Welcome to Turkey, a country where East meets West, blending ancient history, rich culture, and stunning landscapes into a truly unique travel experience. With its diverse offerings, Turkey invites you to explore everything from bustling cities to serene coastlines and ancient ruins. In Istanbul, you can visit the majestic Hagia Sophia, the Blue Mosque, and the Topkapi Palace, once home to Ottoman sultans. Wander through the vibrant Grand Bazaar, or take a cruise along the Bosphorus for breathtaking views of the city’s skyline. Turkey’s ancient history comes to life in places like Ephesus, one of the best-preserved ancient Roman cities, and Cappadocia, where surreal landscapes and cave dwellings create an otherworldly experience. Visit the city of Troy, immortalized in Homer’s epic poems, or Pamukkale, where natural
thermal springs have created terraces of mineral-rich pools. The Mediterranean and Aegean coastlines offer stunning beaches, charming seaside towns, and opportunities for sailing and water sports. The turquoise waters of Antalya and the rugged cliffs of Bodrum are perfect for sun-seekers and adventurers alike. Culturally, Turkey is a feast for the senses. Enjoy traditional Turkish cuisine, from savory kebabs to sweet baklava, and experience the country’s vibrant arts, music, and dance. The famous whirling dervishes and lively bazaars showcase Turkey’s rich cultural heritage. Whether you’re exploring ancient ruins, savoring local delicacies, or relaxing by the sea, Turkey promises an unforgettable journey through time and culture.
Hagia Sophia
Originally built as a cathedral in 537 AD by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, the Hagia Sophia is one of Turkey’s most iconic and historically significant monuments. It served as the world’s largest cathedral for nearly a thousand years before being converted into a mosque by the Ottomans in 1453, and later into a museum in the 20th century. In 2020, it was reconverted into a mosque.
The Hagia Sophia is renowned for its massive dome, impressive mosaics, and stunning architecture that blends Byzantine and Ottoman influences. Visitors can marvel at the intricate mosaics depicting Christian figures, along with Islamic calligraphy and art added during the Ottoman era. The structure is a symbol of Turkey’s complex
cultural and religious history, making it a must-visit landmark in Istanbul.
Cappadocia
Cappadocia is a region known for its otherworldly landscapes, characterized by unique rock formations, fairy chimneys, and ancient cave dwellings. Located in central Turkey, this area was formed by volcanic eruptions and erosion over millions of years. Cappadocia is also home to underground cities such as Derinkuyu and Kaymakli, which were once used by early Christians seeking refuge from invaders.
One of the most popular activities in Cappadocia is taking a hot air balloon ride at sunrise, offering breathtaking views of the region’s surreal landscapes. Visitors can also explore the Göreme Open-Air Museum, a UNESCO World Heritage site that features rock-cut churches adorned with Byzantine frescoes. Cappadocia’s unique
geology and rich history make it one of Turkey’s most magical destinations.
Ephesus
Ephesus is one of the most well-preserved ancient cities in the Mediterranean, offering a glimpse into the life of the Roman Empire. Located near the modern town of Selçuk, Ephesus was once a major commercial center and home to the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The city’s most famous structure is the Library of Celsus, an impressive Roman-era building that once held thousands of scrolls.
Visitors to Ephesus can also explore the Great Theatre, which could seat 25,000 people, and the Terrace Houses, which provide insight into the luxurious lifestyles of the city’s elite. The nearby House of the Virgin Mary, believed to be the last residence
of Mary, is a pilgrimage site for both Christians and Muslims. Ephesus remains one of Turkey’s most important archaeological sites, attracting history enthusiasts from around the world.
The Blue Mosque
The Blue Mosque, also known as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, is one of Istanbul’s most recognizable landmarks. Built between 1609 and 1616 during the reign of Sultan Ahmed I, the mosque is famous for its striking blue-tiled interior and six minarets. The design of the mosque combines elements of traditional Islamic architecture with Byzantine influences from the nearby Hagia Sophia.
