PREVI and Incremental Housing by Daniel Vu

Daniel Vu

P R E V I Proyecto Experimental de Vivienda

emerged in the political scene, President Bernardino Leguía

Pres i

of our focus who instigated the national renovation of Peru -

Overthrown

an understatement. By the time Fernando Terry - the man

Presid

esident Pr

ent

Coup d’État

had been overthrown by one of his high-ranking military

officers Sanchéz Carro and a young face named José Luis Bustamante after Leguía’s dwindled position caused by the

Augusto Bernardino Leguía

Great Depression and the failing economy. Bustamante later

ion

llus

Co José Luis Bustamante

became president of Peru, who would also be overthrown in a coup by a military leader named Manuel Arturo Odría who

Manuel Arturo Odría

Historical Context

Víctor Raúl Haya

Proyecto Experimental de Vivienda (Experimental

atic Y o cr

Co Fig. 1: Relative timeline of Peruvian politics 1930 - 1970 Source: Encyclopedia and other sources

nal Dem o i t

Fernando Belaúnde Terry

munist P

José Carlos Mariátegui

• • • • •

Studied architecture in USA (U of Miami) Led opposition to challenge Military Regime In office 1963-1968 (1st presidency) Initiated Modern Projects Coup in 1968 => Exile

Project of Housing), known as PREVI for short, was a highprofile public housing project undertaken by the Peruvian government in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As the name suggests, this project was unprecedented in Peru, in both its scale and its approach. Before delving into the execution of the project, we need to understand a bit more about the context, both historical and political. In the 1960s, Peru had gone through a series of dramas in politics, with regime changes and ideologues taking turn in the government. To call this a tumultuous time would be

led a militant regime under his presidency. Challenged by opposition from the youth, especially the National Democratic Youth led by Fernando Terry, Odría colluded with a Socialist organization called American People Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) led by Víctor Raúl Haya, continuing the long saga of political turmoil in Peru. This time the country also witnessed the expansion of some Marxist and Communist parties. Fernando Belaúnde Terry, leader of the National Youth, was ultimately elected after his long-running opposition of the status quo machine. It is important to know that Terry studied architecture in the United States, so he was particularly acute of architecture and urban planning, especially the ever-changing landscape of Modernist architecture in the international context.

understanding of architecture. The 31-year existence of CIAM came to an end at the 11th conference hosted by Team

1970

1 9 59

o xp

AM 1 19 CI

Dissolution

developed regionally were challenged by a more global

aka E Os

De Wo Co

CI A M

10. After the end of CIAM, there were other spin-offs of Modernist movement, but on a more national/regional scale,

such as Structuralism in the Netherlands (with Aldo van Eyck as a pioneer) or New Brutalism in the UK (with James Stirling as a pioneer). The dissolution of CIAM - a largely Western

Industrial Context Modern architecture and urban planning as an industry

Team

greatly reflected the political vicissitudes in this era. The

British New Brutalism

global exchange across the continents opened the doors to a dialogue between various schools of architecture. Bruno Taut and Walter Gropius went to Japan, Frank Lloyd Wright also traveled from the US to this Far East country, Mies van der Rohe went to the New World, while Le Corbusier made

Dutch Structuralism

a prolific career in India. The two great wars, while atrocious, were the ultimate catalyst of this import and export of ideas. The industry was also facing a rapid changing

Fig. 2: Relative timeline of Modern architecture 1930 - 1970 Source: Encyclopedia and other sources

environment, when conventional schools and styles

coalition - in 1959 was immediately replaced by the World Design Conference in 1960 in Japan. Kenzo Tange and his disciples took the opportunity to make public their theory of Metabolism. This marked a comeback of Japan in the international scene after a long hiatus during a nationrebuilding effort. At the same time, this rebuilding effort occurred worldwide and not just in Japan. The weakened positions of major nations after WWII created a new order of world politics. Latin America never directly participated in the War was also greatly affected by it, being flirted at by all three sides: the Allies, the Nazis, and the Soviets. After the elimination of the Nazis, this continent was still a battleground between two polar ideologies of the Cold War, as seen in Peru and reflected in the world of architecture.

