Sam Charles Devanand for his invaluable guidance and constructive criticism rendered during the course of this project.
(SNEHA UTTARKAR JAYAPRAKASH)
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO.
1.
2.
3.
TITLE
PAGE NO.
METHODOLOGY (ABSTRACT)
1
1.1 DATA COLLECTION AND CONDITION ANALYSIS
2
1.2 DESIGN GROUND ESTABLISHMENT
2
1.3 INITIAL FINDINGS
2
1.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF PREMEDITATED GOALS
2
INTRODUCTION AND SITUATION ANALYSIS
3
2.1 PURPOSE
4
2.2 REASONS FOR HOMELESSNESS IN INDIA
7
2.3 EFFECTS OF HOMELESSNESS
8
2.4 THEIR STORIES FROM THEIR MOUTHS
9
2.5 PROGRAMS PROVIDED BY SHELTERS
9
2.6 QUESTIONNAIRE SYNTHESIS
10
SITE AND ANALYSIS
12
3.1 SITE JUSTIFICATION
13
3.2 AREAS OF HIGHER DENSITY OF HOMELESS
13
POPULATION 3.3 SITE ANALYSIS
14
3.3.1. Sun Path, Prevailing winds and Views
14
3.3.2. Topography
14
3.3.3.
15
Land use of Neighbourhood
3.3.4. Land use of Site
16
3.3.5. Neighbourhood Context
16
3.3.6. Nearby Amenities
18 i
4.
3.3.7. Traffic flow on weekdays
19
3.3.8. Traffic flow on weekends
19
3.3.9. Traffic flow near site
20
3.3.10. Analysis of Site
20
LITERATURE CASE STUDIES
21
4.1 THE BRIDGE HOMELESS ASSISTANCE CENTRE/OVERLAND PARTNERS, DALLAS, TEXAS, U.S.A.
22
4.2 C.A.P.S.L.O. HOMELESS SERVICES CENTRE IN SAN LUIS OBISPO, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A.
26
4.3 HIGH AVENUE HOMELESS SHELTER, SALT LAKE CITY- HOLST + A.J.C. ARCHITECTS
30
4.4 PROPOSED PROTOTYPE OF SHELTERS FOR URBAN HOMELESS UNDER N.U.L.M.H.U.D.C.O. DESIGN DEPARTMENT 4.5 INFERENCE
33 37
4.6 PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF SURROUNDINGS IN A HOMELESS SHELTER 4.7 ISSUES RELATED TO DESIGN
5.
CONCEPTUAL IDEAS 5.1 BRUTALISM
37 39
44 45
5.2 HISTORY OF BRUTALISM IN ARCHITECTURE 46 5.3 BRUTALISM IN SOCIAL PROJECTS
47
5.4 KEY ELEMENTS OF BRUTALISM
48
5.5 KEY REASONS FOR CHOOSING BRUTALISM 49 5.6 MAKING CONCRETE GREEN
50
5.7 CONCEPT IMPLEMENTATION IN DESIGN
51 ii
6.
IMPLEMENTATION
52
6.1 SPATIAL CONFIGURATION
53
6.2 USER DEFINED SPACES
53
6.3 SELF SUSTENANCE PROGRAMS AND
54
MEASURES
7.
DETAILED DESIGN RESPONSE
55
7.1 SITE PLAN
56
7.2 SLEEPING PAVILION
57
7.3 DINING, KITCHEN AND STORAGE
64
7.4 ADMINISTRATION, EMPLOYMENT AND
68
LEGAL SERVICES, EDUCATION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT, STAFF RESIDENTIAL, MEDICAL, INDIVIDUAL ROOMS, FAMILY DORMITORIES, MALE AND FEMALE DORMITORIES AND AMENITIES 7.4.1. Administration, Employment and Legal services, Education and Skill development,
8.
Staff Residential and Medical
68
7.4.2.
Individual rooms and Family dormitories
75
7.4.3.
Male and Female Dormitories
76
7.4.4.
Amenities
79
7.5 RETAIL, WORKSHOP AND RECREATION
82
ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM
87
8.1 PROXIMITY CHART
88
iii
8.2 TAKING FORWARD AND LOGISTICS OF CONSTRUCTION
89
8.3 INTERVALS OF DRAWINGS
91
8.4 SCHEDULE OF COMPLETION OF WORK
92
8.5 ARCHITECTURAL VIRTUAL WALKTHROUGH 93
9.
REFERENCES
95
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
FIG. 1. Article in Times of India (Dated 23-Dec-2010)
5
FIG. 2. Article in The Hindu (Dated 07-June-2018)
6
FIG. 3. Statistics showing No. of Homeless in India
6
FIG. 4. Statistics showing No. of Homeless in Chennai
7
FIG. 5. Statistics showing No. of Homeless found in Rural vs. Urban
7
FIG. 6. Short Stories of The Homeless in Chennai Source: T.O.I.
