MISI-ZIIBI
Living with the Great Rivers
Climate Adaptation Strategies in the Midwest River Basins
In the United States Midwest, the 2011 floods and tornados, followed by the 2012 drought, and once again followed by the 2013 floods and tornados, demonstrate that increased climate variability and weather extremes across the Mississippi/Missouri river basins are a fact for which we need to plan. Such diverse weather events have direct impact on natural resources, economies and communities.
MISI-ZIIBI Living with the Great Rivers climate adaptation strategies in the midwest river basins
MISI-ZIIBI: Living with the Great Rivers was the first in a series of multi-disciplinary workshops that investigated spatial design strategies through the studying of innovative, integrated approaches for climate adaptation along the Mississippi, Missouri and Illinois rivers in the Midwest. Initially focusing on the St. Louis Bi-state region, the first workshop outcomes were a broad-based set of proto-typological, multi-scaled planning scenarios worthy of more detailed study and intended to be transferable to other Midwest city regions. The Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington D.C. co-sponsored the workshop with the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts at Washington University in St. Louis. It brought to the Midwest experts from The Netherlands’ current “Room for the River” program – a government design plan intended to address climate change, flood protection, drought tolerance, integrated land use and the improvement of environmental conditions of areas along rivers to ensure the continued sustainable development of The Netherlands’ river region. The workshop partnered with local and regional experts to build upon the wealth of existing efforts underway.
www.misi-ziibi.com © Washington University in St. Louis Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington D.C. 2013
College & Graduate School of Architecture & Urban Design Sam Fox School of Design and Visual Arts Washington University in St. Louis & Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington D.C.
John Hoal, Derek Hoeferlin, Dale Morris
“MISI-ZIIBI” Ojibwe native-american name for the mississippi river, meaning
“Great River”
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2011 flood
2013 flood FLOOD
2012 drought
2014 ???
Wyatt, Missouri May 2011
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MISI-ZIIBI
Workshop Convenors: -Royal Netherlands Embassy Washington D.C. -College & Graduate School of Architectue & Urban Design, Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts, Washington University in St. Louis
Living with the Great Rivers Climate Adaptation Strategies in the Midwest River Basins
Workshop Leaders: John Hoal Derek Hoeferlin Dale Morris Research Assistants: Christian Clerc Jonathan Stitelman Partners: In the United States Midwest, the 2011 floods and tornados, followed by the 2012 drought, and once again followed by the 2013 floods and tornados, demonstrate that increased climate variability and weather extremes across the Mississippi/Missouri river basins are a fact for which we need to plan.
-American Rivers -Southern Illinois University in Carbondale -Washington University Gephardt Institute for Public Service Clinton Global Initiative University (CGI U) Programming Fund -Washington University International Center for Advanced Renewable Energy and Sustainability (I-CARES)
Such diverse weather events have direct impact on natural resources, economies and communities. MISI-ZIIBI: Living with the Great Rivers was the first in a series of multi-disciplinary workshops that investigated spatial design strategies through the studying of innovative, integrated approaches for climate adaptation along the Mississippi, Missouri and Illinois rivers in the Midwest.
Mississippi River low water levels December 2012
Initially focusing on the St. Louis Bi-state region, the first workshop outcomes were a broad-based set of proto-typological, multi-scaled planning scenarios worthy of more detailed study and intended to be transferable to other Midwest city regions. The Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington D.C. co-sponsored the workshop with the Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts at Washington University in St. Louis.
Workshop report compiled by: Derek Hoeferlin Emily Chen misi-ziibi.com Š Washington University in St. Louis Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington D.C. 2013
Mississippi River high water levels June 2013
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multi-disciplinary, local, national, international + design-based MISI-ZIIBI: Living with the Great Rivers is a continuation of existing interactions between communities in the United States in partnership with the Royal Netherlands Embassy in Washington D.C. to reconsider issues around river environments. The recent Midwest floods, tornadoes and droughts are a demonstration that the increased climate variablity across the Mississippi and Missouri River basins have ramifications that require a change in how we live with and alongside our great rivers.
MISI-ZIIBI: Living with the Great Rivers built on the significant work that has been and is occuring in the St. Louis region an adding an additional factor. But is not a comprehensive approach and could not have been fully researched since the workshop took place over the course of only a weekend.