Lima’s barriadas (shantytowns) had emerged in the

Peruvian Government under Terry

United Nations

1950s and were one of the fastest growing forms of urban settlement for the poor. Between 1940 and 1972, the city grew from nearly 650,000 to 3.5 million inhabitants,

Modern Projects

an increase of approximately 500%, and the number of squatters grew from 1% to 25% of the total population in this city.1

Unidades Vecinales (Neighborhood Units)

These are egregious numbers that urged the

Renovating Peru PREVI

Fernando Belaúnde took office while Peru was in need of a renovation in both its political and social structures. Urban planning, which had never been a priority in a postwar Peter Land

Viviendas Elemental (self-help housing)

• • • • •

Architectural Association Royal Academy School Master of Urban Planning (Yale) Master of Architecture (Carnegie Mellon) Taught at Harvard and IIT

economy, suddenly became key to reviving the country. During this period, the capital city of Lima saw an everincreasing population that rapidly spiraled out of what the city’s infrastructure could handle. This was due to not only the overall rise in population but also the urbanization that occurred globally and the emigration of rural demographics

Corporación Nacional de la Vivienda (CNV )

to urban areas. Because of this, many ended up in informal Fig. 3: Organization structure of PREVI Source: Peter Land

settlements, about which Sharif Kahatt has this to say:

government under Terry to create large-scale projects to rectify the issues. While these are challenges and difficulties, they also offered an opportunity for a “national renewal” not just to curb the problems, but to also improve urban life and modernize the nation. Under the direction of President Terry’s administration, there was a hierarchy of projects designed to make the change, namely the Modern Project, Corporación Nacional de Vivienda del Perú (National Corporation for Housing), Viviendas Elemental (Elemental Housing), Unidades Vicinales (Neighborhood Units), the list goes on. Because of limited resources, Peru, as many other countries in South America, promoted the concept of “elemental housing” in which the provider (namely: the government) would only deliver the minimum, most basic

form of dwellings. The occupants would then be tasked with the improvement of their own units. This strategy offered some benefits: 1. It alleviates the financial burden of the government and its responsibilities.

to maintain since the beginning of PREVI.2 PREVI belonged to the lower tier in a hierarchy of programs to produce a set of experimental strategies in neighborhood designs which would then be implemented on a larger scale. The project was sponsored by the United

2. It simplifies the design and construction process.

Nations because of its nature as a study that had greater

3. It gives the authority and ownership to the

implications than its own size.3 It was the UN that contracted

inhabitants to make decisions on their own units. In short, this self-help approach outsources the

Peter Land to lead the project.4 It was also thanks to this involvement of the UN that the project did not get canceled.

decision-making process on the outcome to the end users,

In 1968, during the inception of PREVI, President Terry was

thus democratizing the market greatly. It is worth noting that

overthrown and ultimately exiled by yet another coup d’état.5

while the housing stock might be democratized, it was by

The fate of this incipient project was hence jeopardized, but

no means decentralized, because standards and regulations

quickly assured to continue.

were still coming from the central government. That, or

Peter Land was trained at AA and Yale, taught at

there were no standards or regulations at all, as seen in the

Harvard and IIT, and practiced in a wide range of project

barriadas.

types. In 1960, Land went to Lima for the first time to operate

In tandem with this self-help strategy in housing, the

an interdisciplinary graduate program at Yale, making his

housing authority also encouraged the holistic design of

first contact with the local network here. It was also during a

neighborhood units to foster community values and new

few years following this first contact that got Land to begin

urban fabrics. This was most probably the reason for Peruvian

his work with President Belaúnde.6 For PREVI, Land came up

housing authority to push forth a design strategy of “low-

with a scheme for a competition to hold two sections: one for

rise high-density”. This “low-rise high-density” aimed at

the domestic architects in Peru as an open competition, and

creating urban villages, and was among the major principles

one for 13 international architects by invitation only.