9
FIG. 7. Representation of services provided in a shelter
9
FIG. 8. Questions asked to 180 respondents
11
FIG. 9. Map showing areas of high homeless population
13
FIG. 10. Map showing Sun path, prevailing winds and Views
14
FIG. 11. Map showing topography of site
15
FIG. 12. Map showing land use of surroundings
15
FIG. 13. Map showing prescribed land use
16
FIG. 14. Map showing nearby amenities
17
FIG. 15. Map showing nearby transportation systems
18
FIG. 16. Map showing Amenities on a larger scale
18
FIG. 17. Map showing traffic flow on weekdays
19
FIG. 18. Map showing traffic flow on weekends
19
FIG. 19. Map showing traffic flow on Ratan Road which abuts the site
20
FIG. 20. Map showing analysis of site
20
FIG. 21. Site Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
23 v
FIG. 22. Zoning of the Site Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter 23 FIG. 23. First Floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
24
FIG. 24. Zoning of the First Floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
24
FIG. 25. Second Floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
25
FIG. 26. Zoning of the Second Floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
25
FIG. 27. Third Floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
25
FIG. 28. Zoning of the Third Floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
25
FIG. 29. The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
25
FIG. 30. The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
25
FIG. 31. Ground Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre
27
FIG. 32. Zoning of the Ground Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre
27
FIG. 33. First Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre
28
FIG. 34. Zoning of the First Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre
28
FIG. 35. View of the C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre
29
FIG. 36. View of the C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre
29
FIG. 37. Ground Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter
30
FIG. 38. Zoning of the Ground Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter
31 vi
FIG. 39. First Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter
31
FIG. 40. Zoning of the First Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter
31
FIG. 41. View of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter
32
FIG. 42. View of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter
32
FIG. 43. Ground Floor Plans of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
34
FIG. 44. Zoning of the Ground Floor Plans of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
34
FIG. 45. First Floor Plans of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
34
FIG. 46. Zoning of the First Floor Plans of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
35
FIG. 47. Second Floor Plans of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
35
FIG. 48. Zoning of the Second Floor Plans of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
35
FIG. 49. Elevation of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
36
FIG. 50. Zoning of the Vertical Section of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
36
FIG. 51. Representation of Inference received from the Literature Case Studies
37
FIG. 52. Elements of Brutalism
46
FIG. 53. Unite d’Habitation in Marseille
47
FIG. 54. Trellick tower in North West London
48
FIG. 55. Habitat 67, Montreal
48
FIG. 56. Key Elements of Brutalism
49
FIG. 57. Site Plan
57
FIG. 58. Vertical Zoning of the Gender Differentiated dorms
58 vii
FIG. 59. Floor plans of the Sleeping pavilion
59
FIG. 60. Section and elevation of the Sleeping pavilion
60
FIG. 61. Details of joinery of truss to masonry wall
60
FIG. 62. Details of Bow-String truss
61
FIG. 63. View of the Atrium Lounge on the Ground Floor
62
FIG. 64. View of the Sleeping Pavilion Reception
62
FIG. 65. View of the Male Dormitories on the Ground and First Floors
63
FIG. 66. View of the Female Dormitories on the Second and Third Floors
63
FIG. 67. View of the Sky Lounges
64
FIG. 68. Zoning of the Dining, Kitchen and Storage units showing the connection and juxtaposition of the three blocks
65
FIG. 69. Ground floor plan of the Dining, Kitchen and Storage
65
FIG. 70. First floor plan of the Dining
65
FIG. 71. Section and Elevation of the Dining, Kitchen and Storage blocks
66
FIG. 72. Detail of the skylight
66
FIG. 73. View of the Dining Area
66
FIG. 74. View of the Service Areas
67
FIG. 75. View of the Cafeteria
67
FIG. 76. Zoning of the Administrative, Employment and Legal services, Education and Skill development, staff residential and Medical Blocks and showing the connection and juxtaposition of the three blocks
69
FIG. 77. Ground floor plan of the Administrative, Employment and Legal services, Education and Skill development, staff residential and Medical viii
Blocks
69
FIG. 78. Detail of the skylight
70
FIG. 79. Details of wall
70
FIG. 80. Details of wall
70
FIG. 81. View of the Waiting Lounge for the Employment and Legal Services
71
FIG. 82. View of The Office
71
FIG. 83. View of the Home School and Library
72
FIG. 84. View of the Vocational Training Classrooms
72
FIG. 85. View of the Transitional Zone
73
FIG. 86. View of the Medical Examination Rooms
73
FIG. 87. View of the Service Groups
74
FIG. 88. View of the Medical Block Lounge
74
FIG. 89. Zoning of the Individual rooms and the Family dormitories and showing the connection and juxtaposition of the two
75
FIG. 90. Floor plan of the first floor
75
FIG. 91. View of the Individual Rooms
76
FIG. 92. View of the Outdoor Dining Area on the First Floor
76
FIG. 93. Zoning of the Male and Female dormitories and showing the connection and juxtaposition of the two
77
FIG. 94. Floor plan of Male and Female dormitories
77
FIG. 95. View of the Male Dormitories
78
ix
FIG. 96. View of the Female Dormitories
78
FIG. 97. Floor plan of the Amenities
79
FIG. 98. Section and Elevation
79
FIG. 99. Details of the Bow-String truss
80
FIG. 100. View of the Barber Room
80
FIG. 101. View of the Exercise Room
81
FIG. 102. View of the Art Therapy Room
81
FIG. 103. Zoning of the Retail, Workshops and the Recreational Area
83
FIG. 104. Plan and section of the Retail, Workshops and the Recreational Area
83
FIG. 105. View of the Community Garden
83
FIG. 106. View of the Seating Area
84
FIG. 107. View of the O.A.T.
84
FIG. 108. View of the Pond
85
FIG. 109. View of the Retail Area
85
FIG. 110. View of the Food Carts
86
FIG. 111. View of the Wood Workshop
86
FIG. 112. Proximity mapping Units: Seconds
88
FIG. 113. Proximity Matrix Units: Meters
89
FIG. 114. Logistics of Construction
90
FIG. 115. Types of Drawing issued for a project
92
FIG. 116. Schedule of completion of work
93 x
LIST OF TABLES
Page
TAB. 1. Journal Study Synthesis
42
TAB. 2. Description of various services provided
57
xi
xii
1. METHODOLOGY (ABSTRACT) 1
1.1. DATA COLLECTION AND CONDITION ANALYSIS: i.
Selection of best location for proposal
ii.
Statistical data collection
iii.
Situation analysis of the homeless
1.2. DESIGN GROUND ESTABLISHMENT: i.
Defining Spatial Requirement to cater to 360⁰ development of the homeless
ii.
Design psychology
1.3. INITIAL FINDINGS: i.
Placement of different category of spaces in juxtaposition to achieve maximum integration
1.4. IMPLEMENTATION OF PREMEDITATED GOALS: i.
Implementation of design psychology for orientation
ii.
Maximum Integration of spaces, keeping in mind their multidimensional relationship
2
2. INTRODUCTION AND SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 3
2.1. PURPOSE: To provide the homeless in Chennai with a dignified living and growing
space
with
amenities
to
help
them physically,
psychologically and financially, thus helping end the cycle of homelessness. Shelters are the first step towards helping people overcome homelessness.
Ultimately the people architects engage with are the upper echelons of society or large institutions, but what about the ones that need it the most? Homelessness is a major issue in India. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights defines 'homeless' as those who do not live in a regular residence due to lack of adequate housing, safety, and availability. Definition of homeless shelter- Shelters provide a temporary solution as they are not permanent and do not replace the right to housing. According to the Commissioners of the Supreme Court, a shelter is a covered space where homeless people can feel safe and secure, and is accessible by anyone. It should provide protection from the environment, safety and security, a place to keep belongings, and a place to drink water and use sanitary bathrooms. The Supreme court order states that for every city with more than 5 lakh population, there should be shelters in the ratio of one per every lakh population. There are currently 54 night shelters in Chennai (36 Government and 18 Non-Governmental Organisation run) who provide temporary place to stay overnight, but almost all of them are in extremely poor conditions.
