Eco Tourist Fishing Village, Quitol, Goa, India

Page 1

DESIGN DISSERTATION (Stage-1)

ECO-TOURIST FISHING VILLAGE AT QUITOL, GOA

SUBMITTED BY

DULARI JEETENDRASINGH PARMAR Fifth Year- Sem. IX, B. Arch Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Architecture (Affiliated to Mumbai University)

Nerul, Navi Mumbai, India

--------------------------------------------------------------------October 2017


Certificate This is to certify that

Ms. Dulari Jeetendrasingh Parmar A final year bonafide student of Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Architecture has completed to my satisfaction her Design Dissertation - Stage 1, entitled

ECO-TOURIST FISHING VILLAGE at Quitol, Goa under my guidance in October 2017

Signature of Guide

Signature of Co-Guide

Prof. Dinesh Zope

Prof. Anita Shyam

Signature of Principal Stamp of College:

Prof. Shri S.V.Chaudhari

Date: October. 14th, 2017 1


DECLARATION I hereby declare that this written submission entitled “ECO-TOURIST FISHING VILLAGE at Quitol, Goa” Represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references. No material other than that cited and listed has been used. I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and I accept the consequences if I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission. This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student: Name of the Student: Dulari Jeetendrasingh Parmar Exam Roll No: 52 Date: 14th October 2017

Place: Navi Mumbai

*The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include:  The verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement;  The close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement;  Unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work;  The deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.  “Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations and essays and online resources.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to express my immense gratitude towards my guides, Prof. Dinesh and Prof. Anita who have endowed me and this project with their experience and knowledge. They were at all times available whenever I ran into a trouble spot or had a question about my research or writing. They constantly pushed me beyond my limits, and also navigated me in the right the direction whenever they thought I needed it. It is their critiques and inputs that have largely contributed to shape this dissertation. I would also like to thank Prof. Mayuresh Gore, who made me comprehend my thesis from its context to its actuality in the physical world. In addition I am grateful to people back in Goa, Bridan, Sandesh and my brother Tejas who accompanied me through my visits in and around the state. Also, this project would have been impossible without the kind fishermen community and people of Quitol. I am furthermore thankful towards my parents and my siblings for their endless support and love. They are my strength, and it was their presence along with constant encouragement for my work, that has led me to achieve everything in life. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you.

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ABSTRACT This thesis primarily focusses on rural development, community growth and vernacular architecture. Its essence lies in the development of a particular community in terms of one economic impacting factor. The selection of village, its development factors and funding to the project is justified by National Rurban Mission (2015) proposed by Ministry of Rural development, India. The selected village, Quitol lies in Goa, India. Predominantly, Quitol is a fishing village with most of its population engaged in fishing and related activities. But nature’s uncertain situations makes this occupation unreliable, leading to communities and future generations to drift away from the occupation and their village. For a secure future, the locals need to be provided with facilities to create alternative sustainable work opportunities related to fishing. The aim of this thesis is to develop Quitol on the lines of Eco-tourism, in order to give the fishing community an alternate outlook to retain their culture and also to promote it, and to withstand the future population in the village by providing them with houses and amenities with respect to the village, climate and its architecture.

4


TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3

ABSTRACT

4

1.0. INTRODUCTION

10

1.1. Aim

11

1.2. Objective

11

1.3. Methodology

12

2.0. BACKGROUND STUDY

13

2.1. Missions Proposed by Indian Govt. for Rural Development

14

2.2. Intent of proposed missions

17

2.3. Current Scenario of the Past Missions (2017)

23

2.4. Drawbacks of the Past Missions

24

2.5. National Rurban Mission (NRUM 2015)

25

2.5.1. Mission Statement

27

2.5.2. Mission Objective

27

2.5.3. Rurban Cluster

27

2.5.4. Mission Outcomes

27

2.5.5. Proposed Clusters

28

2.6. Summary of the Background Study

31

3.0. SITE SELECTION

32

3.1. Cluster Selection

32

3.1.1. Tourism: Sustainability Factor

33

3.1.2. Goa Tourism: A Perspective

34

3.2. South Goa- Quepem 3.2.1. Demography of Quepem Taluka

38 40 5


3.2.2. Topography

41

3.3. Xeldem Cluster

42

3.3.1. Amenities and Infrastructure Analysis of the Cluster

43

3.3.2. Summary of Amenities Data

44

3.4. Eco-Tourism Proposal

47

3.4.1 Goa’s Tourism Master Plan and Policy Intent

47

3.4.2. Accommodation Considerations Under the Plan

48

3.5. Tourism Prospects In Xeldem Cluster

49

3.5.1. Avedem

50

3.5.2 Quitol

51

3.6. Summary Of Village Selection

53

4.0. LITERATURE REVIEW

54

4.1. In and Around Old Goa

54

4.2. Laurie Baker, Life, Work, Writings

54

4.3. Houses of Goa

55

4.4. Patterns of Development of a Fishing Village

55

4.5. Hamlets in Attapadi (Border of Kerala and Tamil Nadu)

56

5.0. LIVE CASE STUDY

57

5.1. Khar Danda Village, Mumbai

58

5.1.1. Introduction

58

5.1.2. Kolis of Maharashtra

59

5.1.3. Fishing Villages in Mumbai

61

5.1.4. Khar Danda Koliwada

62

5.1.5. Surroundings and Study of Danda Village

65

5.1.6. Fish Market

69

5.1.7. Demography, Activities & Houses

71 6


5.1.8. Physical Characteristic Analysis:

73

5.1.9. Problems Faced by the Community

78

5.1.10. Conclusion

80

5.2. Govardhan Eco-Village, Palghar

81

5.2.1. Introduction: Ecovillages

81

5.2.2. Govardhan Eco-Village

82

5.2.3. Iskon

83

5.2.4. Site & Zoning

85

5.2.5. Architectural Values

89

5.2.6. Materials

94

5.2.8. Conclusion:

6.0. LITERATURE CASE STUDY 6.1. Poonthura Fishing Village at Kerala

101 102 99

6.1.1. Introduction

103

6.1.2. Poonthura Village:

106

6.1.3. Poonthura Fishing Village:

110

6.1.4. Laurie Baker’s Fishermen Village, 1974 - 1975 Poonthura:

112

6.1.5. Today’s State of the Village

116

6.2. Fishermen’s Housing at Tyre, Lebanon

120

6.2.1. Lebenon and Tyre City

121

6.2.2. Purpose of Proposal

123

6.2.3. Site and Surroundings

125

6.2.4. Project Proposal

126

6.2.5. Unit Typologies

129

6.2.6. Conclusion

137

7


7.0. FINDINGS OF CASE STUDIES

140

7.1. Khar Danda Fishing Village, at Mumbai

140

7.2. Govardhan Eco Village, at Palghar

141

7.3. Poonthura Fishermen’s Village at Kerala

142

7.4. Fishermen’s Housing at Tyre

143

8.0. QUITOL FISHING VILLAGE

144

8.1. Quitol Village

144

8.2. Quitol Fishing Village

148

8.3. Community Clusters

153

8.4. Existing Village Infrastructure

156

8.5. Village House Study

161

8.6. Stories from the Village

170

8.7. Swot Analysis

174

9.0. DESIGN PROPOSAL

176

9.1. Master Layout of the Village

177

9.1.1 Existing Facilities

177

9.1.2. Design Brief for Master Layout of the Village

180

9.2. Housing Prototype for Future Population

181

9.2.1. Built Fabric Growth

181

9.2.3. Design Brief for Housing Prototype for Future Population

183

9.3. Housing Prototype for Tourist Accomodation

185

9.3.2. Existing Tourism

185

9.3.3. Design Brief for Tourist Accomodation

187 8


9.4. Site Selection for Proposal

189

9.5. Housing Prototype Zoning on Site

191

10.0. BIBLIOGRAPHY – Annexure I

192

10.1. Online Articles

192

10.2. Electronic, Published Journals and Books

195

10.3. Newspaper Articles

198

10.4. Blog

200

11.0. LIST OF FIGURES – Annexure II

201

12.0. ANNEXURE III

209

12.1. List of Tables

197

12.2. List of Charts

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1.0. INTRODUCTION “The future of India lies in its villages” -

Mahatma Gandhi

The India that we live in today, is a solution to the various problems our dynasties faced. But in the hunt of finding the right solution to our problems we lost our essence and the roots of our existence, and eventually stumbled upon creating this huge confusion we call a city. Confusion, a clatter of thoughts, ideas, beliefs-disbelief, society, politics and survival is what we see all around us even if it is planned or laid in an order. We came up to this situation, because somewhere in that process we lost our character, our principles, which distinctly lies in far remote and untainted areas of our country we call village. Villages are true to their form and nature. They maintain ecological balance since they are dependent on nature and respect its existence. Even if in small hamlets they are socially inter-dependent, connected to each other and nature on every level. It is just that they do not hold a certain skill set which can promote their living, so they aspire to be one of us. There are 68.84% of people (around 833.1 million people) who live in 640,867 different villages of India1, these figures state the expanse of man power and unique character we hold as a country, which can be showcased to the world if dealt with sensitivity and respect. This in return it will regenerate the diminishing life of the village, its people and help to thrive its economy. This can also directly promote harmony of human kind with nature. There are various ways or aspects in which a village can develop. At present, the condition of the life of the people living in villages is gloomy. The problems of our villages are many and varied, some of them include improper health and sanitation issues, whereas in some there is lack of education and civic awareness. To cope with these issues the Indian government has been proposing several missions under the authority of The Ministry of Rural Development. The mission of these projects is sustainable and inclusive growth of rural India by increasing livelihoods opportunities, providing social safety and developing infrastructure for growth. This is expected to improve quality of life in rural India and to correct the developmental imbalances, to reach out to one of the most disadvantaged sections of the society. Census of India 2011, “Census Reference Tables, A-Series - Number Of Villages” Retrieved on 18/02/17 from http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/Number_of_Village.htm 1

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1.1.

AIM

The aim of this thesis is to study a village, its architecture, lifestyle, climate, and people; in order to understand the humanities of a rural community and provide an architectural solution which can in return help the village to retain its character and boost the existing economy, in order to preserve its people to their roots.

1.2.

OBJECTIVE

Large parts of rural areas in the country are not stand-alone settlements but part of a cluster of settlements, which are relatively proximate to each other. These clusters typically illustrate potential for growth, have economic drivers and derive locational and competitive advantages. The objective of this study is to get an insight into these clusters and India’s tourism industry, with special reference to its villages. The focus is to contemplate whether there is scope to inject an alternative form of tourism in India, namely ‘village tourism’. The following would be the brief objectives in order to achieve this; i)

Designing a sustainable model village, involving eco-tourism, in order to retain its identity and boost its economy.

ii)

Bridging the rural-urban divide: economic, technological and those related to facilities and services.

iii)

Stimulating local economic development with emphasis on reduction of unemployment in rural areas.

iv)

Spreading development in the region.

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1.3. METHODOLOGY a) The methodology for the thesis is broadly categorized into 2 STAGES, namely, the DATA COLLECTION and ANALYSIS. b) The process of data collection inculcates Qualitative and Quantitative information assembly. c) The Qualitative phase will involve more interaction and observation skills whereas the Quantitative phase will majorly look after data collection. d) The later part of methodology will incorporate analysis of both phases in order to arrive at a design intervention.

Chart 1 Methodology flowchart Source: Flowchart by author

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2.0 BACKGROUND STUDY Being the nodal Ministry for most of the development and welfare activities in the rural areas, the Ministry of Rural Development plays a pivotal role in the overall development strategy of the country. Broadly, the aims of the Ministry of Rural Development are: a. Providing livelihood opportunities to those in need including women and other vulnerable sections with focus on Below Poverty Line (BPL) households. b. Providing for the enhancement of livelihood security of households in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household demanding it. c. Provision of all-weather rural connectivity to unconnected rural habitations and upgradation of existing roads to provide market access. d. Providing basic housing and homestead to BPL household in rural areas. e. Providing social assistance to the elderly, widow and disabled persons. f. Providing urban amenities in rural areas for improvement of quality of rural life. g. Capacity development and training of rural development functionaries. h. Promoting involvement of voluntary agencies and individuals for rural development. i. Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land.

Figure 1 Village community participation conducted at Gram Panchayat office Source: Bamnala, Chainpur, MP, Majority World - Jan Sahas

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2.1. MISSIONS PROPOSED BY INDIAN GOVT. FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT Following, is a list of few Indian Govt. proposals in favor of Rural Development: Table 1 List of government rural development proposals Source: Table by author

DESIRABLE

DESIRABLE

PROPOSED

COMPONENT

OUTCOME

MISSION

Inter village roads

Ensure connectivity

Pradhan Mantri

connectivity

between all villages

Gram Sadak

YEAR

2000

Yojana Fully equipped Mobile

Mobile Unit as per

National Rural

Health Unit

norms

Health Mission

Agri-services and

Support to the

Rashtriya Krishi

Processing

Agriculture and Allied

Vikas Yojna

2005

2007

Activity 24x7 Piped Water

70 liters per capita per

National Rural

Supply

day of safe drinking

Drinking Water

water for every

Programme

2009

households throughout the year2 Upgradation of

Ensuring primary and

Rashtriya

primary, secondary

secondary school within

Madhyamik

and higher secondary

a reasonable distance

Shiksha Abhiyan

schools

from all households along with facilities of drinking water

2009

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

provisions, Toilet blocks (separate for boys and

2

National Rural Drinking Water Programme Movement towards ensuring people’s Drinking Water Security

in Rural India, Guidelines – 2013, Retrieved on 29/07/2017 from, http://mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/NRDWP_Guidelines_2013.pdf

14


girls) and adequate class

Rashtirya

rooms.

Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan

Skill Development

At-least 70 percent

Deen Dayal

training Linked to

household with one

Upadhyaya

Economic Activities

beneficiaries in each

Grameen

households

Kaushalya Yojana

Agri services and farm

Support to components

Pradhan Mantri

productivity

under end to end

Krishi Sinchai

irrigation supply chain

Yojna

Support to organic

Paramparagat

farming cluster

Krishi Vikas

Agri Services

2014

2014

2015

Yojana Digital Literacy

At least one e-literate

Digital India

2015

100% HH with

Swachh Bharat

2015

Individual Household

Mission Grameen

person in every household Sanitation

Latrines

Solid and Liquid

Solid waste collection +

Waste Management

Secondary transport for all HHs wastes

Solid Waste

1 Vermi-composting

Treatment/Vermi

plant per 25000

compost Pit

persons/liquid waste unit

Public transport

Public transport to

Applicable State

nearest urban center

government

from each block

scheme

-

15


Citizen Service Centres

Common Service Centre

Digital India

(CSC) per 2 to 3

Mission

2015

villages3 Cluster Development

Develop a cluster of

National Rurban

(Infrastructure and

villages that preserve and

Mission

related amenities)

nurture the essence of

2015

rural community life Housing

The broad purpose of the

Pradhan Mantri

scheme is to provide

Gramin Awaas

financial assistance to

Yojana

2016

some of the weakest sections of society for them to upgrade or construct a house of respectable quality for their personal living.4

3

Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India, “Digital India” Retrieved on

29/07/2017 from, http://digitalindia.gov.in/ 4

Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana, The Ministry of Rural Development, “Govt. of India” Retrieved

on 18/02/17 from http://www.iay.nic.in/netiay/home.aspx

16


2.2. INTENT OF PROPOSED MISSIONS The learning of proposed missions is necessary in order to learn their components and workability A) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) The PMGSY intended to provide; a. All-weather road connectivity to unconnected rural habitations b. Accessibility of these habitations to the services like, educational, health, marketing facilities etc. which are not available in these unconnected habitation.5 c. PMGSY only covers roads earlier classified as ‘Other District Roads’ and ‘Village Roads’

Figure 2 Physical Achievement of PMGSY in terms of Road Length Completed (in km) Source: Ministry of Rural Development India

Interpretation: The proposed mission looks after roads and connectivity in isolation, there are many areas in the village which do not have a proposal for provision of a road or route on government documents, but that connectivity impacts the daily life of the people of that village, such problems can only be taken care of, if this mission includes local community and their views.

5

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, The Ministry of Rural Development, “Govt. of India” last updated

on 04/05/2017, Retrieved on 28/07/2017 from, http://pmgsy.nic.in/

17


B) National Rural Health Mission (NHM) NHM implemented by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has provision of Mobile Medical Unit (MMUs) in order to provide outreach services in rural and remote areas. In which a vehicle will be provided for transport of medical and Paramedical personnel along with carrying equipment/accessories and basic laboratory facilities. It will also carry diagnostic equipment such as X-Ray, ultrasound, ECG machine and generator. Each unit has - one doctor, one nurse, one radiologist, one lab attendant, one pharmacist and a helper and driver.6

Interpretation: The mission only looks after temporary service provision, whereas health is dynamic factor and it requires permanent facility in order to suffice the needs of the people whenever required.

C) Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY) It was proposed by the Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmer Welfare under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare which intends to incentivize the States so as to increase public investment in Agriculture and allied sectors.7 The components for which the scheme provides support includes Crop Husbandry (including Horticulture), Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Dairy Development, Agricultural Research and Education, Forestry and Wildlife, Plantation and Agriculture Marketing, Food Storage and Warehousing, Soil and Water Conservation, Agricultural Financial Institutions, other Agricultural Programs and expenditures.

Interpretation: The mission proposed looks after the supply and demand of the material but, it does not takes account of workable technologies which can be taught and implemented on rural level, so as to support the existing business and help to reduce the cost and material invested in its production.

6

The Ministry of Rural Development, “Govt. of India” last updated on 25/07/2017, Retrieved on 28/07/2017

from, http://rural.nic.in/netrural/rural/sites/about-the-ministry.aspx 7

Dept. of agriculture and cooperation “Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna”, Retrieved on 28/07/2017 from,

http://rkvy.nic.in/

18


D) National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) It is implemented by Ministry of Rural Development India and the scheme intends to provide Piped water supply to households, ensuring sustainability in drinking water schemes and convergence of all water conservation programmes. By 2022, the scheme aims to provide every rural person in the country with access to water within their household premises or at a horizontal or vertical distance of not more than 50 meters from their household without barriers of social or financial discrimination. Individual States can adopt higher quantity norms.8

Interpretation: The undertaking looks after providing water to rural areas, connecting more villages with piped water, along with this the mission can have an added value of providing techniques and material for preserving rainwater and using it for everyday needs.

E) Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA), Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtirya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Ministry of Human resource development is implementing Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA). The objective of RMSA is to improve quality of education imparted at secondary level through making all secondary schools conform to prescribed norms and universal access to secondary level education by 2017. Further Rashtirya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan is an umbrella scheme to be implemented in Mission mode that would include other existing schemes in the sector.

Interpretation: The govt. schools and premises can be looked upon beyond providing teachers and staff. The infrastructural development of the same also plays an important role for e.g. Sensitive outlook towards disabled child from infrastructural standpoint.

8

National Rural Drinking Water Programme Movement towards ensuring people’s Drinking Water Security

in Rural India, Guidelines – 2013, Retrieved on 29/07/2017 from, http://mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/NRDWP_Guidelines_2013.pdf

19


F) Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDUGKY) It is a scheme implemented by Ministry of Rural Development. The key features of the scheme are: a. Guaranteed Placement for at least 75% trained candidates9 b. Shift in emphasis from training to career progression c. Post placement support, migration support and alumni network to enable farm to factory transition d. Industrial Internships e. Skill training programs that are based on national and international market demand.

Figure 3 DDUGKY developments up to year 2017 Source: Ministry of Rural Development India

Interpretation: Focus of the mission is to provide jobs in rural areas, and in case of rural areas there are a few existing opportunities right next to their residence, and such skill trainings and internships are set up far from the village. This in return generates a lack of transportation and thus they tend to reside in the areas next to their jobs. The mission therefore can include job opportunities related to the village background, in or near the village, which can develop the village as well as its people.

9

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana, The Ministry of Rural Development, “Govt. of

India� last updated on 25/07/2017, Retrieved on 28/07/2017 from http://ddugky.gov.in/

20


G) Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) In this mission, organic farming will be promoted by using traditional resources and the organic products will be linked with the market. The Scheme envisages: a. Promotion of commercial organic production through certified organic farming. b. The produce will be pesticide residue free and will contribute to improve the health of consumer. c. It will raise farmer's income and create potential market for traders. d. It will motivate the farmers for natural resource mobilization for input production.10

Interpretation: The proposed mission should consider different climates and topography before taking up proposals, in order to make the proposed mission successful.

H) Digital India The programme focuses on digital literacy by ensuring at least one e-literate person in every household by using core ICT infrastructure set up by the central and state governments and by providing 100 Mbps links to 2, 50,000 Gram Panchayats through optical fiber cable as per Digital India Norms.11 Also, there will be enabled front-end service delivery points (kiosks) at the village level for delivery of government, financial, social and private sector services in the areas of agriculture, health, education, entertainment, banking, insurance, pension, utility payments, etc.

Interpretation: The digital India mission is general for the entire nation whereas the problems differ in different areas. For e.g. in some areas there is no electricity and in others there are no digital transaction or work opportunities.

10

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana, “Expected outcomes”, Retrieved on 29/07/2017 from,

http://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/policies-and-schemes/crops-related/krishi-unnati-yojana/paramparagatkrishi-vikas-yojana 11

Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India, “Digital India” Retrieved on

29/07/2017 from, http://digitalindia.gov.in/

21


I) Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana (PMGAY)

Figure 4 Houses completed in each financial year (PMGAY) Source: Ministry of Rural Development India

Previously Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY), is a social welfare flagship programme, created by the Indian Government, to provide housing for the rural poor in India. A similar scheme for urban poor was launched in 2015 as Housing for All by 2022. Indira Awaas Yojana was launched by Rajiv Gandhi, as one of the major flagship programs of the Ministry of Rural Development to construct houses for BPL population in the villages. Under the scheme, financial assistance worth ₹70,000 (US$1,100) in plain areas and ₹75,000 (US$1,200) in difficult areas (high land area) is provided for construction of houses. 12

Interpretation: While some states have started working on it, about 20 have failed to come up with proper planning for the housing mission. The mission thus should consider sustainable and cost effective techniques for a particular climate and topography in order to make livable comfortable houses.

12

Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana (PMGAY), The Ministry of Rural Development, “Govt. of India”

last updated on 25/07/2017, Retrieved on 28/07/2017 from http://pmayg.nic.in/netiay/about-us.aspx

22


2.3. CURRENT SCENARIO OF THE PAST MISSIONS (2017)

Figure 5 Diagram showing steps to be followed for a mission’s success Source: Diagram by author

There are various factors that affect the development of a proposed mission, a. Active participation b. Adequate funding c. Easy sanctions of correct proposals d. People’s / Community participation e. Availability of resources f. In-depth research etc. Due to amalgamation of above parameters, and other influences, the following missions flourished in the past.

Figure 6 Ministry of Rural Development Achievements Source: Ministry of Rural Development India

23


2.4. DRAWBACKS OF THE PAST MISSIONS Out of the thousand of initiatives for development –whether it is for the villages or urban or slums- most of them have failed because of lack of commitment of those responsible for the implementation and monitoring of these programmes. Other than that, rural development is a people’s programme, the failure of past development efforts was largely due to the lack of people’s participation. Development was carried out for the people, but not by them. For the success of any development programmes, people’s participation is most important. Thus it is essential that people should take active part in rural development activities... Apart from these following are the principal reasons why the past missions botched;

Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen

Chart 2 Drawbacks of past missions Source: Flowchart by author

24


2.5. NATIONAL RURBAN MISSION (NRuM 2015) National Rurban Mission takes an account of all the fundamentals of above proposed missions, and works perceptively for each sites. Its central intent is to develop the country’s infrastructural requirements. The Mission strives to strengthen rural areas by providing economic, social and infrastructure amenities, thus leading to sustainable and balanced

development

in

the

country. Developing

infrastructure,

according to the mission, will automatically generate economic growth in the selected cluster and thus

would

directly

impact

country’s overall economy. The mission is proposed in the 28 states of India.

Figure 7 States of India participating in NRuM Source: Maps of India

Each state comprises of a number of clusters approved for development, and there are total 100 such clusters approved all over India, in December, 2015.

25


Chart 3 Intent of NRuM Source: Flowchart by author

The Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM 2015) is an attempt to make our rural areas socially, economically and physically sustainable regions. The vision of SPMRM is to "develop a cluster of villages that preserve and nurture the essence of rural community life with focus on equity, and inclusiveness, without compromising with the facilities perceived to be essentially urban in nature, thus creating a cluster of Rurban villages".13 Under this National Rurban Mission (NRuM), to ensure organized development of the clusters, the areas would be well delineated and would be duly notified as planning areas under the relevant Planning Acts of the States. The mission aims to create 300 such 'Rurban Clusters' over the next 3 years, across the country with about 100 Rurban clusters approved every year.

13

21st February 2016, “NATIONAL RURBAN MISSION (NRuM), MINISTRY OF RURAL

DEVELOPMENT

Integrated

Cluster

Action

Plan�

Retrieved

on

18/02/17

from

http://rurban.gov.in/download/modules/ICAP.pdf

26


2.5.1. Mission Statement The National Rurban Mission (NRuM) follows the vision of “Development of a cluster of villages that preserve and nurture the essence of rural community life with focus on equity and inclusiveness without compromising with the facilities perceived to be essentially urban in nature, thus creating a cluster of “Rurban Villages”.

