MSI ISSUE 72 by Aaron Schettler

NO. 72 V OL UME37 ISSUE

2002 FALL/wINrER

Editor H ol l i ger P rudence

theJourna Scientific Advisor R i c h a r dB . F i g l a r 364 Shady Crove Road P i c k e n sS C 2 9 6 7 1 Phone: 864-420-2869 e m a i| : M a g n o li a c o c o @ a o l . c o m

voLUME No.72 37 rssuE

2002 FALL/wrNrER

Contents Min Pyong-Cal (Carl Ferris Miller) ThoseAmazing MagnoIia Fru its May I have the envelope, please...

The winner of the 2002 D. Todd GreshamAward ......--... Complete List of Winners of the D . Tod dGre sh amAwar d. . . . - . . . . . . - - . . . . . . The FateofMagnolia grandifloraSeedlingsin NorthernWisconsin Phyllotaxisin MagnoliaFruits............. SelectedNotesfrom the Mail Round Robin. Research GrantsAvai1ab1e...................

.......20 . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. 2 . 23 ................... 26 ............. ........................... 29 ............. 30

Frontcover:M cylindrica'Bjuv'Photoby Philippede Spoelberch. Backcover:M. macrophyl/a(Herkenrodeaccessionnumber95241)Photoby Philippe de Sooelberch. (ISSN0738-03053) MACNOLIA,Journalof the MagnoliaSocietyInternational is publishedtwo timesa yearby the MagnoliaSocietyInternational, Inc.,a not-for-profit society,as a serviceto its members.Addressinquiresaboutmembership and requests for copiesof the bylawsto the Secretary:RobertaHagen,6616-B1stStreet,CabinJohn, M D 20818US A . Duespayments, ordersfor backissuesof thisjournal,paymentor inquiriesconcerning advertisements and ordersfor publicationsshouldbe addressedto the Treasurer: HazefTarpley,5637SouthRyanStreet,Seattle,WA 98178-2296USA. for Editorialcontributions and inquiriesaboutpublishingarticlesand requirements manuscripts, art work, or photosfor publicationshouldbe addressed to the Editor(see addressnearthe top of this page). Visit the NEW website: www.magnoliasociety.org

ISSUE 72

(CarlFerrisMille Min Pyong-Gal December 24 1921-AprilB 2002

Although I had heard a lot about Carl Mi then, from Harold and BarbaraHillier, wh JermynsHouse and who had also stayed their tour in japan, it was not until 1968t attending a tour of the Devon and Corni LadyAnne Berry for the InternationalDe was his first tour too and we very quickly which was to last until his death earlier t

The next IDs tour, the followingyear, wa very excited at the prospect,as I dearly w japonicagrowing in the wild. Fenis told m wron& as the biggest camelliasgrew in K pinch of salt, but he stuck to his guns an Korea after the fapanesetour to prove hi was superb and I really felt an anticlimax arriving at Kimpo airport in Seoul.I nee was immediately captivatedby the coun course,the Camellias,which really were Ferris,as I now knew him, was the perfe him at his housein Seouland at Chollip finished at University and showed me ar was at work at the bank. Later in the wee Chollipo, arriving in the dark, to a wonde Ferris'ajumoni,who kept housefor him morning we toured the arboretum in its Yellow Sea.

Ferris had a capacity of spotting very brig work in the Arboretum and it was very re these cheerful and very polite young Kor knowledge that knows no bounds. Kore cally since those days,but I was hooked t

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(Ferris 1995.Fromleftto right:SongKihuh,Min Pyong-Cal ChollipoArboretem, M iller )J, o h nC a l l a g h e S r,u n s u ka, n dth e C h i l l i poaj amoni .