4
Figure 1 Article in Times of India dated Dec, 2010
The 2011 census places the base figure of the homeless at 1.7 million or 0.19 per cent of the total population. It also records an increase in the number of homeless households: from 0.447 million families in 2001 to 0.449 in 2011, suggesting the rise of the nuclear family set up. Tamil Nadu has the highest number of urban homelessness, 7.3 percentage of homelessness in the country and Chennai houses 3/4th’s of these. The Chennai Corporation has identified 2,586 homeless families in Chennai district. The total number of homeless persons in the district is 11,116 and now the number is 19564. Almost 80 percentage of the homeless belonged to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other backward classes, and 60 percentage were born in the same city where they were found, indicating an intergenerational cycle of poverty. 5
Figure 2 Article in The Hindu dated June 2018
3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 2011
2020
No. of Homeless Residents in India Figure 3 Statistics showing No. of Homeless in India Source: Census 2011
6
25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2011
2020
No. of Homeless Residents In Chennai Figure 4 Statistic showing No. of Homeless in Chennai Source: Census 2011
No. of Homeless Residents
Rural Areas
Urban Areas
Figure 5 Statistic showing No. of homeless found in Rural vs. Urban Source: Census 2011
2.2. REASONS FOR HOMELESSNESS IN INDIA: There are many reasons a person might become homeless. Some of the widespread reasons are: i.
Lack of affordable housing
ii.
Changes in the industrial economy
iii.
Leading to unemployment
iv.
Inadequate income supports 7
v.
De-institutionalisation of patients with mental health problems
vi.
Physical or mental illness
vii.
Disability
viii.
Substance abuse
ix.
Domestic violence
x.
Job loss
2.3. EFFECTS OF HOMELESSNESS: Being or becoming homeless leaves physical as well as psychological scars on a person, such as, i.
Loss of Identity
ii.
Loss of Stability
iii.
Loss of Community
iv.
Loss of Privacy
v.
Loss of Belonging
vi.
Loss of Security
vii.
Limited contact with family
viii.
Physical and mental stress
ix.
Exacerbated pre-existing conditions
x.
Increased hospitalization
xi.
Vulnerability to abuse
xii.
Premature Death rate
8
2.4. THEIR STORIES FROM THEIR MOUTHS: “If there is one thing you can do for us, please ask the police to stop beating us, especially women. Even if some young men create trouble somewhere on the beach, the police come here and beat us with lathis, sometimes even if we are asleep. We struggle to make ends meet. He’s a construction labourer and I carry water for homes in the slum nearby. We just want to live,” says Seetha.
.“I had to give birth to my child on a railway platform as nobody would take me inside a hospital.” says homeless and pregnant Muthulakshmi J.
“When the rain comes we tie extra sheets along the footpath so that we don't get wet.” said Anjana of 49 year old who sells mud lamps .
“If the toilet is crowded we use the ones at the railway station once it starts raining many of us go sleep at the station. The only problem is that we want houses. A few months ago as well officials collected details and left and we haven’t heard from them yet” ,said R.Vanjana ,a street dweller and a mother of 3.
Figure 6 Short Stories of the Homeless in Chennai (Source: T.O.I.)
2.5. PROGRAMS PROVIDED BY SHELTERS: Feeding Rehabilitation
Providing shelter
Distribution of basic necessities
Employment Education
Figure 7 Representation of services provided in a shelter (Source: Author)
9
2.6. QUESTIONNAIRE SYNTHESIS: A study was conducted where a set of questions was directed to different people in the society to understand their views and thoughts on homelessness and shelters. A total of 180 responses were received which have been analysed using google forms below.
10
Figure 8 Questions asked to 180 respondents
11
3. SITE AND ANALYSIS 12
3.1. SITE JUSTIFICATION: Selection of a site is of utmost importance when it comes to homeless shelters as it is preferrable to choose one that is located near areas of high density of homeless which is usually in the busiest parts of the urban area, proximity to any local Public health centres or government hospitals and near employment and educational facilities. i.
Near high homeless population areas
ii.
Near public food bank where homeless frequent
iii.
Green space
iv.
Easily approachable by homeless
v.
Every immediate need in hand’s reach.
vi.
Quite neighbourhood
vii.
4 kms. From V.O.C. Nagar Railway station
3.2. AREAS OF HIGHER DENSITY OF HOMELESS POPULATION: i.
Teynampet
ii.
Broadway
iii.
Saidapet
iv.
Egmore
v.
Alwarpet
vi.
Mylapore
vii.
Tondiarpet
viii.
Parrys
PARRY’S
ix.
Royapuram
Figure 9 Map showing areas of high homeless population
13
3.3.
SITE ANALYSIS: 3.3.1. Sun Path, Prevailing winds and Views: Long facades of buildings should be oriented towards north- south. Buildings should be oriented with their longer axis (north- south) aligned perpendicular to the prevailing winds (N.E.) to facilitate maximum airflow and cross ventilation through the building.
Figure 10 Map showing Sun path, prevailing winds and Views (Source: Author)
3.3.2. Topography: The site has predominantly 4 levels In contour. The highest is 8m. and the lowest is 4m. Located in the northern and western side of the site and the arrow suggests the surface drainage.
14
Figure 11 Map showing topography of site
3.3.3 Land use of neighbourhood: The site has predominantly residential land use around it.
Figure 12 Map showing land use of surroundings
15
3.3.4. Land use of Site: The site is registered under residential land use in the C.M.A.2026 Land use Map.
Figure 13 Map showing prescribed land use
3.3.5. Neighbourhood Context: The neighbourhood surrounding the site is very Social Service oriented. We have several social housing and banks such as: Houses: Pope John’s Leprosy Aid House Don Bosco Anbu Illam home for the girl child Hospitals: Anbu Heart care Clinic
16
Noors Hospital Food Banks: 2 Public Food Banks
Figure 14 Map showing nearby Amenities
17
Figure 15 Map showing nearby transportation systems
3.3.6: Nearby amenities:
Figure 16 Map showing amenities on a larger scale
18
3.3.7.: Traffic flow on weekdays:
Figure 17 Map showing traffic flow on weekdays
3.3.8.: Traffic flow on weekends:
Figure 18 Map showing traffic flow on weekends
19
3.3.9.: Traffic flow near site: The traffic in the road abutting the site which is Ratan Rd. is usually fast moving.