Visitors are welcome to enter the mosque outside of prayer times to admire its intricate tile work, soaring domes, and spacious courtyard. The mosque’s elegant symmetry and grandeur make it a must-see when visiting Istanbul, and its location near other major attractions like the Hagia Sophia and the Topkapi Palace allows for a convenient exploration of the city’s rich Ottoman history.
Pamukkale
Pamukkale, meaning “Cotton Castle” in Turkish, is a natural wonder in southwestern Turkey, famous for its white terraces of mineral-rich thermal waters. The terraces are formed by calcium deposits left behind by the hot springs that have been used for thousands of years for their healing properties. The nearby ancient city of Hierapolis, a UNESCO World Heritage site, was built around these springs, and its ruins include a large necropolis, a well-preserved Roman theater, and the ancient thermal baths. Visitors can walk barefoot across the travertine terraces, bathe in the warm, mineral-rich waters, and explore the ruins of Hierapolis. Pamukkale’s combination of natural beauty and historical significance makes it one of Turkey’s most unique and sought-after destinations.
Topkapi Palace
Topkapi Palace, once the primary residence of the Ottoman sultans for over 400 years, is a stunning symbol of Ottoman power and grandeur. Built in the 15th century by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, the palace complex covers a vast area and consists of several courtyards, pavilions, and gardens. It was not only a royal residence but also the administrative and educational center of the empire. Today, Topkapi Palace is a museum showcasing Ottoman treasures, including the imperial collections of jewelry, manuscripts, and relics. Highlights include the Harem, where the sultan’s family lived, and the Chamber of the Sacred Relics, which contains artifacts related to Islamic
prophets, including the cloak and sword of the Prophet Muhammad. Topkapi Palace offers visitors a chance to immerse themselves in the opulence and history of the Ottoman Empire.
Mount Nemrut is one of Turkey’s most awe-inspiring archaeological sites, located in southeastern Anatolia. At the summit of the mountain, King Antiochus I of Commagene built a monumental tomb in the 1st century BC, surrounded by colossal statues of gods, animals, and himself. These statues, some over 9 meters tall, are arranged on terraces that face both the east and west, providing spectacular views of the sunrise and sunset.
The site is a UNESCO World Heritage site and offers a fascinating insight into the Hellenistic Kingdom of Commagene, which blended Greek, Persian, and
Mount Nemrut
Armenian cultures. Visitors can hike to the summit to explore the enigmatic statues and tomb, while also enjoying panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. Mount Nemrut is a testament to ancient ambition and creativity, making it one of Turkey’s most remarkable historical attractions.
Troy
The ancient city of Troy, made famous by Homer’s Iliad, is one of the most legendary archaeological sites in the world. Located near the Dardanelles in northwestern Turkey, Troy was the setting of the Trojan War and the story of the Trojan Horse. Excavations at the site have revealed several layers of settlement, indicating that Troy was inhabited for thousands of years.
Visitors to Troy can explore the ruins of the ancient city, including its walls, gates, and remnants of palaces and temples. A replica of the famous wooden Trojan Horse stands at the entrance to the site, adding a touch of mythology
to the historical ruins. Troy offers a fascinating journey into the world of ancient Greek legends and one of the most famous conflicts in history.
Bodrum Castle
Bodrum Castle, also known as the Castle of St. Peter, is a well-preserved medieval fortress located in the coastal town of Bodrum. Built by the Knights of St. John in the early 15th century, the castle was a strategic stronghold during the Crusades. Today, it houses the Museum of Underwater Archaeology, which displays a fascinating collection of artifacts recovered from shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea, including ancient glass, pottery, and jewelry.
The castle’s towers and ramparts offer stunning views of the surrounding harbor and coastline. Visitors can explore the various halls and chambers of the castle, including the dungeons and chapel, while learning about the region’s rich maritime history. Bodrum Castle is a must-visit for history buffs and those interested in the ancient and
medieval past of the Aegean region.
Pergamon
Pergamon, located near the modern town of Bergama, is an ancient city that was once a major cultural and political center in the Hellenistic period. Known for its impressive acropolis, Pergamon was home to the famous Library of Pergamon, which rivaled the Library of Alexandria, and the monumental Altar of Zeus, now housed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.