2.5.2. Mission Objective The objective of the National Rurban Mission (NRuM) is to stimulate local economic development, enhance basic services, and create well planned Rurban clusters.

2.5.3. Rurban Cluster A ‘Rurban cluster’, would be a cluster of geographically connecting villages with a population of about 25000 to 50000 in plain and coastal areas and with a population of 5000 to 15000 in desert, hilly or tribal areas.14 The Rurban clusters would be developed by provisioning of training linked to economic activities, developing skills & local entrepreneurship and by providing necessary infrastructure amenities.

2.5.4. Mission Outcomes

14

i)

Skill development training linked to economic activities

ii)

Agro Processing, Agriculture Services, Storage and Warehousing

iii)

Fully equipped mobile health unit

iv)

Upgrading school/ higher education facilities

v)

Sanitation

vi)

Provision of piped water supply

vii)

Solid and liquid waste management

viii)

Village streets, drains and street lighting

ix)

Inter-village road connectivity and public transport.

x)

LPG gas connections and digital literacy

21st February 2016, “NATIONAL RURBAN MISSION (NRuM), MINISTRY OF RURAL

DEVELOPMENT Integrated Cluster Action Plan” Retrieved on 18/02/17 from http://rurban.gov.in/download/modules/ICAP.pdf

27


2.5.5. Proposed Clusters

Chart 4 Flowchart showing cluster selection process Source: National Rurban Mission 2015

Cluster Selection: There are two categories of clusters under NRuM: Non-Tribal and Tribal and the process of selection will vary for each of these categories.

Non-Tribal Clusters: For selection of Nontribal clusters, the Ministry would provide a list of leading sub districts to each State, within which the clusters could be identified. The selection of these sub districts by the Ministry would be based on parameters such as:

15

i)

Decadal Growth in Rural Population

ii)

Decadal Growth in Non-Farm work force participation

iii)

Presence of Economic Clusters

iv)

Presence of places of Tourism and Pilgrimage significance

v)

Proximity to Transport Corridors. 15

21st February 2016, “NATIONAL RURBAN MISSION (NRuM), MINISTRY OF RURAL

DEVELOPMENT Integrated Cluster Action Plan� Retrieved on 18/02/17 from http://rurban.gov.in/download/modules/ICAP.pdf

28


Tribal Clusters: For identification of the tribal clusters, the Ministry would select the leading sub districts falling within the top 100 tribal districts of the country, based on the Scheduled Tribes population. The selection of these sub districts would be based on parameters such as, i) Decadal growth in Tribal Population ii) Current Tribal Literacy Rate iii) Decadal growth in Non- Farm Work force participation iv) Decadal growth in Rural Population and v) Presence of Economic Clusters 16 Thereafter, within these sub districts, the State Governments could select the clusters and while doing so, could include the following performance parameters: i)

Decadal growth in Rural Population

ii)

Rise in Land Values.

iii)

Decadal growth in Non- Farm Work force participation

While selecting the Rurban cluster the State may identify a large village/gram panchayat that are growth centers with resources available in the area that could potentially lead the economic transformation of the region. These growth centers could also be block headquarter villages or census towns. The clusters could then be formed by identifying geographically contiguous villages/gram panchayats within a radius of 5–10 km (or radius appropriate to the population density and geography of the region) around the identified growth center. While the State Government has utilized scientific method to select the clusters, due cognizance was given to rural demography, growth in non-farm work force, tourism and pilgrimage significance. The Government of India has approved 100 clusters in the country in first phase for which the State Governments are preparing the Integrated Cluster Action Plans (ICAP). In the meantime, 50 ICAPs have been approved for 15 States.

16

21st February 2016, “NATIONAL RURBAN MISSION (NRuM), MINISTRY OF RURAL

DEVELOPMENT Integrated Cluster Action Plan” Retrieved on 18/02/17 from http://rurban.gov.in/download/modules/ICAP.pdf

29


Integrated Cluster Action Plan (ICAP) are prepared for Rurban Clusters, which are comprehensive plan documents detailing out the strategy for the cluster, desired outcomes for the cluster under the mission along with the resources to be converged under various Central Sector, Centrally sponsored and State sector schemes. Critical Gap Funding (CGF) is also required for the development of the clusters and the Rurban Mission will provide the CGF up to 30 per cent of the project cost per cluster as Central share to enable their development.17 National Mission eyes to develop 300 Rurban Clusters in the country and the Mission hinges on effective convergence of various synergic schemes towards resources mobilization for 70 per cent of the funds required for the development of Rurban Clusters. While thrust is given for development of basic amenities, Rs. 267 crore will be spent for providing drinking water, inter village connectivity, improvement of village drains and streets, sanitation, solid waste management, street lighting, public transport, housing, electrification, housing and water harvesting. There will be activities for providing social amenities, digital amenities and economic activities for which over Rs70 crore will be spent. So these clusters will be developed with a full-fledged manner so that rush to urban centers will be lessened and rural areas will have comprehensive growth with the facilities available.

17

21st February 2016, “Spatial Planning Aspects of ICAP�

Retrieved on 18/02/17 from

http://rurban.gov.in/download/modules/SP_compiled.pdf

30


2.6. SUMMARY OF THE BACKGROUND STUDY This chapter focused onto the Government initiatives in terms of Rural Development. It gave basic understanding of what assets have been covered by them in the past and on what parts the proposals can be improvised. It is important to understand the intent and the outcomes of the missions, so that in future projects it will be easier to correct directly one those errors. From Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) in the year 2000 to National Rurban Mission in year 2015, there are various initiatives taken by the government on various levels but, particularly NRuM covers multiple aspects related to infrastructural development. They have selected 100 clusters all over India – tribal and non-tribal, each with different selection criteria in order to develop the overall economy and living status of the people living in those areas. From access to water connections and waste management almost all large scale developmental steps have been taken care of in the mission. This shows the scale of development the government is focusing on. On a large scale project, smaller topics that impact massively are often neglected, for e.g. Community participation, cultural background and site behavior, which were noticed to be ignored in the earlier missions, but should be taken care of. Therefore, each of them need to be dealt with sensitivity and through the guidance of professionals in that field.

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3.0. SITE SELECTION 3.1. CLUSTER SELECTION During selection, a due importance was given to the rural demography, unique characteristics, vernacular architecture, tourism,

development opportunities and

accessibility. In a project that deals with, sensitive issues of understanding the existing conditions and then proposing a space which dilutes with the present scenario, needs a lot of data survey and study. The initial research requires the understanding of, demographic study, site conditions, user experience etc. And to comprehend all these aspects at every level, language of the individual learning that space plays a pivotal role, in order to offer justice to the community by understanding their situation at every level.

Chart 5 Flowchart expressing different facets of Goa Source: Flowchart by author

Due to above conditions from the list of 28 approved states under NRuM the state of Goa was selected.

Figure 8 Approved cluster in Goa by NRuM 2015 Source: National Rurban Mission 2015

1 cluster, Xeldem from Goa was approved by the government for development in NRuM 2015.

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3.1.1. Tourism: Sustainability Factor When the scale of the project is huge it impacts the life of various places and people, and the effect takes place due to effort of many factors. Out of which, the Economy is one of the prime aspect. A village developed, provided with various amenities, architectural spaces in the face of a built form requires large sum of energy and currency. Energy here, will be in the form of villagers who will be employed and be a primary part of the project. But, for them to earn their bread and further spend for their leisure the project must work at a profitable edge. Also, the provided built form to function as provided and not turn into a ruin, the flow of money and people is at an apt. Therefore after the selection of the states, it was important to understand what factor will sustain the village and cycle the economy. Thus, to inject this boost of economy and sustainability, TOURISM will generate this flow. Since the tourism industry of Goa is a major engine for the economic growth of the state, a guaranteed multiplier effect is expected by the appropriate planned development of the tourism sector on the employment generation, economic development and push for rural regeneration. Given the potential of attracting tourists the development of tourism is an obvious choice for the state Goa.

Chart 6 Flowchart showing process of cluster selection Source: Flowchart by author

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3.1.2. Goa Tourism: A Perspective At the time of the British Indian Empire's dissolution in 1947, Portuguese India was subdivided into three districts located on modern-day India's western coast, sometimes referred to collectively as Goa: These were Goa; Daman (Portuguese: DamĂŁo), which included the inland enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli; and Diu.. Portuguese attempt to assassinate the rulers in Calicut in order to gain power over it, but failed to do so. Thus through a pact settled in Velha Goa (Old Goa), established their settlement and capital in Goa. Therefore in 1510, southern province, also known simply as Goa, was the new headquarters of Portuguese India, and seat of the Portuguese viceroy who governed the Portuguese possessions in Asia. When India became independent, Portugal kept its colony. In 1954 Indian revolutionaries gained control over Dadra and Nagar Haveli and prevented Portuguese troops from travelling to the area. This led to a case before the International Court of Justice.

Figure 9 Map showing location and timeline of Portuguese in India Source: Portuguese India, Wikipedia (Edit by author)

A few years later Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru ordered soldiers to invade Goa on 17 December 1961, "Operation Vijay". The next day the Portuguese Governor-General

34


Vassalo da Silva stepped down and on 19 December 1961 the conquered cities were declared part of the republic of India.18 Portugal refused to recognize the Indian sovereignty and Portuguese India kept its representatives in the Portuguese parliament until the revolution in 1974. Until today people from former Portuguese India have the right to Portuguese citizenship, when they were born there before 1961.

INDIA: NO. OF YEARS UNDER PORTUGUESE RULE 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 KERALA

GOA, DAMANDIU, DADRA NAGAR

BOMBAY

BENGAL

TAMIL NADU

COLONIES Chart 7 Graph showing India under Portuguese rule timeline Source: Graph by author

This rule of Portugal in Goa for 450 years has changed the face, the social structure, the religion and the people of Goa, which is why now there are around 50% Christians in the state of Goa. Its cultural history combines number of influencers from the history but, amongst them the most significant impact is that of Portuguese influences which were absorbed and assimilated into the existing vocabulary for over a period of four and a half centuries (1510-1961).

18

João Paulo de Oliveira e Costa, Vítor Luís Gaspar Rodrigues (2008) Campanhas de Afonso de

Albuquerque: Conquista de Goa, 1510-1512 Lisbon, Tribuna da História.

35


"The pearl of the east," GOA is situated on the Malabar Coast endowed with sandy beaches and a tropical climate. Inland Goa is hilly, stretching to part of the Western Ghats. It is bounded by the states of Maharashtra on the north and Karnataka on the east and south, and by the Arabian Sea on the west. The total area is 3,702 square kilometers. The two largest rivers are the Mandavi and Zuari, between the mouths of which lies the island of Goa. The island is triangular, the apex (called the cape) being a rocky headland separating the harbor of Goa into two anchorages19. There are three principal cities in Goa, namely Marmagao, Madgaon (Margao), and Panaji. Panaji is the capital of Goa. The state has two districts and is divided into 11 talukas. CLIMATE & SEASONS OF GOA Warm & Humid Climate March-May

Summer

26 º to 40 º C

June-September

Monsoon

25 º to 33 º C

November-February

Winter

19 º to 29 º C Table 2 Climate of Goa Source: Chart of Goa

This chart shows the climatic characteristics of the state, where the climate is hot and humid like a typical tropical region. This majorly impacts various characteristics of Goan people: a) Occupation b) Houses c) Settlement pattern d) Lifestyle and Clothing e) Material usage Due to the coastline, Portuguese influence, rich cultural history and heritage, tourism thrives in this state. Most of the tourism in Goa is concentrated in the coastal stretches of

19

Last updated on 18th May 2016, “Department of Tourism, Government of Goa, India- Tourist Arrivals (Year

Wise)” Retrieved on 15/07/2017 from http://www.goatourism.gov.in/statistics/225

36


Bardez, Salcete, Tiswadi and Marmagao. Over 90 percent of domestic tourists and over 99 percent of the international tourists frequent these areas. Two types of tourists visit Goa; the first is the domestic tourists, who comprise 80 percent of all tourists. Curiosity with the Goa’s image, a sense of freedom and western lifestyle, many people of the rest of India, visit Goa. The second is the international tourists who visit Goa purely for the natural environment of tropical climate. Within the category of international tourists there are two subcategories: backpackers and charter tourists. The domestic and international both categories of tourists visit Goa for the beaches, they stay away from each other. The travelers are not found in areas of charter tourists; they prefer to mingle and live with the local communities. In previous decades, a clear off-season for all tourists could be identified. Today this is not so since the domestic tourists come throughout the year albeit in larger numbers in the nonmonsoon months. Conversely, international tourists avoid the monsoon months; as for them the use of the beach is the prime attraction to come to Goa.

Figure 12 House built by Padre Luis Gonzaga de Santana Sequeira in Goa, Source: The piggery

Figure 12 Basilica of Bom Jesus Church, GOA

Figure 12 Beach of Goa with boats and coconut groves

Source: Goa, the Pearl of the Orient

Source: Goa Tourism

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3.2. SOUTH GOA- QUEPEM The Selected Cluster - Xeldem lies in district SOUTH GOA. There are in all five talukas in South Goa namely Mormugao, Salcete, Quepem, Sanguem and Canacona, with 132 villages as per the 2011 Census. Among the 16 towns, seven are Municipal Towns two each in Salcete and Quepem and one each in three talukas and remaining nine are Census Towns with civic status of a Village Panchayat. Quepem city before AD 1787 was a scattered settlement surrounded by thick jungle. It is also the name of a town with a municipal council in South Goa district in the Indian state of Goa. The town is the administrative headquarters of the Quepem taluka.

Figure 13 Maps showing Quepem taluka location, Source: Maps by author

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QUEPEM TALUKA STATISTICAL DATA GEOGRAPHICAL AREA POPULATION

340 sq. kms

(Census 2011)

14,795

NUMBER OF VILLAGES (Census 2011)

35

MUNICIPAL OFFICE

Quepem According to The Ministry Of

ANNUAL TOURIST COUNT

2703

Tourism Government Of India 2005-2006

Table 3 Quepem Statistical Data, Source: Table by author

It is located on the bank of River Kushawati. Curchorem and Sanvordem are the major towns located near the Quepem town. Quepem is one of the least learned talukas in Goa, except for a few areas, the topography and vast vegetation is causing hindrance in its exploration. The taluka is divided into 35 different village, and these villages are spread across in multiple hamlets with agricultural land surrounding it. This is in return generated isolated yet connected hamlets spreading across the taluka.

Figure 14 Satellite image of Quepem Taluka, Source: Google maps, Edit by author

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3.2.1. Demography of Quepem Taluka Data: As per the 2011 Census of India, 14 795 individuals inhabited Quepem—7 277 males, and 7 518 females. The total number of households were 3 613. The sex ratio was 1033 females per 1000 males compared to the state average of 973 females per 1000 males. Population of children within the age‑group of 0–6 was 1 513, who made up 10.23 per cent of the total population. Moreover, the child sex ratio was 1 001 compared to the state average of 942.20 According to the census report, Quepem has an average literacy rate of 83.56 per cent—male literacy is 87.36 per cent, and female literacy is 79.88 per cent—lower than the state average of 88.70 per cent.

Figure 15 Pie chart showing religion percentage in Quepem Source: Quepem, Wikipedia

Interpretation: The Census 2011 data shows that the percentage of Christian community and Hindu communities residing in Quepem are approx. 50%, this is clearly displayed in the housing and arrangement of them in the Taluka. Also, the literacy is affected in the taluka due to its topography and unreachability, where the villages have remained unchanged in time.

Figure 16 Palacio De Deao Source: Outlook Traveller 20

2011, “Census of India, DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK, SOUTH GOA” Retrieved on 02/03/2017

from http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/30/3002_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20GOA.p df

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3.2.2. Topography The State of Goa has an area of 1,424.46 Sq. kms. under forest cover, under which 15% of it lies in Quepem. The north of the taluka is well revealed since Margao, the commercial hub of Goa, 13 kms away, connects the taluka via National Highway.21 Under topography, another aspect that encumbers the exploration of Quepem taluka is it’s detachment from the coastal belt of Goa, where only village Quitol is a part of the shoreline. Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary borders the eastern edge of Quepem, which is also the boundary of the state. The south-east section of the village is dominated by nature and around 70% of the selected villages for the cluster lie on the westward part of Quepem. From the list of proposed 20 villages around 65% of them are towards the west of the taluka. The villages of Bali, Ambaulim, Fatorpa and Morpila, a part of Xeldem cluster which are developed villages, lie in the west portion of Quepem. This indicates the mere amount of scope of reach and access to the south-east portion. Thus during selection of the village, topography was one of the major facet of selection.

Figure 17 Satellite image of Quepem Taluka, Source: Google maps, Edit by author 21

Last updated on 18th May 2016, “Department of Tourism, Government of Goa, India- Tourist Arrivals (Year

Wise)” Retrieved on 15/07/2017 from http://www.goatourism.gov.in/statistics/225

41


3.3. XELDEM CLUSTER

Figure 18 Xeldem Cluster List Source: National Rurban Mission 2015

In Quepem, lies the approved cluster for development – Cluster Xeldem with 14,000 hectares of land expanse. The cluster comprises of 20 villages, which covers around 55% of the taluka. Amongst these selected villages, multiple villages towards the eastern part of cluster are a group of small hamlets. The villages of this cluster are of various range, where, in some villages there are just around 100 to 150 house (village Padi) and while in some there is a high population of around 3000 people (village Bali).

Figure 19 Map of Quepem taluka with Xeldem Cluster boundary, Source: Census of India 2011, edit by author

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3.3.1. Amenities and Infrastructure analysis of the cluster To select a village it was important to understand the demographics and the list of facilities existent in each village. The demography decides the scale of work and project whereas the facilities define the development scope of each. Table 4 List of Amenities and occupational details considered for Selection, Source: Table by author

For the selection criteria following amenities were considered: Amenities:

Occupation and Area

a) Population

a) Agricultural commodity

b) School

b) Manufacturing

c) Welfare and Healthcare

Commodity

d) Tap water – Treated/Untreated

c) Forest area

e) Drainage and garbage system

d) Culturable Wasteland

f) Bus stop/Railway stations g) Highways, Pucca and Kuccha roads h) Markets/Shop i) Registration/Assembly polling Office j) Power Supply

Figure 20 Land division in each village, Source: Diagram by author

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3.3.2. Summary of Amenities data The data for producing maps above was taken from Census of India 2011, and following is the analysis from map data above. a) Village Cordem has the least expanse of existing facilities b) Villages of Quitol, Cordem, Adnem, Sirvoi and Zanodem do not have education facilities – private or government. c) Railway Station facility is available only in village Bali out of 20 approved villages in the cluster. d) Maximum developed villages exist towards the west portion of the cluster. e) Most developed is village Xeldem with multiple govt. infrastructure facilities. f) Villages immediate to town Quepem town are observed to be more facilitated by infrastructural development.

Figure 21 Amenities and facilities existing in each village, Source: Diagram by author

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Figure 22 Map and graph showing Differentiation between villages base on 3 criteria Source: Map by author

45


The amenities presence was considered for selection because the intent of the project revolves around developing the core facilities of the village, which in return will support in its growth in future. The emphasis will be on provision of the required conveniences only, this will be done by cross checking the existing scenario and provision required standards of government. Thus, based on the density distribution and facility availability, following villages were considered for further selection; 1) Xelvona 2) Assolda 3) Cotombi 4) Avedem 5) Sirvoi 6) Molcarnem 7) Adnem 8) Quitol 9) Cordem

Figure 23 Villages with development Potential, Source: Map by author

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3.4. ECO-TOURISM PROPOSAL Ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism. It means responsible travel to natural areas conserving the environment and improving the well-being of the local people. Its purpose may be to educate the traveler, to provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, to foster respect for different cultures and for human rights.

3.4.1 Goa’s Tourism Master Plan and Policy Intent a) Conserve the natural and cultural assets deemed of high value by participants which act as major attractions for tourism, on the coastal stretches not yet developed and in the hinterlands. b) Take a broad look at sustainability, which implies ensuring low scale tourism development in the hinterlands of the state respectful not only with nature but also with the local culture. c) Identify specific potential locations or locations’ profiles for redevelopment, enhancement and/or new development.22

Figure 24 Programs proposed by Dept. of Tourism Goa Source: Goa’s Tourism Master Plan and Policy 24 August 2016, Government Of Goa, “Department Of Tourism- Goa’s Tourism Master Plan and Policy Interim Presentation -Tourism Master Plan for Goa excerpt” Retrieved on 26/03/2017 from file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/D.%20D/OTHER/Goa%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%20&%20Policy.pdf 22

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Goa Tourism Master Plan is considering to develop the following aspects under tourism;

Figure 25 Goa Tourism development aspects Source: Goa Tourism Master Plan

3.4.2. Accommodation Considerations under the plan a) Today Goa offers a good range of urban and coastal

accommodation

establishments,

covering the whole spectrum of categories. b) However, the hinterlands do not provide this level and variety of accommodation, with some rare exceptions. c) Therefore it is important to: Develop upscale and

eco-friendly

accommodation

if

Figure 26 Accommodation criteria Source: Dept. of Tourism Goa

a

requirement is identified in some coastal areas. d) Develop accommodation in the hinterlands: at a low and medium-density scale in selected places of interest; encourage homestays in different types of accommodation

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3.5. TOURISM PROSPECTS IN XELDEM CLUSTER Under the above conditions there are 2 villages which devour in TOURISM. Quepem Taluka: 1) Shantadurga Temple 2) Betul Beach 3) Canaguinim Beach23 From the 3 identified tourist locations by Domestic Tourism Statistics for the State of Goa, 2 of them lie in Xeldem Cluster namely; 1) Shantadurga Temple - AVEDEM VILLAGE 2) Betul Beach

- QUITOL VILLAGE

Figure 27 Two villages nominated for project Source: Diagram and images by author 23

COLLECTION OF DOMESTIC TOURISM STATISTICS FOR THE STATE OF GOA, FINAL

REPORT (April 2005 To March 2006), Retrieved on 10/08/2017

49


3.5.1. Avedem Avedem is a secluded village in the north of Quepem Taluka. The village is Famous for Shantadurga temple for which many visitors from neighboring states visit Avedem. Apart from this the village comprises of community of farmers, who produce coconuts, cashew and related produce for their living. Many foreigners and Indians have bought land in the village as an investment, because the village is near to town Quepem and has a scope of development. Due to lack of distinctiveness Avedem village was not selected for thesis.

Figure 30 House in Village Avedem

Figure 30 House in Village Avedem Source: Image by author

Source: Image by author

Figure 30 Shantadurga Temple in Avedem Source: Image by author

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3.5.2 Quitol Quitol is a coastal village located in South Goa District, Goa, India. It is at an hour distance from Margao (23 kms away). It is known for its beach. The Sal River drains into the Arabian Sea near Quitol. The main occupation of residents here is fishing. The village consists primarily of huts; separate hotels and cottages are negligible.

Figure 31 Location of major tourist attractions in village Quitol, Source: Google maps 2017 edit by author

a) Betul Fort: This place is home to the Betul Fort. The Betul Fort, which was built on the orders of Shivaji Maharaj in 1679 (or 1676) on the mouth of River Sal at Betul.

24

Portuguese took control over it in 1764 until 1961. The Betul fort has a canon on its ramparts

Figure 32 Betul fort, Source: Image by author

and overlooks the River Sal and Mobor beach is also spotted at a distance. The Betul fort is neither under the ASI or State Archaeology department. It does not enjoy any legal protection. It is an ignored fort site, with scenic and calm surroundings.

Herald, The voice of Goa, “South Goa’s archaeological sites in bad condition” 18 th May 2017, Retrieved on 14/09/2017 from https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/South-Goa/South-Goa%E2%80%99s-archaeologicalsites-in-bad-condition/115313.html 24

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b) Betul beach: The relatively small secluded beach, which occupies the eastern coast of the River Sal, is hidden in the shadow of fruit trees and coconut. The beach has a small lagoon and a river that flows to the sea. A narrow field road with a slight slant leads to the beach. It also has a view onto Mobor beach and is close to Betul fort. The beach is hidden and known to a very few local residents.

Figure 33 Betul Beach Source: Image by author

c) Quitol Fishing Village: Quitol is a small coastal village in South Goa, the village is pretty rustic with the main occupation being fishing, and this is quite convenient since the village has its own beach. It is known for fishing and serves as a docking station to various trawlers and row boats. Life of the fisher folk centers around fishing and coir production, when the catch comes in, the little harbor buzzes with the happy sound of fisher folk returning to unload their vessels. It is also locally called as Betul village.

Figure 34 Fish drying along the creek in the village, Old Goan House in the village, Source: Image by author

Due to the existing tourism, its distinctive character of a fishing village and further developmental opportunities in terms of infrastructure and amenities, village Quitol is selected site for thesis. 52


3.6. SUMMARY OF VILLAGE SELECTION

Figure 35 Summary of village selection Source: Diagram by author

53


4.0. LITERATURE REVIEW Following are the reviews of pertinent literature amongst many literatures studied during the research related to the dissertation:

4.1. IN AND AROUND OLD GOA Heta Pandit, “In and around OLD GOA”, ‘Introduction: From Govapuri to Ela to Velha Goa over seven centuries’, chapter-1 to ‘Saptakoteshwar temple and Adil Shah’s Gate’, chapter-6, Marg Publications, Photographs by Tushar Rao.