Figure 19 Map showing traffic flow on Ratan Road which abuts the site
3.3.10.: Analysis of Site:
Figure 20 Map showing Analysis of Site
20
4. LITERATURE CASE STUDIES 21
4.1. THE BRIDGE HOMELESS ASSISTANCE CENTRE/ OVERLAND PARTNERS, DALLAS, TEXAS, U.S.A. Architects: Overland Partners Area: 75000 sq. ft. (6967sq.m.) Year: 2010 “Best Architectural Entry” award in the International Rebranding Homelessness Competition, hosted by South Africa’s Tshwane Leadership Foundation. The competition honours homeless facilities and initiatives around the world that seek to develop a new language, new visions and new approaches to addressing homelessness, challenge perpetuating myths and perceptions, and demonstrate viable alternatives, both to homelessness and to the way in which homelessness is dealt. Designed by San Antonio-based Overland Partners Architects and Dallas-based Camargo Copeland Architects, L.L.P., the 75,000square-foot multi-purpose homeless facility was exhibited at the Better World Village in Pretoria, South Africa, a month-long festival with the goal of promoting global social concerns. Completed in May 2008 and situated on a 3.41-acre site in Dallas’ central business district, The Bridge provides a broad spectrum of care including housing, emergency and transitional care for more than 6,000 people in Dallas experiencing long-term homelessness. Consisting of five buildings that create a courtyard in the Centre of the campus as well as engaging the surrounding community, The Bridge incorporates a three-story services building, a one-story welcome building, a storage building, an open air pavilion, and a
22
dining facility, which serves as a focal point to the interior landscaped courtyard of the campus and also as a food magnet providing social workers with an opportunity to connect with the homeless. “Since the opening of the Bridge, more than 2.5 million meals have been served, 750 homeless have been placed in housing and the chronic homeless has been reduced by 57 percent,” said James Andrews, principal of Overland Partners Architects. “The homeless have not been the only beneficiaries of having The Bridge in their community”. Since its opening, the local crime rate has reduced by more than 20%.”
Figure 21 Site plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
Figure 22 Zoning of the Site plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
23
Figure 21 First floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
Figure 22 Zoning of the First floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
24
Figure 25 Second floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
Figure 27 Third floor Plan of the Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
Figure 29 The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
Figure 26 Zoning of the Second floor Plan of The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
Figure 28 Zoning of the Third floor Plan of the Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
Figure 30 The Bridge Homeless Assistance Shelter
25
4.2. C.A.P.S.L.O. HOMELESS SERVICES CENTRE IN SAN LUIS OBISPO, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A. Architects: Gwynne Pugh Urban Design Studio Area: 6440sq.m. Year: 2011 Gwynne Pugh Urban Design Studio, in conjunction with Garcia architecture + design, was recently selected from a pool of sixteen firms to design the new CAPSLO Homeless Services Centre located in San Luis Obispo, California. Since 1997, there have been two shelters providing services to the homeless community. However, when the county offered a site, it was determined that a consolidated Centre would be able to operate much more efficiently, 24 hours a day. The new Centre includes a multitude of spaces that range from community rooms, day-use services areas, kitchen and community enterprise spaces, offices, medical and mental health areas, and dormitories. The overall design is structured around a central spine that guides the organization of the programming and distribution of services according to the cardinal directions. Security of the spaces increases from the public areas located on the West to the much more intimate and private areas on the East side of the building. Security becomes increasingly stringent as one moves from the West side of the building to the East. The West side is dominated by public program spaces and a strong connection to the outside, while the Eastern side of the building has less open access. The design efficiently leverages the staff’s ability to monitor the environment
26
effectively. On the first floor, more public uses such as community rooms and service areas give way to more private and secure areas such as medical service and interagency office spaces. This principle is repeated on the second story, where a security-monitoring desk segregates the single men’s area to the West from the family rooms and women’s only areas to the East. Such consideration is important when creating a comfortable and safe environment for these clients, whose lives are often plagued by a lack of privacy and security.
Figure 31 Ground Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Center
Figure 32 Zoning of the Ground Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Centre
27
Figure 33 First Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Center
Figure 34 Zoning of the First Floor Plan of C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Center
28
Figure 35 View of the C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Center
Figure 36 View of the C.A.P.S.L.O. Homeless Services Center
29
4.3.
HIGH AVENUE HOMELESS SHELTER, SALT LAKE CITY- HOLST + A.J.C. ARCHITECTS Architects: Holst + A.J.C. Architects Area: 13000 sq.m. Year: 2019 To provide comprehensive and dignified services for houseless individuals in Salt Lake City, a public-private partnership among the City, County, and non-profit organization Shelter the Homeless is constructing these homeless resource Centres in the metro area. The partnership enlisted Holst to advise on the program and design of the shelter in collaboration with local firm A.J.C. Architects. The South Salt Lake Homeless Resource Centre will provide services and temporary shelter to three hundred men each day. The design approach Centres on a thoughtful, controlled progression from intake to various service locations. The spacious circulation spine, wrapped in folded metal that contrasts the brick structure on the exterior, is easily navigable, open, and welcoming.
Figure 37 Ground Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter
30
Figure 38 Zoning of the Ground Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter
Figure 39 First Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter
Figure 40 Zoning of the First Floor Plan of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter
31
Figure 41 View of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter
Figure 42 View of the High Avenue Homeless Shelter
32
4.4. PROPOSED PROTOTYPE OF SHELTERS FOR URBAN HOMELESS UNDER N.U.L.M.- H.U.D.C.O. DESIGN DEPARTMENT Architects: Design & Development Wing, H.U.D.C.O. Area: Site Area = 567 sq. m. Built-Up Area = 732 sq. m. The design of model day and night shelters for Shelters for Urban Homeless (S.U.H.) under National Urban Livelihoods Mission (N.U.L.M.) has been prepared by Design & Development Wing, H.U.D.C.O. as per the provisions under the scheme. The warm and humid zone covers the coastal part of the country such as Chennai, Mumbai etc. The main design criteria in the warm humid region are to reduce heat gain by providing shading and promote heat loss by maximizing cross ventilation. The shelter to design has capacity of maximum 62 beds. Care has been taken to plant trees that grow in the area. Veranda in East and West direction is left open for maximum ventilation. Brick blocks for masonry, outdoor open space land for various activities, the main structure is R.C.C. framed structure with large span to act as a multipurpose hall surrounded on three sides by verandas. Both the Western and eastern verandas are left open to ensure good inlets for day and night breeze. Decorative Jalli’s partially screening verandas, soak pit and rainwater harvesting & usage of FalG bricks, hollow concrete blocks & Compressed Earth Blocks. Use of
33
horizontal over hangs, vertical louvers, trees adjacent to buildings, and egg crates have been used for solar radiation techniques.
Figure 43 Ground Floor Plan of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
Figure 44 Zoning of the Ground Floor Plan of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
Figure 45 First Floor Plan of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
34
Figure 46 Zoning of the First Floor Plan of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
Figure 47 Second Floor Plan of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
Figure 48 Zoning of the Second Floor Plan of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
35
Figure 49 Elevation of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
Figure 50 Zoning of the Vertical section of the H.U.D.C.O. Shelters
36
4.5. INFERENCE: The inference that was drawn from the above case studies was that many of the structures where not designed keeping the end user in consideration, be it thermal or psychological comfort. Many of them are executed with no systematic research in to statistics of the homeless and lacks spaces dedicated to their overall development to help curb the viscous cycle of homelessness.