times sincethen and have tried to encouragemany of the students at the arboretum to gain further experienceboth in the Statesand here in England, which I hope has been very beneficialto Chollipo and has also glven me some wonderful friends. Ferris,YiI$ru-Hyon, who was his secretdU,and I traveled together quite extensivelyover the years and we visited his late WisfeyCardens,SurreyEngland,2001. mother many times and his Fromleftto right:Kim Chyngun,Min Pyong-Cal, Yi Kyu-Hyon. aunt and, of course,his sister JohnCallaher, and brother and their families. JOHN CALLACHER

)

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He was born on the 24Tleof December where he graduatedfrom high schoolin at Wilkes lJniversityin r g4a and was a P BucknellUniversi$,Lewisburgin 1943 classesat the Universily of Colorado,th him to interrogateprisonersof war in O World War Ir. At the end of the war, he w participatedin the surrenderof the Jap senriceended in 1946and he returned t his permanenthome and later evenbec which was none too popular with the A Beforeretiri^g he was employedby the years,senringas assistantto the United also employedas a consultantdirectorb companies.

In the courseof taking his holidaysat M theYellow Sea,a fellow bridge player su

BirrCastle, Tourof lrishGardens, April 2001. From D e n ni sJones, Mi n P yong-C al .

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that was for salefurther up the coastat Chollipo.This purchase led to what is now known as the Chollipo Arboretum Foundation, a privatelyfunded arboretumof r8o acresand an island of rz acres,known world wide for its 9,oooplus varietiesof plants. Extremelyenergeticand enthusiastic,he collectednative plants and imported vast numbers of plants from abroad.He published an Index Seminum for many years,which in turn resultedin massesof seedbeing sent to him from all over the world. Many arboretaand gardensowe their specimensof Koreanplants to his generosify. At first, his main love was hollies and he built up a huge collection of speciesand cultivars,which grow very well at Chollipo. On the southwestcoastof Korea,Ferrisspotteda potted plant which had been drg up from the wild in the village of Wando.This turned out to be a naturally occurring putative hybrid of Ilex cornutax IIex integra.The hybrids are variable and he visited Wando and Chindo Islandscollectingseedand cuttings,which are well representedin the holly collectionat Chollipo.As a board member of the American Holly Society,he organizedfor membersseveralvisits to Korea and Chollipo. I don't know when he really got keen on magnolias,but certainly his interest was really stimulated after a grft of Greshamhybrids from the late JohnAllen Smith, another greatplantsmanfrom Mobile, Alabama.After that, everymagnolia was sought after and, to date,Chollipo has one of the finest collectionsin Asia.The climateis so suitable,as after March there is never a frost.Until then, the plants are completelydormant during the winter. Many seedlingshave been grown and to date four have been named: o M. sieboldii'FerrisMilleri is a wild-collectedseedlingof M, sieboldiiwith pink tips to the tepals. o M. 'RaspberryFun,' a seedlingof M.x loeberneri'Leonard Messel,'with extratepalsand a darker color. o M. 'YellowSea,'a M. acuminatax M. denudatacross,which actuallyoverlookstheYellow Sea!

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o M. denudatax M. sprengeri'Dvva,' aver to Ferrisby Karl Flinck.This plant has sometree and was named M,'strawbe beforehe died.

For many years,Ferriswas a very activem Directorsfor the Mug olia Society.He w Socielyshould be internationalin the tru arrangeda very successfultour of Korea supportedby young membersof the So unusual thesedays.He attendedpractic Socielymeetingsand supportedthe firs and Cornwall and the joint rDSand Mug at Windsor in Aprrl 1996.His final tou(, w in SouthernIreland, organizedby Jim G stayedwith me beforewe set off and I m arrived at Dublin airport,I wondered ho Typically,hisstrength of will took over a and enjoyedeveryminute of it, never co illness.