MISI-ZIIBI: Living with the Great Rivers is meant to illuminate the wealth and challenges of water, and to serve as a tool to aid communities, stakeholders, and government officials as they develop ways to respond to the climate challenges of the Midwest.
a dutch-american collaboration MISI ZIIBI: Living with the Great Rivers follows numerous highly successful designbased workshops iniated by communities in the United States in partnership with The Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington DC. This workshop brought Dutch engineers, landscape architects, planners and their respective American counterparts to the Midwest and Upper Mississippi/Missouri river basins. These were experts from the Netherlands’ “Room for the River” program - a national program that addresses climate change, flood protection, drought tolerance, integrated land use, city planning, and the improvement of environmental conditions along rivers to ensure the continued sustainable development of The Netherlands’ river region. In the past, the Royal Netherlands Embassy has partnered with the city of New Orleans for a program called Dutch Dialogues, and continues to provide on-going workshops in Los Angeles and post-Sandy New York. The Royal Netherlands Embassy also consults throughout the world – in Thailand, Vietnam, Italy, and Indonesia. The workshop interaction is a great way to facilitate dialogue and discussion with the local community and stakeholders. Most important to the success of the workshop is this interaction to receive critical local input.
Noordwaard Room for the River Project Robbert de Koning Landscape Architects
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workshop agenda
Day 1: understanding the rivers field trips stakeholder + community input keynote lecture day 2: international, regional & local examples contextualizing the workshop design workgroups community input day 3: design workgroups report sessions final results day 4: public presentation to community + stakeholders
Presentations Friday, March 22, 2013 Welcome + Introduction Bruce Lindsey, Dean, College & Graduate School of
Architecture & Urban Design, Washington University in St. Louis
Dale Morris, Senior Economist, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington D.C.
John Hoal, Associate Professor, Chair, Master of Urban Design program, Washington University in St. Louis Derek Hoeferlin, Assistant Professor, Washington University in St. Louis
The Upper Mississippi + Missouri Watersheds: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE
Keynote Lecture “The Room for the River Program in The Netherlands”
Architects
Introduction and Workshop Premise
D.C.
Steven Slabbers, Bosch-Slabbers Landscape
D.C.
John Hoal, Washington University in St. Louis
Dale Morris, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington
Dale Morris, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington
Architects
Derek Hoeferlin, Washington University in St. Louis
Saturday, March 23, 2013 International, Regional, Local Examples / Contextualizing the Workshop
PAST: The Evolution of the Rivers Richard “Rip” Sparks, Director (retired), Illinois
Ralph Schielen, Rijkswaterstaat
PRESENT: Operations & Management of the Rivers
Pim Nijssen, Twynstra Gudde
Joseph Kellett, Deputy District Engineer, US Army Corps of Engineers St. Louis District
FUTURE: A Vision for a Land, Water and Economic Ethic Brad Walker, Missouri Coalition for the Environment
Stakeholder + Community Input Regional Planning Perspective
David Wilson, East-West Gateway Council of Governments
History: Environmental and Urban Andrew Hurley, University of Missouri St. Louis
River Transportation & Ports
Frank Miles, Tri City Regional Port
Frans Klijn, Deltares
Marten Hillen, Royal HaskoningDHV
Beneficial Functions of Floodplains Eileen Fretz, American Rivers
Realistic Floodplain Assessment Bob Criss, Washington University in St. Louis
Modeling the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Fredrik Huthoff and Jon Remo, Southern Illinois
The Region
Steven Slabbers, Bosch-Slabbers Landscape Architects
Fluvial Zones Emily Chen, Washington University in St. Louis Marten Hillen, Royal HaskoningDHV
Robbert de Koning, Robbert de Koning Landscape Architects
Stijn Koole, Bosch-Slabbers Landscape Architects Kees Lokman, Washington University in St. Louis Jesse Vogler, Washington University in St. Louis
Reflections
Rachel Jacobson, Acting Assistant Director for US Fish + Wildlife + Parks Services, US Department of Interior
Discussion and Community Feedback
Chuck Theiling, Great River Integrated Water Resources Management
Silvia Secchi, Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Summary of Applicable US Army Corps of Engineers Studies
Laura Cohen, Confluence Partnership
Regional and Local Floodplain Projects
of Engineers, St. Louis District
Ryan McClure, City-Arch-River
Dennis Knobloch, former mayor of Valmeyer, Illinois
Les Sterman, SW Illinois Flood Prevention District
Todd Strole, The Nature Conservancy
Council
Frans Klijn, Deltares
Agricultural Considerations and Economic Trade-Offs
Eddie Brauer and Donald Duncan, US Army Corps
Levee Districts
Estimates
University Carbondale
Otis Williams, St. Louis Development Corporation
Recreation
Public Presentation of Workshop Results
Robbert de Koning, Robbert de Koning Landscape
Room for the River in the Netherlands: Policy Goals, Projects Overview, Technical Applications, Scenarios, Design Outcomes
Water Resources Center
Monday, March 25, 2013
Craig Anz and Beth Ellison, Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Climate Change John Posey, East-West Gateway Council of Governments
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A BALANCED APPROACH WE... looked, listened to local experts WITH MULTIPLE VIEWPOINTS, looked again, listened to more local experts, were inpired by local, national and international case studies, drew, calculated, discussed, drew, worked out what are critical questions and unknowns at this stage and discussed, AND drew some more... to work out a proposed research agenda and open questions relevant to MULTIPLE INTEREST GROUPS OF our own community and communities along other great rivers
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over the longterm...