International Teams:

Domestic Teams:

1. Christopher Alexander (Center for Environmental Structure) USA

1. Miguel Alvariño

2. Atelier 5 Switzerland

2. Fernando Chaparro, Víctor Ramírez, Víctor Smirnoff and Víctor Wyszkowski

3. Candilis, Josic and Woods France

3. Frederick Cooper, José García Bryce, Antonio Graña and Eugenio Nicolini

4. Charles Correa India

4. Jacques Crousse, Federico Páez and Ricardo Pérez León

5. Aldo Van Eyck Netherlands

5. Juan Gunther and Ricardo Seminario

6. Oskar Hansen and Svein Hartloy Poland

6. Elsa Mazzari and Manuel llanos

7. José Luis Íñiguez de Ozoño and Antonio Vázquez de Castro Spain

7. Luis Miró Quesada, Oswaldo Núñez and Carlos Williams

8. Kikutake Kiyonori, Kurokawa Kisho, Maki Fumihiko Japan

8. Carlos Morales Machiavello and Alfredo Montagne

9. Toivo Korhonen Finland

9. Eduardo Orrego and Ricardo González

10. Herbert Ohl Germany

10. Ernesto Paredes

11. Germán Samper (Esguerra, Sáenz, Urdaneta, Samper) Colombia

11. Juan reiser

12. James Stirling UK

12. Franco Vella-Zardin, José Bentin, Ricardo Quiñones and Luis Takahashi

13. Knud Svenssons Denmark

13. Luis Vier and Consuelo Zanelli de Vier Fig. 4: List of participating teams in implementation phase. Awarded parties are highlighted in cyan. Source: Peter Land

Fig. 5: Belaúnde (first from left) congratulating Peter Land on receiving “Order of the Sun” in 1964 Source: Peter Land

approach in mass-production of prefabricated homes.8 Second, even though there were prizes - 6 in total, 3 to be awarded to each team - they were treated equally and at the same monetary value of $5,000 each prize. Among the domestic group, there were 13 chosen out of 85 entries. This number was so that the participants between two groups would match. However, why the number 13 came to be, none can tell; perhaps it had to do with the budget of the project: while there was a total of $30,000 in prize, other costs and

PREVI Competition Though called a competition, PREVI was conceived as a collaboration rather. First, the international group consisted of a fixed number of teams who were invited, so the true competition only occurred in the domestic group. The international group was hand-selected by Land for their past experience and their alignment of interests for this project.7 For example, James Stirling had been previously known for his Southgate Estate - a mass housing project in Runcorn New Town; Charles Correa was known for Tube Housing for Visit to Lima. Briefing meeting of international architects in the Housing Bank in Lima with Peter land, chief architect and un director of the project. Clockwise starting from author’s left: José Luis Íñiguez de Ozoño, partly hidden (Spain); Alfredo Pini and Anatole du Fresne from Atelier 5 (Switzerland); Toivo Korhonen (Finland); Knud Svenssons (Denmark); Oskar Hansen (Poland); Svein Hartloy (Poland); unidentified person; James Stirling (uK); Aldo Van Eyck (Holland); Fumihiko Maki, mostly hidden

Visita a Lima. Reunión informativa de los arquitectos internacionales con Peter Land, arquitecto jefe y director del proyecto de la onu, en el Banco Fig. 6: First meeting in Lima with international group de la Vivienda. Con movimiento circular a la derecha partiendo de la Source:izquierda Peter del Land autor: José Luis Íñiguez de Ozoño (España), en parte oculto; Alfredo Pini y Anatole du Fresne, de Atelier 5 (Suiza); Toivo Korhonen (Finlandia), Knud Svenssons (Dinamarca), Oskar Hansen (Polonia),

Ahmedabad with high-density and passive climate control; the Metabolist team needed no introduction with their

fees to organize and host such an international event would add up quickly. It is unclear if the collaboration of all 26 participants was planned from the beginning. Having a mixed production might be hard to coordinate, especially when the intention was to design for mass production of components in which standardization would be key. To justify the running cost, each scheme would have to produce enough number of units and use enough quantity of prefabricated parts to offset the expenditure during construction. Therefore, implementing all 26 schemes would make it harder, not easier., which it indeed did. Nonetheless, this process of collectivizing the aggregation of knowledge and expertise was probably the strength of PREVI.

