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Smart Cities and The Third Industrial Revolution
Keiri Dueñas Tuesday, December 3rd, 2019 University of Nevada, Las Vegas AAE 653 - Professor J. White
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Bleutech Park - Las Vegas
Source: www.foxbusiness.com
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This research paper focuses on four primary social reform models or systems:
1. Fourier’s social reform system 2. Jeremy Riftkin’s Renewable Energy Model 3. The Smart Cities r oadmap by Professor Musa. 4. Bleutech Park - Las Vegas
Specifically, my research paper focuses on how all four systems or models, serve as the central answer(s) to my research questions:
1. What can we learn from past, and present social reform theories, to improve the quality of life in future “smart cities”? 2. What should the architecture and culture of future Smart Cities represent and hope to achieve? This research paper will begin by presenting the information gathered from secondary sources such as: readings, and online research. Then it will lead into an analysis of the information gathered. And by the end of this research paper you will learn:
● How the information presented will help improve the quality of life and urban fabric of the future “smart cities”.
● And what the architecture and culture of Smart Cities should represent and hope to achieve.
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So to begin, let us go back in time to the first industrial revolution, which took place in the 18th century in America. In short, the first industrial revolution as we know it, came into existence when people incorporated the steam engine and textiles into society. The second industrial revolution (also known as the technological revolution) took place in mid 19th century America. This revolution came into existence with the integration of: oil, combustion engine, steel and electricity. (historycrunch.com. web) At the time both of these revolutions came to existence, America was without a societal structure to call their own, desperately looking for a path to self-discovery. It was looking for a sense of identity, and a culture to identify with. Thus, pioneers like Charles Fourier, came in to the picture, saw a flawed America, saw the problem, and saw an opportunity for an answer: a new way of social reform. Accordingly, Fourier’s social reform premise suggested that “people could live harmoniously in a state of nature, free of government intervention.” (Brittanica.com) It suggested that people should live a self- sufficient and community-oriented lifestyle, thus offering hope to: 1. Those that were skeptical of the conflict left behind after the wars of 1775 - 1812. 2. To those who were committed to developing new institutions through reasoned choice. (Hayden, 1976) 3. Those that proposed a complete restructuring of city and country in response to the environmental problems created by the Industrial Revolution. (Hayden, 9) Adding on, Fourier, the father of terms that we now of today like, feminism, strongly believed that he could bring to life his vision of a “perfect” world. He felt that Phalanxes would distribute wealth more equitably than under capitalism. (britannica.com.Web) As a result, through years of study and dedication to his ideas, Fourier gained disciples that created communities known as
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phalanxes, a cooperative agricultural community bearing responsibility for the social welfare of the individual, characterized by the continual shifting of roles among its members, who as a result provided a physical expression of his visions. (Preucel, 2006) But switching gears, to the early years of the 2000s, in his book The Third Industrial Revolution, author and social economist Jeremy Rifkin proposes that in consequence to over 200 years of industrial revolutions, we are slowly entering what he calls: “The Third Industrial Revolution”. Oil and other fossil fuel energies are sunsetting, and the technologies made from and propelled by these energies are becoming antiquated. And so, “Our entire industrial infrastructure is built on the back of fossil fuels, and these energies are aging and in disrepair. As a result, unemployment is rising to dangerous levels. Governments, businesses, and consumers are awash in debt, and living standards are plummeting. Worse, climate change from fossil fuel-based industrial activity looms on the horizon.” Because of this, we face a potentially cataclysmic change in the temperature and chemistry of the planet, which threatens to destabilize ecosystems around the world. (Rifkin. Pg. 1, 2011) But on the account of over 30 years of research, Rifkin’s solution to the 200-year-old problem involves the Third Industrial Revolution (TIS) paradigm. In this paradigm: “The Third Industrial Revolution offers the hope that we can arrive at a sustainable post-carbon era by mid-century and avert catastrophic climate change.” (Rifkin, Pg. 6, 2011) And so, Riftkin poses that: “Internet technology and renewable energies are about to merge
