From Eugenics to Genetics

From Eugenics to Genetics A colleague of Ernst Rudin, Dr. Franz J. Kallmann was a German scientist who left Germany in 1936 when it was discovered that he was part Jewish. After the war, he helped rehabilitate German eugenicist Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer and win him respectability and acceptance in theAmerican scientific community. Kallmann's enthusiasm for eugenics was in no way dampened by his own experience of Nazi persecution of the Jews. In addition to teaching at Columbia University, Kallmann was a psychiatric geneticist at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, and in 1948, he was founding President of a new eugenics front organization, the American Society of Human Genetics. At the New York Psychiatric Institute, Kallmann continued the same research in genetic psychiatry he had done with Rudin in Germany.

Kallmann was a thorough-going advocate of practicing elimination or forced sterilization on schizophrenics. In 1938, when in the United States, he wrote in an article translated by Frederick Osborn's Eugenics News, that schizophrenics were a "source of maladjusted crooks, asocial eccentrics and the lowest type of criminal offenders:' He demanded the forced sterilization of even healthy offspring of schizophrenic parents to kill the genetic line.66

The choice of the term Human Genetics reflected the attempt to disguise the eugenic agenda of the new organization. Most of its founding members were simultaneously members of Frederick Osborn's American Eugenics Society. By 1954, his old friend von Verschuer was also a member of this one big happy eugenics family. Kallmann's American Society of Human Genetics soon got control of the field of medical eugenics, recognized by the American Medical Association as a legitimate medical field.

Kallmann's American Society of Human Genetics later became a sponsor of the Human Genome Project. The multibillion dollar project was, appropriately enpugh, housed at the same Cold Spring Harbor center that Rockefeller, Harriman and Carnegie had used for their notorious Eugenics Research Office in the 1920's. Genetics, as defined by the Rockefeller Foundation, would constitute the new face of eugenics.

While brother John D. III was mapping plans for global depopulation, brothers Nelson and David were busy with the business side of securing the American Century for the decades following the crisis of the 1960's and 1970's. American agribusiness was to playa decisive role in this project, and the development of genetic biotechnology would bring the different efforts of the family into a coherent plan for global food control in ways simply unimaginable to most.

Notes

1. Carroll Quigley, Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time, New York, The Macmillan Co., 1966, p. 842. Quigley details the transfer of Operations Management techniques from the military after World War II to Operation Bootstrap under the Puerto Rican Industrial Development Corporation run by Governor Munoz via the US pentagon consultancy, Arthur D. Little Inc. Laurence Rockefeller used Bootstrap state funds to build a luxury Dorado Beach Hotel and Golf Club (see The Rockefeller Archive Center, in http://archive.rockefeller.edu/ bio/laurance.php#lsr6). North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA), Puerto Rico to New York: the Profit Shuttle, April 1976, NACLA Digital Archive, provides details about the role of Rockefeller's Chase Bank and Nelson Rockefeller's IBEC in Operation Bootstrap. 2. NACLA, op. cit., pp. 11-12. 3. "In 1950 and 1951, John Foster Dulles, then chairman of the Rockefeller Foundation, led John D. Rockefeller III on a series of world tours, focusing on the need to stop the expansion of the non-white populations. In November 1952, Dulles and Rockefeller set up the Population Council, with tens of millions of dollars from the Rockefeller family," cited in Eugenics, a brief history, in http://www.tribalmessenger.orglt-secret-gov/eugenics.htm. 4. Dr. J. L. Vasquez Calzada study cited in Bonnie Mass, "Puerto Rico: A Case Study of Population Control;' Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 4, No.4, Fail 1977 , pp.66-81. 5. Charles W. Warren, et aI., "Contraceptive Sterilization in Puerto Rico," Demography, Vol. 23, No.3 (Aug., 1986), pp. 351-352. 6. Susan E. Lederer, "Porto Ricochet": Joking about Germs, Cancer, and Race Extermination in the 1930s, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002, p. 732. Also "Porto Ricochet;' Time, 15 February 1932, in http://www.time.com/time/magazine/articie/0,9171,743163,00.html for the quote by Rhoads. 7. Time, op.cit.; see also, Douglas Starr, "Revisiting a 1930s Scandal: AACR to Rename a Prize;' Science, vol. 300, no. 5619, 25 April 2003, pp. 573-574. 8. Ibid. The ACHE Report on the Rhoads cancer experiments is available at http://www.seas.gwu.edu/nsarchive/radiation/. See also Stycos, J.M., "Female Sterilization in Puerto Rico", Eugenics Quarterly, no.l, 1954. 9. John D. Rockefeller III, People, Food and the Well-Being of Mankind, Second McDougall Lecture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1961, pp. 9,16-18. 10. Jameson Taylor, Robbing the Cradle: The Rockefellers' Support of Planned Parenthood, http://www.lifeissues.net/writersltayltay _ 04robthecrad.html.