Figure 51 Representation of Inference received from Literature Case Studies
Source: Author
4.6. PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF SURROUNDINGS IN A HOMELESS SHELTER Research into homelessness by social work and social policy scholars has focused on the psychological, economic and social 37
dimensions of the problem, and recommendations for responding to the needs of homeless people have usually stressed the importance of social and psychological treatments and interventions. Counselling, job-training, employment referral, mental health, advocacy and other programs are usually highlighted in the social welfare literature The above question leads to another - what do the homeless really need? There are two parts to the answer. i.
The first is fairly straightforward and deals with the tangible, that is, some form of shelter.
ii.
The second part is more complex and deals with the intangible - a sense of belonging and security.
The conundrum lies in the second part of the answer; how do we as architects help to provide that intangible, empathetic extra? The architect must intervene by spelling out approaches to inclusive design, based on principles of an egalitarian society. Homeless shelters, too, can influence how residents see the world and themselves. A shelter with sterile corridor and glaring lights may silently send the message that, “People don’t think you deserve a nice place to live.” Homeless shelters designed with warm colours, thoughtful lighting and useful signage, on the other hand, can send the opposite message: “Someone cares.”
38
4.7. ISSUES RELATED TO DESIGN: 1.
Safety and Privacy: (1)
Gender
Safety, privacy and self-preservation are differentiated of utmost importance. Designers need to Dorms. create spaces that are welcoming, demonstrate a safe environment, and provide some degree of privacy. Gender privacy is a crucial issue in facilities that provide services to both sexes and families. 2.
Control:
Designing spaces
The homeless depend on others for their with multiple survival, be the government services,
furniture layout
non-profit services, religious and other
possibilities.
charitable organisations, or strangers. That dependency can undermine their sense of dignity and deepen their feelings of helplessness and resentment. Providing means of personal control in the physical environment (e.g., the ability to rearrange furniture) has great symbolic and psychological significance, as well as practical benefit. 3.
Storage :
Adequate storage
Although they have no permanent
compartments in
home, the homeless have belongings.
rooms and
Often they carry with them all their
Lockers in
personal possessions, including
39
important documents and records,
dorms.
photographs and other memorabilia, cash or vouchers. Residents need a place where they can store and securely lock up their belongings overnight and, depending on the facility, during the day when they are outside the shelter. 4.
Aesthetics:
Use different
Aesthetics have a profound effect on the colours to mood and well-being of occupants. It is
advantage in
well documented that colour affects
different spaces.
mood and task performance. Studies have shown that warm colours (red, orange, yellow) can cause alertness, while cool colours (blue, green, purple) have a calming effect. 5.
Families:
Family dorms as
Shelters should serve families and have
well as individual
sleeping quarters for families separate
rooms.
from single men and single women, in light of the rising number of homeless nuclear families. 6.
Healing Environments:
Orient buildings
Ulrich (2001) has set forth a Theory of
towards green
Supportive Healthcare Design that
views.
posits design of healthcare environments can promote healing by eliminating environmental factors that
40
are known to be stressful or have negative impacts on outcomes, such as loud noises, lack of windows. These include art, soothing music, and plants, gardens and nature views. 7.
Function:
Separate
Spatial volumes that may be over-
restrooms for
whelming; provide “retreat” spaces.
staff should be
Balconies can be an aesthetic addition
provided. Storage
to a building, but they may also invite
needs be lockable
suicide attempts. Separate restrooms for and tall handrails staff should be provided. Storage needs
in balconies.
be lockable.
8.
Home & Sense of Place:
Kitchenette’s in
Homeless individuals and families not
dorms and
only lack permanent shelter, they also
communal spaces
lack the psychological and emotional
in
connection to place that is fundamental
structure.
to our sense of identity and well-being. What has been called “place lessness.” It also points out, staff and administrators do not want residents to regard a facility as their “home,” as that is counterproductive to breaking the
41
cycle of homelessness and helping them transition to more permanent housing. The need for privacy, particularly a bedroom where they could be alone, was of primary importance. Furthermore, the ability to cook, entertain, and pursue leisure activities is a must. 9.
Spatial Layout / Perceptions of Space:
90 walls and
The space is perceived as open, with
appropriate room
clear sightlines and no barriers, it will
heights.
increase the sense of safety as well as that of “spatial availability,” which mitigates perceived sense of crowding. Raybeck states that the structure of the environment, including shape, size, and amount and location of both fixed and moveable objects, and paths of ingress and egress can markedly influence both the perception of the environment by its occupants and patterns of interaction between them. Curved walls, he found, should be avoided. Table 1 Journal study synthesis
42
“Dignity and autonomy are closely related to perceived control, offering more control over the physical environment can help increase sense of self-worth” (Clarke, 2009; Pable, 2012)
43
5. CONCEPTUAL IDEAS 44
5.1
BRUTALISM Béton brut (“raw concrete”) as its namesake, is also its primary material. Brutalist architecture, or New Brutalism, is an architectural style which emerged during the 1950s in Great Britain, among the reconstruction projects of the post-war era. Brutalist buildings are characterised by their massive, monolithic and ‘blocky’ appearance with a rigid geometric style and large-scale use of poured concrete. New Brutalism is not only an architectural style; it is also a philosophical approach to architectural design, a striving to create simple, honest, and functional buildings that accommodate their purpose, inhabitants, and location. As well as concrete, other materials commonly used in Brutalist buildings included brick, glass, steel, and rough-hewn stone. Brutalist structures will emphasize a solid, unadorned and undecorated flat, concrete exterior. Brutalist buildings are characterised by minimalist constructions that showcase the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design. The style commonly makes use of exposed concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes and a predominantly monochrome colour palette; other materials, such as steel, timber and glass, are also featured. Featuring visually heavy edifices with geometric lines, solid concrete frames, exaggerated slabs, double height ceilings, massive forbidding walls, exposed concrete and a predominantly monochrome palette, brutalist buildings prioritised function over form, and stripped-back minimalism over flashy design. Brutalism is an offshoot of modernism.
45
Figure 52 Elements of Brutalism
5.2 HISTORY OF BRUTALISM IN ARCHITECTURE Who started Brutalism? Le Corbusier Brutalism was a movement in architecture which flourished in the 1960s and 1970s. Pioneered in continental Europe by Le Corbusier , its main protagonists in Britain were the husband and wife team of Peter and Alison 46
Smithson. Corbusier’s brutalism represented a reformist movement in building architecture, in which structural elements were deliberately given prominence over decorative features. Why not so popular? The negative perceptions around brutalist architecture could be attributed to this word association – such buildings are often seen as unfriendly, intimidating and even uninhabitable. Brutalism is considered one of the most divisive among all architectural styles, thanks to the strong emotions it evokes amongst the design community as well as the masses. Brutalist buildings are popular locations in films and television series about urban dystopias.