Weekendsat Chollipo were alwaysan e and horticultural contacts,you were nev there!After spendi.g the duy in the arb were servedon the verandahof one of th houseshe had rescuedfrom Seouland r Watchi^g the sun go down, dark orange unforgettable.There followed dinner se and a wealth of conversationof truly int we all wanderedoff into the dark to our

ne particulareveni^g standsou eminent American professorwh on Asian affairs,was seatedbes sheavesof paper and a clipboard.Shew view Ferrisfor the story of his life and w nothing was further from Ferris'mind.U the Korean custom of drinking soju, (Ko with eachcup being refilled as soon as it "teapoti' being passedround the table.F

72 tssuE

MACNOLIA '-ffi.s#ffi. " i **# " i q F q *, - f ''tli$" +#i',f. .-i t,,* -

z ta-

I m F

with Yi Kyu-Hyon,who MagnoliaTourof lrishCardens,2001. Min Pyong-Cal until hisdeath. caredfor Min Pyong-Gal

teapot, started to circulateat a very fast rate. Impatiently, she plped down her cup so that she could continue her interviewing, only to find it almost immediately refilled again.After a little while, we noticed her notes were well and truly off the page and she becameremarkably silent for the rest of the evening! Ferris was completely oblivious to all this and was very surprised when she left very early next mornirg after thrusti^g two copies of her latest books into his hands and bidding him a very firm " good byeY' There are many other memories that come to mind. Ferriswas a very good pianist and had a piano at Chollipo.He was an expert on the popular songsof the 2os and 3os and when only a few of us were there,we would sing songswell into the night. One thing is certairy the world will be a little duller without those fun times, his keen senseof humor and interest in life. I will never forget his encouragementand the friendship we shared.He most certainly walked with kings, but never lost the common touch. JohnT. Gallagher 15 Augrst 2oo2 6

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ThoseAmazingMagnoliaFruits RichardB. Figlar Unlike peoplewho are interestedin gro*irg nut treeslike luglansor fruit treessuch asMalus,those who cultivatemagnoliasare mainly interestedin the flowers,not the fruits.Though somefruits of magnolia speciesare quite ornamental,I find the fruits to be most useful for studpng the differences(or similarities)betweenspeciesor Soups of speciesof Mayolias. Thxonomistshavelong had a similar interestin obsenringfruits of Mugroliaceaeand they haveoften used thosedifferencesor perceiaed differencesin fruit charactersto justify their systemsfor classificationof Magnoliaceae. Wlren JamesE. Dandy codifiedhis systemof Magnoliaceaern LgzT, he basedmuch of his classificationon fmit characters. This basis remainedvirtually unchangedfor the rest of his life, for example (adaptedfrom Dandy ry64): A. Fruiting carpelsdehiscent,not fleshy, B. Carpelsfree,in fruit dehiscentalong the dorsalsuture, C. Orrtrles .Mangligtia 4 or morein eachcarpel........................ C. Ormlesz in eachcarpel(rarely3-4rn the lowercarpels) ...................................... ...... .Mognolia

B. Carpelsconcrescentat leastat the base,in fruit circumscissile and woody,the upper portionsfalli.g awayeither singly or in irregularmasses,the lower portionspersistentwith suspendedseeds;stipulesadnateto the peti ole............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Fruiting carpelsindehiscent,concrescentto form a fleshyslmca{pi etc..........................o..................... ..Aromadgndron As new specieswere discovered,taxonomistsoften followed Dandy's guidelinesregardi.g fruit characters, which resultedin the creation of evenmore Magnoliaceaegenerabasedon relativelyminor variations in the fruits.This list includesManglietiastrum(concrescent