opportunities
It is anticipated that there will be continued change to weather patterns in the Midwest which will alter how we live with & alongside our Great Rivers...
a new design condition...
Challenges our current assumptions about flood risk, drought and water supply Requires us to rethink how we use the river and adjacent lands Requires us to adapt
Applies to both the entire river system as well as to our region Impacts the economies, ecologies and communities along the river
a proactive longterm integrative water-based approach... we have no answers but propose a research agenda and a continuing of the conversation...
Needs to simultaneously improve the economy, ecology and quality of our cities and towns
Has been developed, studied and implemented by the Dutch throughout the world Chain of Rocks water intake tower Mississippi river during record low water levels December 2012
Becomes applicable to other mid-western cities and towns along the Great Rivers
Needs to build upon the previous work and commitment of the community
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The Great Rivers are our financial bank...
The Great Rivers are our ecological bank...
The Great Rivers have been redesigned over time and are under stress...
The Great Rivers are our cultural bank...
The Great Rivers are our source of continued wealth...
+ methodology
workshop premise
The Great Rivers are our local determinacy our history...
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WATER 17
Mississippi river basin, sub-bains, rivers and streams
watershed
mississippi
The Mississippi watershed drains 41% of the United States landmass, all or portions of 31 states and is the 4th largest watershed in the world...
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watershed systems
92%
320,000,000
32,000,000
292
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300,000
of nation’s agricultural exports are produced in the mississippi watershed
species of birds (1/2 of north american birds) many of which migrate through st. louis region
tons of suspended sediment historically made way to gulf of mexicio (prior to missouri river dams)
rail lines pass through st. louis
tons of freight handled by st. louis port
The Mississippi River is the longest river in the USA, 4th longest in the world, drains 31 states (41 % of the US landmass) and portions of 2 Canadian provinces. Together with the Missouri, Illinois, and Ohio Rivers, it has been a conduit for cultural and economic exchange throughout the North American continent. These rivers are ecological treasures, with the Mississippi River alone containing 241 species of fish, 292 species of birds, 57 mammals, 45 reptiles and untold numbers of invertebrates using the river. In particular, the Mississippi River remains a key economic resource: over 92% of US agricultural exports are produced in the Mississippi/Missouri River basin. The port system of South Louisiana - in the river’s delta - is one of the largest ports in the world and the inland port of metropolitan St. Louis is a large, multi-modal network at the heart of America’s commercial traffic, handling over 32 millions tons of freight each year, including grain, coal, petroleum products, scrap metals, aggregates, and chemicals. The St. Louis port is the northern-most lock and ice-free port on the Mississippi, the second largest inland port by trip-ton miles and the third largest by tonnage. In the Upper Mississippi river basin alone, the 78 counties that border the main waterways contain 5% of the nation’s population totaling 13.4 million.