5.3
BRUTALISM IN SOCIAL PROJECTS Brutalism has been adopted in one many social projects. The reason being that it metaphorically conveys what the architect wanted to tell about the society during the time of its construction, functionality over form.
Figure 53 Unite d’Habitation in Marseille
47
Figure 54 Trellick Tower in north-west London
Figure 55 Habitat 67, Montreal
5.4
KEY ELEMENTS OF BRUTALISM i.
Blocky, heavy appearance
ii.
Simple, graphic lines
iii.
Lack of ornamentation
iv.
Utilitarian feel
48
v.
Monochromatic palette
vi.
Use of raw exposed concrete exteriors
vii.
Rough, unfinished surfaces
viii.
Use of modern materials such as steel, glass, stone, gabions
ix.
Largeness of scale and muscular character
x.
Off form concrete construction
xi.
Large areas of blank wall
xii.
Diagonal, Sloping or strong curved elements contrasting with horizontal or vertical members
Figure 56 Key Elements of Brutalism
5.5
KEY REASONS FOR CHOOSING BRUTALISM i.
It is termed as a style of architecture which was a symbol of honesty and simplicity, which is a perfect backdrop to serve welfare to the inhabitants. 49
ii.
Is a historical symbol of social equality and hope.
iii.
Many critics have termed brutalism to be the flag bearer of the idea of unity and shared space as it was best transformed into shape through the means of Brutalist suburban blocks, with lots of open space and moderately tall buildings and houses that have a capacity to accommodate many people.
iv.
Philosophical way of telling people to find the best in the “bare minimum”.
v.
A brutalist environment can be uncomfortable to live in for a long time, thus aiding to the need to break the cycle of homelessness.
vi.
Known for being very durable unlike other shelters often of which are sheet structures or tents.
5.6
MAKING CONCRETE GREEN: i.
Replacing cement in concrete with larger amounts of S.C.M.s (Supplementary Cementing materials) and combinations of it like fly ash, silica fume etc.
ii.
Incorporating other by-products. Some examples are foundry sand, post-consumer glass, wood ash and other materials that would typically end up in landfills (Green concrete).
iii.
Producing leaner concrete with less cement per cubic meter utilizing plasticizers.
iv.
Making concrete with recycled aggregate from demolished concrete structures.
v.
Making slimmer structures with high strength concrete.
vi.
Reusing and recycling waste products from concrete manufacturing, such as water and unused returned concrete.
50
vii.
Switching from fossil fuels to renewable energy for the production and transportation of concrete.
5.7
CONCEPT IMPLEMENTATION IN DESIGN i.
Use of materials such as concrete, glass, steel etc.
ii.
Function over form
iii.
Implementation of open spaces
iv.
Minimal Ornamentation
v.
Modular elements
vi.
Walls directing flow of traffic
51
6 IMPLEMENTATION 52
6.1. SPATIAL CONFIGURATION i.
Sleeping pavilion
ii.
Administrative
iii.
Employment and Legal Services
iv.
Education and Skill Development
v.
Gender Differentiated Dormitories
vi.
Individual rooms
vii.
Amenities
viii.
Staff Accommodation
ix.
Dining
x.
Kitchen cum storage
xi.
Workshops spaces
xii.
Retail shops
6.2. USER DEFINED SPACES Different spaces have been framed keeping in mind the different users. i.
Unemployed men and women: Living- In Male and Female dormitory, if family then in family dorm or individual rooms, according to the severity of the condition. Employment help- Employment and legal services block Education- Vocational training in Education and skill Development Block Medical help- Examination rooms in Medical Block
ii.
Differently abled people: Living- Individual room
53
Medical help- Examination rooms in Medical Block for mild help Education- Vocational training in Education and skill Development Block Employment services- Employment and legal services block iii.
Old age group: Living- Gender differentiated dorms or in Individual Rooms Medical help- Examination rooms in Medical Block
6.3. SELF SUSTENANCE PROGRAMS AND MEASURES It is imperative that the homeless have programs in the shelter to support them financially and give many their first job experience. Thus, such programs are proposed keeping in mind the long-time sustenance of the facility. i.
Retail shops to sell items made in the workshops. All proceeds go to the functioning of the shelter.
ii.
Workshop as a part of vocational training and also for retail items making.
iii.
Kitchen used for catering services from students of Culinary vocational training
iv.
Restaurants in retail area for revenue generation and work exposure to the people.
54
7. DETAILED DESIGN RESPONSE 55
7.1. SITE PLAN
1.
Ground Floor: Administrative- Main head and Functioning behind the shelter and tending to every need. Education and Skill Development- Providing the homeless with basic education, identifying skills and turning it into a source of employment. Employment and Legal Services- Helping employ the homeless to help them get back up on their feet. Staff Residential- Exclusive rooms for any volunteer or activist visiting. First Floor: Individual Rooms- For the physically challenged and the infirm. Family Dormitories- For the increasing number of nuclear families going homeless in Chennai. Second Floor: Male and Female Dormitories- Gender differentiated dorms for the homeless male and female. Third Floor: Amenities- For 360 degree development of the homeless.
2.
Transitional Space: An outdoor lounge serves as a transitional space blurring the line between the out and the in and integrating the two blocks. It also serves as an outdoor “hangout” space for both the employees and the inmates.
3.
Medical Block: Help for any immediate health related concerns of the inmates. Tends to the physical and mental health of the inmates, hence helping them in all aspects.
4.
Open Air Theatre: An outdoor space for any motivational speeches that may occur via volunteers.
5.
Community Garden: A source of organic produce wherein the inmates volunteer to grow fruits and vegetables either for selling or usage in kitchen. It is also a part of vocational training giving any person with any interest in farming, an exposure.
6.
7.
Recreational Space: An outdoor recreational space for relaxation.
Workshops: Part of the vocational training and well as a space for making any item to be sold in retail.
8.
Retail: Public space where any items made by the homeless in workshops as a part of vocational training, can be displayed for public purchase to support the cause. All proceeds go towards the functioning of the shelter.
9.
Donation and Storage: Any donated items is collected near the entrance and transferred to the storage inside. Storage of beds and food happens here as well.
56
10.
11.
Community Kitchen: Cooking for the inmates, catering business and community kitchen to serve the homeless who aren’t currently sheltered.
Community Dining: Dining space for the residents of sleeping pavilion as well as that in transitional units including employees.
12.
Sleeping Pavilion: Night shelter for immediate help.