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to create a powerful and new infrastructure that will change the world. In the coming era, hundreds of millions of people will produce their own green energy in their homes, offices, and factories, and share it with each other in an “energy internet,'' just like we now create and share information online. The democratization of energy will bring with it a fundamental reordering of human relationships, impacting the very way we conduct business, govern society, educate our children, and engage in civic life.” (Rifkin, Pg. 2, 2011) And so, the answer for a more sustainable society lies behind every home. In Rifkins renewable scenario, every home is a central energy power source that produces, uses, and supplies renewable energy to their home. Essentially home owners could profit and sell excess energy back to the city's “power grid”. As a result, every home that participates in this system will be able to reap benefits while creating a sustainable environment that produces zero emissions. Further producing zero emissions will become the new way of maximizing an individual's marginal revenue with little to no marginal cost. However, in his research paper: Smart Cities - A Roadmap for Development Professor Musa depicts that “cities face stresses and shocks such as unemployment, inefficient public transportation, terrorism, and cyber-attacks… These stresses and shocks weaken the infrastructure of the city” But the question arises, that when the idea of Smart Cities is added into
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the picture, how will a Smart City society provide a solution to Professor Musa’s “weak infrastructure” problem? First let us answer the question: What is a Smart City? Professor Sam Musa in his research paper, gives us some context in regard to the goals behind Smart Cities. “The goal of building a smart city is to improve the quality of life by using technology to improve the efficiency of services and meet residents’ needs. Business drives technology and large-scale urbanization drives innovation and new technologies… In short, a smart city offers technological solutions to tell what is happening in the city, how the city is evolving, and how to enable a better quality of life… The purpose of building smart cities is to make the lives of the residents easier and safer.” (Musa, 2016) And so returning to the question at hand, how will a Smart City provide a solution to this “weak infrastructure” problem? Professor Musa proposes that the answer lies behind a “Smart City Roadmap”. The top three components to develop a roadmap for a smart city are: 1. Studying the community 2. D eveloping a smart city policy 3. E ngaging the community through e-government infrastructure. (Musa, 2016) As a result, these three components mixed together allow for city officials and government to recognize and respond to the cities dilemmas, needs, and fears and address them accordingly. In this way, Smart Cities will provide a solution to the depicted “weak infrastructure” problem. As Hayden put it in his book Seven American Utopias, “I am concerned with the changing, continuous, relationship between lifestyle and living space.” But the question still remains: what
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is the answer to our planet’s on-going 200-year-old industrial revolution problem? As Rifkin had predicted, the answer lies behind incorporating renewable energies into Smart Cities. Currently, there are trending (conceptual) plans to build and develop “smart cities”. In short, these cities will introduce a new sustainable way of living. Where citizens are engaged in the decision-making process, and technology, mobility, and sustainability are the central concepts and driving force within smart cities. Similar to Fourier’s premise, “people could live harmoniously in a state of nature, free of government intervention.” (britannica.com) Smart Cities will allow for “Modern data analytics through algorithms, generally referred to as articial intelligence (AI), that will identify patterns and autonomously improve systems without requiring human intervention (machine learning).” (Gassman, Bohm, Palmie, 2019). This is to say, Fourier’s system proposed a world without government intervention, while Smart Cities propose a world without the need for human intervention. This may sound a little scary as if this idea is something taken from a science fiction movie, but in good intention, the underlying principle is focused around improving and augmenting the daily lives of humans. On a different note, parallels are evident between the paradigm shifts happening in the early nineteenth century, like the Fourier movement, and our current society in the 21st century. They both share the desire for a harmonious way of living or a better quality of life. In the Smart Cities book, by Gassman, Bohm, and Palmie, tell us that “The concept of a smart environment focuses especially on minimizing the ecological footprint of a city without losses in other factors such as mobility and quality of life. (Gassman, Bohm, Palmie, 2019, Pg. 32) For those reasons, it is essential that as a society we start considering other alternatives, as Smart Cities will play an important role in the deconstruction of such societal issues, and alternatively build new systems,