In this book, the author explains Goa from its oldest existence of being an island, its Portugal history to its current state. The book gives an insight about famous architectural structures in Goa and expresses about the blend in them from Hindu and Portuguese architecture. It states the change in religion, culture, architecture and physicality of Goa before and after Portuguese arrival. The architecture of various historically important places like, St Francis of Assisi, village of Ribander, St. Cajetan Church etc. have been discussed in detail in the book. The book is significant to this dissertation due to its explanation about the architectural characteristic of Goa which is less explored compared to its coastline, and the author has spoken not only about the elements of architecture but also its similarity to other structures in other parts of Goa or European cities.

4.2. LAURIE BAKER, LIFE, WORK, WRITINGS Gautam Bhatia, “LAURIE BAKER, life, work, writings”, ‘Fishermen’s VillagePoonthura, Trivandrum, 1974-75’, page no. 202-204, Penguin Publications.

In this book, the author has described architect Laurie Baker beyond his architectural works, he has spoken about his lifestyle and beliefs. The book is significant for this dissertation because it’s mention about the Fishermen’s Village, in Poonthura, Kerala, which deals with cost effective and sustainable cluster housing development for the fishermen.

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4.3. HOUSES OF GOA Houses of Goa Blog, “An Illustrated Tribute to Celebrate the Beautiful Architecture of Goa” retrieved on 09/08/2017 from http://housesofgoa.com/#intro

This blog extensively documents the old traditional houses of Goa, only in elevations i.e. 2D perspective. It illustrates houses dating back from 1600’s to 1900’s and only graphically expresses the two dimensional layout of these houses. It is significant for this project because it articulates the vernacular Goan style of architecture, the composition of the structure and the placement of elements on the facade only through graphical representation.

4.4. PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT OF A FISHING VILLAGE Patterns of Development of a Fishing Village, L. Groat and D. Wang, Architectural research methods, John Wiliey & Sons, Inc., New York (2002).

This journal explains that, the fisherman settlement is formed by two main factors, which are natural and human factors. There are broadly 3 patterns for development of settlement along the coast namely, Clustered Pattern, Spread Settlement and Linear Settlement. The author further advices about the segregation of facilities in the village into two types for better working of the villages. Summary of the Facilities: Primary facilities: Its function is to connect the activities of fisherman and nonfisherman community. These facilities should be located along the main road which have direct accessibility to the main facilities such as education, health, and worship facilities. Secondary Facilities: Its function is to connect the activities of fisherman and nonfisherman community in a smaller scale. These facilities need to be spread evenly in the settlement area. These facilities can be in a form of group of social and public facilities such as Open Space which functions as recreational and sport site as well as drying fish and repair fishing equipment, security post, mosque and disaster mitigation facilities.

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4.5. HAMLETS IN ATTAPADI (BORDER OF KERALA AND TAMIL NADU) Hamlets in Attapadi (Border of Kerala and Tamil Nadu), “Kakkupadi, Karaour, Kothatara, and Chemanoor, and Mandanpara�, retrieved on 10/07/2017 from https://indahwidiastuti911.wordpress.com/category/kerala/

This blog states about the People of Attapadi, in Kakkupadi, Karaour, Kothatara, and Chemanoor, and Mandanpara, which were communities that had been settled for 5 generations in Kerala. This writing is significant to this dissertation due to its documentation about vernacular houses of Kerala which has climate and topography similar to that of Goa, these houses are a part of fisherman hamlets in Sanghamugham and Koodanchala in high ranges of Attapadi. It also states about the construction techniques, materials used, and planning of Fisherman Hamlets, in Shangamugham Beach Trivandrum.

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5.0 LIVE CASE STUDY 5.1. KHAR DANDA VILLAGE, MUMBAI: Location

- Khar, Mumbai

Community

- Koli

Population

- 5000 (or more)

Village Summary: One of the oldest settlements of Mumbai’s fisher folk lies in the village of Khar Danda, which is growing as an urban settlement, in the recent times is facing an identity crises with multiple communities residing into it. The case study looks after the urbanization of a fishing village and how the communities cope to finding their individuality in the chaos. The housing pattern and their architecture is correspondingly studied.

Figure 36 Khar Danda village Source: Images by author

5.2. GOVARDHAN ECO-VILLAGE, PALGHAR: Area

- 70 acres of land with 5% of built area

Place

- 100 kms from Mumbai

Building Type

- Resort/Tourism Place/Residential/Community Space

Architect

- Chitra Vishwanathan

Summary: Govardhan Eco Village is primarily a place for all Lord Krishna deities but also an eco-tourist village that in cooperates sustainable technologies. The project is developed as a retreat for the devotees of ISKCON, Girgaum Chowpatty Mumbai. It includes accommodation, seminar, prayer, wellness, dining facilities and a Gaushala for cows.

Figure 37 Govardhan Eco-Village Centre Source: Govardhan EcoVillage, website

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5.1. KHAR DANDA VILLAGE, MUMBAI Intent: To study a fishing village in an urban context and how the alteration in the context generates changes in the life of the community. It also aims to analyse the spatial distribution of the village and the working of the people in it. The analysis envisages the difficulties and complications the communities face due to the changing nature of the occupation.

5.1.1. INTRODUCTION Fishing has always remained as one of the basic and important source of food for the humans, which has now turned as a business. Fishing industry is growing in almost all over the world and this natural resource is benefiting the mankind in various ways. Developing countries have larger population relying on fishing as source of livelihood; India is one of those countries. In India fishing is one of the important occupations which upholds the lives many people.25 Fishing and allied activities have remained as primary source of living for many people in India. Indian states like Maharashtra, Kerala, and Gujarat are having huge importance of the fishing industry for the livelihood as well development of the state.

Figure 38 A Fishing village in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra Source: Indiamike, website 25

Samir Shyam Jale, Dr. A. K. Wavare, “A STUDY OF DRY FISH MARKETS IN MUMBAI CITY�

Retrieved on 23/09/2017 from http://www.researchfront.in/10%20DEC%202014/7.pdf

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5.1.2. KOLIS OF MAHARASHTRA Koli community was native to the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. Today, they are limited to certain pockets such as Navsari and Valsad in southern Gujarat and northwestern Maharashtra, especially Mumbai. Maharashtra is known for its ‘Koli’ community, which is the main fishing community and is engaged in fishing and related activities for decades. Kolis of Mumbai are considered as original inhabitants of the city. The Koli community people are still catching fishes and selling them into the local markets of the city and earning income for survival.

Figure 39 Koli fishermen and women gather their storage containers at the end of the day Source: Culture trip website

Koli Community in Mumbai The Kolis of Mumbai have thrived in the hidden quarters of the city, the ‘Koliwada’, which essentially means “a home that opens to the sea.” The ‘Worli Koliwada,’ ‘Sion Koliwada,’ ‘Vasai Koliwada,’ and ‘Colaba Koliwada’ are also prominent. These settlements are invisible to the passerby, except for the fish market that marks the entrance to these close-knit settlements. Long ago, when Mumbai was Bombay, and the city was merely a scattered amalgamation of seven islands, the Kolis helped develop the harbors and the coastlines. Islands like Kolbhat (now Colaba), Palva Bunder (now Apollo Bunder), Dongri, Mazagaon, Naigaum and Worli were named by the Kolis. The name Mumbai owes its origin to the Mumbadevi temple in Dongri, worshipped by the Kolis.26 26

Aritra Chakrabarty, Updated: 12 October 2016 “The Kolis Of Bombay: The Original Residents Of The

City” Retrieved on 23/09/2017 from https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-kolis-of-bombay-theoriginal-residents-of-the-city/

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As the city came under British patronage, the inevitable happened: original inhabitants were sidelined and marginalized. The Kolis were removed from Dongri by 1770 by the East India Company. As more tracts of land were reclaimed and modern structures took shape, the ‘men of the sea’ were relegated to nooks. Gothic architecture, as we admire today, relegated them to the fringes of the city. Cuff Parade and Backbay reclamation are two such clusters where the community eventually resettled. Originally, the community belonged to the ethnic Marathi. The arrival of the Portuguese during 1500 and their subsequent rule over Bombay led to the conversion of the Kolis to Christianity. The town of

Figure 40 Islands of Bombay, which homed multiple fishing villages

Vasai is now home to Catholic settlements, which Source: Wikipedia

were originally ethnic Kolis. Bassien, as Vasai was referred to by the Portuguese and later by the British, has remained as one of the major Koli settlements in northern Maharashtra. The Kolis who associated with Hinduism have segregated into sub-castes. The prominent among these are Mangela kolis, Vaity kolis, Mahadeo kolis and Suryavanshi kolis.

Occupational Classes between Kolis The Kolis are divided into two main occupational classes: the Dolkars and states. The Dolkars do the actual fishing while the latter purchase the haul wholesale. They usually set forth in boats to meet the returning Dolkars and buy the fish. The popular song Dolkar dariya cha raja (Dolkar- king of the sea) underlies in his supremacy 27 Figure 41 Koli fisherman emptying his net for drying fishes on the shore, Source: Kolis, blog

27

India Holiday, The Lifestyle of India, “Kolis: A fishy people” retrieved on 23/09/2017 from

http://www.indiaprofile.com/lifestyle/kolis.htm

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5.1.3. FISHING VILLAGES IN MUMBAI Greater Mumbai district of Maharashtra has a coastline of 80 km and continental shelf area of 2,800 sq. km. There are 23 coastal fishing villages in the district and two fishing harbours. The fishermen population of the district is 34,580, out of which 4,023 fishermen are active. These villages were Malwani, Erangalbhati, Khardanda, Sassoon Dock and Jamshedji Bunder. In Maharashtra, the Koli community mostly inhabits the coastal region, which comprises the seven islands of Bombay. The places where the Koli communities reside are called Koliwadas, they are found from Mumbai city to its suburbs. Dr. Gerson da Cunha in the book ‘Origin of Mumbai’ describes old Mumbai as ‘the desolate islet of the Mumbai Koli fishermen’. The Kolis are reported to have occupied the land in A.D. 1138.28 Records of the earlier settlements of Mumbai speak

Figure 42 Mapping of prominent fishing settlements of Mumbai Source: India Environment Portal

of Koli villages in all the seven islands. Though they are completely dwarfed by the high-rise, congested apartments, Koli villages exist all along the sea coast of Mumbai even today. The Koli communities have spread over different Koliwada, a) Sion Koliwada b) Thane Koliwada c) Versova Koliwada d) Khar Danda e) Mahim Koliwada, are the prominent and popular amongst them.

28

Wednesday, 29 June 2011, Kolis, “Koli- The native fisher folk of Mumbai” Retrieved on 23/09/2017

from http://mumkolis.blogspot.in/2011/06/koli-native-fisher-folk-of-mumbai.html

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5.1.4. KHAR DANDA KOLIWADA

Figure 43 Maps showing Khar Danda location, Source: Maps by author

The 'Khar' comes from Marathi word khara, which means salty. Most of the Khar area was nothing but marshlands of salty sea water. Khar is a suburb of Mumbai, north of Bandra and south of Santa Cruz. It is divided into Khar West and Khar East areas. The suburb of Khar has the fishermen folk area ("Danda"), also known as Khar Danda. 62


Figure 45 Khar Danda Map Source: Google Maps 2017

Khar Danda’s fishing community settlement is one of the oldest settlements of Mumbai, older than 300 years, since 1717 January. The original inhabitants of Mumbai lived here for centuries. This village is divided into many small towns or gaothans, such as Dandpada, Madhalapada, Vetalpada, Kotpada, Patilpada, Varin Pada and many more. The fishing village is surrounded by Arabian Sea to

its

west

and a

gridded/planned development to its east. Its nearest railway station is Khar, it lies in K/W ward. DANDA

Figure 44 Khar Danda in District Mumbai (suburban) Map Source: District Census Handbook

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Climate

Figure 46 Infographics for climate data, Source: Diagram by author

Khar Danda Koliwada has a tropical climate. During most months of the year, there is significant rainfall in the Koliwada. The average annual temperature is 26.8 °C. About 2516 mm of precipitation falls annually. The warmest month of the year is May, with an average temperature of 29.8 °C. In January, the lowest average temperature of the whole year is 23.6 °C. 29 Fishermen’s Interpretation on Climate: Fishers observe the present and near past winds and utilize past experiences of the winds and of the relationship between wind and fish availability for their tactical fishing decisions. This knowledge pertains mostly to local conditions and cannot be generalized. As this occupation highly depends upon the climate, there are seasons and times specific for fishing throughout the year. The wind blowing from north direction (generally during the months of October to March, locally known as Upercha vara) is favorable as it brings more fish. While equal number of fishers opined that the wind blowing from south direction (usually during August to September and known as Hetcha vara) is not good as less fish are caught.

Figure 47 Koli fisherwomen in Narali Poornima at the shore of village, Source: Alamy Images

Therefore, the importance of the sea in the lives of these fisher households as well as frequent weather upheavals, especially during monsoon season has led to increase in certain rituals like ‘Narali-poornima’ to worship the ‘Sea Goddess’ before entering the sea for fishing. Climatedata.org “Climate: Khar Danda Koliwada”, retrieved on, 29/09/2017 from https://en.climatedata.org/location/707565/ 29

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5.1.5. SURROUNDINGS AND STUDY OF DANDA VILLAGE

Figure 48 Surroundings of Khar Danda from major Mumbai city landmarks, Source: Map by author

The main fishermen settlement is around 1, 70,000 sq.m. (approx.) in its area and is bordered by, a) Crematorium Ground (+ Marshy Land) b) Gulab Nagar and Govind Nagar Slums c) Santacruz West d) Chium Village e) Fish Drying Land f) Arabian Sea

Figure 49 Khar Danda Fishing Village, Source: Google Maps 2017, edit by author

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Congestion- Gulab/Govind Nagar and Santacruz The location of Khar Danda village is prominent due to its neighboring areas, which has led the village to suffer through various problems of redevelopment and demolition. The two important factors behind these issues are the Gulab and Govind nagar slums and the residential colonies of Santacruz. Horizontally the fishing village has reached its extent and cannot grow further on land. This phenomenon has led the people to encroach all land and open spaces in the village illegally, which has led to high density and congestion in the village. Therefore, the village has very few small pockets of open spaces. The slums encroaching the village on its boundaries (former marshy land) have changed the face of the village, with informal activities and dilapidated conditions of living. The neighboring towns Khar, Bandra and Santacruz are residential and commercial areas, which are densely populated and very popular neighborhoods in Mumbai with one of the highest selling property rates accompanied with lavish lifestyle of urban population. It comprises of tall residential buildings which houses Mumbai’s popular celebrities and sea is the top selling point for these flats. Danda is the immediate pocket of land which boundaries these areas, thus many builders and private companies seek to redevelop Danda and lure Kolis with their scheme of tall structures in exchange of their land. Many houses have been converted into such schemes, rest have reconstructed their old houses into G+2/3/4 bungalows and there are very few old structures that exist in dilapidated conditions now.

Figure 50 (Left) Sarvoday Society near Khar Danda Source: Mumbai Properties, (Right) Slum near Khar Danda Source: DNA India

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Fish drying Land After their daily catch the fisheries are segregated into two categories, fresh and drying fish. There is a dedicated piece of land next to the harbour, which is only used by the fishermen for drying their fishes. Fish drying is done under the sun, it takes a long time and includes various stages. This work is mainly done by the Koli fisherwomen and these fisherwomen stay near the fish drying area for 14-18 hours so to protect the dried fish.30 Koli fisherwomen can be seen drying fish like prawns, shrimp, Bombay ducks and an assortment of larger fish like shark and salmon. There are women and girls doing this tedious job, spending around 14- 16 hours at the drying areas to protect the fish, cleaning them and then drying the fish on strung lines, much like wet clothes, or on bamboo or wooden drying racks. After catching fish it is sorted and cleaned by the Koli fisherwomen, this is a very time consuming work and Koli fisherwomen sit for hours and hours near the beach to complete this work and this severally affects health and skin. Once the fish is cleaned that is either ready to be dried or to be salted. Some commonly sold dried fish are dried shrimp & prawns. The dry fish market is undergoing various challenges and problems. This change is affecting the dry fish market also. There are a few Koli families who do sell fresh fish and the once they are not able to sell remaining stock further they dry it and sell it again, this way they reduce waste of fish.

Figure 51 Fish drying land in the village, Fisherman drying Bombay duck (bombil) Source: Image by author

Dr. A. K. Wavare, Samir Shyam Jale, “A STUDY OF DRY FISH MARKETS IN MUMBAI CITY�, retrieved on 29/09/2017, from http://www.researchfront.in/10%20DEC%202014/7.pdf 30

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The dried fish is also exported from Mumbai to other states and other countries but there is need to get more demand and this can be done through adding more value to the final product. Fishing drying activities of Koli community are impacted by the huge growth of the Mumbai city, as there is lack of open spaces for drying the fish. The fishing community, since a long time, is demanding for the ownership of the land near the sea which kolis are using for drying fish. In the drying area, regularly there are shanties and other temporary housing structures put up during monsoons, when the land is not in use. The community have to threaten them and eliminate them on a regular basis. This dictates the threat fisher community in Danda is facing in terms of land and open spaces.

Figure 52 Fish Drying area bordering the village, Source: Google Maps 2017

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5.1.6. FISH MARKET There are several open and uncovered markets in various parts of the village, selling fresh produce like, vegetables, fruits, flowers and general necessities. There exist only one sheltered fish market in the village, which sells only fisheries from the Khar Danda village community. People from neighboring places visit the market regularly. The fish market is mainly used for selling fresh fish and is equipped with some necessary arrangements. It has a permanent shade for protection from sunlight as well as rains. People spend around 15 minutes to 1 hour in the market.

Figure 53 Diagram showing market visitors on (Top) Saturday, Sunday (Bottom) in the market, Source: Google statistics

Figure 54 Fish market in the village and fisherwomen selling fish produce during afternoon Source: Images by author

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Lack of infrastructure in the Market a) Issue related to availability electricity and water, thefts and cleanliness are common but these do not severely affect the vendors. Storage of fish is also a very important issue, faced by the sellers especially in monsoon season. b) Lack of storage facility into the market causes vendors to carry fish stock every day to home and bring back next day morning. This process takes a lot of cost and hard work.

Figure 55 Fish market during afternoons, Source: Image by author

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5.1.7. DEMOGRAPHY, ACTIVITIES & HOUSES Population of Khar Danda:

25,000 nos.

Population of Village:

5000 (or more people)

No. of houses:

970 nos.

Elevation / Altitude:

3 meters (Above Sea level)

Figure 56 Khar Danda village built fabric, Source: Plan by author

Chores: The segregation of chores is done by the type of boat. Fishermen with small boats leave the harbour early in order to compensate for the time required for travel. Larger boats accommodate more men and requires fuel to work. The fish produce is either sold in the market by women or it is sold to wholesalers. Per Day income:

Rs. 1000 – Rs. 500 – Small Boats Rs. 2000 – Rs. 5000 – Large Boats

No. of Boats:

There are around 35 – 40 small boats and 120 large boats in the village, with 1 storage shed. The increase in number of boats does not create an issue of boat parking, due to ample of space available on the harbour. 71


The boats have to be brought back and forth due to tides. Thus the location of boat parking area is critical due to the uncertainty of nature. May to August:

Resting period- due to less availability of fishes. In this time they mend their nets and repair the equipment.

15th August to May is the most favorable season for fishing. This explains that during the period of 4 months there is no alternate employment opportunity generated by the fishermen other than repairing. Typical Houses: Climate of Mumbai devices the location and planning of the houses in the village. Due to high rainfall, and the closeness to the sea, the humidity level in the village is always high, making the residents uncomfortable indoors throughout the year. The summers are also disturbing due to sun reflections from the sea to the houses near the shore and humid weather. The entire settlement is dense with independent built-forms on small plots of land, which are owned by families occupying it. The built-forms are of two types, traditional ground storied structures with sloping roofs of Mangalore tiles and new two or three storied blocks made of reinforced concrete frame with brick infill walls. Typically they also have a verandah used for storage of nets and other implements. These houses are extended depending upon the needs of the family. Many families have also demolished their traditional houses and built apartment blocks with one or two flats on each floor. These apartments are occupied by the extended family members or sold / rented to others.

Figure 57 (Left) image showing Khar Danda Village, (right) Image showing unauthorised temporary structure, Source: (left) Flickriver, (right) Image by author

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5.1.8. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS 1) Close knit structures: 75% built and 25% unbuilt a. The closely placed houses have led to major ventilation issue in the houses of the village b. This also leads to waste spaces between houses, which merely serves as a large section for laying pipelines for water supply, this has also give rise to dark unlit spaces.

Figure 58 Close knit structure of houses, Source: image and map by author

2) Tall structures facing narrow streets leading to more density of population using proportionately smaller area which directly leads to overcrowding and traffic issues during peak hours. 3) The existing 6m external roads thus cannot suffice the large population of the area, leading to large travelling time in the village. Pedestrian, vehicle, carts, animals, garbage

vans,

all

categories

of

components are seen on the external road. Figure 59 Collection of garbage from the garbage disposal at the main road, Source: Image and map by author

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4) Arabian Sea: The sea acts as the largest aspect which affects the physical built environment of the village. Its built form is thus studied into following categories;

Figure 60 Division of the village into 3 parts, Source: Plan by author

I. Close to sea: The houses closest to the sea face the threat from tides and the uncertain nature of the sea. The area near sea is also a point of defecation and garbage disposal. The village still practices open defecation which pollutes the sea. Thus the area is not visited by any tourists or outsiders, this also hampers the health of the people living near the sea.

Figure 61 Garbage disposed at the sea front, Source: Image by author

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Characteristics: These houses are brightly colored and the coast is overcrowded with built forms due to its proximity to the boats and storage areas. The storage area is next to an open paved area, which allows the houses surrounding it to keep a watch over their equipment. The open space near the shed was earlier a point of activities between the fishermen but now is occupied by parked boats and parked two wheeler vehicles.

Figure 62 (Top) Map showing locations of areas, (bottom left) Storage shed, (bottom right) open space surrounded by houses), Source: Plan and images by author

The bright color painted to the house is useful for fishermen, to recognize their houses from sea, in order to navigate their boats accordingly and park them near the coast of their houses. This feature is now seen in all houses in the Koliwada, and this marks its uniqueness.

Figure 63 brightly coloured houses near the coast, Source: Image by author

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II. Central area: The houses in the middle ground of the village faces congestion. There is lack of ventilation and breathing space. Due to high density near coast the wind velocity is much lower towards this area. The storage of equipment and parking of boats is done at the coast, an activity or a facility which is equally shared by the fishermen not placed centrally, which generates problem to the fisherfolk living beyond the coast. This area includes the market area of the village, where several household and farm produce is sold, which is bought by the locals. Figure 64 (Left) Market area during morning hours, (Right) Plan showing location of market, Source: Image and map by author

Characteristics: There are other interesting characteristics which can be observed on the roads in this area. The streets and roadways are blended seamlessly with the activities. There are many instances which shows the importance of these networks in the daily routine of the people of the village. They serve as a common point of interaction as the otlas of the houses face the internal streets.

Figure 65 (left) Otlas facing the street (right) tulsi plant planted next to the street, Source: Image by author

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Figure 66 (Left) Image showing shops and main street connectivity, (right) Image showing lady and a stall, Source: Images by author

Whereas in other case the street depicts the connect between the commercial and transportation. The shops are aligned along the roads with direct access to them, and in other cases the woman uses internal street for cooking and selling delicacies. All these cases depict the importance of the connecting web in the village, unlike in cities or neighboring urbanized area of Khar, the village activities are inculcated with these paths, depicting their importance. III. Close to slum: This area is highly affected by urbanization and the dominance of a city life. Apart from that, the conditions of houses here are in the stage of danger due to the adjacent slums of Govind and Gulab nagar. Many old houses in this area have gone through demolition and redevelopment due to pressure for developers. The health conditions have worsened due to the disposal of waste from slums and surrounding houses. The area where the slums are built is a marshy land where construction is not permissible, apart from that, the land of Village Danda is all collector land and is given only to the community fishermen community. But the construction of illegal structures still continue to change the face of Khar Danda. All these elements have largely affected this belt.

Figure 67 Map showing Gulab Nagar and Govind nagar in context of Danda village, Source: Map by author

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5.1.9. PROBLEMS FACED BY THE COMMUNITY Environmental Issues: Mumbai is the economic capital of the country and with extensive growth activities the fishing business has also grown a lot. Fish is an important source of food as well as employment, income and foreign exchange for Mumbai. Due to which there is high pressure on fisheries, this pressure and the stress on the biological ecosystem has led to a lot of issues to the environment and community. The high dependency on natural resources makes fishing communities vulnerable to climate change. The livelihood of fishing communities in Mumbai is vulnerable both economically and socially due to climatic changes (sea level rise, flood, heavy rainfall, increase in temperature, cyclones, and storms) But in spite of the increased efforts in fish production, the catch stagnates. The stagnation in catches, is mainly due to the overexploitation of dwindling marine resources, which forced the government to impart some management measures to regulate the fishery and for the sustenance of the marine resources. The impact of seasonal changes leave many fishermen become unemployed and suffering with low income and little surplus for survival during non-season. This necessitates the movement of fishermen who follow fishing as their primary source of livelihood, away from the occupation.