Table 2 Description of various services provided
Figure 57 Site Plan
7.2. SLEEPING PAVILION A night shelter where people can stay the night. Accommodation will purely be on first come first serve basis. The accommodation has been strategically distributed based on the gender and security. The male dorms are placed in the lower levels and the female dorms on the top levels so the male needn’t traverse upstairs unless absolutely necessary. The population has been effectively divided into two for better hygiene and flow of spaces. Lockers are provided for any immediate storage of any belonging of the homeless. The Ground and the first floor can accommodate 24 male homeless each,
57
the second floor can hold 24 female homeless , whereas the third floor can accommodate 12 female inmates. The topmost floor has a multipurpose hall, serving as a space for any sort of gathering. Volunteers are known to frequent shelters to provide any help and support to the homeless, thus this space can be utilized for the same. An atrium serves as a “hangout” space for the men on the ground floor, whereas the other floors have sky lounges as breathing spaces.
Figure 58 Vertical Zoning of the gender differentiated dorms
58
Figure 59 Floor plans of the sleeping pavilion
59
Figure 60 Section and Elevation of the Sleeping Pavilion
Figure 61 Detail of joinery of truss to masonry wall
60
Figure 62 Details of Bow-string truss
61
Figure 63 View of the Atrium Lounge on the Ground Floor
Figure 64 View of the Sleeping Pavilion Reception
62
Figure 65 View of the Male Dormitories on the Ground and First Floors
Figure 66 View of the Female Dormitories on the Second and the Third Floors
63
Figure 67 View of the Sky Lounges
7.3. DINING, KITCHEN AND STORAGE Dining space for the residents of the Sleeping Pavilion is provided on the ground floor with a seating capacity of 86+ seats. A service area is strategically placed next to the kitchen for easy serving of meals. The Staff and volunteer entry for the dining area is on the southern side accompanied by a janitor room, staff lockers and staff washrooms. An office placed on each floor facilitates surveillance and administration. The dining space for the residents of the transitional units is on the top floor with the entry from the north, opposite to the transitional block. A cafeteria placed on the top floor opens out to a sky lounge to serve as an outdoor dining space. The Dining and the kitchen are linked to facilitate easy transfer of freshly cooked food to and from the kitchen. The Kitchen serves as a cooking space for predominantly three services, community service, wherein the food is prepared for distributing among homeless people who are not
64
currently sheltered, second is for indoor service and third as a part of vocational training for catering business wherein the food can be sold at a certain price outside the shelter as part of self-sustenance program to generate revenue for shelter’s functioning. Homeless shelters receive a lot of donated items ranging from personal hygiene supplies to blankets and clothing. To store the donated items as well as blankets, beds, linen etc. needed for everyday functioning, as well as food and vegetables for kitchen functioning, a storage unit is provided.
Figure 68 Zoning of the Dining, Kitchen and Storage units showing the connection and juxtaposition of the three blocks
Figure 69 Ground floor plan of the Dining, Kitchen and Storage
Figure 70 First floor plan of the Dining
65
Figure 71 Section and Elevation of the Dining, Kitchen and Storage Blocks
Figure 72 Detail of the Skylight
Figure 73 View of the Dining Area
66
Figure 74 View of the Service Areas
Figure 75 View of the Cafeteria
67
7.4. ADMINISTRATION,
EMPLOYMENT
AND
LEGAL
SERVICES, EDUCATION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT, STAFF RESIDENTIAL, MEDICAL, INDIVIDUAL ROOMS, FAMILY
DORMITORIES,
MALE
AND
FEMALE
DORMITORIES AND AMENITIES
7.4.1. Administration, Employment and Legal services, education and skill development, staff residential and medical: Administrative services are placed on the ground floor for easy access by the officers so the privacy of the inmates is preserved. The Administrative and the employment and legal services blocks are in juxtaposition as these are spaces frequented by government officials and N.G.O.’s. An atrium connecting all floors brings in ample lighting and ventilation. The vocational training classrooms are provided along with home school for children and library for their perusal. These classrooms teach the homeless a variety of skills which can form the basis of their employment. The vocational training is broadly classified as services based on production, construction, engineering, secretariat, business retail, personal service, education and healthcare services. The training can result in employment in flower making, sewing, machine handling, construction mason, cook, sales person, postman, gardener, cleaning, mechanic etc. A lot of volunteers travel from across the country as well as the world to serve for social purposes. In such cases the shelter has accommodation for visiting staff and activists. 68
A transitional space between the admin. and medical is provided as a good “hangout” spot for the employees as well as the residents. The medical block is for any sort of immediate medical attention required. It focuses on the physical and mental health of inmates, thus catering to 360 degree development of the homeless.
Figure 76 Zoning of the Administrative, Employment and Legal services, Education and Skill development, staff residential and Medical Blocks and showing the connection and juxtaposition of the three blocks
Figure 77 Ground floor plan of the Administrative, Employment and Legal services, Education and Skill development, staff residential and Medical Blocks
69
Figure 78 Detail of the skylight
Figure 79 Detail of wall
Figure 80 Detail of wall
70
Figure 81 View of the Waiting Lounge for the Employment and Legal Services
Figure 82 View of The Office
71
Figure 83 View of the Home School and Library
Figure 84 View of the Vocational Training Classrooms
72
Figure 85 View of the Transitional Zone
Figure 86 View of the Medical Examination Rooms
73
Figure 87 View of the Service Groups
Figure 823 View of the Medical Block Lounge
74
7.4.2. Individual Rooms and Family Dormitories: More and more nuclear families are going homeless in Chennai. Thus by providing a family dormitory, these people can be provided with temporary shelter and can utilize the services provided to get back up on their feet. The Individual rooms prioritizes the old and the infirm and to facilitate easy dining for these residents, an outdoor dining cum sky lounge space has been provided to avoid unnecessary travel.
Figure 89 Zoning of the Individual rooms and the Family Dormitories and showing the connection and juxtaposition of the two
Figure 90 Floor plan of the first floor
75
Figure 91 View of the Individual Rooms
Figure 92 View of the Outdoor Dining Area on the First Floor
7.4.3. Male and Female Dormitories: The rescued men and woman are given refuge in this dormitory. The population is effectively divided into two and separated to provide a more movement friendly space and for better hygiene. Lockers are
76
provided for storage of belongings and a reading nook provides as a effective recreational space on the floor. A sky lounge serves as a breathing space for the inmates.
Figure 93 Zoning of the Male and Female Dormitories and showing the connection and juxtaposition of the two
Figure 94 Floor Plan of the Male and Female Dormitory
77
Figure 95 View of the Male Dormitories
Figure 96 View of the Female Dormitories
78
7.4.4. Amenities: Amenities to cater to the 360 degree development of the homeless has been taken care of. In the top most floor we have amenities such as multipurpose hall for group activities, social support and public information, art rooms for art therapy which are an integral part of the 360 degree development of the homeless, exercise rooms for maintaining physical health and barber shop as a part of vocational training.