miles of recreation trails
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st. louis exists at the confluence of three great rivers ...but the three great rivers are different... MISSOURI MISSOURI MISSOURI
MISSISSIPPIMISSISSIPPIMISSISSIPPI
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
ILLINOIS
slope
1 foot/mile slope
1 foot/mile slope
1 foot/mile
slope
0.45 foot/mile slope
0.45 foot/mile slope
0.45 foot/mile
slope
0.1 foot/mile slope
0.1 foot/mile slope
0.1 foot/m
length
2,341 miles length
2,341length miles
2,341 miles
length
2,320 miles length
2,320length miles
2,320 miles
length
273 miles length
273 miles length
273 miles
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
ILLINOIS discharge
87,500discharge cubic feet/second 87,500 discharge cubic feet/second 87,500 cubic feet/second discharge (annual avg. at St. Louis) (annual avg. at St. Louis) (annual avg. at St. Louis)
205,000 discharge cubic feet/second 205,000 discharge cubic feet/second 205,000 cubic feet/second discharge (annual avg. at St. Louis) (annual avg. at St. Louis) (annual avg. at St. Louis)
23,200discharge cubic feet/second 23,200 discharge cubic feet/second 23,200 cub (annual avg. at St. Louis) (annual avg. at St. Louis) (annual av
barges
5 metric barges tons/year 5 metric barges tons/year 5 metric tons/year barges
80 metric barges tons/year 80 metric barges tons/year80 metric tons/yearbarges
30 metric barges tons/year 30 metric barges tons/year30 metric
sediment
80 M metric sediment tons/year 80 M sediment metric tons/year 80 M metric tons/year sediment (annual avg. at St. Louis) (annual avg. at St. Louis) (annual avg. at St. Louis)
20 M metric sediment tons/year 20 M sediment metric tons/year 20 M metric tons/year sediment (annual avg. at St. Louis) (annual avg. at St. Louis) (annual avg. at St. Louis)
5 M metric sediment tons/year5 M metric sediment tons/year 5 M metric (annual avg. at St. Louis) (annual avg. at St. Louis) (annual av
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climate extremes
why the midwest matters
why st. louis matters
We typically think extreme weather is just coastal - tropical storms, sea level rise, sinking lands, and saltwater intrusion. We hear from cities like New Orleans, New York, San Francisco - disasters like Katrina and Sandy are well-known to all. Why is the Midwest relevant?
St. Louis’ location at the confluence of three great rivers makes the region extremely relevant to the discussion of how climatedriven changes in the rivers will affect communities. The fluvial zones in the St. Louis region are prototypical of Midwest zones protected urban areas, leveed agricultural, and leveed zones for future development. The study of these areas and strategies for the new design condition will be applicable and transferable to other communities.
The floods of 2011 that overtopped levees and the 2012 droughts that quickly followed demonstrated that extreme weather is not just a coastal issue. Changes in climate and future fluctuations to come will mean changes in flood protection levels and will have the capacity to disrupt shipping and commerce along the working rivers. Thus a large impact on local, regional and national economies.
extreme weather projections for the future include:
These changes in weather will modify how we live with and alongside our rivers.
Temperature rise
climate change is not just coastal...
Accelerated evaporation
Increase in precipitation
what does this mean for the st. louis region?
The recent floods and droughts demonstrate that increased climate variability across the Midwest river basins cannot be overlooked over the long-term. Extreme weather has a direct, and often negative, impact on the river’s functioning and adjacent land uses, and thus also the Midwest’s ecology, economies and communities. Increased climate variability may mean more frequent extreme weather throughout the Midwest. More floods and droughts demand that stakeholders along the Illinois, Mississippi and Missouri rivers adapt at-risk communities, ecologies and economies to this uncertain future.
Larger variability in river discharges More floods / highs ?
Flooding of Choteau Island, Illinois June 2013
St. Louis is the third coast
More droughts / lows ?
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The Confluence floodplain
st. louis metropolitan statistical area (MSA) 2.8 million residents (19th largest MSA in USA)
confluence flood plain (mississippi, missouri, illinois rivers)
The Missouri floodplain
2 states (Illinois, Missouri) 7,889 square miles
16 counties (Bond, Calhoun, Clinton, Franklin, Jefferson, Jersey, Lincoln, Macoupin, Madison, Monroe, St. Claire, St. Charles, St. Louis, St. Louis City, Warren, Washington) 3 major rivers (Illinois, Mississippi, Missouri) 2 major tributaries (Kaskaskia, Meramec)
2 Mississippi watershed sub-basins (Missouri, Upper-Mississippi) 2 US Army Corps of Engineers Districts (Kansas City, St. Louis) 5 Interstate highways 16 Rail lines
2nd largest inland port by trip-ton miles
Last set of Mississippi river locks and dams Topography (yellow to orange), Floodplains (blue), Landcover (red) and Waterbodies (purple) Note significant portion of red within blue
The American Bottom floodplain
Major agriculture, health care, bio-tech, industrial, institutional, suburban, urban, exurban and recreational land uses 9 Fortune 500 companies
2011 Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) $133 billion USD (21st highest in USA -- or making it the 79th largest global economy if compared with countries)
Sources: E/W Gateway Council of Governments, Fortune 500, Port of St. Louis, US Census, Wall Street Journal,
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assets
potentials
_Multiple rivers and natural resources
_region more aware of the strength of the watersystem (from working rivers...to rivers that work)
_Not just a city, but a bi-state region
_integrated ecological, economic, and urban development paired with improved river discharge (resilience to climate extremes)
_multi-modal node (rail, road, barge) _productive lands _innovative / bio-tech economy
_connected bi-state region better linked to the rivers
the region
_World class universities, institutions, parks + recreation
_jefferson national expansion memorial as the main regional public space
_Historical significance
_A Marked confluence _hydraulic relief and Ecological benefits with by-passes that can add new blue-green pearls to the natural chain (improve the quality of urban and river life)
Workshop participants field trip, view of Missisippi River, Gateway Arch and downtown St. Louis from East St. Louis, Illinois March 2013
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the estimates
with extreme weather, flood levels will rise ...and drought levels will fall Estimates for year 2050:
Based on NOAA climate expectations (01/2013), the changes in extreme precipitation events (>1 inch/day) may be: (high scenario) +40% days (low scenario) +10% days River discharges will increase 10% or more during floods (low scenario)
Flood water levels at St. Louis will Rise 3-8 feet, low stage will drop -3-5 feet? double in 2100???