Figure 68 Polluted seafront of Khar Danda Village, Source: Image by author

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Figure 69 TIMES OF INDIA, SEPT. 09, 2017 news article regarding, dilapidated state of old Danda houses

Urbanization and Redevelopment: Urbanization has led to the rapid destruction of mangroves and coastal ecosystems, adversely affecting small-scale fisheries. Fishers in localities such as the Thane–Mulund creek and Bhandup village have gradually abandoned fishing and adopted other occupations. Traditional small-scale fishers are also being threatened by large-scale commercial fishing activities that involve big trawlers and purse seiners. Migrant encroachments have occupied most of the space in the area making it difficult to find space for schools, health facilities or decent housing facilities for Koliwadas. Overcrowding and increase in commercial and industrial activities have led to the dumping of wastes and pollutants into the sea, resulting in the decline of fish populations.

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5.1.10. CONCLUSION a) The community of Khar Danda is a close knit group of people and this quality also reflects in their earlier settlement pattern. Which is also reflected in their segregation, where only the people of same community can fish, park their boats, use the storage sheds etc. Such division of spaces is clearly seen in the village. b) Apart from these communal divisions, the physical built spaces also reflect these qualities, division of the physical village into 3 groups; near the sea, central area and near the slum c) The change of built form takes place due to change of locality. d) The rapid pace of redevelopment has taken a steep toll on the fishermen, greatly shrinking their expanse, as cottages gave way to buildings. The narrow winding roads which can scarcely accommodate a car, old drainage infrastructure: half inch pipelines for water supply, the paver-blocked pathways that have raised the height of the roads and shortened the compound walls of the houses etc. e) New buildings that nearly touch the next house, indicate that the change has been haphazard, with scant regard for rules and regulations. f) This has also reduced the amount of open space, with encroachment of slums on the drying or other fish activity related areas. g) Considering sea as a changing phenomenon, people tend to use it as a dump yard, and believe that the water will take away the waste. This has turned into a habit for the community which leads to pollution of the eco-system. h) This factor should be considered while locating the houses in order to stop them from doing so. i) The streets and roads are the most important factors that gives an identity to the village, they shape the activities of the people and allow them to stay connected. j) The activities permissible on a roads and on a street should be clearly stated. k) The effect of urbanization is perceived from this case study and how it impacts every aspect of the community and its growth.

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5.2. GOVARDHAN ECO-VILLAGE, PALGHAR Intent: To study a design proposal that includes eco-tourism and how its presence has impacted on its surrounding villages. Also how the architect has developed the community and tourists spaces, their scaleproportions and different design technologies to tackle the hot and humid climate conditions.

5.2.1. INTRODUCTION: ECO-VILLAGES Ecovillages are traditional or intentional communities whose goal is to become more socially, culturally, economically and ecologically sustainable. Ecovillages are consciously designed through locally owned, participatory developments to regenerate and restore their social and natural environments. Larger traditional ecovillages often exist as networks of smaller sub-communities. Certain ecovillages have grown by the addition of individuals, families, or other small groups who are not necessarily members settling on the periphery of the ecovillage and effectively participating in the ecovillage community. Eco-villagers are united by shared ecological, social-economic and cultural-spiritual values. Concretely, eco-villagers seek alternatives to ecologically destructive electrical, water, transportation, and waste-treatment systems, as well as the larger social systems that mirror and support them.

Figure 70 Govardhan Eco-Village, Source: GEV website

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5.2.2. GOVARDHAN ECO-VILLAGE Hundred kilometers north of Mumbai, this eco-ashram is located at the foothills of the Western Ghats, India’s low-lying, western mountain range and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Conceptualized as an ecological retreat to be built upon the idea of sustainability, the Govardhan Eco-Village achieves a balance in the architectural design between what one needs and what one builds. The project plan was to provide accommodation, allied conference and auditorium services, admin facilities and cowsheds in a total area of 64 acres. The project keeps in mind the needs of the community and the reduction of ecological footprint in a cost-effective manner. The construction of the project was rather time-bound and hence standardization of elements has been done in order to reduce the time required for execution.

Figure 71 GEV (left) Prasadalaya and (right) dormitory, Source: Lifeatfarm Blog

Project Details Location:

Galtare Village, Wada, Thane, Maharashtra – 421303

Building Type:

Resort/Tourism Place/Residential/Community Space

Architect:

Chitra Vishwanathan

Site area:

70 acres (Built-up area- 2,400.65 sq.m.)

Year of completion:

2012

Energy reduction:

57% reduction in energy consumption (GRIHA standards)

GRIHA provisional rating:

5 Stars31

GRIHA, “Govardhan Eco-Village “ Retrieved http://www.grihaindia.org/images/casestudies/pdf/Govardhan.pdf 31

on

10/06/2017

from

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5.2.3. ISKON In the year 2003 Shri Radhanath Swami Maharaj laid the foundation of GEV, the person who is a follower of Lord Krishna and a representative of ISKON. 32 The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) is a worldwide group of lord Krishna’s followers, who believe in promoting well-being of society by teaching the science of Krishna consciousness. ISKON’s teaching are pursued in GEV and thus, many tourists come here, visit and take part is everyday chores of GEV, which include artis of lord Krishna. Initial focus was the development of a dedicated place for Lord Krishna devotees but later organic farming, animal husbandry, rural development and orphanage were added. Back then the community population was just 5 people and 8 cows & bulls. Later in 2008-2009 when many people expressed the desire to experience the distinctive village life they added many other activities based on the strong principles of sustainability ensuring the safety of the environment, land, animals, trees and human beings. Therefore the brief included, other than accommodation, to develop seminar, prayer, wellness, dining facilities and a Gaushala for hundred cows.

Figure 72 (Left to right) GEV Temple with Krishna devotees praying, organic farms, Goshala, Source: dandavats.tumblr.com, GEV website 22nd August 2016, Agriculture information, “Govardhan Ecovillage - model farm community” retrieved on 10/06/2017 from http://www.agricultureinformation.com/discuss/threads/govardhan-ecovillage-modelfarm-community.409/ 32

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Climate

Figure 73 Infographics for climate data, Source: Diagram by author

With respect to the locale Galtere experiences a composite climate with extreme summer reaching to 45 degrees, rains of 3000 + mm and winter dipping to 18 degrees. Microclimatically in the site, hot summers are compounded by hot winds blowing off the rocky face off Kohoj hill and nights tend to be chiller than lands away from the hills.33

Constraints a) Location: The site is away from any manufacturing base or skill base, with Mumbai being the closest 100 kms away. All major materials other than steel and cement had come from Mumbai including skilled labour. Thus the transfer of materials was reduced and local labor was hired to impart skills to the locals so as to reduce both economic and ecological costs. b) Water: Other than rains which provided for agriculture, all domestic and animal husbandry depended on groundwater for sustenance. Thus groundwater management was integrated into the planning exercise from the onset of planning activities. c) Energy: As is common knowledge rural India suffers from both quality and quantity of electricity which made it imperative that the future habitation is self-sufficient in its needs of future.

33

May 15, 2017, Architecturelive.in, Govardhan Eco Village, Palghar, Maharashtra – Biome Environmental

Solutions, retrieved on 10/06/2017 from http://www.posts.architecturelive.in/govardhan-eco-villagepalghar-maharashtra-biome-environmental-solutions/

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5.2.4. SITE & ZONING The site is located 100 kms north of Mumbai, in a rural area at the foot hills of the Sahyadris and lies between the hill Kohoj Gad and the River Vaitarna. The site is undulating with prominent ridges and valleys. Agriculture, primarily paddy was grown in the valley areas. The valleys with black cotton soil also formed the drainage for the rainwater. The higher lands had groves, mostly of Teak and Toon, most of which had been harvested by the previous owners of the land before handing over the land to the buyers. These higher land patches also had the best wind conditions micro-climatically.

Figure 74 Location of Govardhan Eco-Village, Source: Maps by author

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The project was started in 2003, and around 200 sites were shortlisted in Maharashtra. This site was finalized due to following conditions: 1) River Vaitarna 2) Clusters of Villages around 3) Connectivity to highway 7 kms 4) Surrounding nature and forest

Figure 76 Sketch showing site selection accounts Source: Sketch by author

Figure 75 Surroundings of GEV, Source: Google Maps 2017 edit by author

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Sustainable site layout a) Buildings planned in such a way that minimal trees are cut and agriculture is not impacted. b) Buildings on hard ground to save on foundation cost. c) Layout based on Hydrogeological survey’s inputs so that development does not impact negatively the recharge and discharge zones of water

Figure 77 Zoning on Site, Source: Plan edit author

Site zoning and planning a) The facility of GEV is surrounded by agricultural fields on all sides and therefore the food and other employment of the people of eco-village is taken care by those organic farms. b) The site is open from all sides due to fields, it is enclosed by barbed wire on few sides, but the tourists can enter only through one entrance. c) The entrance to the site is from the Public zoned area. d) Utilities Location: Public area consists of cottages dining etc. and Private area consists of cottages, therefore Utilities of sewage treatment plant, biomass gasifier etc. are zoned between these two areas in order to reduce the transportation of waste.

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e) Private areas are distributed into 2 parts, towards left – accommodation for the priests and permanent residents, and centrally- cottages for tourists. f) Semi Private Area is located far from the entrance and also distant from amenities.

TOURIST ENTRANCE

Figure 79 Site Plan, Source: Plan by architecturelive.on, edit by author

Figure 79 Satellite image showing GEV, Source: Google Maps 2017 + edit by author

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5.2.5. ARCHITECTURAL VALUES Community Hall: The common hall is a spacious audio/visual room with various materials used for its construction. Various strategies like the following regained the sustainability factor for the buildings: a) Arranging windows according to wind direction and only allowing diffused light in the room. b) Stacking roof in a way that it allows light. c) Thick walls and small openings to prevent heat gain inside. d) Mechanical ventilation using fans

is

required

during

Figure 80 Community hall from outside, Source: Image by author

summers. e) The hall has a large volume, with tall tapering roof with some part of the roof shifted above in order to allow natural light from those areas. The huge volume of the structure makes the space to seem larger and even if the hall is filled with tourists the hall does not feel to be congested.

Figure 81 Sketches showing Plan, Section and View of the community hall Source: Sketch by author

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The Goshala: a) In the village goshala is an integral part of its existence because cow dung is used as manure in farming, plastering material of green buildings, raw material to produce bio-gas and patties for cooking. b) In addition it is used in the cottage industry to produce some lifestyle products. The Goshala shelters 45 cows and 30 bulls. c) Cows are source for milk while bull power is used for transportation, water pumping for irrigation, grass cutting and land ploughing. Nutrient rich green fodder and paddy waste are fed to the cattle. d) It is a lateral structure which was 24m in length approx. It is divided by an alley in between for walking with 1.5m high parapet wall on either sides. e) Outside there are cow dung cakes laid on the sides, in order to use them as manure for farming. The flooring of goshala is covered with hay and the roofing was done with mangalore tiles. f) The design is animal friendly as it is very open and porous in nature, yet covers the animals from harsh afternoon sun. g) There are pink salt stones kept along the water drinking cavities for cows that are designed along the aisle of the goshala, these stones have Ayurveda properties which heal the cows.

Figure 82 (Top left) Goshala shed, (top right) Cow dungs layed for drying outside the goshala,(bottom) Skecth showing section of goshala, Source: Images by author

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Cottages: The buildings are built on High ground where they receive better breeze and are designed to be only one bay deep to allow for cross ventilation. Large semi-covered spaces provide for comfortable daytime use. Reducing energy consumption (compared to GRIHA benchmarks) while maintaining occupant comfort: 1) For achieving visual comfort: a) Optimum window openings b) Light floor for light diffusion c) Soft landscape outside giving no reflected glare 2) For achieving thermal comfort: a) Double tile roofing for roofs. b) Shaded walls and openings

Figure 83 (Top -bottom) Cottages for tourist accomodation, Source: GEV website

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Reception/Administration: The reception area is the earliest structure that welcomes the tourists visiting the facility of GEV. Similar to the community hall, the reception also holds a larger volume, with roof tapering at the top. There are multiple roofs covering the structure, this helps in allowing natural light in the reception area. The design of this area is porous in its nature with multiple openings, which allows the user to access this area from many directions. The seats are built with stone and topped with black marble slab, which gels with the overall appearance of the structure.

Figure 84 Reception area, Source: Image by author

Other: Organic Farming The organic matter produced in-house through natural recycling process in the fields is used to grow food. Entire organic waste generated within the premises is processed using worm composting methods. The compost is then used as fertilizer along with cow dung slurry from the biogas plant. Cow urine,

Figure 85 Raised bed farming in GEV, Source: Dandavats

neem oil, neem leaf extracts, chilli–garlic extract and Dasaparni (fermented mix of 10 different tree leaves) are used as pesticides. Yellow sticky traps, light traps and Pheromone traps are used to control the pest. Raised bed farming technology is practiced as it is cost effective and proffers higher yield. 34

22nd August 2016, Agriculture information, “Govardhan Ecovillage - model farm community� retrieved on 10/06/2017 from http://www.agricultureinformation.com/discuss/threads/govardhan-ecovillage-modelfarm-community.409/ 34

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Design Observations a) The project plan is to provide accommodation, allied conference and auditorium services, admin facilities and cowsheds in a total area of 64 acres. b) The project keeps in mind the needs of the community and the reduction of ecological footprint in a cost-effective manner. c) The design strategy also takes into account climate responsiveness, so as to facilitate internal comfort as well as rainfall and earthquake-proofing.

Figure 86 Cottages for tourists designed according to climate, Source: Image by author

d) Openings and other construction details are given due importance so as to resist heavy rainfall and seismic activity. e) The mangalore tile-cladded double roofing ensures better indoor comfort due to the presence of an insulation cavity. f) Local techniques and labour too is employed, with skill transfer being ensured by employing a mix of skilled and experience local and non -local laborers, also helping to train local labour. g) Alternative technologies and building materials are developed in the project which respond specifically to the site conditions, and the embodied and operational energy of the building is reduced considerably.

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5.2.6. MATERIALS

Figure 87 Material procurement locations, Source: Slideshare

The green building scheme considers existing ecologies, ensuring the constructional choices do not impact the surrounding site negatively. This is achieved by having separate building and planting zones. Use of materials 90% sourced from within a 100 kms radius, coupled with zoned construction.

Sustainable Materials Mud was the key constituent of the construction material. a) Foundation: P.C.C. with stabilized mud. Stone masonry with stabilized mud mortar. b) Walls: Made with stabilized mud blocks instead of the conventional burnt clay bricks. The constituents of the mud blocks are as follows: Mud, Quarry dust, 4% Lime, Cement Entire construction is done with this mortar, plastering is completely eliminated for the walls as the walls are exposed stabilized mud block walls.

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c) Plaster: Cement plaster in toilets, Rest: Mud plaster

Figure 88 Comparison between a brick and mud wall, Source: GEV website

d) Roof: 1. Arch panel with mud tiles, Use of precast arch panels for roofs, use of Stabilized Soil Cement blocks on walls and maintaining the same unplastered. 2. Intermediate roofs of buildings except for toilets are made of arch panels made of stabilized mud blocks and precast concrete beams are used to reduce need of concrete in buildings. 3. Final roofs of all the buildings except yoga hall are made of double tiled sloping roof which eliminates need of concrete and steel used as members can easily be reused. Thatch roof for yoga hall is made from sugarcane grown on site.

Figure 89 Arch Panel being separately constructed (left), Thatch roof of Yoga hall (center) Arch Panel after drying being put on the roof (right), Source: GEV website

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e) Doors & Windows The doors and windows are made of recycled wood. Sills and lintels with U-blocks are used which reduces need of concrete.

Figure 90 Window frames (left), French window frames under construction Source: GEV

Materials- Summary a) The buildings are designed as load -bearing structures, while arches have been used to reduce the RCC elements, giving the architecture a definite sense of aesthetic appeal. b) Composite PCC consisting of aggregates, soil, quarry dust, fly ash, cement and lime slurry is used to reduce the cement content in the concrete. c) The region is abundant in small boulder stones which cannot be used as a bonding stone in the foundation masonry. d) To overcome the problem, precast concrete elements placed horizontal, vertical and diagonal at regular intervals are introduced in each. e) Being located in seismic zone 3, the entire structure is tied at the plinth, sill, lintel and slab levels. f) For these ties, RCC band running through U -blocks are used, further reducing the need for concrete and eliminating formwork. g) Arches in the design reduced the need for RCC lintels which are replaced by thin RCC tie beams. h) Arch panels made out of mud blocks are used for slabs, instead of RCC slabs. The RCC bed blocks placed below the rafters of the roofing distribute load evenly on walls.

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5.2.7. SUSTAINABILITY MEASURES A) Water Conservation:

1. In order to identify proper spots for water harvesting, recharge and discharge areas, a thorough survey of the ground water flow patterns, called as hydro-geological survey, of the entire Ecovillage was conducted.

2. Recharge point is at a higher level, which acts as an inlet. Discharge area is typically at a lower point. Hence water flows from the recharge to discharge point. A recharge point is the ideal location to build rain water harvesting units to recharge the underground aquifers. A discharge point is the ideal location to draw underground water through open wells, bore-wells or water harvesting units. The entire process involved the following steps: Hydro-geological mapping, Water Level monitoring of wells in the area, Aquifer Analysis of collected data - All the data collected in the field was systematically analyzed to obtain specific information regarding the aquifer and the hydrogeological regime in the area.

3. They have built rain-water harvesting ponds based on hydro-geological survey of the entire village to re-charge the underground water aquifers naturally. They also measured static water levels to ascertain the groundwater movement direction. In this way they ensure to uphold the natural water cycle by letting the water penetrate in the ground. The rainwater collection pond on site has the capacity of 1.3 crore liter.

Figure 91 Recharge well in GEV, Source:AIMSR Blog

KEY PLAN

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B) Measures at existing well sites:

1. The shallow pond at Radhanagri area in GEV was recommended to be deepened to construct a dug well about 8-10m in depth. The well is expected to yield sufficient water to suffice for agricultural purposes at Radhanagri. 2. The existing dug well near the kitchen has a very low yield. However deepening the well was proposed to mainly to store water. The well can be deepened to about 8m depth for it store reasonable quantity of water.

C) New wells and bore wells:

1. A new bore well about 200ft deep can be drilled near the labour cottage area. 2. A dug well 8 to 10m deep is also a viable option in the Labour cottage area. The water from the dug well can be used for supplying water for domestic purposes. 3. Any well to the NE of the Govardhan-eco village is not a viable option. The NE area is topographically high and is the natural recharge zone; any activity in this zone can negatively impact groundwater availability down south.

D) Recharge Measures:

1. Infiltration pits can be constructed in the forest area to the northern part of the plot. These infiltration pits will store rain water briefly and enable recharge of water to the underlying aquifers. 2. Recharge dug well or bore well can also be considered in the forest area after considering the technological feasibility. The maximum depth of well can be limited to 30m.

E) Renewable energy technologies installed on site:

1. Solar PV panels of 39KW capacity 2. Solar water heaters of capacity to meet 100% hot water needs 3. Biogas plant processing the food wastes and animal waste and producing up to 30cu.m gas.

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F) Waste management

1. Govardhan Eco village is an integration of various individual systems comprising of organic farming, goshala, biogas plant, and green constructions etc., which facilitate recycling or reusing of waste from one system into other. 2. The Five R philosophy a) Refuse b) Reduce c) Reuse d) Recycle e) Reinvent

3. Bio-gas plant (Symbiosis of Kitchen, Food Waste and Agriculture) a) Cattle waste is converted into biogas, to be used as a fuel for cooking. b) The Biogas plant also takes kitchen wastes like cooked rice to produce Biogas. c) The slurry produced after extraction of gas is utilized as a natural fertilizer in organic farming. d) There are currently 2 Biogas plants in GEV.

Figure 92 Biogas Plant (left), Location on site (right) Source: GEV website, Plan by author

KEY PLAN

4. Soil Biotechnology (SBT) (Symbiosis of Human Waste & Agriculture) A system that uses water as a medium for waste collection and soil as a medium for waste treatment.

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5. Construction waste (Symbiosis of Construction & Agriculture) a) Construction wastes like broken cement poles and bricks are utilized in making permanent raised beds (PRB) for farming. b) The land is prepared by creating these raised beds from cow manure, leaves compost and soil. c) These beds are permanent and are more fertile and conducive for growing vegetables and fruits. d) The entire boundary of the PRB is made by construction wastes like cement poles and bricks. Other construction wastes like quarry dust was used an aggregate in cob house construction and in repairing the roads. The broken red bricks are being used in water proofing the roofs in other constructions.

Figure 93 Organic farming in GEV, Source: GEV website

G) Card board and Cloth (Symbiosis of Community Waste and Agriculture)

a) Waste card board cartons and cloth are used as mulch in the agriculture field. b) By using this simple technique one can avoid the labor intensive task of removing weeds or usage of any chemical weedicides. H) Plastic bags

Cement Bags and other plastic bags are utilized to store mud and compost. It is also used to grow plants, especiallly grasses like kusha – whose roots can be easily extracted by cutting the bag open. Also cement bags are used for storing food wastes to convert them into manure. I) Wood dust

It forms an ingredient along with cow dung, in making of dhoop sticks or chemical free incense sticks. Not only are these dhoop sticks fragrant, but also have the utility of being a chemical free mosquito repellent.

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5.2.8. CONCLUSION: Merits: 1. The initiative to develop a village and generating employment for the same is the most impacting aspect of this project. 2. Due to Govardhan Eco-Village, the villages surrounding Galtare have developed rapidly. 3. The architecture style is true to its surroundings and the materials used, are ecosensitive in nature. 4. Materials used on site are from in and around the site, which makes it cost effective. 5. Promoting healthy lifestyle and organic farming. 6. Around 500 families are solely dependent on GEV for their livelihood. 7. 250-300 people stay in GEV, amongst which 35 families are of the village. 8. The project also promotes eco-tourism, which can give rise to such sustainable tourism opportunities and encourage its growth. It also helps to spread awareness regarding sustainable technologies and is a live example for others.

De-merits: 1. The site is lateral, hence walking on site is generally not a viable choice. 2. As the years passed they have built structures wherever there was a vacant land, which added to the distant nature of site structures. 3. Leading to large travel distances and reducing the site’s sustainability 4. ISKON has taken over the main purpose of the village, thus misguiding the fact of sustainability. 5. The premises are uncomfortable to use in summers, as they are not mechanically ventilated nor there is any sustainable alternative for indoor comfort. 6. During monsoons due to large travel distances and uncovered pathways pedestrian walking is restricted to a certain places. 7. The new structures built are built using materials which absorb/reflect heat causing discomfort. They also lack character and do not blend with the old structures.

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6.0. LITERATURE CASE STUDY 6.1. Book Case Study: Reference Book: Gautam Bhatia, January 2000, “Laurie Baker, Life, Works, Writings” New Delhi, Penguin Publications.

Fishermen’s Village, Poonthura Location

– Poonthura, Kerala

Architect

– Laurie Baker

Year

– 1974 to 1975

Project Summary: The cyclone affected village needed housing solution from the calamity thus architect Laurie Baker proposed Pucca housing prototype, which involves the essence of their occupation, location and climate.

Figure 94 Poonthura Fishing village, Source: Flickriver, Fabionik

6.2. Internet Case Study: Housing for the Fishermen of Tyre Location

– Tyre, Lebanon

Architect

– HSS, Hakim Sarkis Studios

Completion

– May 2008

Project Summary: The fishermen’s community of Tyre, had been suffering from housing shortage, thus a group of fishermen formed a cooperative society for finding solution to their housing needs.

Figure 95 Housing foe Fishermen of Tyre, Source: HSS website

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6.1. FISHERMEN’S VILLAGE AT POONTHURA, KERALA Intent: To study a design proposal by a vernacular architect, in order to understand their thinking process and input towards a community settlement. And to understand particular design strategies used to tackle tropical climate through cost effective techniques.

6.1.1. INTRODUCTION About fisher folk in Kerala Fisher folk form an important community in Kerala, but remain neglected and marginalized inspite of the higher socio-economic progress the state has made as a whole. Therefore, it is important to understand that the fishing community is a distinctive group of people geographically located in the coastal areas and have their own way of life and a distinctive culture, and to understand the special relationship, they share with the sea and the environment.

Figure 96 Fisher folk of Kerala (Photo: Aarti Kelkar-Khambete)

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Kerala is situated on the southwest coast of the Indian sub-continent with an area of about 38,863 square kilometers, which makes about 1.27% of the Indian Territory. 35The state is separated from the rest of India by the Western Ghats in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west. The territory of Kerala can be divided into three regions, the highlands, midlands and the lowlands. The lowland lies close to the sea.

Figure 97 Diagram showing high mid and low land distribution in Kerala Source: Map by author

The high rainfall and a large number of rivers makes the Kerala coast especially fertile for fish. One specialty of the Kerala coast is the mud banks, known in Malayalam as chakara. It is the formation of clay and organic matters on the coast that occurs after monsoon with the sea remaining calm, thus resulting in good harvest of fish. Fish is a source of livelihood and of rich protein for the fish workers as well as the people of Kerala and fishing plays an important part in the economy of the state.