Figure 97 Floor Plan of the Amenities
Figure 98 Section and Elevation
79
Figure 99 Details of the Bow-String truss
Figure 100 View of the Barber Room
80
Figure 101 View of the Exercise Room
Figure 102 View of the Art Therapy Room
81
7.5. RETAIL,WORKSHOP AND RECREATION Workshop spaces has been provided as part of vocational training (any hands on training which cannot be conducted in the training classrooms) and also as a space for making the items that are going to be sold in the retail. The vocational training that can be conducted in the workshop can be sewing, machine handling demo, construction education for job as a mason, carpentering, and as a mechanic. The items that can be sold in the retail provision are small handicrafts, handmade envelops, handmade paper, flower sets, small furniture, toys etc. The retail is a public space that can be accesses by general public to purchase any handicrafts and ultimately support the shelter. It also consists of a restaurant and food carts serving food to gain additional revenue. Parking spaces are provided for convenience. The workshop is a semi-public space functioning to provide as a space for vocational training as well as a space for manufacturing of retail items. Any volunteer willing to teach in the shelter may use the parking provided adjacent to the workshop area and conduct the training. The workshop is an enclosed space to protect any machine from weathering. The recreational space is a private space for the use of the inmates and the employees. They may use this space for their evening stroll and for any sort of motivational speeches by volunteers in the Open air theatre. The pond and the landscape serves as a blue-green element for collaborative healing and pleasing of the mind and soul. Community Garden is an integral part of the program as it teaches the inmates the value of community based development and is also a important part of vocational training. The produce will be either used in the kitchen or sold.
82
Figure 103 Zoning of the Retail, Workshops and the recreational area
Figure 104 Plan and Section of the Retail, Workshops and the Recreational Zone
Figure 105 View of the Community Garden
83
Figure 106 View of the Seating Area
Figure 107 View of the O.A.T.
84
Figure 108 View of the Pond
Figure 109 View of the Retail Area
85
Figure 110 View of the Food Carts
Figure 111 View of the Wood Workshop
86
8. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
87
8.1. PROXIMITY CHART
This chart shows the distance of a block from adjacent blocks. The distances mentioned in the matrix are in meters. This chart helps in understanding the distance a person needs to travel in order to reach their destination. Average speed of walking for a person is 1.4m./sec. Average travelling speed of a person in a wheelchair is 1m./sec. Average speed of a vehicle in the premises is 10-15kmph. (3m./sec @ 10kmph. speed)
Figure 112 Proximity Mapping Units: sec.
88
Figure 113 Proximity Matrix Units: Meters
8.2. TAKING
FORWARD
AND
LOGISTICS
OF
CONSTRUCTION
Logistics of Construction: The methodology of construction, keeping logistics in mind, is carried out in a set procedure. -The area closest to the main road is utilized for storage of materials and for easy dump and go of rubble and other materials guarded by a watchmen. -The block farthest from the main road gets construction grant first as they work their way out from the interior to the exterior of the site. -By the time the structural skeleton of the farthest block is complete, the 89
second block will have begun with the foundation and so on and so forth. -The areas of ponds or landscape elements will be executed last. Order of Execution of work: Paper Work. Marking of Layout. Excavation. Foundation Work. Column Casting. Construction of Walls. Lintel. Roofing.
Figure 114 Logistics of Construction
90
8.3. INTERVALS OF DRAWINGS There are a number of drawings issued from the architect’s office before and during the commencement of the construction which occurs over a period of 3-5 years. They are as follows: -
Site Plan
-
Ground to top floor plan
-
Terrace floor plan
-
N.E.W.S. side elevation and wall sections
-
Part elevations and sections
-
Sky lounge elevations and sections
-
Corridor wall sections
-
Exterior colour scheme
-
Facade treatment drawings
-
Flooring layout for toilet and other
-
False ceiling layout
-
Door detail
-
Window detail
-
Window grill detail
-
Toilet wall elevations and sections
-
Staircase and lift section detail
-
Parking details
-
Lounge area detailed drawings
-
Compound wall elevations
-
Gate detail
-
Services area detail
-
Joinery details
-
Staircase & handrail detail
91
Summary: Setting Out Plan Floor Plans Elevation Drawings Section Drawings Working Drawings Opening Schedules Rood Drainage Plan Flooring Plan Furniture Plan Typical Details
Figure 115 Types of drawings issued for a project
8.4. SCHEDULE OF COMPLETION OF WORK Time frame: 4 years (3years and 8 months) Date of commencement of work: July 2021 Date of Completion: March 2025 Approx. time for: Plans and permitting- 6-7 months The Site work- 7 months 92
Masonry- 5-6 months Plumbing & Electric- 4-5 months Flooring and Finishes- 7-8 months Landscaping & Exterior aspects- 6 months
Figure 116 Schedule of completion of work
8.5. ARCHITECTURAL VIRTUAL WALKTHROUGH The link for the Architectural virtual walkthrough is linked below: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbyYGfbY7GU&t=114s
93
9. REFERENCES 94
REFERENCES
Housing and Land Rights Networks 2020, India <https://www.hlrn.org.in/homelessness> India Homeless Resource Network 2020, India <http://www.ihrn.org.in/about/workingareas/National-Shelter-Policy> International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Sage Journals May 14, 2020, India <https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0020764020922890> Youth Ki Awaaz, September 13 2019, India <https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2019/09/causes-of-homelessness-inindia/> Arch Daily <https://www.archdaily.com/> Archinet <https://archinect.com/> Research Gate <https://www.researchgate.net/> Various news sources (T.O.I., The Hindu etc.)
1.
Berens M.J.,(2017) Designing the Built Environment for recovery from homelessness
2.
Chennai Masterplan 2026 and Developmental Control Regulations
3.
Homeless Shelters in Delhi- Indo Global Social Service Society
4.
Lee, J., (2017)Architecture for Better Days: Design Solution for Homelessness - Kennesaw State University
95
5.
Mander H., Living Rough- Surviving City Streets- A Study of Homeless Populations in Delhi, Chennai, Patna and Madurai- For the Planning Commission of India
6.
National Report on the Status of Shelters for Urban HomelessSupreme Court Commissioner’s Office
7.
Night Shelters for the Urban Shelter less- Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation
8.
Proposed Prototype Designs for Shelters for Urban Homeless under N.U.L.M. by H.U.D.C.O. Design and Development wing
9.
Scheme of Shelters for Urban Homeless, National Urban Livelihoods Mission Handbook
10.
Shelter in Chennai C.M.D.A.
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