11. Alan Gregg cited in Julian L. Simon, "The Ultimate Resource II: People, Materials, and Environment," chapter 24: Do Humans Breed Like Flies?, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1996, p.343-4. 12. Alan Gregg, "A Medical Aspect of the Population Problem;' Scienc;e, vol. 121, no. 3150,13 May 1955, pp. 681-682. ' 13. Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth", North American Review, June 1889, p. 653. 14. John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson, The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family, Scribner's, New York, 1988, pp. 452-453. 15. Margaret Sanger, "The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda", Birth Control Review, October 1921, p. 5. 16. Margaret Sanger was clear in her advocacy of racial superiority. In 1939 she created The Negro Project. In a letter to a friend about the project, she confided, "The minister's work is also important and he should be trained, perhaps by the Federation as to our ideals and the goal that we hope to reach. We do not.want word to go out that we want to exterminate the Negro population, and the minister is the man who can straighten out that idea if it ever occurs to any of their more rebellious members" [emphasis added 1 cited in Tanya L. Green, The Negro Project: Margaret Sanger's Genocide Project for Black Americans, http://www.blackgenocide.org/ negro.html. The board of Sanger's Planned Parenthood Federation, which received generous funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, included some of the most · prominent eugenicists of the day. Lothrop Stoddard, a Harvard graduate and the author of The Rising Tide of Color against White Supremacy, was a Nazi enthusiast who described the eugenic practices of the Third Rei<;:h as "scientific" and "humanitarian". Dr. Harry Laughlin, another Sanger board member, spoke of purifying America's human "breeding stock" and purging America's "bad strains" which he defined to include, "the shiftless, ignorant, and worthless class of antisocial whites of the South". Laughlin was the Superintendent of the Eugenics Record Office from 1910 to 1921; he was later President of the Pioneer Fund, a white supremacist organization that is still functioning today. 17. Margaret Sanger, The Pivot of Civilization, Brentano's Press, New York, 1922, p.189. 18. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Archives: Eugenics Record Office, in http:// library.cshl.edu/archives/ archives/ eugrec.htm. 19. Harry Laughlin, Report of the Committee to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means of Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plasm in the American Population, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1914, p. 1. The project was a joint undertaking by the American Breeders' Association and the Cold Spring Harbor Eugenics Record Office.