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programs, and connections within the society. Rifkin proposed: Over the last 20 years, climate change, economic instability, and unemployment have been at record highs. He tells us that “when all five pillars of the TIR (Third Industrial Revolution) are interconnected, they create a new nervous system for the economy, spurring a leap in energy efficiency and untold new business opportunities and jobs. (Rifkin, 47) Adding on, as part of his Third Industrial Revolution theory, Jeremy Riftkin mentions five pillars that must be laid down simultaneously or the foundation will not hold, because each pillar can only function in relationship to the others. The five pillars of the Third Industrial Revolution are: 1. Shifting to renewable energy 2. Transforming the building stock of every continent into micro-power plants to collect renewable energies on site 3. Deploying hydrogen and other storage technologies in every building and throughout the infrastructure to store intermittent energies 4. U sing Internet technology to transform the power the Internet 5. T ransitioning the transport fleet to electric plug-in and fuel cell vehicles that can buy and sell electricity on a smart, continental, interactive power grid. (Rifkin, 37)
And when all three models: Rifkin's Third Industrial Revolution (TIR), Rifkin’s Five Pillar Model, and Professor Musa’s Smart City are combined, a roadmap can be adopted as the underlying principles for Smart City paradigms in lieu of our current modes of societal arrangement. Take Bluetech Park for instance, this experimental city might help us understand how to create a solution to our societal and planetary problems. Bluetech Park is an experimental
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community taking place in Las Vegas, Nevada, Breaking ground in December 2019 as the first city in the world to catapult a digital revolution, redefining the infrastructure industry sector. The project will sit on 210 acres on Las Vegas Blvd., near Cactus Avenue, and usher in an unprecedented renaissance of the global digital infrastructure industry into Southern Nevada (www.ktnv.com) This $7.5 billion, six year project, will be constructed of net-zero buildings within their own insular mini-city, featuring automated multi-functional designs, renewable energies from solar/wind/water/kinetic, autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality, Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, supertrees, and self-healing concrete structures. Within the complex, flooring will be designed to capture and reuse the energy of human movement, and photovoltaic glass will be standard in all structures, turning building exteriors into solar panels and enabling the resources needed for heating, cooling, lighting, and electricity to be generated onsite. Security will be provided robotically via biometrics and other techniques. The project, said Sadana, is set to provide an example of the extent to which IoT technology has come to impact mainstream companies, ordinary consumers, and the world marketplace. However, it is important to note that in her book, Seven American Utopias, Hayden poses three dilemmas. In which every group, (in this case Smart Cities) must achieve to become successful and flourish. The three dilemmas are: 1. A uthority and participation 2. C ommunity and privacy 3. U niqueness and replicability.
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And so in the case of Smart Cities like Bluetech Park, what should the culture and architecture look like and represent? Bleutech Park’s mixed-use environment featuring: workforce housing, offices, retail space, ultra-luxury residential, hotel and entertainment will introduce a new high-tech biome to the desert valley.” (www.bleutechpark.com) “ Bleutech Park aims at tackling issues such as affordable housing through the development of “Workforce Housing.” This unique approach intends to serve the housing needs of people employed in jobs that the general population relies upon to make the community economically viable, such as nurses, police officers, teachers, firemen, and multiple others within a description of service to their communities. Workforce Housing is the cornerstone of Bleutech Park’s vision and commitment to support a diverse workforce and ensure Las Vegas economic, cultural, and health benefits accrue to people of all income levels.” (www.bleutechpark.com) “The lifeblood of smart cities,” said Sadana, “is connectivity...” (www.iotevolutionworld.com.Web) Thus, an interconnected infrastructure is what Smart Cities like Bleutech are hoping to achieve and represent. Oberg and Graham tell us that a “Smart city appears as a concept to demonstrate new ways of conducting businesses and organizing city life…. A city seeking to address public issues via information and communication technology-based solutions on the basis of a multiple stakeholder, municipal based partnership” ( Manville et al., 2014) ( Oberg, Graham, 2017) T he smart city idea focuses on production and consumption moving from global to local; manufacturing from competitive to collaborative; and business from a shareholder to a multiple-stakeholder point of view (Herrschel, 2013, Saint, 2014, van der Graaf and Veeckman, 2014). (Oberg, Graham, 2017) Adding on, a Smart City economy encompasses the application of novel technological solutions to enhance the following factors: a spirit of innovation;