35

Aarti Kelkar-Khambete, India Water Portal, “Traditional fisher folk of Kerala - An article about their

socio-economic organization and the special relationship they share with the sea and the environment� dated 13th August 2012, Retrieved on 12/09/17 from http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/traditionalfisherfolk-kerala-article-about-their-socio-economic-organisation-and-special

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A very rich marine wealth with a large variety of fish and a highly skilled population of fishermen have made Kerala a leading producer and consumer of fish. Currently, there are 222 fishing villages in the marine and 113 fishery villages in the inland sector, where fishing and related aspects provide livelihood to a vast majority of the population (Department of Fisheries, date not specified). Out of the two types of fishermen, the marine and the inland, the concentration of marine fishermen is more in Trivandrum district. Poonthura, in Trivandrum district is one of the fishing village in Kerala.

Figure 98 Maps showing location of Poonthura village Source: Map by author

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6.1.2. POONTHURA VILLAGE:

Figure 99 Locations of nearest transportation Source: Google Maps

Location Poonthura lies in district Trivandrum, which lies in the southern most end of state Kerala. In which, the fishermen village of Poonthura lies. A bypass of National Highway 47 passes through Poonthura, on its way to Kovalam. Buses, both private and owned by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation ply to Poonthura from East Fort. It is also connected by bus to other parts of the city. Thiruvananthapuram International Airport is around 6 km from Poonthura.

Climate

Figure 100 Infographics showing Climate of Kerala, Source: Diagram by author

The village has a climate that borders between a tropical savanna climate and a tropical monsoon climate. As a result, it does not experience distinct seasons. The mean maximum temperature 34 °C and the mean minimum temperature is 21 °C. The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the monsoon season. 106


The village gets heavy rainfall of around 1700 mm per year. It also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hits the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. December, January and February are the coldest months while March, April and May are the hottest. The lowest temperature in the village core recorded during winter was 16.4 °C on, and the highest temperature recorded in summer is 38.0 °C.36

Lifestyle of People The fishing village of Poonthura have a distinctively different appearance as compared to other villages in Kerala as well as India. The village is characterized by a very high density of population along the coast and is made up of a large number of houses clustered together and occupying the coastal fringes of the state. Unlike the rest of Kerala, which gives a clean appearance, the fishing villages are characterized by extremely congested houses and lack of basic facilities. Fisher folk of this village always face a shortage of money and live on a day to day basis. They have a high rate of dependence on moneylenders and traders. They spend all their lives managing the burden of debts. This leads to ‘cyclical poverty’ leading to, low income, poor health and malnutrition.37

Figure 101 Fishermen of Poonthura Source: Flickriver, Fabionik 36

Thiruvananthapuram, Climate, Retrieved on 13/09/17 from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram#Climate 37

Aarti Kelkar-Khambete, India Water Portal, “Traditional fisher folk of Kerala - An article about their

socio-economic organization and the special relationship they share with the sea and the environment” dated 13th August 2012, Retrieved on 12/09/17 from http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/traditionalfisherfolk-kerala-article-about-their-socio-economic-organisation-and-special

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Topography

Figure 102 Poonthura Satellite Map Source: Google Maps

1. The village dominantly being a fishing village is apparently at the coastline. 2. The village is divided into 3 different parts due to river Karamana and Killi 3. Edayar Island lies centrally in the village, which is a well-known tourist spot. 4. The fishing village has grown organically in time, due to its location and its presence since the past, whereas the northern part of the village is developing with Pucca roads and better amenities.

Figure 103 Satellite Map showing Rivers in Poonthura Source: Google Maps

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Density The houses in the village are distributed in 3 different densities, with clear demarcation of each. The density in the fishing part of the village is highest. And it is lowest in the Edayar Island. The density in the surrounding Shree Shastha nagar is distributed and spread towards north. The fishing village, organically grew due to its nature and location, thus faces a lot of issues due to its high density, these houses have a shortage of basic amenities such as water, electricity and sanitation.

Figure 104 Density distribution of Poonthura Village Source: Diagram by author

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6.1.3. POONTHURA FISHING VILLAGE

Figure 105 Poonthura Fishing Village

Source: Google Maps

Demography Poonthura fisheries village is spread over two wards of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation. The village has a total of 650 houses and 712 households. Among them, 68 households are landless or presently living as a joint family. Regarding the housing situation in the village, it is noted that 32.62 percent houses are Pucca, 50.15 percent are semi-pucca and 17.23 percent houses are kachha houses. 38

Amenities About 84.77 percent of the existing houses in the village have sanitary toilets. Safe drinking water is available to 78.65 percent of the existing houses. Most of the houses in the village (85.85 %) are electrified. The village has two High schools. Ten anganwadis are

38

Poonthura Fishing Village (Thiruvananthapuram Corporation), “Brief Profile of Poonthura fishing

village� Retrieved on 13/09/17/ from, http://www.keralacoast.org/pdf/tvm/poonthura.pdf

110


functioning in this village and nine of them are functioning in rented building. This village has a network of 3 roads of length 4.20 Km and three culverts. It also has the facility of 80 street lights and all of them are functional.

Fisheries Infrastructure About the fisheries specific infrastructure and facilities, it is noted that 19 country fishing boats are available in this fisheries village. And a total of 18 kerosene permits are issued to the fisher folk in this. The village has one ice plant and one market. It has a costal length of 1 Km, out of which 0.20 Km is protected.

Figure 108 Image showing coastline of Poonthura Fishing Village Source: Flickriver, Fabionik

Figure 108 Houses of Poonthura Source: Flickriver, Fabionik

Figure 108 Church with large open space in the village, Source: Flickriver, Fabionik

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6.1.4. LAURIE BAKER’S FISHERMEN VILLAGE, 1974 - 1975 POONTHURA Background The village at Poonthura is a large settlement made up of a series of settlement clusters, predominantly comprising of tribal people whose main occupation is fishing. It is situated near the coast, with a series of backwaters cutting across the housing clusters. The people of the village are from various religious backgrounds, who have settled in communal groups. However, it has a majority of Christian population and, hence, has received a lot of welfare aid form the Christian missionaries.

Figure 109 Poonthura Fishing village Map Source: Diagram by author

Being a tribal society, the people are by nature insular and had a well-defined family and caste organization. Construction of housing is considered to be a community activity and, hence, the mediation of an outside architect is very difficult. Moreover, the difficult environment in which the tribals live and the limitations of their resources has led to a longterm neglect of development activities in this area.

Ideology of the Architect The human being was central in his scheme of things for architect Laurie Baker, "I have never had any personal doubts about who my real clients are. There have never been to me categories' — 'tribals', 'fisherman', 'HIG (High Income Group)', E.W.S (Economically Weaker Sections). 39They have been people with names and personalities".8 Even at the height of his fame, nothing pleased him more than a request to make an additional toilet or even a door for a house he had built in the past.

Laurie Baker, “Gerard Da Cunha Baker of India” Retrieved on 13/09/2017 from http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/baker-japan.pdf 39

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In 1968 Baker moved to Trivandrum and set up his unusual architectural practice. His views on economical building and simplicity in design were well developed and he aired them at each and every opportunity. Commissions came in aplenty, through his favorite ones were for the poor. Film studios, fishing villages, auditoriums, institutions came his way. The middle class embraced Baker as a savior to make their dream houses on a limited budget.

Purpose of the Proposal The people of this settlement were originally living in temporary sheds made of palm leaves and thatch and like most of the modern day villagers, they aspired for a brick and concrete permanent house. Their aspirations were met when the government allotted them housing under the Total Housing Scheme, with Laurie Baker. These traditional thatch houses of the fisherfolk, would get blown away by the cyclonic winds practically every monsoon. This would generally be followed by a pouring of relief aid and material for rehabilitation. When architect Baker was put in charge of the housing project he reasoned out that the amount spent every year on rehabilitation could be directly used in the construction of permanent houses, designed and oriented to counter the effects of the cyclone. The villagers were distressed by the storm situation and so the houses had to be built as quickly as possible. Hence, with the support of the former Chief Minister, Mr. A. C. Menon, Mr. Baker proceeded to survey, design and build on newly acquired site. The attempt made by him was to overcome the inability of an outsider to comprehend the underlying patterns of a tribal group and to be able to respond to its private needs.40

40

COSTFORD, “Slum rehabilitation Poonthura fishermen's village�, Retrieved on 13/09/17 from

http://www.archidev.org/mipaa/mission_presentation/costford/costfor_poonthura_about.htm

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Project

Figure 110 Picture from 1974-75 of house construction for the village Source: Gautam Bhatia’s book Laurie Baker: Life, Work, Writings

In tribal societies, where the erection of shelter is a labour shared by the community, where the making and reshaping of homes is a consequence of the strong ties of kinship, the insular family and caste organization — the mediation of an outside architect can hardly be welcome. Moreover, the severity of the environment in which the tribals live and the limitation of their resources, impose restrictions that have kept most of the conventional architects away from such projects. Paradoxically, these were the reasons that brought Baker into the project for displaced fishermen in Trivandrum. Baker says, ‘It was an unusual project. Every year some village or the other in Kerala gets washed away and every year they get an enormous amount as compensation money for clothing and blankets and may be even some for the replacement of huts.’41 Baker felt that the amount spent every year on rehabilitation could be more usefully directed into the construction of permanent houses, designed and oriented to counter the

41

Gautam Bhatia, January 2000, “Laurie Baker, Life, Works, Writings” New Delhi, Penguin Publications.

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effect of cyclones. With the support of the Chief Minister he proceeded to survey, design and build on land newly acquired near the old site. It was during this time that Baker realized the difficulties of dealing with large insular groups, with set ideas and tradition. He recalls, ‘I didn’t have much time to study the project. They were all so distressed over the storm damage and we had to get the houses up as quickly as possible; and we mainly wanted to demonstrate that such permanent structures could be put up quickly.’

Design and Materials Though the materials, the exposed brickwork and structure, and the sloped concrete roofs, are similar to Baker’s other projects, the unique innovation here is the openness of design and the way individual units offset each other. The cyclonic wind meets no resistance and is allowed to pass through the house by the continuous lattice work in the exposed walls. a) Exposed brickwork and structure b) Sloped concrete roof c) Openness in design and individual units offset each other d) Continuous latticework in the exposed walls

Figure 111 Elevation of Proposed design Source: Gautam Bhatia’s book Laurie Baker: Life, Work, Writings

Strategies a) The low sloped roofs and courts serve as wind-catchers, and the open walls function to dispel it. b) The long row of conventional housing is replaced by an even staggering, so that fronting courts catch the breeze and also get a view of the sea, and at the same time

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’there are little private rectangles of land in between the houses where they can dry the nets and kids can play'. c) Since a good part of a fisherman’s life is spent out of doors, the house and court function admirably — providing sleeping lofts within, and adequate space outside for mending nets and cleaning and drying fish.

Features a) Low sloped roofs and courts serve as wind catchers b) Open walls function to dispel it c) Long row of housing replaced by even staggering d) Fronting courts catch the breeze and also get view of sea

Open Space a) Little private rectangle of land in between houses for drying nets, kids play. b) Provides sleeping lofts within and adequate space outside for mending nets and cleaning and drying fish.

Figure 112 Plan of the designed house Source: Gautam Bhatia’s book Laurie Baker: Life, Work, Writings

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Figure 113 Plan and Section of the design Source: Original- Laurie Baker’s Sketch, Edit by author

Critiques to the design Though the project was built and occupied as planned, there remained in it, a certain sense of incompleteness. Besides the houses, there was little else on the site — community structures, shared facilities, or even a confining boundary — that could suggest a hierarchy. But this is perhaps a shortcoming in most experimental work, and the inability of a professional to comprehend the underlying patterns of a tribal group and to respond to its private needs.42

COSTFORD, “Slum rehabilitation Poonthura fishermen's village”, Retrieved on 13/09/17 from http://www.archidev.org/mipaa/mission_presentation/costford/costfor_poonthura_about.htm 42

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Conclusion The intent of design was pure and had an outlook towards wellbeing of the people. It was a solution to an age old practice of using wrong traditional materials. Laurie Baker thus, in compliance to the extreme weather introduced concrete slabs, in order to give the fishermen a Pucca house. Concrete roof, used for sustaining against cyclone and exposed brickwork to suit the climate seemed an appropriate solution. The pockets of open spaces within the residence borders added function to those opens spaces, instead of only demarcating them.

Figure 114 Sketch of the design Source: Gautam Bhatia’s book Laurie Baker: Life, Work, Writings

Observations a) The layout was organized by staggering the placement of the 47 odd housing units to create pockets of community spaces and changing vistas along a circulation spine that was crossing the plot. b) As compared to the long rows of conventional housing the uniqueness of this plan was the openness of the design and the way the individual housing units offset each other. c) Toilets of the houses have openings from outside: which might be reflecting the culture of village or community d) Store room is placed at the center: showing its importance in the house. It is also possible that the store room is approached from a larger space opening displaying the size of material to be stored. 118


e) The store room also physically divides the sitting space into multiple areas, which can be used accordingly by the residents. f) Sleeping areas at top level: this could be a solution to have warmer temperature or it might be the practice of the village people. g) The kitchen has a chimney on top, representing use of firewood, which requires low/no wind areas.

De-merits a) The design proposal has 2 prototypes which are repeated in a lateral form. b) Instead of two, multiple prototypes could have been designed in order to suffice different groups of people. c) The design does not respond to the people from community sense, or the identity of a particular clan, which leaves it soulless.

Figure 115 Sketch of the design

Source: Gautam Bhatia’s book Laurie Baker: Life, Work, Writings

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6.1.5. TODAY’S STATE OF THE VILLAGE The village has changed drastically since the population growth has increased. People have now built houses based on their affordability and lifestyle. This has led to a unique identity to the village along with clash of individuality. The rapid change has uprooted the original planned houses and blended it with several structures surrounding it. Govt. of Kerala is planning to rehabilitate the people of the village in order to provide them with better living conditions. The community refuses the change since it may hamper their culture and lifestyle.

Figure 118 Image showing coastline of Poonthura Fishing Village Source: Flickriver, Fabionik

Figure 118 Open areas used for drying in the village

Figure 118 Existing houses of the village Source: Flickriver, Fabionik

Source: Flickriver, Fabionik

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6.2. HOUSING FOR THE FISHERMEN OF TYRE Intent: To study a housing design proposal for a fishermen’s community in an urban context, and to learn how the modern material, techniques and planning proposal shape the life of the community. The sensitive distribution of hierarchy and open spaces is studied simultaneously.

6.2.1. LEBENON and TYRE CITY Lebanon is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity. At just 10,452 sq.km. It is the smallest recognized country on the entire mainland Asian continent.43

Figure 119 World Map showing Lebanon location, Source: Map by author

43

17 September 2017, Lebanon, Wikipedia encyclopedia, retrieved on 1/10/2017 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon

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Lebanon, particularly its coastal region, is the site of some of the oldest human settlements in the world—the Phoenician ports of Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos were dominant centres of trade and culture in the 3rd millennium. 44 Archaeologists discovered remnants of prehistoric huts with crushed limestone floors, primitive weapons, and burial jars left by the Neolithic and Chalcolithic fishing communities who lived on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea over 7,000 years ago. In a 1999 report done by the "Regional Socio-Economic

Figure 120 Typical houses in Tyre city with vibrant facades Source: i.pinimg website

Development Program for South Lebanon" indications reveal that Lebanon has 3,000 to 4,000 fishermen. Most of this population settles in the city of Tyre located towards the south of the state. 45 Tyre juts out from the coast of the Mediterranean and is located about 80 km (50 mi) south of Beirut. The name of the city means "rock" after the rocky formation on which the town was originally built. The adjective for Tyre is Tyrian, and the inhabitants are Tyrians. It is an idyllic coastal town with a rich history dating back thousands of years. The city has an astonishing cultural heritage, centered on an ancient harbor that established the town as a thriving Phoenician trading port centuries ago. The harbor is still used by local fishermen, but fell into disrepair after years of conflict.

Figure 121 Tyre City Harbour Source: i.ytimg website 44

17/08/2017, Samir G. Khalaf, Glenn Richard Bugh, Paul Kingston, Clovis F. Maksoud, William L. Ochsenwald, Richard David Barnett, SPOTLIGHT, Lebanon, retrieved on 1/10/2017 from https://www.britannica.com/place/Lebanon 45 17 September 2017, Lebanon, Wikipedia encyclopedia, retrieved on 1/10/2017 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon

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6.2.2. PURPOSE OF PROPOSAL The fishermen’s community of Tyre, a city of 25,000 residents on the southern coast of Lebanon, has been suffering from housing shortage and overcrowding. Strict preservation laws in this UNESCO World Heritage city and a weakened economy have further limited housing options. Additionally, the sea has not been good to the fishermen, and the Tyre region has greatly suffered from the successive wars between 1975 and 1990. In order to reverse their dire conditions, the fishermen formed a housing cooperative and convinced the archdiocese of the city to donate a 6,500-square-meter piece of land in Abbassiyeh, on the agricultural fringe of Tyre. They also raised funds from several local and international agencies to build a housing project. In this process, they were assisted by the Association for Rural Development, an NGO whose aims are “to develop human and natural resources in the rural areas of Lebanon,” and to help “social actors to acquire the knowledge and capabilities necessary to the enhancement of their living conditions.”

Figure 122 Housing for the Fishermen of Tyre, Source: Architecturelab.net website

123


Project Details Location:

Abbasiyeh, South Lebanon

Type:

Housing – Residential

Architects:

Hashim Sarkis Studios

Completion:

May 2008

Budget:

USD 1,800,000

Built-Up Area: 8,400 sq.m. (80 apartments at 75 sq.m + 4 shops) Client:

Al Baqaa Housing Cooperative and the Association for the Development of Rural Areas in Southern Lebanon; Yousif Khalil, Director

Figure 123 Maps showing site location, Source: Maps by author

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6.2.3. SITE AND SURROUNDINGS The project aims to provide housing to 80 families of young fishermen and at the same time to provide public spaces that serve as a platform for developing other productive, social as well as educational activities. The new site is a) An agricultural field, b) Surrounded by citrus orchards, c) A hospital, and d) Chaotic speculative development that mushroomed illegally during the war.

HOSPITAL

Figure 124 Site surroundings, Source: Map by author

Subject to the implementation of a new master plan for the area, the site is abutting a new road that has replaced an agricultural road which was earlier used to link the city with its hinterland. Most of the surrounding agricultural property is already being subdivided for speculative construction. The site is therefore be one of the few large-scale parcels in the area.

125


6.2.4. PROJECT PROPOSAL Given the chaotic and unpredictable conditions of the new context and its isolation from the residential quarters of Tyre, the design defines a strong edge to the outside along the site perimeter. However, it introduces an organizational frame for the surrounding streets and new parcels.

Figure 125 SITE PLAN, Source: HSS architects, edit by author

This edge is made of an extenuated building (7 meters thick) that wraps in on itself creating an internal road and an open space. The project consists of 80 two-bedroom units each about 86 square meters of interior space and about half the area in private outdoor open space. The design proposes 3 typologies of housing units based on hierarchy of affordability namely, SIMPLEX UNIT DUPLEX UNIT DUPLEX + TERRACE UNIT 126


BLOCK 1 SIMPLEX + DUPLEX

BLOCK 2 DUPLEX WITH TERRACE

BLOCK 3 SIMPLEX

Figure 126 Block Zoning of Units, Source: HSS edit by author

a) The internal road continues the side street, provides access to the units, and connects the two main access points. b) The open space provides a common public garden and a playground. In order to avoid a closed, urban-block effect, the linear mass is broken down into a series of buildings separated by gaps that are used for public circulation. c) These spaces provide variety within the building volume. d) The corners are treated differently in response to different external conditions. e) One of the main concerns of the fishermen was to maintain equality among the units. In order to provide for equality, particularly in terms of access to private outdoor space and access to view, the units had to be different depending on their location in plan.

127


Figure 127 (Top) View of main courtyard from ground, (Mid-left) View of side elevation and connecting bridge, (Mid-right) View of outside elevation balconies, (Bottom) View of main complex entrance. Source: ArchNet

128


6.2.5. UNIT TYPOLOGIES SIMPLEX UNIT: The first type consists of simple one-story flats (simplexes) arranged around a common scissor stair. These are 2BHK flats.

Figure 128 Plan & Section of Simplex unit, Source: HSS edit by author

DUPLEX UNIT: The second type of block consists of 4 duplexes, each duplex consisting of an open floor plan for living spaces and a second floor for bedrooms. These are 2BHK flats. This type is located around the main open space. All living floors have cross views and cross ventilation and are extended to the outside by private outdoors spaces (gardens and porches for the lower units and balconies and roof decks for the upper units). DUPLEX + TERRACES:

Figure 129 Plan & Section of Duplex unit, Source: HSS edit by author

129


The third type is a combination of duplexes and simplexes and is located at the corners of the main open space.

Figure 130 Duplex + Terrace (type 3) plans and section, Source: HSS website

Figure 131 Site Section, Source: HSS edit by author

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Planning Observations: a) The planning of the houses has been differentiated on one factor, i.e. open space. The open spaces in this case are the balconies, gardens and terraces. b) The architect thus have kept the affordability in notion and designed the housing. c) Thus multiple type of users can accommodate the facility and add to the community value of the space d) Staircase is the integral part of the design as it is placed centrally and connects the design vertically. It also acts as an interaction point and a ‘point of contact’ between the levels. e) The design in-cooperates porosity with its form. There are various areas in which the architect has made openings that connects one place of the housing with other. These places become the areas of communication.

Figure 132 various openings serving as common open space, Source: Archnet

f) There are one to three levels, and the units are vertical in their design, where the public spaces are placed at the bottom level, private space at the top and terrace at the top most level.

Figure 133 Distribution of spaces, Source: Edit by author, HSS website

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g) In the building there is a connection with the outdoors – an essential element for a community used to a Mediterranean climate. h) Exterior space is created through porches, backyards, balconies and roof decks that look out on the central courtyard. i) Communal indoor spaces are limited to give the maximum amount of space to play with for each apartment. The architect has maximized on open space for the community, and also for the individual houses

Figure 134 Old fishermen interacting in the passage area, Source: Brownbook.tv

Figure 135 (left) entrance to one of the buildings, (right) kids playing near the building, Source: HSS and Brownbook.tv

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Critiques to the design a) The house units are designed vertically due to the plot size, and the verticality of the houses has led to change in living style of the fishermen, where earlier they had horizontally spread houses near the sea, now they live in a vertical house, which also hampers their social life and living structure. b) The terrace provided to the deluxe house, is placed on top, isolated from the activity areas, which leads that space to be less used, it should have been in-cooperated with some activity areas, which can give the user the direct opportunity to use it. c) The garden area provided to deluxe 1 unit faces the compound wall with the street, which generates chaos and allows the residents from top floors to overlook it. d) The use of stark bright warm colors reflect the sun and cause discomfort during afternoons, and the dark colors used on outer walls absorb more heat during summers. e) The houses are provided with living rooms, kitchen, bedrooms and toilets, but the houses do not consider the storage spaces that are the most essential prat of fishermen’s house. f) Therefore there is also lack of sensitivity towards the community’s essential requirements. g) The lateral block towards south, has house units overlooking each other at a narrow distance, thus these houses lack viewing space.

Figure 136 Site plan, Source: HSS edit by author

133


Color: Representation a) Colored facades is a part of Lebanese architecture, especially the harbours. It is known that fishermen, when returning home from their daily catch needed to spot their houses from distance in order to direct their boats. b) Thus, colors are an integral part of the fisherman’s architecture, and therefore bright colors are used on the façade to integrate the structure with surroundings and also symbolize the fisher folk. c) The exterior façade colors are grey-blues, while the interior courtyard façades are in yellow-oranges. At the corners, bright colors leak and thus, these colors blend. d) Similarly, colored surfaces form blocks that mediate between the overall building scale and smaller elements like windows, doorways and balconies.

Figure 137 External Elevation, Source HSS website

Figure 138 Internal Elevation, Source: HSS website

134


Open Spaces and Landscape a) One of the main features of this project is the large open space. The space of the building mass in relation to the open space allows for an increasing enclosure and then release. b) The open space is made of two parts, a paved area with a collective water tank underneath and a planted area. Instead of framing the parts with trees, trees are used to mark entrances to paths between buildings. c) The landscape spills through these gaps between the buildings to the exterior to emphasize the connection between the interior open space and the street.

Figure 140 Sketch showing pathways and movement Source: Rafalafel in Medellin

Figure 139 (Left) internal courtyard view showing paths, (Right) Internal Staircase lobby Source: HSS website, ArchNet

The landscape filters through these gaps between the buildings to the exterior, and thereby the connection between the interior open space and the street is emphasized. The trees are linked to the agricultural landscape: olives, a local variety of the ficus, poplars, palms and 135


oranges are used. The oranges are reminiscent of the orange groves in the area and the poplars of the tree edges that defined waterways and created windbreaks. Each main floor unit has a small garden that can be used for planting. The roof can also be used for planting, in particular the trellises, which can be used for grapevines – a very typical feature of the region’s houses. Car ownership is low among the co-op members. One parking space for every two units is sufficient. A common van is used to commute to the port. Most cars park on a piece of land separated from the main parcel by the new master plan. The parking will eventually be moved underground with a community auditorium built on the corner to complement the open space and street intersection.