Fig. 6: Master plans prepared by participants. Winning schemes are highlights in cyan. Source: Peter Land

4. Urban village approach in planning with internal street pattern and dedicated outdoor space, turning public space into the extension of domestic space.

From the first phase - proposals for the international group and competition entries for domestic group - to the selection phase in which the schemes were chosen to implementation phase in which they were more refined and

PREVI Implementation Though varied in design approaches, the all-star list of teams partaking in this phase adhered to some objectives: 1. High-density low-rise typology. This means that first build of the houses was to be 1 to 2 stories, and full build after occupancy would be 3 stories. All schemes had to show cluster configuration of their housing units. 2. Modular design to foster mass production and prefabrication. 3. Elemental housing that could expand later through Fig. 7: The combined plan by 24 teams. Source: Peter Land

a self-help process, known as “casa que crece”.

standardized, there were quite a few changes to the PREVI project. The decision to reduce the project scale occurred when further cost assessments were made and especially during another scandalous event of President Belaúnde’s removal from office. First, the scale of the project changed from the target of 1,500 units to only about 500 units. (The exact number of units built is 467.) This means that the size of the site was also to be reduced, which it was, from 98.8 acres in the project brief to current size of about 30 acres.9 The number of inhabitants was also scaled down from 8,400 - that could grow to be 10,000 - to 1/3 the size as to be commensurate with the scaling down of the site. Second, the construction of the submitted schemes was thought to be an on-going process

of multiple phases in which the site could grow organically; it

and cluster forms on smaller scale. It is important to note that

became a single-phase with a fixed configuration.10 Though

while these are some very strong schemes, this is by no means

this is not mentioned, it is implied that the initially intended

to say that they are the only strong ones. All 24 schemes offer

plot size of 80-150 m2 and the buildable envelop of 60-120

great lessons that only by seriously studying each can one see

m2 were maintained.11 Furthermore, two submissions were

the fullest potentials in them. That, however, is not practical

not realized. One was from the Peruvian team of Vella-Zardin,

for this paper.

Bentin, Quiñones and Takahashi. The other withdrawal was an

To observe the range of styles and diverse strategies,

ironic one: the winning scheme by Herbert Ohl from Germany

three international teams are chosen for this analysis: James

was deemed too difficult to implement.12

Stirling from New Brutalism, Aldo van Eyck from Structuralism,

In the end, each team was to realize an approximate

and team Kikutake-Kurokawa-Maki from Metabolism.

number of 20 units. This was not a rigid number and could be adjusted as needed per case. Comparing figures 6 and 7, the formal approach to planning in many schemes seems to have been diminished by the reduced scale and number of units. Many interesting town planning strategies did not get to manifest into the real construction because of this. This also means that there is no good way to evaluate the full efficacy of the design strategies just by looking at the PREVI site in its final built form. However, that is only the town planning part. The implementation of housing units still shows enough information to let us evaluate the potentials in each design. Some designs will be analyzed henceforth. These designs are chosen based on their constructional methods

1976 view of the PREVI neighborhood, looking west, showing houses, clusters, school, kindergarten and central pedestrian “alameda”. Vista del barrio PREVI en 1976, mirando al oeste, que muestra casas, agrupaciones, escuela, jardín infantil y alameda peatonal.