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entrepreneurship; productivity; local and global networking; and exibility of the labor market. (Gassman, Bohm, Palmie, 2019) And although the idea of “Smart Cities” is only a conceptual schema at its beginning stages of creation, should Smart Cities become a well-recognized and accepted reality across the United States and possibly all over the world: Technological (and renewable) advances will augment our daily living so that we may live our best quality of life. Smart cities will become inter-connected cities, to assist with recalibrating, improving and reestablishing meaning to the workforce and our society. We can see an example of this in Professor Sam Musa paper, in which he mentions that Smart cities will be run by “e-governments”. This mindset will bring a balance between choice and authority for its society. “Typical theories among opinion leaders include the following: The objective of the modern city is to transform the urban population into people who take over responsibility for their surrounding society. Economic values, art, entertainment, and learning are by-products of this overarching aspiration.” (Gassman, Bohm, Palmie, 2019) The information gathered points and suggests a sustainable, and technologically heavy culture and architecture to make up the smart city infrastructure and fabric. And although many would argue that the “American Dream” is now dead, others would say that the “American Dream” or culture can be defined as an evolving roadmap for a better society. In 1848, one of Fourier’s followers, Despatch wrote “Man is to seek his happiness in harmonious development, and that can only take place under favorable circumstances… it is only in connection with their society that man feels his true dignity and glory.” (Despatch, 1848) So just as nature and harmony were required ingredients for a Smart City society: renewable energy, sustainability and
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integration of community engagement as the smart cities premise, as this is of high importance. They are required ingredients for “Smart Cities” to work. It is the essential component that will give Smart Cities a sense of identity. In their book, Smart Cities, Gassman, Bohm, Palmie discuss six service areas known as the “smart people dimension,”. These dimensions seek to enhance the following components: ● Relevant individual capacities ●
Afnity to engage in lifelong learning
● Social and ethnic diversity; creativity ● Open-mindedness ●
Participation in public life.
To which these dimensions address individuals’ ability to develop their full potential and to engage in a high level of public and social participation. (Gassman, Bohm, Palmie, Pg. 31, 2019) And so within this digital city world, we can see that plans are already being put in place for those six dimensions, specifically “development of the individual”. Further, we can see that human engagement is evidently important, hence being taken into account. This will create a marriage between infrastructure and culture for citizens to actively engage in. In which, smart cities would not only satisfy economic purposes (“I am here because jobs are here ” ) but also function as a place for self-fulllment and participation. One that does not attach great importance to physical infrastructure but focuses instead on relationship networks. According to the architect Sir Terry Farrell, cities represent places where new ideas are forged and strangers meet. Cities are dense and chaotic locations and need meeting points at which their inhabitants can discuss the future. As is stated in the preface to Gody Suter by Max Frisch: “ The
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city [ … ] is not a matter of urban planners. It is a matter of its inhabitants ” (quoted from Christian, 2012, p. 91). The creation of public value should be the core function of urban areas, and so this should also be the ultimate objective of smart cities. Public value includes economic and social value. Value should be created for all stakeholders, who frequently possess differing or even incompatible ambitions or intentions. Therefore, all initiatives must incorporate the voices of city dwellers.” (Gassman, Bohm, Palmie, 2019) In this way, we create a synergy of engagement between citizens and governance to address public needs by way of efficient design, and lifestyle, as a result derived from successful adaptation in Smart Cities, as proposed by Professor Musa and Jeremy Rifkin. (Hayden, Pg. 14) Moving along, on a micro scale, Smart Cities should represent an integration of renewable and sustainable energy and technology ...as part of a grander scheme of “societal goals”. Cooperation between E-government and citizen participation in order to build trust and portray a sense of integrity and belonging within people. In Hayden’s book there is a communitarian definition that an experimental community must be controlled but innovative, collective but voluntary, unique but replicable. Only if communities resolve these contradictions in the process of design and building could they achieve their ideological and architectural goals. (Hayden, Pg. 39) And in essence, Smart Cities should aim to successfully create a unique and replicable environment, to establish new settlements based on the original model. (Hayden, Pg. 47) This is not to say that all Smart Cities should be rigid and uniform in design. Rather, in the case of Smart Cities, this quote suggests that they should share founding principles that together create a renewable, sustainable and balanced paradigm.