Observations a) The project shows that it is essential to develop a housing complex that would mitigate the fishermen’s feeling of dislocation

from

their

coastal

community, further complicated by the chaos of surrounding speculative development. b) To achieve this they integrated a central courtyard into the design, creating

sightlines

between

apartments to substitute a sense of community

and

maintain

social

connections. c) The public stairs are left open on the sides in order to help ventilate them

Figure 141 (Top left) View of the connecting bridge, (Bottom left) View showing the housing without colours, Source: HSS website and ArchNet

and decrease the need for maintenance and electric lighting. In the simplex blocks, the balconies of the units extend in front of the landings in order to shade them. d) The public stairs in the duplex buildings are reduced to one long flight that runs through the building and is open on both sides

136


6.2.6. CONCLUSION Merits: a) The design also accommodates multiple types of users and the architect further has blended them spatially. b) There is no differentiation in spaces, for e.g. there are no built differentiation, i.e. one building for LIG and other for HIG. The entire community of fishermen is seamlessly planned together. c) Also the planning considers provision of internal open or breathing spaces. d) The structure is humane in its nature, since there are no monumental elements, which keeps the people connected to ground and promotes exposure to outer environment. e) The color scheme used reflects to the element of architecture of fishermen which allows the building to be emotionally owned by the community. f) The colors also develop a character of curiosity, where one is attracted to the inner portion of the structure. g) The architect explains this as ‘leakage of colors’ to the outer grey façade, which will fascinate the visitors or users.

Figure 142 Leakage of Bright colours on the outer facade, Source: Archnet

137


h) The staircase plays an important role in this design, as they are not placed in a secluded or cornered area. The location of it allows interaction and activity, which adds to the value of design. i) The built and non-built mass is balanced in the design and there are strong ‘boxed’ elements which protrude out of the rectangular mass creating interesting shadow pattern on the plain walls.

Figure 143 (left) Boxed Projections on the facade, (right) Central location of staircase Source: ArchNet

j) The design seeks to portray clean and sharp lines which expresses clarity of vision. k) The bridges join the building horizontally and serves as a viewing deck to the surrounding agriculture land.

Figure 144 Bridges in Plan and view, Source: Archnet

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Demerits: a) The location of the housing unit is one of the most important factor that affects the design negatively. b) The users of the design are the fishermen, and they have been born and brought up in the surrounding of the sea, the design proposal is around 500m away from the Mediterranean Sea, this leads to change in the lifestyle of the community. c) Fishermen living in the building have to travel to the harbour back and forth every day, which was not the case earlier, this increases in their overall expenditure. d) They also complain about the availability of public transportation from their homes.

Figure 145 Location of the building from Mediterranean Sea, Source: Google Maps 2017, edit by author

e) It’s now been nine years since the first residents moved in, and some have found it difficult adapting to this new neighborhood. ‘It’s like taking the fish out of the sea and putting it on the land,’ Bchara Baradii says, a local fisherman and one of the project’s residents. f) They go on to discuss a life spent at sea – sleeping on their fishing boat and waiting for the sun to rise. ‘We were born into this life,’ Boutros says. ‘We were raised on the sea. We love it.’ 46

46

Lebanon, Heading Inland, from magazine, retrieved on 08/10/2017 from http://brownbook.tv/headinginland/

139


7.0. FINDINGS OF CASE STUDIES 7.1. KHAR DANDA FISHING VILLAGE, AT MUMBAI a) Khar Danda village was selected as one of the case studies for the dissertation because of its transformation, from a remote fishing village to an urban fishing village. b) The study of this village has given this dissertation an urban aspect, where the probable issues due to urbanization are learnt. c) The lack space, leading to form the structure of a close knit fabric, the threat to occupational related areas, danger to eco system etc. Due to which there is high pressure on fisheries, this pressure and the stress on the biological ecosystem has led to a lot of issues to the community. d) It also shows how urbanization impacts the form of individual houses and the threat to their demolition. e) The importance of the connective web of streets, roads and paths has been clearly seen in the pattern of living of the fishermen. There are many instances which shows the importance of these networks in the daily routine of the people of the village. f) The case study also briefed about the importance of nature on a fisherman’s life and how their life is circulated around the patterns of rains, tides and fish availability, where the catch usually starts from 15th August and seizes by the month of May. g) The remaining 4 months are usually used for resting and repairing, in this period it can be concluded that, an alternative occupational opportunity related to fishing can be provided to the fishermen.

Figure 146 Sketch of beachfront of Khar Danda, Source: Sketch by author

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7.2. GOVARDHAN ECO VILLAGE, AT PALGHAR a) This project study is important for this dissertation due to its nature of being an ecotourist’s centre, which supports the development of the area and the surrounding villages. b) Also various sustainable technologies are available in working and used conditions in this facility. Thus their operations and difficulties are learnt and their success and failure can be gauged. c) The project keeps in mind the needs of the community and the reduction of ecological footprint in a cost-effective manner. The design strategy also takes into account climate responsiveness, so as to facilitate internal comfort as well as rainfall and earthquake-proofing d) Space planning and use of large volume, along with different planning characteristics impact fundamentally on the users. e) The planning and its constraints are known through this project, that how the sustainable technologies play vital role in location of numerous amenities. f) There are also disadvantages of the same, because these technologies spread across a large distance, thus the site planning is also spatially separated which creates large walking distance, which should be avoided. g) The use of improper material at unnecessary locations, is one of the factors that adds to the negative aspects of the project.

Figure 147 Cottage for tourists in GEV Source: Sketch by author

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7.3. POONTHURA FISHERMEN’S VILLAGE AT KERALA a) The village at Poonthura is a large settlement made up of a series of settlement clusters, predominantly comprising of tribal people whose main occupation is fishing. It is situated near the coast, with a series of backwaters cutting across the housing clusters. b) The fisher folk originally lived in traditional thatch houses, which would get blown away by the cyclonic winds practically every monsoon. Thus architect Laurie Baker put forth the proposal of building permanent houses for the fishermen community. c) The design proposal included housing cluster for fishermen, with suitable open spaces and material usage. d) This project has been studied for this dissertation because of the intervention led by a vernacular architect Laurie Baker, and it was important to understand an architect’s solution towards a community development. e) There were many findings for the case study that would help in designing the house specifically for the fishermen community. The provision of open spaces, importance of storage area, use of cost effective material and type of construction is studied. f) The architect could have considered other aspects, like, designing prototypes for every section of society, since the proposal only dealt with two housing prototype units which were repeated laterally.

Figure 148 Poonthura Fishing Village, housing unit proposal, Source: Sketch by author

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7.4. FISHERMEN’S HOUSING AT TYRE a) This proposal has intentions similar to the design proposal at Poonthura Fishing village. b) The fishermen’s community of Tyre, a city of 25,000 residents on the southern coast of Lebanon, had been suffering from housing shortage and overcrowding. In order to reverse their dire conditions, the fishermen formed a housing cooperative and convinced the archdiocese of the city to donate a 6,500square-meter piece of land in Abbassiyeh, on the agricultural fringe of Tyre. c) The project aims to provide housing to 80 families of young fishermen and at the same

Figure 149 Housing for Fishermen of Tyre, Source: Sketch by author

time to provide public spaces that serve as a platform for developing other productive, social as well as educational activities. d) This case study is a modern approach to the traditional community and it was important to learn how the community reacts to the planning and location of the proposal. e) The design is formed in a lateral manner, physically and spatially, due to the lack of space on site. The architect Hashim Sarkis has in-cooperated open space in the design keeping the fishermen community traditions as the basis of design development. This proposal shows that even with space constraints open spaces can be in cooperated into the planning of individual units. f) The use of color of the traditional fishermen houses is also one the most impacting factor of the design, where the emotion of curiosity is developed by the placement of certain shades. g) The proposal has given due importance to interaction points, which is translated into the design by the central placement of staircase, provision of openings at various points, planning a central open space for the community, design of lobby and passage, which attracts the users for interaction.

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8.0. QUITOL FISHING VILLAGE 8.1. QUITOL VILLAGE The village selected for development for the thesis project is Quitol from Rurban Cluster Xeldem. Quitol is a secluded village situated in South Goa, Quepem taluka. The total area of the village is 739 ha. And it consists of around 15 hamlets spreading across the village, which includes around 2% of the entire village area. Rest of the village consists of agricultural land, bauxite mining areas, barren laterite land and

Figure 150 Location of Quitol in Xeldem Cluster, Source: Map by author

forest.

Figure 151 Hamlet locations in the village, Source: Google map 2017, edit by author

Major District road (MDR) 41 and 46 passes through the village, which has contributed to the exposure of the village via transportation. ONGC, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited training centre college lies towards the north-west of the village, and students from all of India are admitted into this campus for their

Figure 152 ONGC training centre, Source: Image by author

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education. The campus includes accommodation for the students and staff, and it has also helped to employ many residents of Quitol. Apart from this there exists one Government Primary School in the village. The nearest health facility, bank and market areas are in Cuncolim, Assolna and Chinchinim villages. GIDC- Goa Industrial Development Corporation has acquired around 41.9 ha. In the village in order to develop small scale non pollutant industry, which can only include domestic industry, cashew or feni (rice alcohol) manufacturing units, or pharmaceutical small scale industry.

Figure 153 Land acquired by GIDC, Source: Google

The village is located 23 KM towards South from District headquarters Margao, 12 KM from Quepem town, 50 KM from State capital Panaji Quitol, Pin code is 403703 and postal head office is in the village Cuncolim. Morpirla (3 km), Ambelim (3 km), Naqueri-Betul (4 km), Assolna (5 km), Cavelossim (6 km) are the nearby Villages to Quitol. Madgaon, Curchorem Cacora, Marmagao are the nearby Cities to Quitol. Taluk Name: Quepem District:

South Goa

Language:

Konkani and Marathi, Hindi, English & Portuguese

Elevation:

6m above sea level47

47

Onefivenine, Fatorpa-Quitol, retrieved on 08/07/2017 from http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/South-Goa/Quepem/Fatorpa_1aQuitol

145


8.1.1. Demography Quitol is a medium sized village with total 344 families residing. The Quitol village has population of 1571 of which 748 are males while 823 are females as per Population Census 2011. The population has increased up to 3250 people in 2017. There is around 55% increase in total village population 15 years. In Quitol village, population of children with age 0-6 is 168 which makes up 10.69 % of total population of village. The village has lower literacy rate compared to Goa. In 2011, literacy rate of Quitol village was 84.68 % compared to 88.70 % of Goa. In Quitol male literacy stands at 90.17% while female literacy rate was 79.78 %.

Figure 154 Census 2011 data of Quitol, Source: Census of India 2011, Infographics by author

As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Quitol village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village. Most of the village population is concentrated in the North, towards the creek Sal. This is due to availability of fishing opportunities. The fishing hamlet of Quitol is considered for development.

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Change in Population: Goa: Total population of Goa as per 2011 census is 1,458,545. In 2001, total population was 1,347,668. Quepem:

9.8%

31%

8.7%

Chart 8 Chart showing Quepem Taluka demography

Quitol:

Chart 9 Chart showing Quitol village demography

55% 147


8.2. QUITOL FISHING VILLAGE

Figure 155 Quitol Fishing Village, Source: Map by author

Goa has a coastline of 160 kilometers, which ranks 8th in the coastlines of India and this has facilitated tourism in the state since a very long time. The density of population is very high all along the coastline as compared to the eastern part of the state. A very rich marine wealth with a large variety of fish and a highly skilled population of fishermen have made Goa one of the leading producer and consumer of fish. Out of the 160 kms coastline of Goa, 3.5 kms is the coastal exposure of entire Quepem taluka which is offered through Quitol, out of which only 600m is accessible, hamlets of fishermen live along it. The high rainfall and the creek Sal makes the Quitol coast especially fertile for fish. Fish is a source of livelihood and of rich protein for the fish workers as well as the people of Quitol and fishing plays an important part in the economy of the village. Village Quitol is also called as ‘Kittal’ or ‘Betul’ locally. It is named ‘Betul’ due to its near proximity to famous Betul beach.

Figure 156 Quitol fishing village sketch, Source: Sketch by author

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8.2.1. Demography

Figure 157 Infographics of demography, Source: Infographics by author

The total population of the fishing village of Quitol is around 1020 people, from which the majority people work as fishermen. These fishermen are located mostly along the creek Sal, which makes their settlement lateral in its built nature. Other settlements around the creek are organic in their built form and the houses are situated at close proximity in these areas.

Figure 158 Quitol fishing village, Source: Google Maps 2017, edit by author

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8.2.2. Climate

Figure 159 Wind direction and Sun path, Source: Plan by author

Quitol features a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification. The village, being in the tropical zone and near the Creek Sal, has a hot and humid climate for most of the year. The month of May is usually the hottest, seeing daytime temperatures of over 35 °C (95 °F) coupled with high humidity. Table 5 Climate and Seasons of Quitol, Source: Table by author

CLIMATE & SEASONS OF QUITOL Warm & Humid Climate March-May

Summer

26 º to 40 º C

June-September

Monsoon

25 º to 33 º C

November-February

Winter

22 º to 29 º C

This majorly impacts various characteristics of people of the village: Occupation, Houses, Settlement pattern, Lifestyle and Clothing, Material usage.

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8.2.3. Topography The topography of the village determines its pattern of growth. The village is surrounded by creek Sal on one side and hills on the other, thus the houses near the creek have grown laterally and now do not have area for horizontal growth. Thus the hamlets have grown beyond the creek. The area near the hills have high topographic elevations thus, no development can occur on those areas. Though near the creek and pond up to an elevation of 12m houses have been built.

Figure 160 Plan showing topography of Quitol fishing village, Source: Image by author

The topography has also given physical restriction to development and type of construction. Thus houses have been built where ever there is a scope of horizontal built mass. As one goes along the pond the topography rises and very few houses are built on these elevations.

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8.2.4. Surroundings

Figure 161 Surroundings of the village, Source: Google Maps 2017, edit by author

The nearest village to Quitol fishing village is Velim, which is also predominantly a fishing village, due to its exposure to Creek Sal. It expresses similar character to that of Quitol Village. Apart from that there are five star beach resorts – The Leela, Holiday Inn etc. which are located at a very close proximity to the village. One of the most famous beach of Goa for international tourists –Mobor Beach is situated at the tapering end of Salcete Taluka.

Figure 163 The Leela Resort in proximity to Quitol fishing village, Source: Google Maps

Figure 162 Villages surrounding Quitol fishing Village, Source: Google Maps 2017, edit by author

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8.3. COMMUNITY CLUSTERS The density is highest around the creek Sal, whereas as one moves away from the creek the houses spread in different hamlets. Along the pond live the farmers who manage the coconut groves planted along it. There are majorly two communities that reside in the village i.e. Hindu and Christian community. The Hindu community is based alongside the creek Sal and most of them are fishermen, while around 7 persons are engaged in carpentry work. And the Christian hamlet is situated right across the Hindu community, here most of them engage in fishing and park their boats near the creek.

Figure 164 Community Clusters in the village, Source: Plan by author

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8.3.1. Hindu Community The Hindu community have settled in Quitol 100 years ago and have been practicing fishing since then. There are many Hindu festivals celebrated in the village, where many Christians also take part. Narali Poornima is celebrated, and on the day of Narali Poornima, Hindu devotees worship Lord Varun. On this occasion, a ‘nariyal’ (coconut) is offered to the Lord of Sea. It is believed that brightly performing the puja rituals on Shravana Purnima, they can please the Lord and seek his protection from all dangers of the sea. People from the fisherman community celebrate this festival to ward off untoward incidents while sailing in the sea. Other festivals celebrated by the community are Shivratri, Holi and Shigma.

Figure 165 Pictures showing areas near creak Sal, Source: Image and Plan by author

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8.3.2. Christian Community The Church is the main institution around which the social organization and the community of the Christian fisher folk is organized. The priest is the main leader who looks after not only the religious concerns, but also the socio-economic concerns of the community. In many cases, the Church levies a tax on the fishermen, which is usually 5% of their income. Catholic fishermen here are poor, but adventurous, aggressive and creative compared to the other two religious communities. Comparatively the low status of these fisher folk in the village is due to their geographical isolation and being concentrated across coastal areas, in the form of crowded settlements.

Figure 166 Pictures showing areas of Christian settlements, Source: Image and Plan by author

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8.4. EXISTING VILLAGE INFRASTRUCTURE

Figure 167 Plan showing Betul beach and surrounding area, Source: Plan and images by author

Betul Beach Betul beach is a silent and calm beach front which is not discovered by many tourists visiting Goa. Yet around 100200 people visit the beach every month. Apart from its tourist’s aspect, the beach is the shore for the fishermen to park their boats and after arrival to dry their fish produce. Fishing nets, floats and other fishing equipment are kept along the shore. Repairs and painting the boats typically takes place here. Figure 168 Sketch showing corals on Betul beach, Source: Sketch by author

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Figure 169 Plan showing Mahadev temple location and surroundings, Source: Plan and images by author

Mahadev Temple This is one of the main tourist attraction in the village apart from Betul beach. Around 10050 tourists visit the temple every month. Maha Shivratri is the biggest festival celebrated here. Apart from that all the Hindu festivals are celebrated next to the small open space in the front. Marriages also take place in the temple. The temple is situated on the hills and surrounded by houses. It is believed that god

Figure 170 Mahadev temple in the village, Source: Google maps

is above all and traditionally the Hindu temples are built above ground level to depict this human emotion. Thus this temple which was built in 2015, was built on the hills.

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Figure 171 Existing village infrastructure, Source: Plan and images by author

Betul junction and Church Betul junction is the busiest spot of the village, because of Betul bus stop, and many busses going south of Quepem stop here. Apart from that there is another significant structure near the junction i.e. Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church, Betul, Goa is called ‘Imaculada Conceicao Igreja em Betul, Goa’ in Portuguese. The Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church, Betul, Goa is popularly known as ‘The Betul Church’

Figure 172 Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church at Quitol village, Source: Flickr website

locally in Goa. The Betul church was originally founded as a Chapel in 1843 and is situated near the fort of Betul. The Betul Chapel was built in 1847 and the frontispiece was rebuilt in 1950. The Feast of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church at Betul, Goa is celebrated on the Sunday on or after 8th December every year.

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8.4.1. Roads and transportation Apart from creek being the factor of development, the 10 m Panchayat roads crossing the village has also been one of the factors for the location of new clusters. Basically there are 3 types of routes which connect different areas of the village. The 10m wide panchayat road is a secluded road which is used very fewer, majorly by the people visiting the ONGC college. The busiest route is the internal 4.5 m wide street which passes through the village and connects the Betul bus stop to Betul beach and Betul Fort.

Figure 173 Circulation pattern in and around the village, Source: Plan by author

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Figure 174 Road pattern in and around the village, Source: Plan by author

The internal road towards the creek is a Pucca road with drains on either sides, but the width of the road cannot suffice the existing population. The Pucca road further stops near the nets and storage area, from there start the Kuccha road to the Betul beach, this is a pedestrian path but now used by two wheelers. The conditions of this path worsens during monsoons. Towards S-E, govt. has proposed a 10 m road in order to give connection towards the GIDC land acquired, which is currently used for Defense exposition (Defexpo) that takes place every year.

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8.5. VILLAGE HOUSE STUDY

N

a) HOUSE 1 Community: Fisherman, Hindu Description: This house belongs to Hindu fisherman and is situated near the creek. There are 2 houses built adjacent to each other, which share a common backyard and a tulsi plant which is placed at the center of the backyard. Both houses resemble similar type of planning, with entrance porch situated at the sea side. Toilets are placed along the roadside, and there less number of opening in the house, due to high velocity wind that flows from the creek (north). Living and bedroom are the biggest areas, the study room has been added recently to the house for the children.

Figure 175 (Top) Plan of the house, (bottom) Internal view of house,

Source: Plan & image by author

Figure 176 (Top) View from the house porch, (bottom left) Plan showing both houses, (right) sketch showing Hindu house near sea, Source: image, plan, sketch by author

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b) HOUSE 2 Community: Fisherman and businessman, Christian Description: This is one of the oldest and authentic Goan house in the village, built in Laterite Stone –Plastered with Mud- Roof structure built with wooden trusses – topped with Mangalore tiles. It was a house belonging to a joint family but few of the members have migrated away from the village, thus the other half of the house is in dilapidated state. The house is planned like a typical Goan house, with a huge entrance porch, with laterite stone seating and hall is the first room one enters. There hangs a huge photograph of Jesus, they did not provide any room for the same, and it is the first image that is seen from the entrance porch. The house has a backyard with jackfruit/mango trees and an outdoor kitchen where the residents cook their food often using wood.

Figure 177 (Top) Section, (bottom left) internal view of house, (bottom right) plan of the house, Source: Images and plan by author

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c) HOUSE 3 Community: Shopkeeper, Hindu Description: There are around three shops in the village, which sell everyday household products and this is one of those shops attached to a house located along the creek. The

houses

along

the

creek

resemble similar character, where they are situated at a close proximity to each other, have less

Figure 178 House 3, with shop facing roadside,

openings and toilet situated near

Source: Image by author

the creek (north). Particularly this house had its entrance from east and like most of the houses in the village the entrance to the house is through a porch. The shop is connect to the hall of the house which further connects to other rooms.

Figure 179 Plan of the house, Source: Plan by author

The services of water supply and drainage to the houses of the village branches from the internal Pucca road in the village. Unlike electricity there exists water scarcity in village.

Figure 180 Pucca village road, Source: Image by author

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d) HOUSE 4 Community: Businessman, Hindu Description: This house is planned differently than most typical Goan houses in the village. Earlier this was a load bearing structure with mangalore tiled roof, but due to high reparation costs and leakage issues the owner built new structure recently using Chir stone, RCC and Mud (black soil) plaster. The plot for this house is small therefore the planning is lateral with a porch at the entrance. The house lacks cross ventilation and openings due to its close proximity to neighboring houses. The porch overhang further adds to light dimness in the house. There is around 2m distance from house to the compound wall, and this area is used for cleaning dishes, drying clothes, storage of equipment and parking vehicles. On the inside the ceiling of the house is covered with panels, which reduces the overall volume of the house and that area is unused for any purpose. Figure 181 Plan and Section of House, Source: Plan by author

Figure 182 (Left) Exterior view of porch of the house, (middle) Interior passage view), (right) external side area, Source: Images by author

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e) HOUSE 5 Community: Maid, Hindu (Migrant) Description: The owner of this house is a migrant from Karnataka, and owns a small house of around 54 sq.m. Even though the house is small, most of its area is consumed by the hall, which shows the importance of a common space in a Goan house, this is also one of the oldest house, built in Laterite stone and mud. The house is situated at the foothills of the temple, which is located near the hills. The main issue with the houses on the hills is the water run off during monsoons. The drain swales are carved out along the houses and the water runs off into the creek.

Figure 183 Plan of house 5, Source: Plan by author

Like most houses in the village, this house also lacks cross ventilation due to the drawbacks of load bearding construction, which does not allow large opening provisions. There is a small open space in front of the house, which is used during festivals or marriage functions, apart from which there is no dedicated open space in the village.

Figure 184 (Top-left) Steps leading to houses on the hills, Community gathered for marriage in the open space in front of house 5, internal view of house 5, View of House 5 from road, Source: Images by author and google map

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f) HOUSE 6 Community: Carpenter, Hindu This house is of one of the seven carpenters in the village and is located on the top of the hills at probably the highest location, 12m above ground level. Out of many problems faced by the residents of houses on hills, improper ventilation which is due to the hills is a major drawback. The hills block the cross ventilation of wind and further to add more the houses here are built at a close proximity to each other.

Figure 185 house on hills, Source: Plan by author

Other than ventilation, the houses on hills do not have a proper view due to hills on one side and cluster of houses on the other. During summer the interiors of the house are not comfortable to live in. Particularly this house has a storage area for carpentry work other than that, the house is similar to other houses in the village, with an entrance porch that leads to a common hall and further branches out into other rooms.

Figure 186 (Top left) Steps leading to house 6, (top right Houses on hills, (bottom) Schematic Street section of the village, Source: Plan and images by author

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g) HOUSE 7 Community: Carpenter, Christian This house is located near entrance of the village and as it is also the house of a carpenter, there are 2 storage spaces at the entrance. The house is painted in bright blue color symbolizing the houses of fishermen. This shows that how the houses in the village have impacted each other.

Summary of Village houses:

Figure 187 Plan of House7, Source: Plan by author

The houses in the village (of all communities) resemble similar planning and elevational aspects apart from few religion driven changes. The planning of the houses in the village includes an entrance porch which acts as a point of contact between the outsider and the members of the house. The porch leads to a large common hall which further leads to other rooms. The toilets of the houses are detached, usually placed near the creek and kitchens are also placed along the creek traditionally. They all basically lack cross ventilation and on the village level a large common open space for community interaction and a garden for recreational purposes. Due to urbanization and problems in a load bearing structure many houses have been demolished and converted into RCC houses but still face the issues of light and ventilation. Figure 188 (Top left) Sketch showing village street, (right) Christian house in the village, and (bottom left) Hindu house in the village), Source: Images and sketch by author

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8.6. LIFESTYLE AND BELIEFS OF PEOPLE Inspite of the differences on the basis of religion, the pattern of living for all the fish workers is similar. The life of the fisher folk of this village is centered around the fishing seasons, the fish they catch and the technology they use. People in the village are deeply religious and they fully depend on the sea and the other natural forces that control their lifestyle. They thus have different rituals to please the forces of nature. Typically, the men are out on the sea fishing or on the shore mending their nets while women are busy with transporting fish to the market, engaging in small trade or busy with their household chores. One can see a large number of children playing around in the village. Some of the older children are seen helping out with everyday chores. In recent years, more and more of the children are seen going to schools. However, the dropout rate among children is very high and very few of them complete school and go for higher education.