Visitors to Pergamon can explore the ruins of the acropolis, including the theater, which is one of the steepest in the ancient world, as well as the Temple of Trajan and the Asclepion, an ancient healing center dedicated to the god of medicine. Pergamon’s rich history and dramatic setting make it one of Turkey’s most captivating archaeological sites.
Aspendos Theater
The Aspendos Theater is one of the best-preserved Roman theaters in the world, located near the modern city of Antalya. Built during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the 2nd century AD, the theater could hold up to 15,000 spectators and is still used today for performances, including the annual Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival. The theater’s impressive acoustics and architectural design make it a testament to Roman engineering prowess. Visitors can also explore the nearby ruins of the ancient city of Aspendos, including the aqueduct and basilica. Aspendos Theater remains one of Turkey’s most impressive and historically significant landmarks,
offering a glimpse into the grandeur of ancient Roman entertainment.
Sumela Monastery
Sumela Monastery is a Greek Orthodox monastery nestled on the steep cliffs of the Pontic Mountains in northeastern Turkey. Founded in the 4th century AD, the monastery is dedicated to the Virgin Mary and has been a site of pilgrimage for centuries. The monastery’s remote location and stunning setting make it one of the most unique religious sites in Turkey. Visitors to Sumela can explore its frescoed chapels, monastic cells, and courtyards while enjoying breathtaking views of the lush green valleys below. The interior of the main church is adorned with well-preserved frescoes depicting scenes from the Bible and the life of the Virgin Mary. Sumela Monastery’s combination of religious significance, natural beauty, and historical intrigue makes it one of Turkey’s most captivating attractions, offering visitors a peaceful and spiritual experience in a truly dramatic setting.
Kaleiçi
Kaleiçi, the old town of Antalya, is a charming and historic district that offers a glimpse into the city’s rich past, blending Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman influences. The narrow, winding streets are lined with beautifully restored Ottoman-era houses, many of which have been converted into boutique hotels, restaurants, and shops. At the heart of Kaleiçi is Hadrian’s Gate, a grand triumphal arch built in 130 AD in honor of the Roman Emperor Hadrian’s visit to the city. Visitors can also explore the Yivli Minare Mosque, the Clock Tower, and the ancient harbor, which offers stunning views of the Mediterranean Sea. Kaleiçi is a perfect destination for those looking to
explore Antalya’s historical heritage while enjoying the vibrant atmosphere of this coastal city.
Gallipoli Peninsula
The Gallipoli Peninsula is a site of immense historical significance, known for the famous World War I campaign that took place here in 1915. The Gallipoli Campaign was a major battle between the Allied forces and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. Today, the peninsula is a pilgrimage site for visitors from Australia, New Zealand, and Turkey, as it holds great importance in the national histories of these countries. Visitors to Gallipoli can explore several memorials, cemeteries, and museums dedicated to the soldiers who fought and died in the campaign.
The serene landscapes, combined with the solemn history of the site, make Gallipoli a deeply moving experience for those interested in military history and remembrance.
The Basilica Cistern
The Basilica Cistern is one of Istanbul’s most fascinating historical sites, located beneath the city’s bustling streets. Built in the 6th century during the reign of Emperor Justinian I, this underground cistern was used to store water for the Great Palace of Constantinople and nearby buildings. The cistern is supported by 336 marble columns, many of which were repurposed from earlier Roman and Byzantine structures. The dimly lit, atmospheric space is often described as eerie and enchanting, with its
reflections of the columns in the shallow waters creating a surreal experience. Two of the columns feature carvings of Medusa heads, adding to the mystery and intrigue of the cistern. Visitors can walk along elevated platforms to explore this subterranean marvel, learning about its history and role in ancient Istanbul’s water supply system. The Basilica Cistern is a must-see for those fascinated by Byzantine engineering and the hidden history beneath Istanbul’s surface.
Göbekli Tepe
Göbekli Tepe, located in southeastern Turkey, is one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of recent times. Dating back to around 9600 BC, this ancient site is considered the world’s oldest known temple complex, predating Stonehenge by several millennia. The site consists of massive stone pillars arranged in circles, many of which are intricately carved with depictions of animals such as lions, snakes, and birds.