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And on a macro scale, Smart Cities should also represent an integration of renewable and sustainable energy and technology As an example, world renowned architect firm: Foster and Partners is currently working on a solution for the mobility of the future. Transportation and logistics in hopes of efficient means with no carbon footprint left behind. This project consists of “a collaboration of cargo giant DP World and Virgin Hyperloop One aims to create an infrastructural network that forms a fundamental part of a new ecosystem, in which urban centers, rural landscapes, people and nature are all interconnected.” Similar to Fourier’s idea of communities living in harmony and nature, Foster and Partners idea of a sustainable and efficient means of transportation and logistics will allow the 200-year-old problem of the industrial revolution, to finally come to an end. Adding on, to the proposed solution for a more efficient means of mobility, Foster and Partners is working on a solution for “Fuel stations of the future”. Teaming up with automotive tech giant, Nissan. Foster and Partners is proposing that “The Fuel Station of the Future” is a vision of the future of mobility and its role in the development of a sustainable urbanism. The project reimagines how cars could be integrated into the urban fabric and be part of a holistic, sustainable solution that brings together transportation and energy production and distribution. Further, in the future, cars could connect with the urban infrastructure including road, information and electric power networks, using vehicle-to-grid, battery storage, wireless charging, autonomous drive technology and over-the-air connectivity, to revolutionize how energy is used and distributed across the city.”
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And so, within both of these micro and macro scales, we can see that all of these ideas, models and systems will create objectives and goals to demonstrate and lay the foundation of what a proposed Smart City should look like and represent. But even with the proposed solutions by leading experts in the above mentioned fields of economics, technology, academia, etc. there is still an unanswered technical questions: can we turn the “smart city” vision into reality, while fostering a safe community that carries integrity within its elected officials, while leading as an example for the city? Fourier’s Phalanx communities suggests that the primary task in the creation of a new society (such as smart cities or even colonization of other planets) is to address everyone's basic needs. But this brings up a dilemma: what are the basic needs of people? But, returning to the central question this research paper hopes to answer: What can we learn from past, and present social reform theories, to improve the quality of life in future “smart cities”? And what should the architecture and culture of future Smart Cities represent and hope to achieve? Smart Cities should represent and hope to achieve a unique and replicable environment to develop and successfully establish new settlements based on the original model. Thus the attitude we should have towards building Smart Cities is to: “Design, use, and redesign are vital to the life of the community, as constant, human approaches are to achieving communitarian goals.” But at the same time, keeping in mind that “Discussing dilemmas by citing physical design solutions related to paradoxical program requirements does not imply a series of answers; one group’s solution may be another’s problem. (Hayden, Pg. 58) Both Fourierist and Smart Cities are considered social experimental cities benefiting its inhabitants by self-producing an efficient and collaborative lifestyle. That is to say, as we plan
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Smart Cities roadmaps, we should learn from Fourier’s communities that we should build an improved and efficient way of life that can benefit all of its citizens (as well as our planet). Adding on, to accomplish the objectives of smart cities, such as reduced resource input, high quality of life, and a sustainable increase in competitiveness, a mostly digital solution for infrastructure, energy, housing, mobility, services, and security is necessary. (Gassman, Bohm, Palmie, 2019) But what can we learn from the architecture and culture of Phalanxes communities, in regards to what they represented and hoped to achieve? Dolores Hayden explains in her book Seven America Utopias, that their architecture, was inspired by the biblical “garden of Eden”. But even more than gardens, these homes represented the achievement of an earthly paradise. (Hayden, Pg. 119) Communitarians such as Fourierists (Fourier’s disciples) often cited architecture as an eloquent language which made very clear statements about social structure. Thus, the spirit of a society was stamped upon their architecture. (Hayden, Pg. 33) Adding on, the information gathered points to a time where Smart Cities are at the early stages of planning and development and so it is of high important to identify and assess the potential benefits and risks of creating experimental communities such as: Smart Cities. Which is why paradigms such as Rifkin’s Five Pillars of the TIR (Third Industrial Revolution) play an important role on the foundation of growth and development of Smart Cities. Taking Hayden’s words: “Dilemas imply conflict, and reflect the open minded nature of the building process in a communal settlement...” (Hayden, 2011) Whereas, if a communistic society has a “clear plan for a settlement, if it conscientiously encourages members to adapt and perfect the collective plan, and if the plan