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carpels,dehiscingcompletelyby the ventral suture,partiallyvia the dorsalsutureof the carpelsand partiallyalong their line of junction), (concrescent Tsoongiodendron carpels,circumscissile, the upper portions falli^g away,or dehiscingvia the dorsalsuture),and others suchasPachylarnax andParamichelia. Later (rg8S)Nooteboomconcludedthat,"the concrescence of the caqpelshas apparentlydevelopedindependentlyin differentlineages . . thereforeconcrescence of Magnoliaceae. of carpelsaloneis not an acceptablecharacterfor delimitationof genera."RecentVKim et dI., zoor;Azuma et a.I.,zoot),molecularbiologistsalsofound that Dand/s conceptof fruit charactersseemedto havelittle to do with molecular(oNe)affinitiesamongMugt oliaceaetaxa.Thus,it appearedthat Dandy and his followersmay havebeen misguidedwith their perceptionof Magnoliaceaefruit anatomy,or they may have simply failed to correctlyobsenrethe dehiscenceprocessitself. So,how doesthis dehiscence processwork? In researchingthe literatureI havenot yet found a suitableexplanationof what actually occurswhen Moyolia fruits (includingThlauma)rtpenand dehisce seeds.Moreover,the terminolog;rusedin describingfruiti.g characters,that is, concrescentor connatevs. free carpels,ventral suturevs. basalattachmentetc.,is often misleadingor inaccurate.Thus,the goal for this projectis to examineand describein detail the process of dehiscence of a"Wical" Maffioliafruit and a"Wrcal" Talauma fruit. For a typicalMagnoliafruit I selectedMognoliagrandifloraand for the talaumaI used Magnoliahodgsonii(alsoknown asM. liliifera var.oboaata).Iwill alsoattemptto describemy observations as preciselyand unambiguouslyas possible. Pre-dehiscent(ripe)fruits of Magnoliagrandiflorawere gatheredthis past autumn from my own plants at PomonaNy, and similarly ripe fruits of M, hodgsoniiwere generouslyprovidedby fellow Mug olia Societymember,William T. Drysdaleof RiversideCalifornia.

Magnolia grandiflora When the fruit was removedfrom the tree,its carpelswere still tightly fusedtogetherand the individual caqpelshad not yet begun to split to releaseseeds.This fusion between the carpels(alongtheir junction) line of is oftenreferredto as"concrescence" or "connation." (Note: Contraryto Dandy'sobsenrations, concrescentcarpelsoccur in all Mug.oliaceaelineagesexceptin most speciesof subgenus B

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Micheliawherethe carpelsare free (not fused)throughouttheir development.) Also,the outer (dorsal)part of the carpels-the tissue betweenthe hollow carpelpocketthat containsthe seedsand the outer dorsalwall-is moderatelyfleshy,or about as firm as an apple. This tissueis calledthe mesocarp.In M. grandiflorathe mesocarpis relativelythin, but in somespecies,especiallyM, macrophylla, the mesocarpcanbe verythick,up to o.1in (r cm) (seeFigurer). ithin a few daysthe carpelsbegin to separate.With a pocketknifeI removedone of thesecarpelsfor further obseryation.On the outsidesurfaceof the carpelsidewall is an odd texturedsurfacethat looks somethinglike hzardskin.This tesselate surfacerepresentsthe footprint of where the adjacent carpelshad previouslybeenfusedto it (seeFigurez). At aboutthe sametime asthe carpelsbegin to separate, they also begin to split alongthe longitudinalsuture.The part of this longitudinal suture(or line of dehiscence)that runs from the stylarbeaks inward toward the axisof the fruit is definedas the aentralsuture. The part that goesfrom the stylarbeak down acrossthe dorsal face, then finally inward to meet the axis,is calledthe dorsalsuture.The baseof the carpelis adnate(attached)to the axisof the fruit. Sometimes taxonomistsmistakenlyreferto this attachmentas the ventral suture. In somecarpels,dehiscence is initiatedalongthe ventralsuture,then it proceedsto split alongthe dorsalsuture(Figure3). In other carpels the splitting begns along the dorsalsuture,then may or may not propagatecompletelythrough the ventral suture.Eventuallycarpel movementsceaseand the seedsarepresentedhangingvia funicular threadsfrom eachcarpel. This dehiscence processseemsto be facilitated, if not completely controlled,by the dryn.g of the carpeltissuesand the degreeof the resultantshrinkage.Sincethe mesocarpis initially relativelyfleshy,it shrinksto a greaterdegee than the thinner laminarcarpelsidewalls. Thus,as the dttr.g continues,more free spaceis made available betweenthe carpels.This in turn allowsthe splittingcarpelsto bend (flare)outwardwithout obstructionuntil the carpelis completely open and presentingthe seeds.Occasionally, this processis impeded slightlyby an adjacentcarpel.In thosecases,the openingcan still be sufficientfor the seedto be presented,however,the split may not havepropagatedthrough the entireventral suture.For the same 9