Figure 189(Left) Fishermen painting boats, (right) Children of the village, (bottom) Fisherman in lungi performing his daily chores at early morning

Typical fishermen in the village appear to be strong, athletic and hardworking people, clad in colorful ‘lungis’ commonly worn by the people in Goa. The women wear an upper blouse and tie a colorful cloth similar to the lungi on the waist. A white cloth put over the shoulders is used to cover the front part of the body. The hair is usually tied into knot on the head. Women appear to be very hardworking and are commonly seen carrying aluminium vessels with ice and fish. They can be seen everywhere in the cities travelling by buses and at all markets. 168


8.6.1. Daily Chores

Figure 190 Daily chores of the fisher folk, Source: Infographics by author

The occupation drives the daily chores of the people of the village. Typically a fisherman’s day starts early in the morning and they leave for fishing at around 4 am. They return at around 12 pm (this depends on the size of boat) and from then the women go to the nearby markets to sell the fish produce, some of them sell the fishes to wholesalers. The wholesalers buy the produce in much lesser cost which leaves the fishermen at loss. The nearest markets to the village are in Assolna, Chinchinim and Margao varying from 6 to 23 kms. The diet of the fisher folk includes rice, coconuts and fishes. They either buy these produce from the Assolna market or travel to Margao to buy a week’s or a month’s food requirement. The fishes which are not sold in the market are dried and then sold in the market in packets or loose, rest are consumed by the family.

169


8.7. STORIES FROM THE VILLAGE Arjun Velip Panchayat Secretary

“There is water scarcity in the village.” “The communities here have settled since many years due to the fishing practice. Only 10% of them have built their houses by sanctioning it from govt. abiding to rules and regulations. Others have built their houses on orchards and fields.” Development since Past 20 years in the village: a) Many roads have been turned into Pucca roads. b) Government has acquired land for small scale, non-pollutant industry development. c) Defence Exposition takes place on the land acquired every year. d) People from the village go to Madgaon, Cuncolim, Navelim and Assolna for selling fish and agricultural produce. e) Exports from the village: 1) Fish 2) Cashew 3) Paddy 4) Chillies 5) Coconut 6) Jackfruit and Mango There must be around 2% of people who have migrated to this village from neighbouring states, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Jharkhand. One school exist in the village which is a Government Primary school. Bauxite mining also takes place on the other side of the village.

Figure 191 Porch of the Panchayat cum School Source: Image by author

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Rajbindi (35 years old) Housewife “The house feels unsafe during high tides and it also becomes very windy during monsoons, so we keep our doors and windows shut, which creates discomfort inside” “Our house has been in the village for thirty years. Since we live near the creek, we are always fearful about the uncertainty of water levels. Government was supposed to build a retaining wall, and internal Pucca road up to the beach but no actions are taken towards these issues.” Problems in the village: a) Water scarcity- we only have water for 2 to 3 hours in the morning and evening. b) A bank and market is needed, because we have to travel to Cuncolim (bank) and Madgaon (market). c) During monsoons, the water levels rises up to our houses. Various people sell their fish produce to other companies while there are few people who also work in pharmaceutical companies. Festivals like; Shivratri, Holi, Shigma, are celebrated in the village near the Mahadev temple.

Sejal (12 years old) Schoolgirl “शाळे साठी पण ४५ मिमिटे ला​ां ब जावां लागत.” (We have to travel for around 45 mins to reach school, everyday) “Children of the village, for their higher education, go to Madgaon and stay in hostels. Some have also left the village for studying abroad. My school is in Chinchinim which is around 12 kms from here. There are schools in Assolna and Velim as well.”

Figure 192 Rajbindi's house in the village, Source: Image by author

171


Kochrekar (60 year old man 30 year old lady) “एक वेळी ड ग ां र क सळे ल असां वाटतां”

(We fear that the hills above might collapse) “People from Malvan, Panaji (Keri), Mapusa etc. had come to Quitol for fisheries.” “Our house is around fifty years old and the

Figure 193 Kochrekar's house next to the temple, Source: Image by author

temple next door (Mahadev Temple) has come up last year. Around 50 to 100 tourists visit the temple per year. A market can be proposed near the village bus stop, because we have to travel Assolna and Madgaon for it. Apart from this a doctor and a proper Panchayat house could be provided. A Bus stand is also necessary since the commuters stand for hours on the road.” Materials for House construction: a) Stone – from the mountain besides the house b) Cement c) Bamboo

} Madgaon

d) Roof tiles

Sheetal (35 years old) Housewife “The men usually catch fishes in the morning and the women sell them to the Madgaon markets from afternoons.” Infrastructure needed for the village: Doctor, Market, Garbage collection, Post office, Playing ground, Parks and garden, School and Pucca Roads. “There is a high garbage disposal issue in the village, it is usually burnt in the verandas, fed to the cattle or thrown away in the creek. Christians and Hindus celebrate many festivals together, the Christian festivals are celebrated in the Betul Church. Normally the houses here are 2BHK with storage toilets detached or attached” 172


Philomina (40 years old) Beautician “Looking at the houses built in today’s times, we love residing in our cool and comfortable mud house.” This is one of the oldest houses in the village, around 100 years old, built in laterite stone and plastered with mud. Though the house needs to be repaired in monsoon, and fans are required in summers, but the house is much comfortable than most of the new houses built in concrete. The huge stones and tiles inherit the feeling of strength.” Problems in the house: a) Small openings b) Repairs due to falling tree branches c) Leakages from tiles d) Large hall is required for joint families

Tanuja (26 years old) Housewife “The view from our house is obstructed from both the sides, due to mountain on the rear side and due to other houses in the front.” “The house is extended near the entrance porch, one part of the porch is covered and a room is built in that area. This room is covered with aluminium sheets making it very uncomfortable to live-in during summers. Snakes and other animals crawl from the mountain into our houses, but we do not fear them, instead the houses on mountains are safe because of its distance from the main road. The mud houses swell during monsoon since they absorb water.”

Figure 194 View from Tanuja's house porch Source: Image by author

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8.8. SWOT ANALYSIS

Strengths The unique character of a FISHING VILLAGE – beneficial for attracting tourists. Its location in the state of Goa- makes it easier to attract tourists. Vernacular Goan Architecture of different communities. Location and the surrounding topographic structure – distance from cities, but well connected to them via roads. Proximity to the shore- can attract tourists seeking calm and serene beach front. Diverse community settlements adding varied character to its built and settlement pattern. Strong community bond, can prove beneficial since the proposal is directly related to community development. Creek bio-diversity- which helps in diversity of fish catch. Close proximity to five star hotels like, The Leela and Holiday Inn.

Weakness Remote location of the village and the un-explored nature of Quepem Taluka. No direct connectivity to National Highway- which could have helped to attract tourists travelling towards South of Goa i.e. Agonda or Palolem beach. Topographic barriers that has created restrictions to horizontal development- less area available near the shore for development. Direct connection to the creek (natural body) - makes the sea vulnerable to pollution. Lack of knowledge of people about eco-system conservation – as currently they dump their household waste in the creek. Hamlet settlement with agricultural land around it- The settlements in the village are far from each other, which makes it difficult to address them holistically.

174


Opportunities There is a scope for development on the basic ideology of a fishing village- have a planned growth in order to prevent the future of the village from haphazard development. Developing internal pockets of the village- that reflect the community and their ideologies. Planned development of the village in order to retain and suffice the need of future population. Generating alternate occupational opportunity related to fishing- which can help them understand the strength and scope of their occupation. Saving the creek from further damage by intervention. Sustainable technologies can be introduced in order to offer solution to existing problems – like garbage disposal and water scarcity.

Threat Urbanization now has started to change lifestyle of the people and drift them away from their roots. Fisher folk opting for other occupations due to uncertain nature of fishing. Migration away from the village – in order to search for different opportunities. The village is prone to natural calamity due to its close proximity to creek and hills. Harm caused to nature due to the existing settlements. The eco-system is harmed due to fish trawling and other pollution into the sea due to motorized boats. Population growth- it has increased the pressure on natural resources.

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9.0. DESIGN PROPOSAL After study and analysis of the village from all aspects the design proposal seeks to propose the following:

1. MASTER LAYOUT OF THE VILLAGE The existing condition of the village seeks for development and one of the major factors that can contribute to this is the common public facilities/amenities, for which the villagers currently struggle. Thus the design proposal will provide required amenities on a master layout of the village.

2. HOUSING PROTOTYPE a) Residences for future population The population of the village is growing on a faster pace which directly is impacting the life of the village, thus a planned development for the future population is required in order to prevent various future problems.

b) Accommodation for the Tourists In order to boost the existing economy Eco-tourism will be an added aspect to the development of the village on the lines of their traditional occupation i.e. fishing. The tourists would be provided with a vernacular housing prototype which will blend with the existing village fabric and also deliver the tourists an atmosphere of Quitol village.

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9.1. MASTER LAYOUT OF THE VILLAGE In order to provide facilities in the village, the study of existing facilities in and around the village and proposals for the same is required. Following are the findings of the study:

9.1.1 Existing Facilities

1. Schools: a) Government Primary School Kittal:

0.4 KM distance

b) Government High School Fatorpa:

2.9 KM distance

c) Our New English School; Betul:

3.1 KM distance

d) Government High School Morpirla:

3.2 KM distance

e) Baradi Primary School:

3.6 KM distance

2. Hotels/Lodges: a) Hotel River Sal:

3.1 KM distance

b) MAYFAIR Hideaway Spa Resort:

3.3 KM distance

c) Sheriff (Feliz Casa de Alcino):

3.6 KM distance

d) Seagull Resort:

4.0 KM distance

e) Allison Hotel:

4.5 KM distance

3. Health Care/ Clinics/ Hospitals/ Medical: a) Dr. Wilson Mazarello:

3.7 KM distance

b) Al-Moosa Medical Stores:

3.7 KM distance

c) Dr. Armando Monteiro s Private Clinic:

6.5 KM distance

d) Assolna Drug House:

6.6 KM distance

e) Papa s Medical Store:

6.6 KM distance

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5. Market and Open Spaces: Under the Tribal Sub-Plan, conversion of HT & LT line network in Municipal Garden and Market area in Quepem Taluka.48 Need for a Market area and a public open space is also been a feedback from primary survey i.e. interviews of the villagers. They travel to Chinchinim (5kms), Assolna (6 kms) or Margao for buying daily commodities.

Figure 195 Image showing Proposal of Markets and Garden in Quepem. Source: Goa Economic Survey 2015-2016

Figure 196 Facilities at the radius of 2 and 5 kms around the village

48

Directorate of Planning, Statistics & Evaluation Porvorim-Goa, retrieved on 28/07/2017 from Economic Survey 2015-2016

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6. GIDC Proposal: The Goa Daman and Diu Industrial Development Corporation (GDDIDC) was established by the Government of Goa, Daman & Diu in February 1966 under the provisions of Goa, Daman and Diu Industrial Development Act, 1965 with the aims and objectives of securing and assisting in the rapid and orderly establishment of industries in the Industrial Areas and Industrial Estates in Goa. One of the important activities of the Corporation is setting up of Industrial Estates and offer developed plots to industrial units. The audit scrutiny revealed that GIDC has acquired 166.86 lakh square metres land for 22 industrial estates and 7 special projects from 1966 till March 2003.49 The CAG audit report had probed into land allotments to Dona Paula IT Park on the outskirts of Panaji (2, 85,296 square metres), the Quitol small scale industry (4, 19,000 square metres) and seven SEZs (38, 41,000 square metres) as part of the performance audit of government companies. Land acquired is for 'public purpose' but remains unutilized and undeveloped for years. The land was acquired for stop bauxite mining in the Quitol village boundaries. “It was because I acquired land this area has remained safe till now otherwise it would been finished by the bauxite miners, who had an eye on the area.” The “GIDC has total around 12 lakh sq. metres of land (including 6 lakh for Defense) while the ONGC has 12 lakh sq. metres of land, which has remained unutilized,” local MLA Babu Kavalekar said, adding “Why were you silent when this land was lying idle for four years and therefore denying employment to the locals?” Government seeks to propose non-polluting small scale or pharmaceutical industry on the acquired land of 4, 19,000 square metres or 41.9 hectares.

49

Suraj Nandrekar, 24th August, 2015, Herald News, “The horror story of how 24 lakh square metres of Quitol

land

has

been

“acquired”

with

no

benefit

to

locals”

Retrieved

on

03/08/17

from

http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-horror-story-of-how-24-lakh-square-metres-of-Quitol-land-has-been%E2%80%9Cacquired%E2%80%9D-with-no-benefit-to-locals/92743.html

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9.1.2. DESIGN BRIEF FOR MASTER LAYOUT OF THE VILLAGE After the study of both Primary and Secondary survey, and a detailed analysis of the same, there is a list of facilities required for the future development of the village. These amenities will be a part of the master plan.

Sr. 1.

Amenity Primary school

Regulation

Area

1 for every 2500 population

800 sq.m.

(to be located near park) 2.

Market Space

1 for every 5000 population

1500 sq.m.

(PROPOSED) 4.

Community Facilities

Community hall

800 sq.m. (all incl.)

Panchayat Ghar

500 sq.m. (max)

Mahila Kendra

200 sq.m. (max)

Community Toilet

50 sq.m. (max)

0.12 ha per 3000 persons

1200 sq.m.

5.

Open Space

6.

Health Care Centre

1 for every 2500 population

200 sq.m.

7.

Small scale Industry

(PROPOSED)

4, 19,000 sq.m. land proposed

180


9.2. HOUSING PROTOTYPE FOR FUTURE POPULATION 9.2.1. Built Fabric Growth 1. Hindu Community Houses (near creek Sal)

2007

2017

Figure 197 Comparison between Built fabrics near creek

2. Christian Community Houses near Betul junction

2007

2017

Figure 198 Comparison between Built fabrics near Christian community houses

3. Varied community Houses near Pond

2007

2017

Figure 199 Comparison between Built fabrics near pond

181


4. Varied community Houses near Christian community

2007

2017

Figure 200 Comparison between Built fabrics near Betul junction (Christian community houses) Chart 10 Chart showing demography of selected Quitol Village area, Source: Chart by author

NO. OF HOUSES SR.NO.

LOCATION

COMMUNITY 2007

2017

1.

NEAR CREEK

HINDU

26

94

2.

NEAR BETUL JUNCTION

CHRISTIAN

12

46

3.

NEAR CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY HOUSES

VARIED

16

44

4.

NEAR POND

VARIED

14

20

70

204

TOTAL BUILT

INCREASE IN PERCENTAGE 66% total increase

Figure 201 Map of village in 2017, showing built fabric Source: Map by author

182


9.2.3. DESIGN BRIEF FOR HOUSING PROTOTYPE FOR FUTURE POPULATION Population of Quitol Fishing Village in 2007, Considering 5 persons per house

= 70 X 5 = 350 people

Population of Quitol Fishing Village in 2017, Considering 5 persons per house

= 204 X 5 = 1020 people

The total population increase 10 years is 670 people. In order to consider for future population, factors like opportunities and employment are considered and 20% is added to the population increase value 670 X 0.2

= 134

670 + 134

= 804 (rounding off) = 800 no.of people

The total population increase is 800 people up to 2027. Considering 5 years for thesis proposal, therefore increase in population in next 5 years is 400 people. The average number of people per house is 5 people, thus considering 5 people per house NUMBER OF HOUSING PROTOYPES

= 400/5 = 80 (rounding off) = 100 housing units

THE DESIGN PROPOSAL WILL ACCOMODATE 100 HOUSING UNITS FOR FUTURE POPULATION. TOTAL BUILT UP AREA FOR 100 UNITS

Considering 80 sq.m. per house

8000 sq.m. TOTAL B.U.A

183


Considering 5 people per house, TOTAL DIFFERENCE IN POPULATION 2007

POPULATION 2017 POPULATION DIFFERENCE IN 2007 IN 2017

SR

COMMUNITY

1.

HINDU

26

130

94

470

340

2.

CHRISTIAN

12

60

46

230

170

3.

VARIED (both)

30

150

64

320

170

TOTAL

70

340

204

1020

680

The total increase in Hindu Community Population is 340 people. The total increase in Christian Community Population is 170 people. The total increase in Varied Community Population is 170 people. The total increase in village population is 680 people.

NUMBER OF UNITS PER COMMUNITY SR. COMMUNITY

PERCENT OF UNITS

NUMBER OF UNITS

1.

HINDU

50%

50 units

2.

CHRISTIAN

25%

25 units

3.

VARIED

25%

25 units

100%

100 units

TOTAL

184


9.3. HOUSING PROTOTYPE FOR TOURIST ACCOMODATION 9.3.2. Existing Tourism From Primary survey: Beach: 100-50 tourists visit Betul beach every month. The tourist count is maximum during October and from November to January. Temple: The tourists who visit the beach also pay a visit to the Mahadev temple. Apart from villagers, there are 100-50 tourists that visit the temple during Maha Shivaratri and other Hindu occasions.

Chart 11 Chart Showing estimated number of tourists in all Talukas in Goa (2005-06), Source Collection of Domestic Tourism Statistics for the State of Goa

Estimated number of Tourists in 2005- 2006 in Quepem

The areas considered for the tourist data in Quepem are: Avedem: Shantadurga temple and Quitol: Betul Beach, Canaguinim beach. The tourist arrival in Quitol are considered to be 50% of 2128 no. of tourists. i.e. 1064 tourists.

185


Figure 202Distribution of Tourists among Talukas, Source: Collection of Domestic Tourism Statistics for the State of Goa, 2005-2006

In 2017, the tourist visits are expected to grow by 20% approximately due to growth in population. Thus the estimated number of tourists visiting Betul beach (Quitol) will be 1300 (Tourism data) -1800 (primary survey) tourists per year, with 100-50 tourists visiting per month. Therefore, the design proposal will seek to accommodate 100 to 150 tourists per month. Considering an average of 3 tourists per accommodation, leading to proposal of 50 units, for 150 tourists (per month).

186


9.3.3. DESIGN BRIEF FOR TOURIST ACCOMODATION For 150 tourists- 50 units of Accommodations Percentage

Type

Tourist Type

60%

1 BHK

FOR 2 TOURISTS

30%

2 BHK

FOR 4-5 TOURISTS

10%

3 BHK

LUXURY ACCOMODATION

Areas Per unit Percentage

No. of Units

Type

60%

30 units

1 BHK

30%

15 units

2 BHK

10%

5 units

3 BHK

1 BHK HOUSE ACOMMODATION UNITS: 45 SQ.M. BEDROOM

10 SQ.M.

LIVING ROOM

20 SQ.M.

KITCHEN

8 SQ.M.

TOILET

7 SQ.M.

TOTAL AREA FOR 30 UNITS OF 1 BHK 1350 SQ.M. (excluding garden and balcony area)

2 BHK HOUSE ACOMMODATION UNITS: 60 SQ.M. BEDROOM

20 SQ.M.

LIVING ROOM

20 SQ.M.

KITCHEN

12 SQ.M.

TOILET

8 SQ.M.

TOTAL AREA FOR 15 UNITS OF 2 BHK 900 SQ.M. (excluding garden and balcony area)

187


3 BHK LUXURY HOUSE ACOMMODATION UNITS: 80 SQ.M. BEDROOM

30 SQ.M.

LIVING ROOM

25 SQ.M.

KITCHEN

15 SQ.M.

TOILET

10 SQ.M.

TOTAL AREA FOR 5 UNITS OF 3 BHK 400 SQ.M. (excluding garden and balcony area)

ADMINISTRATION AREA= 200 SQ.M. (total) ENTRANCE: Porch

100 SQ.M.

Lobby Waiting area OFFICES

: Registration office

50 SQ.M.

Administration office Meeting Room STAFF AREA : Pantry and Cleaning

50 SQ.M.

Other Amenities for tourist’s accommodation: a) Garden b) Relaxing Open Spaces c) Recreational Area

188


9.4. SITE SELECTION FOR PROPOSAL

Figure 203 HTL, NDZ and Forest area demarcation, Source: Plan by author

CRZ III REGULATIONS: Activities Permitted in NDZ a) Construction/ reconstruction of dwelling units of traditional coastal communities including fisherfolk may be permitted between 100 and 200 metres from the HTL b) Construction of dispensaries, schools, public rain shelter, community toilets c) Facilities required for local fishing communities such as fish drying yards, auction halls, net mending yards, traditional boat building yards, ice plant, ice crushing units, fish curing facilities. Activities Permitted area between 200mts to 500mt a) Development of vacant plot in designated areas for construction of hotels or beach resorts for tourists. b) Construction or reconstruction of dwelling units as long as it is within the ambit of traditional rights and customary uses such as existing fishing villages and Goathans. Building permission for such construction or reconstruction will be subject to local 189


town and country planning rules with overall height of construction not exceeding 9mts with two floors (ground + one floor) c) Schools and dispensaries for local inhabitants of the area for those panchayats, the major part of which falls within CRZ if no other area is available for construction of such facilities. Considering the requirements and CRZ III regulations following sites are considered for the development of Housing Prototypes:

Figure 204 Proposed Sites for development, Source: Maps by author

190


9.5. HOUSING PROTOTYPE ZONING ON SITE a) Residences for future population The existing village grows along the coastline, laterally. Due to Non development zone towards the hill and creek on the other side, there is no immediate landmass which can be considered for accommodating the future population. Considering the NDZ and the road system, a parcel of land of 35 acres which is right next to the existing village is considered, it is neighboring to the GIDC acquired land, which can provide employment to the farmer residents of the future population. b) Accommodation for the Tourists The idea was to provide an accommodation which is nearest to the existing village. The tourists will experience the village its culture, its people their chores when they are nearest to them. Thus the site for accommodating the tourists is chosen in the existing village. Therefore, 2 parcels of lands each approximately 3 acres each, have been identified in the village to accommodate tourists visiting and staying in the village.