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allowed for an adequate balance between communal and private territory, then the settlement will be quite likely to survive.” (Hayden, Pg. 47) In the same light, the paradigm of Smart Cities needs to carry a clear and concise plan, in order to survive. A plan where both parties (government and individual) collective work together to perfect the on-going process of a “balanced plan”. A strategic plan that will allow for maximizing “Communal Assets”. (Hayden, Pg. 15) Adding on, as Rifkin mentions in his book, “While we used to think of commerce and trade as being backed up by gold or silver, in reality, it has always been backed up by a more important reserve - public trust. When that trust is robust, the economy flourishes, and the future beckons us forward. When the public trust is shattered, economies fail and the future dims.” (Rifkin, Pg. 33, 2011) And so, similarly to Fourier’s idea that people should live a self- sufficient and community-oriented lifestyle, which offered hope to: 1. Those that were skeptical of the conflict left behind after the wars of 1775 - 1812. 2. To those who were committed to developing new institutions through reasoned choice. (Hayden, 1976) 3. Those that proposed a complete restructuring of city and country in response to the environmental problems created by the Industrial Revolution. (Hayden, 9) Smart Cities, like Bluetech Park, will offer hope to: 1. Those that are skeptical of the environmental concerns left after 200 years of the industrial revolution 2. Those that are committed to developing and taking part in new institutions through reasoned choice. (Hayden, 1976)
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3. Those that proposed a complete restructuring of city and country in response to the environmental problems created by the Industrial Revolutions. (Hayden, 9, 1976)
To give perspective to how quickly these changes will come about, Rifkin says “Twenty-five years from now, millions of buildings - homes, offices, shopping malls, industrial and technology parks - will have been converted or constructed to serve as both power plants and habitats.” (Rifkin, Pg. 45) Ultimately, if the information presented in this research paper is executed successfully, as a result there will be a paradigm shift on a micro and macro scale. On a micro scale, this paradigm shift will be of benefit to the individual. And on a macro scale will be of benefit to the environment, society at large, and to our planet earth. Collectively the information presented will foster a new era of architecture and culture, whilst improving the overall quality of life of people. Ultimately curing us from the current societal and environmental problems that we face due to the conflict left behind from 200 years of the industrial revolutions. Moreover, what is to be learned from the information presented is that it is of high importance that we assess potential risks and benefits behind Smart City proposals. To summarize the answer to the questions: How will the information presented, attempt to help improve the quality of life and urban fabric of the future “smart cities”? And what should the architecture and culture of Smart Cities represent and hope to achieve? First we come across some important elements to be learned from the Smart Cities paradigm: 1. Shared participation and trust between government and the individual 2. Sustainable and Renewable Energy
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3. IoT connectivity 4. E-governance 5. Hydrogen Reserves (Rifkin, 2011) Adding on, we should also note that it is highly important to achieve a balance between: 1. Authority and participation 2. Community and privacy 3. Uniqueness and replicability. (Hayden, 1976) As a side note, it is important to note that Hayden mentioned that Fourier's Phalanxes answers to the above questions in architectural terms, is that “the spirit of a society was stamped upon their architecture.” (Hayden, Pg. 33, 1976) At the end, it is important to keep in mind that the paradigm shift behind creating a new communal society such as a smart city is an on-going process that involves many benefits, but also many risks. With the elements presented in this research paper, we can anticipate radical changes that will come about within 25 years. And so we must be careful who we elect as leadership officials to run Smart Cities. We must take into consideration their professional, political, but also personal standpoints. Leaders that actively want to take part in creating a sustainable, renewable, and safe future. Elected officials that understand the responsibility behind running a technologically advanced and sustainable city. In this way, Smart Cities can become the leading example, or archetype for the following generations. To conclude, it is safe to say that the Third Industrial Revolution / Smart City initiative is an international matter that requires utmost urgency and preparation. Both on a macro and micro scale, governments and
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individuals alike in order to save us from our 200 year old post industrial revolution problem and look forward to a sustainable and renewable future.