What makes Göbekli Tepe particularly fascinating is that it challenges previous
assumptions about early human societies, suggesting that religious rituals may have been a driving force behind the development of civilization. Visitors can explore the excavation site and learn about its ongoing archaeological research. Göbekli Tepe offers a unique glimpse into the dawn of human history and is a must-visit for anyone interested in ancient civilizations.
Temple of Apollo
The Temple of Apollo in Didyma, located near the Aegean coast, was one of the most important religious sanctuaries of the ancient world. It was a major center for oracular consultations, second only to Delphi in Greece. The temple, originally built in the 4th century BC, was dedicated to Apollo, the Greek god of prophecy, and was known for its colossal size and grandeur. Although the temple was never fully completed, its
remains are still impressive today, with towering columns and intricately carved reliefs. Visitors can walk through the ruins, which evoke the magnificence of ancient Greek architecture, and imagine the importance this sanctuary once held for pilgrims seeking divine guidance. The Temple of Apollo is a fascinating testament to the religious and cultural influence of the ancient Greek world in Turkey.
Dolmabahçe Palace
Dolmabahçe Palace is a stunning example of Ottoman imperial architecture, located on the shores of the Bosphorus Strait in Istanbul. Built in the 19th century during the reign of Sultan Abdülmecid I, the palace was designed to reflect the growing influence of European styles on Ottoman art and architecture. The result is a lavish, Europeanstyle palace with elements of Baroque, Rococo, and Neoclassical design.
The palace features over 285 rooms, including the famous Crystal Staircase and the grand Ceremonial Hall, which boasts one of the largest chandeliers in the world. Visitors can tour the opulent rooms, which are filled with luxurious furniture, art, and decorations, offering a glimpse into the extravagant lifestyle of the Ottoman sultans.
Dolmabahçe Palace is a must-see for those interested in the later period of Ottoman history and the fusion of Eastern and Western styles.
Lycian Rock Tombs
The Lycian Rock Tombs, located near the town of Dalyan on Turkey’s southwestern coast, are one of the most iconic sights in the region. Carved into the cliffs by the ancient Lycian civilization over 2,000 years ago, these tombs were the final resting places for Lycian rulers and nobility. The tombs, particularly the impressive King’s Tombs, are characterized by their ornate facades, which mimic the architecture of Lycian temples.
Visitors can take boat tours along the Dalyan River to view the tombs from the water, or hike up to the site for a closer look. The tombs are a remarkable example of ancient Lycian craftsmanship and provide insight into the funerary practices and beliefs of this enigmatic civilization. The combination of history, culture, and
natural beauty makes the Lycian Rock Tombs a must-visit attraction in Turkey.
Patara Beach
Patara Beach is one of the longest and most beautiful beaches in Turkey, stretching for 18 kilometers along the Mediterranean coast. Known for its pristine sand dunes and crystal-clear waters, Patara is not only a paradise for beach lovers but also an important archaeological site. Nearby are the ruins of the ancient city of Patara, which was once a major Lycian port and the birthplace of St. Nicholas, the inspiration for Santa Claus. Visitors can explore the ancient ruins, which include a Roman theater, a lighthouse, and the remains of the city’s once-grand harbor. Afterward, they can relax on the golden sands of Patara Beach or take a dip in the warm Mediterranean
waters. The beach is also a protected area for loggerhead sea turtles, which nest here during the summer months. Patara Beach offers a perfect blend of history, nature, and relaxation, making it a top destination for visitors seeking both cultural exploration and a serene beach experience. With its unspoiled beauty and historical significance, Patara is a must-visit spot along Turkey’s famed Turquoise Coast.
Enjoy Turkey!
Wishing all those preparing for their pilgrimage to Turkey a journey filled with spiritual enrichment, cultural wonder, and moments of deep reflection. As you explore the rich history and sacred sites, may you find peace, insight, and inspiration at every step. May your travels be safe, your experiences profound, and your heart open to the beauty and diversity of this land. İyi yolculuklar, and may this pilgrimage be a transformative and blessed experience!