SEE BELOW DIAGRAM
A 100 year flood now becomes a 40 year flood (A ‘100 year flood’ means a flood has a 1% chance of occurring in any year.) A 500 year flood now becomes a 200 year flood
THe bottleneck + the backwater effect
After the last sets of locks and dams of the upper Mississipi river, and just south of the confluence of the three great rivers, and just north of St. Louis city, a narrowing of the Mississippi channel causes a “bottleneck” and potentially disastrous “backwater” effect. This is exactly what occured in the Great Flood of 1993. Great flood of 1993
Contrary to intuition, modifications to the river system have a downstream as well as upstream effect. The backwater effect is an unexpected (often unanticipated) effect of narrowing of the river bed by flood protection measures (or urban areas).
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We need to stop calling floods “100 year” or “500 year” events ... because “100 year” events seem to happen much more frequently ... rather, what if we calculate probabilities based on something people can relate to ... like the chances a flood occuring during a 30 year mortgage ... or one’s lifetime ...
probabilities will change A ‘100 year flood’ means a flood has a 1% chance of occurring in any year. If we calculate the chance of a home in the 100 year flood zone flooding over the life of a 30 year mortgage it turns out there is 26% chance such a flood will occur. For a home in the 500 year floodplain there is a 6% chance of flooding.
When re-calculated based on climate change expectations of a 10% increase in river discharges a previously 100 year flood increases in frequency to a 40 year flood. There is now a 53% chance of a home in the 100 year (now 40 year) flood zone flooding, and a 26% chance of a home in the 500 year (now 100 year) flood zone flooding.
consequences of flooding
Taking the American Bottom (Metro East Sanitary District) in Illinois (“500 year” flood protection) as an example: Direct Damages: $7 billion USD
Loss of life and affected populations Indirect damages:
Loss of business profits (agriculture, navigation, small businesses, etc.)
Pollution (spreading of toxins and debris locally and downstream) Is the protection level economically optimal? and what about in 50 years?
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the fluvial zones
...the fluvial zones are prototypical of the upper midwest...agricultural, suburban, urban...free-flowing and pooled... Confluence of the Missouri (left) and Mississppi (right) rivers
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1
1
fluvial zones 1) Agricutlural Land Use + Pooled river Mississippi river: Melvin Price locks and dam / Alton to confluence of Illinois and Mississippi rivers
3 2 2
2) levee-protected suburban development + free-flow river Missouri river: Howell Island State Wildlife Area to Interstate 70
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3) levee-protected existing urbanized area + Free-flow river Mississippi river: Mississippi / Missouri confluence to Interstate 270 / 255
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fluvial zone 1: challenges
fluvial zone 1: potentials
_agriculture (droughts, floods, nutrient loads, mono-cultures)
_utilize topograpy + levees
_ecology (native + migratory species) Migratory flyway
The fluvial zone has areas of higher ground and varying levels of protection in the zone. Different uses are able to naturally align with these different levels - trends extrapolated from nearby development allow it to continue onto higher ground. Land that frequently floods can still be utilized efficiently for agriculture using innovative farming techniques.
_development (future other than agriculture?) _Flood protection (risk and levels)
Native Species
_develop innovative agriculture +
_local vs. global (export of crops)
Nutrient Capture
_navigation (future capacities of mississippi + missouri rivers)
Exporting of Crops
Drought Severity
PRESENT Low-value commodity crops such as corn and soybean make up the bulk of agriculture in the region - food must then be imported from California and elsewhere
POTENTIAL There is an opportunity to diversify crops, thereby increasing resliency to unexpected weather, and serve local markets. High-value food crops can be grown on fertile agricultural land.