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reason,in other cases,the ventral suturemay be entirelyopen,while the dorsalsuturemay only be partiallysplit. Finally,the seedshavefallen awayand the drtr.g movementsof the tissueshavecometo rest.The fruit hasbecomea stiff woody remnant of what now appearsto consistof freeopen carpelsthat remain attachedto an axis. Magnolia hodgsonii Initially the M. hodgsoniifruit glvesthe samevisualimpressionas the previouslydescribedM.gandiflora fruit exceptfor the conspicuous lenticelson the skin (exocarDof the fruit. The caqpelsare connate and no splitting was detectedalong the longitudinal sutures.However,upon handling the fruits,it is immediatelyapparentthat the mesocarpis quite woody and hard (Figure4). Within a few daysmost of the caqpelsbegin to separatefrom each other but not as much as rn M, grandiflora.Moreover,there is no noticeablesplitting along the longitudinalsuture.Thereafter, the fruits begin to"fall apart"circumscissile, suchthat all but the adnate basesof the indMdual caqpelsseeminglybreak off,leaving the familiar seedssuspendedby their funicularthreadsfrom the carpel bases(seeFigure5). Most of thesecaqpelpiecesfall away individually. Looking more closelyat the anatomyof the drtr.g (still dehisci.g) fruit, it is plain to seethat the caqpelsthat are still attachedto the fruit are at leasttemporarilylockedin place,their mesocalpsunable to shrink further,while other tissueswithin the fruit (carpel sidewalls,axis,etc.)haveexperiencedgreatershrinkage.It appears that sincethe unyieldingmesocarpcan no longer shrink at the same rate as the other tissues,the relativelythin caqpelsidewallsbecome tensilestressedand weakened,leadingto their eventualbreakageat their weakestpoint near the caqpelbases.Thus,the carpelpiecesfall away. \MhenI examinedthe fallen carpelpiecesclosely,it was evidentthat in eachcasethe ventral suturehad startedto split from near the stylarbeak to its former attachmentnear the base.SimilarIy,the bottom part of the dorsalsuturehad partiallysplit along its inward seamnear its attachmentto the base.However,this longitudinal splitting was unableto continueto propagatethrough the dorsal

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face,undoubtedlydue to the resistanceaffordedby the thick woody mesocarp. As theseindividualpieces continuedto dry,the carpel sidewallsbeganto flare outward at the openin&just as they do rn M, grandiflora,excepthere it glvesthe visualimpressionof beingdehiscent"backwards." (Interestingly,if nearlyripe carpelsof M, grandifloraare r) = forcibly removedfrom the axis beforethey are glven a chance = to longitudinallydehisce,they too will dry and flare outward at the basejust asthe Talauma carpels(seeFigurez).) Overall, the anatomyof the fruit of M, hodgsoniits still quite the same as in M.grandiflora.Eventhe tesselatesurfaceof the outer part of the carpelsidewallis clearlyevidentjust as it is on the carpelsof M. yondiflora, v

Figure1 Fruit cross section of M. macrophylla (left)sh owin g thic k 0. 4 in ( 10 c m ) mesocarp compared to the relatively thin mesocarp of M. grandiflora (right).

Discussion From this experimentit is now clearto me that the Thlauma type of dehiscence is essentially the sameprocessasthe MagnoIia lype.The processis initiated - when the fruit's tissuesbegin to dry out and shrink, causing ; o varynngdegees of carpelseparation and longitudinalsplitting. This separationand splitting may continueuninterruptedto releasethe seeds(viathe longitudinal suture),or it may be n

Figure 2 dehiscent carpelsof M. "Backwards" hodgsonii(left)and M. grandiflora (right).