Fig. 8: View looking west of PREVI in 1976, 3 years after completion Source: Peter Land

Fig. 9: Aerial view of Stirling’s quarter after completion Source: Socks Studio

http://socks-studio.com/2019/01/20/clusters-and-growth-previ-housing-project-byjames-stirling-1976/

Sir James Stirling After completing his missions with the 3rd Battalion and later the Parachute Regiment, having landed behind the lines of Nazis in the advent of D-Day, James Stirling returned to the United Kingdom. Back to his home country, he studied under the tutelage of the influential Colin Rowe. Prior to PREVI, he had worked with some prominent architects, including his partner James Gowan, on some high-profile public projects and welfare programs. It was perhaps thanks to this reputation that Peter Land wanted Stirling to be part of PREVI. Stirling’s scheme shows a strong interest in preserving

the social interaction by having four units form a cluster. These units share wet walls in bathrooms, plumbing pipes, conduits, and other components to help conserve construction cost. The configuration of units varies in as-built but can also be modified over time to suit the needs of the occupants. They also share a patio in the center, which highlights the open core of the structure. These smaller clusters can then form larger groups, the gaps between them defining the streets and introverted paths that connect other extroverted public spaces.

Fig. 10: Site plan (left) and partial site plan (right) Source: Socks Studio

http://socks-studio.com/2019/01/20/clusters-and-growth-previ-housing-project-byjames-stirling-1976/

Fig. 11: Axonometric of Stirling’s structural frame Source: Socks Studio

Fig. 13: Aldo van Eyck’s site plan Source: Wild Architecture.

http://socks-studio.com/2019/01/20/clusters-and-growth-previ-housing-project-byjames-stirling-1976/

Aldo van Eyck Parallel to the New Brutalism in England - that stemmed from the dissolution of CIAM by Team 10 - of which Stirling and Gowan were part in their early practice, the Netherlands also had another movement called “Structuralism”. This name, however, does not convey fully the objectives of this movement. It was conceived less as about structure than as a response to the mechanical planning that the functionalists of CIAM championed. Dutch Structuralism sought to humanize the designs in an Fig. 12: Axonometrics of possible infill configurations Source: Socks Studio

http://socks-studio.com/2019/01/20/clusters-and-growth-previ-housing-project-byjames-stirling-1976/

anthropometric manner. Van Eyck’s scheme allows for the self-help modifications

by the inhabitants, save the courtyard element that he vehemently wanted to maintain over time, hence the diagonal walls which would dissuade the residents from infilling their yards. This worked to only an extent, as the occupants still found ways to make this modification happen.13 Figures 14 & 15 show the intended courtyard form by van Eyck and later buildout by the occupants. The self-help buildout may be anything from an attached room/storage to a semi-courtyard covering the original one. This should not be considered to undermine the architect’s work, but to honor the intention of incremental housing to a high order. The uniformity that van Eyck sought after merged with the variability in occupants’ construction to make for an interesting and vibrant blend of architecture.

Fig. 14: Aldo van Eyck’s quarter at completion Source: Wild Architecture.

Fig. 16: Original floor plan by the Metabolists and a sample expansion by the Fernandez family Source: The Experimental Housing Project, Lima: The Making of the Neighborhood

The Metabolist Fig. 15: Aldo van Eyck’s quarter with later additions by inhabitants Source: Wild Architecture.

The World Design Conference hosted by Japan helped shine the spotlight to Tange and his Metabolist disciples as nation-rebuilders. Their theory of Metabolism shows the multiscale thinking, an organic approach to urban growth, and an industrial language of architecture that leverages technology. Their international debut brought back the world’s intention to Japanese architecture for the first time after the war. Postwar Japan faced many problems in urban planning and housing the Peru was also facing. The Metabolist scheme by Kikutake, Kurokawa, and Maki shows a forward-thinking approach to provide

frontage that is suitable for commercial activities. This was perhaps thanks to the architects’ background in Japan where traditional row houses are very popular. However, it is not varified if commercial activities were a factored into the design from the beginning. The Metabolists’ design shows the separation between the corridor and the spaces inside, which would then allow for the separation of entry between the shop and the apartment. Unlike Stirling’s and van Eyck’s schemes, the Metabolist scheme does not include a courtyard and is rather narrow, which may seem a challenge to many occupants.14 Besides the form, the Metabolist architects also created a kit-of-parts interior design that could also serve as instruction for the residents. (Fig. 17)

Fig. 16: Opposite: Axonometric drawings of construction and furnishing systems by the Metabolists Below: The Metabolist quarter during construction Left: Site illustration of the Metabolist quarter Source: Metabolism: The City of the Future.