Figure 205 Sites considered for Thesis, Source: Google Maps 2017, Plan and edit by author

191


10.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY - Annexure I 10.1. Online Articles 1) 16th September 2015, “Union Cabinet approves Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission to drive economic, social and infrastructure development in rural area” Retrieved on 26/01/17 from http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/unioncabinet-approves-shyama-prasad-mukherji-rurban-mission-to-drive-economicsocial-and-infrastructure-development-in-rural-areas/, 2) 21st February 2016, “Department of Rural Development, Govt. of India” Retrieved on 18/02/17 from http://rurban.gov.in/module.html 3) Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana, The Ministry of Rural Development, “Govt. of India” Retrieved on 18/02/17 from http://www.iay.nic.in/netiay/home.aspx 4) 21st February 2016, “NATIONAL RURBAN MISSION (NRuM), MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT Integrated Cluster Action Plan” Retrieved on 18/02/17 from http://rurban.gov.in/download/modules/ICAP.pdf 5) 21st February 2016, “Spatial Planning Aspects of ICAP” Retrieved on 18/02/17 from http://rurban.gov.in/download/modules/SP_compiled.pdf 6) Last updated on 4th July 2017, “Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India” Retrieved on 18/02/17 from http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ 7) Last updated on 4th July 2017, “Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner,

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Fatorpa-Quitol,

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http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/South-Goa/Quepem/Fatorpa_1aQuitol 18) MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS NOTIFICATION New Delhi, 6th January 2011, “Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 2011” Retrieved on 12/07/2017 from http://crz.elaw.in/crz2011.html#goa 19) Govt. of Goa, “Map Showing Open Area with having area more than 4000 sq.mt in CRZ-III Zone (200mt To 500 Mt from H T L)” Retrieved on 12/07/2017 from http://dstegoa.gov.in/Open-Plots/Open_Plot_Maps_1to70.pdf 20) Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Goa, “Open Plot Identification of CRZ III Area of Goa” Retrieved on 12/07/2017 from http://dstegoa.gov.in/OpenPlots-CRZ.htm 21) “Consultancy Services and to conduct survey and inquiry of CRZ Areas in Goa” Retrieved

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22) Last updated on 18th May 2016, “Department of Tourism, Government of Goa, India-

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Arrivals

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from

http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/goa.html#all 24) The Ministry of Rural Development, “Govt. of India” last updated on 25/07/2017, Retrieved on 28/07/2017 from, http://rural.nic.in/netrural/rural/sites/about-theministry.aspx 25) 21st February 2016, “List of approved clusters” Retrieved on 26/07/2017 from, http://rurban.gov.in/download/List_of_Approved_Clusters.pdf 26) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, The Ministry of Rural Development, “Govt. of India” last updated on 04/05/2017, Retrieved on 28/07/2017 from, http://pmgsy.nic.in/ 27) National Rural Drinking Water Programme Movement towards ensuring people’s Drinking Water Security in Rural India, Guidelines – 2013, Retrieved on 29/07/2017

from,

http://mdws.gov.in/sites/default/files/NRDWP_Guidelines_2013.pdf 28) Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, 13th October, 2013, “National Rural Drinking Water Programme” Retrieved on 03/09/17 from http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=100016 29) Thiruvananthapuram,

Climate,

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13/09/17

from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram#Climate 30) 17 September 2017, Lebanon, Wikipedia encyclopedia, retrieved on 1/10/2017 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon 31) 17/08/2017, Samir G. Khalaf, Glenn Richard Bugh, Paul Kingston, Clovis F. Maksoud, William L. Ochsenwald, Richard David Barnett, SPOTLIGHT, Lebanon, retrieved on 1/10/2017 from https://www.britannica.com/place/Lebanon 32) 17 September 2017, Lebanon, Wikipedia encyclopedia, retrieved on 1/10/2017 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon

194


10.2. Electronic, Published Journals and Books 1) 20th January, 2013, “Waste Management, Govardhan Eco-Village”, Retrieved on 07/04/17

from

http://ecovillage.org.in/wp-content/Downloads/Waste-

Management.pdf 2) 20th January, 2013, “Green Building Technology, Govardhan Eco-Village”, Retrieved on 07/04/17 from http://ecovillage.org.in/wp-content/Downloads/GreenBuilding-Technology.pdf 30/04/17 3) Angela Flood Uppuluri, Rupal Shroff, Devon Treece, Marc Weatherill, April 2008, “Sustainable Energy for Rural India, Bhudapada Village” Retrieved on 07/04/17 from https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/60160/Sustainable_Energ y_for_Rural_India_Final_complete.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 4) Farooq Ahmad Ganiee, February 2014, “A Case Study of Rural Development Programmes In India” Retrieved on 07/04/17 from http://ijellh.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/02/A-Case-Study-of-Rural-Development-Programmes-InIndia.pdf?x72302 5) 10 November 2015, Kumari Moothedath Chandran, Nallaval Chinnaswamy Balaji and Monto Man,” Understanding transitions in a rural Indian building typology in the

context

of

well-being”

Retrieved

on

07/04/17

from

http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/109/09/1610.pdf 6) 2016,”Govardhan Eco-Village, Our Activities” Retrieved on 01/05/17 from http://www.ecovillage.org.in/our-activities#_OF 7) Ann Joe, Mary, 2012, “The role of stakeholders in rural tourism- a case study on Kumbalangi

village

tourism

project”

Retrieved

on

29/06/17

from

http://repository.christuniversity.in/5189/ 8) Smitha Bhandare Kamat, 2011, “Exotic Village Tourism: Case Study of Saligao and Candolim”

Retrieved

on

11/07/2017

from

http://www.publishingindia.com/GetBrochure.aspx?query=UERGQnJvY2h1cmVz fC83OTMucGRmfC83OTMucGRm 9) Ch. Guru Prasad, Gaddem. Narasimha Rao, March-April 2014, “Global warming affects on Fishing village in India (A case study on Andhra coastal village: Uppada)” Retrieved on 11/07/2017 from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jagg/papers/vol2issue2/Version-2/F02225056.pdf

195


10) Pinki Purkayastha & Susmita Gupta, January-June 2012, “Traditional fishing practices, fishermen and livelihood – a case study of Chatla floodplain area with special reference to the village Irongmara, Barak valley, Assam” Retrieved on 17/07/2017

from

http://www.serialsjournals.com/serialjournalmanager/pdf/1345288632.pdf 11) Joseph Satish V, Nishant Kumar, Jeevan J. Arakal, 2013“Fishing for Innovation, The Story of Samudram Women’s Federation, Odisha” Retrieved on 17/07/2017 from http://www.accessdev.org/downloads/Fishing-for-Innovation.pdf 12) Dr. Manoj P K, 4th April 2016, “Determinants of Sustainability of Rural Tourism: A Study of Tourists at Kumbalangi in Kerala, India” Retrieved on 17/07/2017 from http://www.ijarcsms.com/docs/paper/volume4/issue4/V4I4-0031.pdf 13) R. Geetha, R. Narayanakumar, Shyam. S. Salim, N. Aswathy, S. Chandrasekar, V. Srinivasa Raghavan And Indira Divipala, 2014, “Economic efficiency of mechanized fishing in Tamil Nadu – a case study in Chennai” Retrieved on 17/07/2017 from http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10047/1/3_Geetha.pdf 14) COLLECTION OF DOMESTIC TOURISM STATISTICS FOR THE STATE OF GOA, FINAL REPORT

15) (April 2005 To March 2006), Retrieved on 10/08/2017 16) Bureau of Indian Standards, “NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016 VOLUME 2”, Part 3

...Development Control Rules and General Building

Requirements 17) Government of Goa, ECONOMIC SURVEY 2015 – 16, Directorate of Planning, Statistics & Evaluation Porvorim-Goa “CHAPTER 6 INFRASTRUCTURE - Major achievements”, Retrieved on 04/09/17 18) Poonthura Fishing Village (Thiruvananthapuram Corporation), “Brief Profile of Poonthura

fishing

village”

Retrieved

on

13/09/17/

from,

http://www.keralacoast.org/pdf/tvm/poonthura.pdf 19) Gautam Bhatia, January 2000, “Laurie Baker, Life, Works, Writings” New Delhi, Penguin Publications. 20) Laurie Baker, “Gerard Da Cunha Baker of India” Retrieved on 13/09/2017 from http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/baker-japan.pdf

196


21) THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES

DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT

OF

FISHERIES

DEVELOPMENT, “REPORT ON LAKE VICTORIA FISHERIES FRAME SURVEY RESULTS 2014 – TANZANIA” April 2015 Retrieved on 13/09/2017 from

http://www.mifugouvuvi.go.tz/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Lake-Victoria-

Frame-Survey-Report-2014.pdf 22) Samir Shyam Jale, Dr. A. K. Wavare, “A STUDY OF DRY FISH MARKETS IN MUMBAI

CITY”

Retrieved

on

23/09/2017

from

http://www.researchfront.in/10%20DEC%202014/7.pdf 23) May 15, 2017, Architecturelive.in, Govardhan Eco Village, Palghar, Maharashtra – Biome

Environmental

Solutions,

retrieved

on

10/06/2017

from

http://www.posts.architecturelive.in/govardhan-eco-village-palghar-maharashtrabiome-environmental-solutions/ 24) 22nd August 2016, Agriculture information, “Govardhan Ecovillage - model farm community”

retrieved

on

10/06/2017

from

http://www.agricultureinformation.com/discuss/threads/govardhan-ecovillagemodel-farm-community.409/

197


10.3. Newspaper Articles 1) TNN, March 4, 2014, The Times of India City, “Players move to increase exports from

Goa”

Retrieved

on

28/06/17

from

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Players-move-to-increase-exportsfrom-Goa/articleshow/31364523.cms 2) Suraj Nandrekar, 24th August, 2015, Herald News, “The horror story of how 24 lakh square metres of Quitol land has been “acquired” with no benefit to locals” Retrieved on 03/08/17 from http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-horror-story-ofhow-24-lakh-square-metres-of-Quitol-land-has-been%E2%80%9Cacquired%E2%80%9D-with-no-benefit-to-locals/92743.html 3) Himanshu Upadhyaya, 30th June, 2009, India together, “The great Goan land scam” Retrieved on 03/08/17 from http://indiatogether.org/goascam-government 4) 9th March, 2016, Panchayat Raj, “UGF slams GIDC for undermining panchayats” Retrieved on 03/08/17 from, http://goa.panchayatraj.net/topic/ugf-slams-gidc-forundermining-panchayats/ 5) The HINDU, April 11, 2012, “PMGSY fails in its objective” Retrieved on 03/09/17 from

http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/pmgsy-

fails-in-its-objective/article3302356.ece 6) Atul S Bahadur, The Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, “National Rural Health Mission:

a

failing

mission”

Retrieved

on

03/09/17

from

http://ijme.in/articles/national-rural-health-mission-a-failing-mission/?galley=html 7) Amita Bhaduri, India Water Portal, 2016, “Empty fields remain as schemes fail” Retrieved on 03/09/17 from http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/empty-fieldsremain-schemes-fail 8) Shoeb Khan, TNN, 24th September, 2015, “Govt failed to recruit 8,098 teachers under

RMSA”

Retrieved

on

03/09/17

from

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Govt-failed-to-recruit-8098teachers-under-RMSA/articleshow/49083130.cms 9) Aarti Kelkar-Khambete, India Water Portal, “Traditional fisher folk of Kerala - An article about their socio-economic organisation and the special relationship they share with the sea and the environment” dated 13th August 2012, Retrieved on 12/09/17

from

http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/traditional-fisherfolk-

kerala-article-about-their-socio-economic-organisation-and-special

198


10) Herald, The voice of Goa, “South Goa’s archaeological sites in bad condition” 18th May 2017, Retrieved on 14/09/2017 from https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/SouthGoa/South-Goa%E2%80%99s-archaeological-sites-in-bad-condition/115313.html

199


10.4. Blog 1) Swaniti, “Adarsh Gram (Model Village): A Concept Note” Retrieved on 16/02/17 from, http://unnat.iitd.ac.in/pdf/model_village.pdf 2) Aritra Chakrabarty, Updated: 12 October 2016 “The Kolis Of Bombay: The Original

Residents

Of

The

City”

Retrieved

on

23/09/2017

from

https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-kolis-of-bombay-the-originalresidents-of-the-city/ 3) India Holiday, The Lifestyle of India, “Kolis: A fishy people” retrieved on 23/09/2017 from http://www.indiaprofile.com/lifestyle/kolis.htm 4) Lebanon, Heading Inland, from magazine, retrieved on 08/10/2017 from http://brownbook.tv/heading-inland/

200


11.0. LIST OF FIGURES- Annexure II Figure 1 Village community participation conducted at Gram Panchayat office

13

Figure 2 Physical Achievement of PMGSY in terms of Road Length Completed (in km)17 Figure 3 DDUGKY developments up to year 2017

20

Figure 4 Houses completed in each financial year (PMGAY)

22

Figure 5 Diagram showing steps to be followed for a mission’s success

23

Figure 6 Ministry of Rural Development Achievements

23

Figure 7 States of India participating in NRuM

25

Figure 8 Approved cluster in Goa by NRuM 2015

32

Figure 9 Map showing location and timeline of Portuguese in India

34

Figure 12 House built by Padre Luis Gonzaga de Santana Sequeira in Goa, Source: The piggery

37

Figure 12 Basilica of Bom Jesus Church, GOA

37

Figure 12 Beach of Goa with boats and coconut groves

37

Figure 13 Maps showing Quepem taluka location, Source: Maps by author

38

Figure 14 Satellite image of Quepem Taluka, Source: Google maps, Edit by author

39

Figure 15 Pie chart showing religion percentage in Quepem

40

Figure 16 Palacio De Deao

40

Figure 17 Satellite image of Quepem Taluka, Source: Google maps, Edit by author

41

Figure 18 Xeldem Cluster List

42

Figure 19 Map of Quepem taluka with Xeldem Cluster boundary, Source: Census of India 2011, edit by author

42

Figure 20 Land division in each village, Source: Diagram by author

43

Figure 21 Amenities and facilities existing in each village, Source: Diagram by author 44 Figure 22 Map and graph showing Differentiation between villages base on 3 criteria

45

Figure 23 Villages with development Potential, Source: Map by author

46

Figure 24 Programs proposed by Dept. of Tourism Goa

47

Figure 25 Goa Tourism development aspects

48

Figure 26 Accommodation criteria

48

Figure 27 Two villages nominated for project

49

Figure 30 House in Village Avedem

50

Figure 30 Shantadurga Temple in Avedem

50

Figure 30 House in Village Avedem

50 201


Figure 31 Location of major tourist attractions in village Quitol, Source: Google maps 2017 edit by author

51

Figure 32 Betul fort,

51

Figure 33 Betul Beach

52

Figure 34 Fish drying along the creek in the village, Old Goan House in the village, Source: Image by author

52

Figure 35 Summary of village selection

53

Figure 36 Khar Danda village

57

Figure 37 Govardhan Eco-Village Centre

57

Figure 38 A Fishing village in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra

58

Figure 39 Koli fishermen and women gather their storage containers at the end of the day 59 Figure 40 Islands of Bombay, which homed multiple fishing villages

60

Figure 41 Koli fisherman emptying his net for drying fishes on the shore, Source: Kolis, blog

60

Figure 42 Mapping of prominent fishing settlements of Mumbai

61

Figure 43 Maps showing Khar Danda location, Source: Maps by author

62

Figure 44 Khar Danda in District Mumbai (suburban) Map

63

Figure 45 Khar Danda Map

63

Figure 46 Infographics for climate data,

64

Figure 47 Koli fisherwomen in Narali Poornima at the shore of village, Source: Alamy Images

64

Figure 48 Surroundings of Khar Danda from major Mumbai city landmarks, Source: Map by author

65

Figure 49 Khar Danda Fishing Village, Source: Google Maps 2017, edit by author

65

Figure 50 (Left) Sarvoday Society near Khar Danda Source: Mumbai Properties, (Right) Slum near Khar Danda Source: DNA India

66

Figure 51 Fish drying land in the village, Fisherman drying Bombay duck (bombil)

67

Figure 52 Fish Drying area bordering the village,

68

Figure 53 Diagram showing market visitors on (Top) Saturday, Sunday (Bottom) in the market, Source: Google statistics

69

Figure 54 Fish market in the village and fisherwomen selling fish produce during afternoon 69 Figure 55 Fish market during afternoons, Source: Image by author

70 202


Figure 56 Khar Danda village built fabric, Source: Plan by author

71

Figure 57 (Left) image showing Khar Danda Village, (right) Image showing unauthorised temporary structure, Source: (left) Flickriver, (right) Image by author

72

Figure 58 Close knit structure of houses, Source: image and map by author

73

Figure 59 Collection of garbage from the garbage disposal at the main road, Source: Image and map by author

73

Figure 60 Division of the village into 3 parts, Source: Plan by author

74

Figure 61 Garbage disposed at the sea front, Source: Image by author

74

Figure 62 (Top) Map showing locations of areas, (bottom left) Storage shed, (bottom right) open space surrounded by houses), Source: Plan and images by author

75

Figure 63 brightly coloured houses near the coast, Source: Image by author

75

Figure 64 (Left) Market area during morning hours, (Right) Plan showing location of market, Source: Image and map by author

76

Figure 65 (left) Otlas facing the street (right) tulsi plant planted next to the street, Source: Image by author

76

Figure 66 (Left) Image showing shops and main street connectivity, (right) Image showing lady and a stall, Source: Images by author

77

Figure 67 Map showing Gulab Nagar and Govind nagar in context of Danda village, Source: Map by author

77

Figure 68 Polluted seafront of Khar Danda Village, Source: Image by author

78

Figure 69 TIMES OF INDIA, SEPT. 09, 2017 news article regarding, dilapidated state of old Danda houses

79

Figure 70 Govardhan Eco-Village, Source: GEV website

81

Figure 71 GEV (left) Prasadalaya and (right) dormitory, Source: Lifeatfarm Blog

82

Figure 72 (Left to right) GEV Temple with Krishna devotees praying, organic farms, Goshala,

83

Figure 73 Infographics for climate data,

84

Figure 74 Location of Govardhan Eco-Village,

85

Figure 75 Surroundings of GEV,

86

Figure 76 Sketch showing site selection accounts

86

Figure 77 Zoning on Site, Source: Plan edit author

87

Figure 79 Satellite image showing GEV, Source: Google Maps 2017 + edit by author

88

Figure 79 Site Plan, Source: Plan by architecturelive.on, edit by author

88

Figure 80 Community hall from outside, Source: Image by author

89 203


Figure 81 Sketches showing Plan, Section and View of the community hall

89

Figure 82 (Top left) Goshala shed, (top right) Cow dungs layed for drying outside the goshala,(bottom) Skecth showing section of goshala, Source: Images by author

90

Figure 83 (Top -bottom) Cottages for tourist accomodation,

91

Figure 84 Reception area,

92

Figure 85 Raised bed farming in GEV, Source: Dandavats

92

Figure 86 Cottages for tourists designed according to climate, Source: Image by author 93 Figure 87 Material procurement locations,

94

Figure 88 Comparison between a brick and mud wall, Source: GEV website

95

Figure 89 Arch Panel being separately constructed (left), Thatch roof of Yoga hall (center) Arch Panel after drying being put on the roof (right), Source: GEV website

95

Figure 90 Window frames (left), French window frames under construction

96

Figure 91 Recharge well in GEV,

97

Figure 92 Biogas Plant (left) , Location on site (right)

99

Figure 93 Organic farming in GEV, Source: GEV website

100

Figure 94 Poonthura Fishing village, Source: Flickriver, Fabionik

102

Figure 95 Housing foe Fishermen of Tyre, Source: HSS website

102

Figure 96 Fisher folk of Kerala

103

Figure 97 Diagram showing high mid and low land distribution in Kerala

104

Figure 98 Maps showing location of Poonthura village

105

Figure 99 Locations of nearest transportation

106

Figure 100 Infographics showing Climate of Kerala, Source: Diagram by author

106

Figure 101 Fishermen of Poonthura

107

Figure 102 Poonthura Satellite Map

108

Figure 103 Satellite Map showing Rivers in Poonthura

108

Figure 104 Density distribution of Poonthura Village

109

Figure 105 Poonthura Fishing Village

110

Figure 108 Image showing coastline of Poonthura Fishing Village

111

Figure 108 Houses of Poonthura

111

Figure 108 Church with large open space in the village, Source: Flickriver, Fabionik 111 Figure 109 Poonthura Fishing village Map

112

Figure 110 Picture from 1974-75 of house construction for the village

114

Figure 111 Elevation of Proposed design

115

Figure 112 Plan of the designed house

116 204


Figure 113 Plan and Section of the design

117

Figure 114 Sketch of the design

118

Figure 115 Sketch of the design

119

Figure 118 Existing houses of the village

120

Figure 118 Open areas used for drying in the village

120

Figure 118 Image showing coastline of Poonthura Fishing Village

120

Figure 119 World Map showing Lebanon location,

121

Figure 120 Typical houses in Tyre city with vibrant facades

122

Figure 121 Tyre City Harbour Source: i.ytimg website

122

Figure 122 Housing for the Fishermen of Tyre,

123

Figure 123 Maps showing site location, Source: Maps by author

124

Figure 124 Site surroundings, Source: Map by author

125

Figure 125 SITE PLAN, Source: HSS architects, edit by author

126

Figure 126 Block Zoning of Units, Source: HSS edit by author

127

Figure 127 (Top) View of main courtyard from ground, (Mid-left) View of side elevation and connecting bridge, (Mid-right) View of outside elevation balconies, (Bottom) View of main complex entrance.

128

Figure 128 Plan & Section of Simplex unit, Source: HSS edit by author

129

Figure 129 Plan & Section of Duplex unit, Source: HSS edit by author

129

Figure 130 Duplex + Terrace (type 3) plans and section, Source: HSS website

130

Figure 131 Site Section, Source: HSS edit by author

130

Figure 132 various openings serving as common open space, Source: Archnet

131

Figure 133 Distribution of spaces, Source: Edit by author, HSS website

131

Figure 134 Old fishermen interacting in the passage area,

132

Figure 135 (left) entrance to one of the buildings, (right) kids playing near the building, Source: HSS and Brownbook.tv

132

Figure 136 Site plan, Source: HSS edit by author

133

Figure 137 External Elevation, Source HSS website

134

Figure 138 Internal Elevation, Source: HSS website

134

Figure 139 (Left) internal courtyard view showing paths, (Right) Internal Staircase lobby 135 Figure 140 Sketch showing pathways and movement Source: Rafalafel in Medellin 135 Figure 141 (Top left) View of the connecting bridge, (Bottom left) View showing the housing without colours, Source: HSS website and ArchNet

136 205


Figure 142 Leakage of Bright colours on the outer facade, Source: Archnet

137

Figure 143 (left) Boxed Projections on the facade, (right) Central location of staircase 138 Figure 144 Bridges in Plan and view, Source: Archnet

138

Figure 145 Location of the building from Mediterranean Sea,

139

Figure 146 Sketch of beachfront of Khar Danda, Source: Sketch by author

140

Figure 147 Cottage for tourists in GEV

141

Figure 148 Poonthura Fishing Village, housing unit proposal,

142

Figure 149 Housing for Fishermen of Tyre, Source: Sketch by author

143

Figure 150 Location of Quitol in Xeldem Cluster, Source: Map by author

144

Figure 151 Hamlet locations in the village, Source: Google map 2017, edit by author 144 Figure 152 ONGC training centre, Source: Image by author

144

Figure 153 Land acquired by GIDC, Source: Google

145

Figure 154 Census 2011 data of Quitol, Source: Census of India 2011, Infographics by author

146

Figure 155 Quitol Fishing Village, Source: Map by author

148

Figure 156 Quitol fishing village sketch, Source: Sketch by author

148

Figure 157 Infographics of demography, Source: Infographics by author

149

Figure 158 Quitol fishing village, Source: Google Maps 2017, edit by author

149

Figure 159 Wind direction and Sun path, Source: Plan by author

150

Figure 160 Plan showing topography of Quitol fishing village, Source: Image by author 151 Figure 162 Surroundings of the village, Source: Google Maps 2017, edit by author

152

Figure 163 Villages surrounding Quitol fishing Village, Source: Google Maps 2017, edit by author

152

Figure 161 The Leela Resort in proximity to Quitol fishing village, Source: Google Maps 152 Figure 164 Community Clusters in the village, Source: Plan by author

153

Figure 165 Pictures showing areas near creak Sal, Source: Image and Plan by author 154 Figure 166 Pictures showing areas of Christian settlements, Source: Image and Plan by author

155

Figure 167 Plan showing Betul beach and surrounding area,

156

Figure 168 Sketch showing corals on Betul beach, Source: Sketch by author

156

Figure 169 Plan showing Mahadev temple location and surroundings,

157

Figure 170 Mahadev temple in the village, Source: Google maps

157 206


Figure 171 Existing village infrastructure, Source: Plan and images by author

158

Figure 172 Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church at Quitol village, Source: Flickr website

158

Figure 173 Circulation pattern in and around the village, Source: Plan by author

159

Figure 174 Road pattern in and around the village, Source: Plan by author

160

Figure 175 (Top) Plan of the house, (bottom) Internal view of house,

161

Figure 176 (Top) View from the house porch, (bottom left) Plan showing both houses, (right) sketch showing Hindu house near sea, Source: image, plan, sketch by author

161

Figure 177 (Top) Section, (bottom left) internal view of house, (bottom right) plan of the house, Source: Images and plan by author

162

Figure 178 House 3, with shop facing roadside,

163

Figure 179 Plan of the house, Source: Plan by author

163

Figure 180 Pucca village road, Source: Image by author

163

Figure 181 Plan and Section of House, Source: Plan by author

164

Figure 182 (Left) Exterior view of porch of the house, (middle) Interior passage view), (right) external side area, Source: Images by author

164

Figure 183 Plan of house 5, Source: Plan by author

165

Figure 184 (Top-left) Steps leading to houses on the hills, Community gathered for marriage in the open space in front of house 5, internal view of house 5, View of House 5 from road, 165 Figure 185 house on hills, Source: Plan by author

166

Figure 186 (Top left) Steps leading to house 6, (top right Houses on hills, (bottom) Schematic Street section of the village, Source: Plan and images by author

166

Figure 187 Plan of House7, Source: Plan by author

167

Figure 188 (Top left) Sketch showing village street, (right) Christian house in the village, and (bottom left) Hindu house in the village), Source: Images and sketch by author

167

Figure 189(Left) Fishermen painting boats, (right) Children of the village, (bottom) Fisherman in lungi performing his daily chores at early morning

168

Figure 190 Daily chores of the fisher folk, Source: Infographics by author

169

Figure 191 Porch of the Panchayat cum School

170

Figure 192 Rajbindi's house in the village, Source: Image by author

171

Figure 193 Kochrekar's house next to the temple,

172

Figure 194 View from Tanuja's house porch

173

207


Figure 195 Image showing Proposal of Markets and Garden in Quepem. Source: Goa Economic Survey 2015-2016

178

Figure 196 Facilities at the radius of 2 and 5 kms around the village

178

Figure 197 Comparison between Built fabrics near creek

181

Figure 198 Comparison between Built fabrics near Christian community houses

181

Figure 199 Comparison between Built fabrics near pond

181

Figure 200 Comparison between Built fabrics near Betul junction (Christian community houses)

182

Figure 201 Map of village in 2017, showing built fabric

182

Figure 202Distribution of Tourists among Talukas,

186

Figure 203 HTL, NDZ and Forest area demarcation, Source: Plan by author

189

Figure 204 Proposed Sites for development, Source: Maps by author

190

Figure 205 Sites considered for Thesis, Source: Google Maps 2017, Plan and edit by author 191

208


12.0. ANNEXURE III 12.1. List of Tables Table 1 List of government rural development proposals

14

Table 2 Climate of Goa

36

Table 3 Quepem Statistical Data, Source: Table by author

39

Table 4 List of Amenities and occupational details considered for Selection, Source: Table by author Table 5 Climate and Seasons of Quitol, Source: Table by author

43 150

12.2. List of Charts Chart 1 Methodology flowchart

12

Chart 2 Drawbacks of past missions

24

Chart 3 Intent of NRuM

26

Chart 4 Flowchart showing cluster selection process

28

Chart 5 Flowchart expressing different facets of Goa

32

Chart 6 Flowchart showing process of cluster selection

33

Chart 7 Graph showing India under Portuguese rule timeline

35

Chart 8 Chart showing Quepem Taluka demography

147

Chart 9 Chart showing Quitol village demography

147

Chart 10 Chart showing demography of selected Quitol Village area, Source: Chart by author

182

Chart 11 Chart Showing estimated number of tourists in all Talukas in Goa (2005-06), Source Collection of Domestic Tourism Statistics for the State of Goa

185

209


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