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References
“Bleutech Park Las Vegas.” Bleutech, 2019, www.bleutechpark.com. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. Despatch, S. (1848, Jun 10). Fourierism.: THIRD ARTICLE. Harbinger, Devoted to Social and Political Progress (1845-1849), 7, 42. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.library.unlv.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/12569735 0?accountid=3611 Hayden, Dolores. Seven American Utopias : The Architecture of Communitarian Socialism, 1790-1975. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT, 1976. Print. https://www.ktnv.com/ktnv-staff. “Bleutech Park to Anchor New Las Vegas Development.” KTNV, 7 Nov. 2019, www.ktnv.com/news/bleuteck-park-a-mini-digital-city-to-anchor-new-las-vegas-develop ment. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. “IoT Connectivity Enables Vegas Bleutech Park ‘Smart City.’” Iotevolutionworld.Com, 2019, www.iotevolutionworld.com/smart-home/articles/443419-iot-connectivity-enables-vegasbleutech-park-smart-city.htm. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019.
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Foster. “Foster + Partners Video for DP World Cargospeed Premieres in Dubai, UAE | Foster + Partners.” Fosterandpartners.Com, 2019, www.fosterandpartners.com/news/archive/2018/04/foster-partners-video-for-dp-world-ca rgospeed-premieres-in-dubai-uae/. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. Foster. “Nissan and Foster + Partners Reveal ‘Fuel Station of the Future’ Concept at Geneva Motor Show | Foster + Partners.” Fosterandpartners.Com, 2019, www.fosterandpartners.com/news/archive/2016/03/nissan-and-foster-partners-reveal-fuel -station-of-the-future-concept-at-geneva-motor-show/. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. Gassmann, Oliver, et al. Smart Cities : Introducing Digital Innovation to Cities, Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/unlv/detail.action?docID=5784021. Musa, Sam. “Smart City Roadmap.” Academia.edu, Jan. 2016, https://www.academia.edu/21181336/Smart_City_Roadmap. Öberg, C., Graham, G., & Hennelly, P. (2017). Smart cities. IMP Journal, 11 (3), 468-484. https://doi.org/10.1108/imp-06-2015-0024 Preucel, Robert, and W. Pendery. "Envisioning Utopia: Transcendentalist and Fourierist
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Landscapes at Brook Farm, West Roxbury, Massachusetts." Historical Archaeology 40.1 (2006): 6-19. Web. Schmidt, Ann. “A $7.5B Las Vegas ‘Mini-City’ Could Redefine Sin City Skyline.” Fox Business, Fox Business, 20 Nov. 2019, www.foxbusiness.com/technology/bleutech-park-las-vegas-mini-city. Accessed 25 Nov. 2019. VICE (2018). The Third Industrial Revolution: A Radical New Sharing Economy. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX3M8Ka9vUA [Accessed 25 Nov. 2019]. Writers, History Crunch. “First Industrial Revolution vs. Second Industrial Revolution.” History Crunch - History Articles, Summaries, Biographies, Resources and More, 2 Jan. 2016, https://www.historycrunch.com/first-industrial-revolution-vs-second-industrial-revolution .html#/.