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interrupted but still facilitatethe breakingawayof the carPelParts to releasethe seeds.The more woody and/orthick the mesocarp,the more likelYthat this separation/splittingprocessgets interruptedor imPeded. This alsomay exPlainwhY both kinds of dehiscencecan occurin someMag oliaceaetaxasuchas tn Magnoliacylindrica,InM. ; cylindrica,the mesocarPis slightlywoody and noticeablY thicker than in fruits of other Figure3 Here, some Yulaniaspecies. showing of M. acuminata Fruits carpelsmay separateand sPlit and initiationof carpelseparation with little or no longitudinally alongthe ventralsutureand dehiscence in others,the while interruption, partialthroughthe dorsalsuture. splitting is impededand the carpelparts break awayas in Still, some typical Talauma. carpelsdehisce both ways simultaneously.Evidently,in M. cylindricathe resistanceof the mesocarpto splitting and separatingis more or lessin balancewith the z tensilestrengthof g the carpelwalls. F As a result,some F carpelsbreak ^ awayThlaumav 6 I

Figure 4 fruitsof M. Ripe,pre-dehiscent hodgsonii(leftfour) and M. grandiflora (right).

like while others dehisce longitudinally.

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Except for Spongberg GggS), most taxonomistswere probably unaware of the nature of the fruits of M. cylindrica.Otherwise, some may have attempted to describeit as a new genus as had been done with Manglietiastrum, Tsoongiodendr on,Paramichelia, Ar omadendron, and PachyIarnax. Herbarium specimensof fruits of most of these taxa show that their fruit form and dehiscence can easilybe explainedby slight variations in degee of lignification and thicknessof the mesocarp of the carpels. In James Canright's 196o analy-

n * ; in

Figu

Dehis

morphotogy::',.j sis,rhecomparitiw

and relationshipsof the Mognoliaceae.IIL Carpels,he statesthat while"the occurrenceof sclereids(lignific Mogrolia) was found to be the exception lack (or existence)of sclereidsis not a reli This study seems to affirm Cartright's sta posessome flaws in Dandy" observation dehiscence.Like many taxonomists of his relied too much on his observationsof dr This probably accountsfor his categonzl Manglietia and Alcimandraas free rather t degradedremains of fruits in the herbari finally consisting of "free" carpels.Eviden looked the tesselatesurfaceson the sides this would have provided ample evidenc

It's also unclear why Dandy describedAro fleshy and indehiscent.Ihave seen dried fr (Aromadendron)elegansat the NyBGherba remnants would suggestthat the ripe car and indehiscent.Others who have exam M. elegansfruits have found them to be w (Keng, a978)as well as dehiscent, similar t3

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TheGallery:A )election of ?hotographo ? y , ? : i t ! t . 4 !u

X t.T ?? ':-*

*.:iv,s tr ww#s#&; w#ffiilffiwr ,r - ,h

Thisnewhybrid(tenNatively namedM,'Aurora')ts a reoult,of a crooo M.'?inkgurVrioe'and M,'Daybreak.' madein the mid 9Os bef,ween l\/1,'?ink SurVrioe'to a croo6of M,'Galaxy'and Thll1avaqe'olvl.'Toro', is a croooof M,'Woodoman' and a whileAuqieKehr'eM,'Daybreak' about,lheVollenVarent, of M, GreshamHybrid.(Auqiewaeuncefi,ain 'Oaybreakl buVwith ite qlowinq?inkcolorand the lvl,campbellii of its Vrodiqy,itis my beliefthal M, veitchiimay be Vafr characf,erietics backqround.) of iIs genetric for the firsf,time in mid-Mayof 2OO2,about,a Themaqnoliabloomed lt continuedto bloomunlil the end weeklaNertrhaneitherof it o Varenbe. cuV-oha?ed of June,Theflowerhas nineteValsand holdsit,suVriqhL, form untilIhe treValsfall.Thecoloris a deeVerVinkthaneitherof its and is Varenls,Thiomagnoliahas the colorand shaVeof M, campbellii hardyinf,oat least,Zone5, M,'Aurora'has verygoodseedfeftility and goodVollenfe(bility.All floweroVollinaledwith AuroraVollen exl,remely formedhuqecarVels,Whoknows-nert year I maylry it on lvl,grandiflora, TheViclureof lhe three maqnolias showoM,'?ink)urVrioe'on lhe Io?, the newhybridon f,he\eft,,and l\1,'Daybreak' on the riqht,.TheT,reeis slill quite emall,but,a??earo lo havethe columnar qromDh habil of M, 'Daybreak', bud woodio verylimited, butrf,wonuroerieswillbe ouVVlied Nhissummer with moreertensive lo occur distrribution lat er, Thoto7ra?he and text submitNed by Oennio Ledvina, GreenDay,Wl U9A