Evaluation PREVI is “a repository for the concepts of the functional city and low-rise high density housing”15 which offered many good strategies on an individual basis while judging each quarter. From a humanizing manner of urban planning to tech-savvy approach to residential design, many lessons can be learnt from this project. It was also a symbolic gesture of the Peruvian government’s will to renovate the country, starting with a small step that was hoped to be scalable and refined. Kenneth Frampton in recognizing the strength and the implications of PREVI said: Unlike the other pioneering low-rise, high-density housing schemes of the 60s, PREVI was the sole project to assume the form of an international demonstration, thereby implying the universal applicability of such an approach. In this regard, it was an exception not only for its ecological value as the demonstration of a mode of rational low-rise, high-density land settlement, but also for its extensive application of on-site, prefabricated reinforced concrete construction.15

However, the weakness of a project done collectively

is that individual responsibilities are diminished. There is little

Our housing unit, which enabled maximum

to no evidence to show that these 24 architects ever revisited

flexibility and expansion by means of a simple plan,

case, this project is always a benchmark of an international

the project over almost five decades after the completion of

evolved by the hands of its residents [...] I think this

undertaking and collaboration, which historically was

PREVI. An anecdote from the Mezoni family - residents of one

project may be one of the best works of collaborations

unprecedented when it was conceived and has not been

of the houses by Danish architect Knud Svenssons - is that the

that Metabolist thinking ever achieved.17

replicated.

architect promised to come back and help them expand their

To the Metabolists from Japan, PREVI was one of

home but has yet to fulfill that promise.16 Today, inhabitants

the most important international commissions in their early

of the project praise it for its tranquility and pedestrian safety,

days. To others such as Stirling, Correa, and van Eyck, this

but little has been done in the way of a post-occupancy survey to study the validity of this intervention from the Peruvian government, except we know that the project model has not been replicated anywhere else in Peru or Latin America. Nonetheless, the self-help and incremental building programs that the Peruvian and other Latin American governments abandoned are making a comeback, at least on a small-scale and firm-based level. For example, Chilean architecture firm Elemental, whose founding leader Alejandro Aravena won the Pritzker in 2016, created a series of half-built houses that provide a framework for occupants to later build out and improve the units as their finance allows. Looking back, Maki Fumihiko of the Metabolist group speaks about the project fondly:

project belongs to a late term of their careers. No matter the

Fig. 16: Photos of current status of some PREVI units. There is no longer a clear delineation of personal styles from the architects in the later buildouts. Source: Google Earth