At present low-value and water-thirsty commodity crops such as corn and soybean are grown in the region and then exported to other parts of the country or abroad. There is little access to fresh fruit and vegetable crops, and must be imported from California. There is an opportunity to diversify markets, increase resiliency of the crops, and perhaps even create new high-value exports through innovative agriculture. A gravity-fed system would take advantage of the flood-pulse, and use the opportunity to recapture run-off nutrients, thereby converting a former problem into a resource.
Crop Water Usage
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SCENARIOS Opportunities
Challenges
Agricultural production Increased conservation area Developable Land Recreation
More frequent high water Subsidence Water pollution Agricultural security Protection of existing developed lands Missouri river water competing uses Comprehensive ecological health plan
Opportunities
Challenges
Local food source Diversified Agricultural Economy Recreation economy Ecological health and safety Flood Pulse Economic risk management
History of farming – crop shifts Economic – upfront costs
Opportunities
Challenges
Flood pulse Increased conservation area Recreation Agricultural diversity
Spatial quality Levee improvements if increased development
1) STATUS QUO...do nothing different
2) BUSINESS AS USUAL...BUT BETTER
3) PARADIGM change... climate is the driver
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Backwater Effect
fluvial zone 2: challenges
fluvial zone 2: potentials
_”Backwater Effect” (locally due to development creating bottlenecks and downstream at downtown st. louis due to reduced river profile crosssection for discharge )
_missouri river as an urban, ecological and landscape development opportunity adaptable to high and low water levels _long-term demographic trends = continued increasing populations?
_ missouri river sediment transport (“the big muddy” supplies 75% of the mississippi river basin’s sediment load -- or 100 million metric tons per year)
_improved + multifunctional levees
_very little visual and literal connections to missouri river
Flood Risk
_bypasses and islands _innovative agriculture + aquaculture
_ development pressures impacts risk profile (population increases, commercial + industrial “big-box” typology)
_Sustainable/controlled sediment mining to benefit river maintenance and minimize impact on river ecologies
_flood protection (risk and levels)
_hydro-power technologies
Recreation
Water Treatment
_navigation (missouri river only 10% of mississippi river basin barge traffic)
_floodable / temporary programs _elevated developments
_recreation (hunting, fishing, ecology) _Stormwater management (large parking lots / impervious surfaces / limited stormwater storage) _Water treatment (3 plants in study area)
Urban, Ecological and Landscape Development Opportunities 43
SCENARIOS 1) urban flood plain Opportunities Investment Multi-Use Development Jobs / $ Generator New Functions / Destination Challenges
Impact of development on room for water Increased Risk / High levees, or improved flood protection needed Ecological Degredation Increased Back-water Effect
2) flood plain sponge Opportunities Resilient to weather extremes Reduction of Backwater Effect Expanded Habitat / Wildlife Outdoor Recreation / Hunting Challenges
Voluntary Buyouts of Property Relocation of Development Navigation Cutoff
3) multi-functional flood plain Opportunities Cultural Value Optimize Temporal Uses Room for the River Jobs Challenges
Living with Risk Costly Competing Jurisdictional Interests
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fluvial zone 3: challenges
fluvial zone 3: potentials
_regional bottleneck of mississippi river
_increased safety from flooding and contamination
_large population protected by “all or nothing” single-line levee system
_opportunities for new waterfront developments
_Historically important communities and site of Mississippian cultures and UNESCO Historic Site
_hydraulic relief locally, regionally and nationally (mitigate bottleneck and backwater effect) _improvements to local ecology
_Heavy industry: Steel, Chemical, and Petrochemical
_connecting communities
_spatial, social + economic fragmentation
_enhancements to port operations along the river
_drought + flooding _contamination _‘The big IF’ (Social, financial, industrial catastrophe?)