20. Edwin Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, Thunders' Mouth Press, New York, 2004, p. 57. See also "Extends Work In Eugenics, Harriman Philanthropy to Have a Board of Scientific Directors': The New York Times, 20 March 1913, which cites Rockefeller financial support to' the Eugenics R,ecords Office in 1913 as second only to Mrs. E. Harriman. 21. Paul Popenoe and R. H. Johnson" Applied Eugenics, Macmillan Company, New York, revised edition, 1933, p. 135. 22. Ibid. pp. 123-137. 23. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Carrie Buck vs. ].H. Bell, The Supreme Court of the United States, No. 292, October Term, 1926, p. 3. 24. the justices of the Supreme Court never met Buck. They relied on the expert opinion of Dr. Harry Hamilton Laughlin, head of Eugenics Record Office, in Cold Spring Harbor, New York to help them make up their minds. Though Laughlin had never met her either, a report had been sent to him, including Buck's score on the Stanford-Binet testthat purportedly showed Buck had the intellectual capacities of a nine-year-old. Laughlin that she was part of the "shiftless, ignorant and worthless class of anti-social whites of the South' whose promiscuity offered "a typical picture of the low-grade moron:' Laughlin quotes are cited in Peter Quinn, "Race Cleansing in America", American Heritage Magazine, February/March 2003. The 1922 quote from Justice Holmes is contained in a letter from Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., to Harold J. Laski, 14 June 1922, HolmesLaski Letters Abridged, edited by Mark DeWolfe Howe Atheneum, Clinton, MA, 1963, Vol. 1, p. 330. 25. State of Illinois Board of Administration, Vol. II: Bienniel Reports of the State Charitable Institutions: October 1, 1914 to September 30, 1916, State of Illinois, 1917, p. 695, cited in Edwin Black, op. cit., pp. 254-255. 26. Edwin Black, op. cit., p. 122. 27. Paul Weindling, "The Rockefeller Foundation and German Biomedical Science, 1920-40: from Educational Philanthropy to International Science Policy", in N. Rupke (editor), Science, Politics and the Public Good. Essays in Honour of Margaret Gowing, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1988, pp. 119-140. Reprinted: G. Gemelli, J-F Picard, W.H. Schneider, Managing Medical Research in Europe. The Role of the Rockefeller Foundation (1920s-1950s), CLUEB, Bologna, 1999, p. 117-136. See also Stefan Kuehl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1'l94, pp. 20-21. 28. Rockefeller Foundation Archives, Series 717 A: Germany, Box 10, Folder 64, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Berlin-Brain Research, 1928-1939, in http://archive.rockefeller.edu/publ!cations/guides/psychiatry.pdf.

29. Dr. Julius Hallervorden, Institute for Brain Research, in testimony to his interrogators after the war, quoted in Michael Shevell, "Racial Hygeine, Active Euthanasia and Julius Hallervorden", Neurology, volume 42, November 1992, pp. 2216-2217. 30. Ernst Rudin, "Hereditary Transmission of Mental Diseases", Eugenical News, Vol. 15, 1930, pp. 171-174. Also, D.P.O'Brien, Memorandum from D.P. O'Brien to Alan Gregg, 10 November 1933, Rockefeller Foundation, RF 1.1 717 946. Cited in Edwin Black, op. cit., p. 296. See as well, Cornelius Borck, The Rockefeller Foundation's Fundingfor Brain Research in Germany, 1930-1950, Rockefeller Center Archive Newsletter Spring 2001, http://www.archive.rockefeller.edu/publications/newsletter/nl2001.pdf. Borck, a German researcher, was given permission to visit the Rockefeller Center archives to study files relating to the foundation's support for brain research during the Third Reich and after. Though his report is very mild, he is forced to admit a number of embarrassing items: "the RF (Rockefeller Foundation-ed.) did not cease its activities in Germany in 1933; indeed, it did not do so until the United States entered into World War II." And further: "the RF had funded, during the 1920s and early 1930s, some projects by individual scientists engaged in eugenics and hereditary Cliseases who soon became close allies of the new regime and its ambitions for a racial science, such as, for example, Ernst Rudin's program of an epidemiology of inherited nervous and psychiatric disease, or Walther Jaensch's outpatients' clinic fo.r constitutional medicine at the Charite." 31. "Eugenical Sterilization in Germany", Eugenical News, Vol. 18, 1933, pp.91-93. 32. Edwin Black, op. cit., p. 299. 33. Thomas Ruder and Volker Kubillus, "Manner Hinter Hitler'; Verlag fur Politik und Gessellshaft, Malters, 1994, pp. 65-66. 34. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, translated by Alvin Johnson, Reynal & Hitchcock, New York, 1941, Vol. 2, Chapter 3, p. 658. 35. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1936, pp.s0-51, 89. 36. Leon Whitney quoted in Edwin Black, op. cit., p. 317. 37. Radiogram to Alan Gregg, 13 May 1932, Rockefeller Foundation RF 1.1 Ser 7171 Box 10 Folder 63, cited in Edwin Black, op. cit., p. 297. 38. Raymond B. Fosdick, Letter to Selskar M. Gunn, 6 June 1939, Rockefeller Foundation RF 1.1 717 16150, cited in Edwin Black, op. cit., p 365. According to Gunn, the Foundation's official denials of funding Nazi research were "of course hardly correct." 39. Edwin Black, op. cit., p. 341.

40. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer cited in Edwin Black, "Eugenics and the Nazisthe California connection", San Francisco Chronicle, 9 November, 2003. 41. Eugenics Watch, Eugenics: An Antidemocratic Policy, http://www.eugenicswatch. com/ eugbook! euod_ ch l.html#6. 42. Raymond D. Fosdick to John D. Rockefeller Jr., cited in Rebecca Messall, The Long Road of Eugenics: from Rockefeller to Roe v. Wade. Originally published in Human Life Review, Vol. 30, No.4, Fall 2004, pp. 33-74, http://orthodoxytoday.orgl articles5/MessallEugenics.php. 43. Edwin Black, op. cit., p. 379. 44. Tage Kemp, Report of Tage Kemp to the Rockefeller Foundation, 17 November 1932, RF RG 1.2, Ser 713, Box 2, Folder 15, cited in Edwin Black, op. cit., pp. 418419. Also Benno Miiller-Hill, Die bdliche Wissenschaft: Die Aussonderung von uden, Zigeunern und Geisteskranken 1933-1945, Rowohlt, Reinbeck bei Hamburg, 1984, p.129. 45. Thomas C. Leonard, "Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era'; Journal of Economic Perspectives, Fall 2005, p. 210. John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson, The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family, Scribner's, New York, 1988, p. 272. 46. Frederick Osborn, Summary of the Proceedings of the Conference on Eugenics in Relation to Nursing, 24 February, 1937, American Eugenics SoCiety Papers: Conference on Eugenics in Relation to Nursing, cited in Stefan Kiihl, op.cit., pp. 40-41. 47. Ibid. On Fosdick's influence in shaping John D. Rockefeller Ill's interest in eugenics and population see Harr & Johnson, op. cit., p. 369. 48. John Cavanaugh-O'Keefe, The Roots of Racism and Abortion: An Exploration of Eugenics, Chapter 10: Eugenics after World War II, 2000, http://www.eugenicswatch.com/roots/index.html.

49. Population Council, "The ICCR at 30: Pursuing New Contraceptive Leads", Momentum: News from the Population Council, July 2000. 50. Frederick Osborn, The Future of Human Heredity: An Introduction to Eugenics in Modern Society, Weybright and Talley, New York, 1968, pp. 93-104. Curiously, Osborn never dropped his use of the term eugenics even in 1968. 51. John Cavanaugh-O'Keefe, op. cit., Chapter 10: Eugenics after World War II, C. P. Blacker and "Crypto-Eugenics." 52. Ibid. 53. Ibid. 54. Ibid.

55. Ibid. 56. Ibid. 57. Ibid. 58. Grace Lichtenstein, "Fund Backs Controversial Study of Racial Bettermenf', The New York Times, 11 December 1977. The article states, "A private trust fund based in New York has for more than 20 years supported highly controversial research by a dozen scientists who believe that blacks are genetically less intelligent than whites ... A study of the Pioneer Fund's activities by The New York Times shows it has given at least $179,000 over the last 10 years to Dr. William B. Shockley, a leading proponent of the theory that whites are inherently more intelligent than blacks." 59. Lichtenstein, op. cit. 60. Stefan Kohl, op.cit., pp. 40-41 61. Ibid. 62. Frederick Osborn, op. cit., pp. 93-104. 63. Frederick Osborn, Eugenics: Retrospect and Prospect, Draft Prepared for the Directors'Meeting, April 23rd , Draft of 26 March 1959, American Philosophical Society, AES Records-Osborn Papers, cited in Edwin Black, War Against the Weak, p. 423. 64. Frederick Osborn, The Future of Hum an Herediyt: An Introduction to Eugenics in Modern Society, Weybright and Talley, New York, 1968, pp. 93-104. 65. John B. Sharpless, The Rockefeller Foundation, the Population Council and the Groundwork for New Population Policies, Rockefeller Archive Center Newsletter, Fall 1993. 66. John Cavanaugh-O'Keefe, op. cit., Chapter 10, The Shift to Genetics.