IN-TEXT REFERENCES 1 Kahatt, S. S. (2011). PREVI-Lima’s time: Positioning Proyecto experimental de Vivienda in Peru’s modern project. Architectural Design, 81(3), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.1233 p 023 2 García-Huidobro, F., Torriti, D. T., & Tugas, N. (2011). The experimental housing project (PREVI), Lima: The making of a neighbourhood. Architectural Design, 81(3), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.1234 p 027 3 Kahatt, S. S. (2011). PREVI-Lima’s time: Positioning Proyecto experimental de Vivienda in Peru’s modern project. Architectural Design, 81(3), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.1233 p 025 4 Land, P. (2015). The Experimental Housing Project (PREVI), Lima: design and technology in a new neighborhood. In Proyecto Experimental de Vivienda (PREVI), Lima : diseño y tecnología en un nuevo barrio. p 009 5 Mcguirk, J., & Palma, C. (2011). PREVI : The Metabolist Utopia. (April). 6 Land, P. (2015). The Experimental Housing Project (PREVI), Lima: design and technology in a new neighborhood. In Proyecto Experimental de Vivienda (PREVI), Lima : diseño y tecnología en un nuevo barrio. pp 034-035 7 Land, P. (2015). The Experimental Housing Project (PREVI), Lima: design and technology in a new neighborhood. In Proyecto Experimental de Vivienda (PREVI), Lima : diseño y tecnología en un nuevo barrio. p 046 8 Mcguirk, J., & Palma, C. (2011). PREVI : The Metabolist Utopia. (April). 9 Kahatt, S. S. (2011). PREVI-Lima’s time: Positioning Proyecto experimental de Vivienda in Peru’s modern project. Architectural Design, 81(3), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.1233 p 025 Holland, C. (2018). Wild architecture: The potential of self-build settlements. Architectural Design, 88(3), 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.2307 p 105 While there is no mention on the size of the final site in literature, it may be measured easily using online mapping tools. 10 Land, P. (2015). The Experimental Housing Project (PREVI), Lima: design and technology in a new neighborhood. In Proyecto Experimental de Vivienda (PREVI), Lima : diseño y tecnología en un nuevo barrio. p 027 Kahatt, S. S. (2011). PREVI-Lima’s time: Positioning Proyecto experimental de Vivienda in Peru’s modern project. Architectural Design, 81(3), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.1233 p 023 Mcguirk, J., & Palma, C. (2011). PREVI : The Metabolist Utopia. (April). 11 To translate these measurements into imperial units: 860 - 1,615 sf and 645 - 1,290 sf, respectively. 12 Land, P. (2015). The Experimental Housing Project (PREVI), Lima: design and technology in a new neighborhood. In Proyecto Experimental de Vivienda (PREVI), Lima : diseño y tecnología en un nuevo barrio. p 050 Mcguirk, J., & Palma, C. (2011). PREVI : The Metabolist Utopia. (April). 13 Holland, C. (2018). Wild architecture: The potential of self-build settlements. Architectural Design, 88(3), 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.2307 pp 105-106 14 Mcguirk, J., & Palma, C. (2011). PREVI : The Metabolist Utopia. (April). 15 Land, P. (2015). The Experimental Housing Project (PREVI), Lima: design and technology in a new neighborhood. In Proyecto Experimental de Vivienda (PREVI), Lima : diseño y tecnología en un nuevo barrio. 16 Mcguirk, J., & Palma, C. (2011). PREVI : The Metabolist Utopia. (April). 17 Koolhaas, Rem., Obrist, Hans Ulrich, Ota, Kayoko, Westcott, James, and Office for Metropolitan Architecture. AMO. Project Japan : Metabolism Talks-. Köln ; London: TASCHEN GmbH, 2011. Print. p 315

BIBLIOGRAPHY Eyck, A. Van, & America, L. (1970). THE VALIDITY OF PREVI , LIMA , PERU , Julián Salas and Patricia Lucas. García-Huidobro, F., Torriti, D. T., & Tugas, N. (2011). The experimental housing project (PREVI), Lima: The making of a neighbourhood. Architectural Design, 81(3), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.1234 Holland, C. (2018). Wild architecture: The potential of self-build settlements. Architectural Design, 88(3), 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.2307 Kahatt, S. S. (2011). PREVI-Lima’s time: Positioning Proyecto experimental de Vivienda in Peru’s modern project. Architectural Design, 81(3), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.1233 Koolhaas, Rem., Obrist, Hans Ulrich, Ota, Kayoko, Westcott, James, and Office for Metropolitan Architecture. AMO. Project Japan : Metabolism Talks-. Köln ; London: TASCHEN GmbH, 2011. Print. Land, P., Land, P., Experimental, T., Project, H., Experimental, E. P., Previ, T., & Alexander, C. (n.d.). Contents. Mcguirk, J., & Palma, C. (2011). PREVI : The Metabolist Utopia. (April). Accessed 01/23/2020 Mori Bijutsukan, International Union of Architects. World Congress, and Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha. Metabolism, the City of the Future : [dreams and Visions of Reconstruction in Postwar and Present-day Japan]. English-language ed. Tokyo: Mori Art Museum, 2011. Print.