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SCENARIOS
SCENARIOS
1) business as usual
3) managed and staged flood
Opportunities Safety within total area is ensured Contamination is contained within reinforced levee Least expensive Challenges
The river remains constricted Still an ‘all-or-nothing’ approach Zero redundancy Developed with East St. Louis’s back to the river—does not add qualities to area
Opportunities Significant hydraulic relief for the entire system to have impacts on the national scale Protection of industry and containment of contaminants Bulk of the population protected by new levee Horseshoe Lake Remediation (costly?) Challenges
Expensive to build and maintain levees Impacts majority of the agricultural community Some need for temporary inundation of agricultural lands
2) set back
4) blue green bypass
Opportunities
Opportunities
Addresses bottleneck by expanding floodway Relieves larger system Contains majority of contaminants Increases protection to local levee district Opportunity for new waterfront/industry on Illinois side
Hydraulic relief that functions on the national scale Major improvements to the local ecology, which will have positive impacts on the local area as well as the regional area Strengthens navigation while limiting uncertain flood-stages New development (port) opportunities along river
Challenges
Located in a historic area—must be sensitive to historic settlement patterns Industrial remediation along waterway Expensive
Challenges
Modifies land use from agricultural to ecological Infrastructural blockages Cost/time
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climate adaptation
FROM Working Rivers to...rivers that work
CONTINUING THE CONVERSATION _THE SCENARIOS SET FORTH ARE NOT MEANT TO BE PRESCRIPTIVE BUT THEY ARE THE BEGINNINGS OF A LONG-TERM APPROACH 1) Validate the discharge and water level data, flood and drought impacts and establish future hydrological design conditions based upon climate change / extreme weather scenarios
2) Evaluate options for risk management for flood and drought control, spatial planning, contaminants, and disaster management 3) Develop a more integrated vision for land-use and multi-layered and functional infrastructure
4) Create new (sustainable) economic generators 5) Continue building community capacity to foster dialogue around these issues
Based upon three days work with limited community, state and federal partners, there is a need to continue these discussions and research to assist in ensuring our collective long-term future is resilient and prosperous...
6) Build a multi-disciplinary international “think tank� dedicated to the research and practice of longterm integrative water-based planning
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Workshop Leaders
Fluvial Zone 1 Group
Speakers
John Hoal, Washington University in St. Louis Derek Hoeferlin, Washington University in St. Louis Dale Morris, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington D.C.
Philip Burkhardt, Humdinger Studio Emily Chen, student, Washington University in St. Louis Courtney Cushard, H3 Studio, Inc. Bin Feng, student, Washington University in St. Louis Carolyn Gaidis, L.A.N.D., LLC. + H3 Studio, Inc. Robbert de Koning, Robbert de Koning Landscape Architects Daniel Tynes, student, Washington University in St. Louis Natalie Yates, Washington University in St. Louis Shiyun “Sherlock” Yu, student, Washington University in St. Louis Chris van der Zwet, VolkerWessels
Craig Anz, Southern Illinois University Carbondale Eddie Brauer, US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District Laura Cohen, Confluence Partnership Bob Criss, Washington University in St. Louis Don Duncan, US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District Elizabeth Ellison, Southern Illinois University Carbondale Eileen Fretz, American Rivers Marten Hillen, Royal HaskoningDHV John Hoal, Washington University in St. Louis Derek Hoeferlin, Washington University in St. Louis Andrew Hurley, University of Missouri St. Louis Fredrik Huthoff, Southern Illinois University Carbondale Rachel Jacobson, Acting Assistant Director for US Fish + Wildlife + Parks Services, US Department of Interior Joseph Kellett, Deputy District Engineer, US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District Frans Klijn, Deltares Dennis Knobloch, former mayor of Valmeyer, Illinois Robbert de Koning, Robbert de Koning Landscape Architects Ryan McClure, City-Arch-River Frank Miles, Tri City Regional Port Dale Morris, Senior Economist, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington D.C. Pim Nijssen, Twynstra Gudde John Posey, East-West Gateway Council of Governments Jon Remo, Southern Illinois University Carbondale Ralph Schielen, Rijkswaterstaat Silvia Secchi, Southern Illinois University Carbondale Steven Slabbers, Bosch-Slabbers Landscape Architects Richard “Rip” Sparks, Director (retired), Illinois Water Resources Center Les Sterman, SW Illinois Flood Prevention District Council Todd Strole, The Nature Conservancy Chuck Theiling, Great River Integrated Water Resources Management Brad Walker, Missouri Coalition for the Environment Otis Williams, St. Louis Development Corporation David Wilson, East-West Gateway Council of Governments
Research Assistants Christian Clerc, Washington University in St. Louis Jonathan Stitelman, Washington University in St. Louis
Estimates Group Hermjan Barneveld, HKV Consultants Eddie Brauer, US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis Distrrict Don Duncan, US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District Frans Klijn, Deltares Fredrik Huthoff, HKV Consultants / Southern Illinois University Carbondale Jon Remo, Southern Illinois University Carbondale Ralph Schielen, Rijkswaterstaat
Regional Group Eileen Fretz, American Rivers John Hoal, Washington University in St. Louis Derek Hoeferlin, Washington University in St. Louis John Kleinschmidt, Waggonner & Ball Architects Pim Nijssen, Twynstra Gudde Dale Morris, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington D.C. Steven Slabbers, Bosch-Slabbers Landscape Architects Richard “Rip” Sparks, Director (retired), Illinois Water Resources Center Todd Strole, The Nature Conservancy Chuck Theiling, Great River Integrated Water Resources Management David Waggonner, Waggonner & Ball Architects, Dutch Dialogues initiator Brad Walker, Missouri Coalition for the Environment Eric Zencey, Washington University in St. Louis
Fluvial Zone 2 Group Lilia Irene Compadre, [dtls] landscape studio Sara Delahoussaye, student, Washington University in St. Louis Peter Hermens, IAA Stedenbouw en Landschap and Landschap Overijssel Marten Hillen, Royal HaskoningDHV Kees Lokman, Washington University in St. Louis Shinan Qui, student, Washington University in St. Louis Bryan Robinson, H3 Studio, Inc. Deena Saeed, student, Washington University in St. Louis Brendan Wittstruck, GUMBULLY
Fluvial Zone 3 Group Craig Anz, Southern Illinois University Carbondale Golie Ebrahimian, student, Washington University in St. Louis Chad Fisk, student, Washington University in St. Louis Stijn Koole, Bosch-Slabbers Landscape Architects Laura Lyon, H3 Studio, Inc. Thuy-Tien “Alice” Mac, student, Washington University in St. Louis Allison Mendez, Cannon Design Mikey Naucus, SWT Design Tiffin Thompson, student, Washington University in St. Louis Anne-Sietske Verburg, Bosch-Slabbers Landscape Architects Jesse Vogler, Washington University in St. Louis
Site Visits Guides Laura Cohen, Confluence Partnership John Hoal, Washington University in St. Louis Derek Hoeferlin, Washington University in St. Louis Laura Lyon, H3 Studio, Inc. Katy Manar, US Army Corps of Engineers Benjamin McGuire, US Army Corps of Engineers Lane Richter, Audubon Center at Riverlands Richard Ward, Ward Development Counsel
thank you... MISI-ZIIBI would not have been possible without the incredible dedication and volunteer participation of the American and Dutch workshop experts and speakers, along with critical local community and stakeholder input. Special thanks goes out to the significant financial support provided by the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington D.C.; funding and facilities usage by Washington University in St. Louis’ Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts; and, funding from the Gephardt Institute for Public Service Clinton Global Initiative University (CGIU) Programming Fund.
Thank you to Washington University’s International Center for Advanced Renewable Energy and Sustainability (I-CARES) for facilitating the participation of Rachel Jacobson from the US Department of the Interior. Additional thanks goes to our partners Eileen Fretz at American Rivers and Fredrik Huthoff at Southern Illionois University Carbondale for the countless conference calls helping frame and prepare the complex workshop.
We would also like to thank the respondents at the public workshop presentation, particularly Ed Weilbacher.
Data and mapping support thanks go out to David Wilson and the East-West Gateway Council of Governments; and, to Aaron Addison and Bill Winston at Washington University’s Data Services and GIS lab. Finally, we want to thank Sam Fox School Dean Carmon Colangelo, Graduate School of Architecture & Urban Design Dean Bruce Linsdey, the Sam Fox School administrative support of Heather Atkinson, Ellen Bailey, Melinda Compton-Carter, Daphne Ellis, Karen Swinney, Katherine Koss Welsch and Bobbe Winters; and, the students of Derek Hoeferlin’s spring ‘13 graduate architecture studio. Last but certainly not least -- the tireless hours of preparatory work put in by our research assistants Christian Clerc and Jonathan Stitelman. misi-ziibi.com
-John Hoal -Derek Hoeferlin -Dale Morris
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image credits All drawings and photographs, unless otherwise indicated, Š MISI-ZIIBI (Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington D.C. & Washington University in St. Louis) Photographs by MISI-ZIIBI: Golie Ebrahimian: 10-11, 46 Derek Hoeferlin: 03, 04-13, 14 (middle, lower), 15-17, 24-25, 26, 28-29, 32-33, 37 (upper), 38-43, 46-55 Stijn Koole: 27 (middle), 37 (lower) Steven Slabbers: 27 (lower), 37 (middle) 4445 Photographs not by MISI-ZIIBI:
TO BE CONTINUED... MISIZIIBI.COM #MISIZIIBI @misiziibi
Confluence Partnership: 34-35 Daniel Acker/Bloomberg: 02 (lower) Thomas M. Easterly, Missouri History Museum: 14 (upper) NASA: 30-31 Scott Olson/Getty: 02 (upper) Srenco: 22-23, 27 (upper) Frederick Stivers: 01 (lower right) Drawings not by MISI-ZIIBI: Harold N. Fisk, US Army Corps of Engineers: 01 (upper right) Bill Iseminger, Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site: 01 (lower left)
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