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TheGallery,cont,

FrankGalyon eubmilled Ihie Vhoto of himeelfehownwitrhhio hybrid,M. ' Frank s' V as t r erVi ec e ,' ltrl,'Frank'sVasferViece' (lrl, x eoulanqeana' D e e T V u rVl eD re a m 'x ltrl,'?aulCook')is a Lree with otronq a V ic aldom inanc ea n d b ra n c h e e with a oemi-weeVing character. The flower; are Nent o 11inchesacro66 and haveeiqht,or nineNeValo. l ndiv idualt eV alsa re fi v e i n c h e s l onqand f our inc h e ew i d e .T h e out eide color of the NeValsie very deeVred VurVle,deeVerand more red r,han'DeeVTurVleOream,'Frank V r oduc edt his hy b ri da n d n a me d and selecled iNin 1997. M.'Frank's Mast erViece'a??earedon the list, o f Maqnolia Culti va r K e q i o trra l i o n e i n M aqnolia, lee u e6 3 (W i n f,e r

leeB), TheVhofoqraVh waoNakenby Robert,W.Hendricks,

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Tourfrtters...

MoreabouttheM. 'Daybreak'mixture I recentlyreceiveda copy of Jim Gardiner'snew book, MagnoliasA Gardener's Guideand found on page69 a picture of.Magnolia 'Daybreak.'I don't believethat this is the right tree. In October r999,Dr.August E. Kehr put a messagein Magnolia,the Journalof the Magnolia Society.It read that there has been a mixture in Magnolia'Daybreak.' He explainedthat in ry93 that he had receiveda few plants of M. 'Daybreak'from a tissueculture laboratory.He planted them and grew them for observationand after a few yearshe startednoticing a big differencein thesetrees.In t999,Dr. Kehr saw thesetreesbloom and the blooms were purple insteadof pink. Thesewere clearlynot M.'Daybreak.' I believethe picture in Jim Gardiner'sbook is the purple blooming mixture that Dr. Kehr is talking about. I have a tree of M.'Daybreak'in myyard and I know that it is the true one, becauseI went to Dr. Kehr's placein Hendersonville,rtc and got scionwood from the mother tree. Dr. Kehr explained that the real M,'Daybreak'had a dull upper surface on the leaves and that the false tree had shiny leaves and that the real one had only slightly pointed leaves where the false one had shaqppointed leaves.

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My tree checkedout to be the realMoyolia'Daybreak', so the photo accompanFngthis letteris a pictureof the true M,'Daybreak.' I noticedas I was taking the photos,that the flowershad a heavenly fragranceand I will haveto saythat it is the best of the 2oomagnolia varietiesthat we have. Only the flowersthat had advancedto where the stamenshad recurvedfrom their tight form and where readyto dehiscehad the fragrance,so the ftagrancemust be comi.g out of the stamens. This photo was taken on Aprrl 28, 2oor;that is when Magnolia 'Daybreak'bloomsin middleTennessee. Thank you Dr. Kehr for creatingsucha wonderful tree. T.try Pennington 38WallingHill McMinnville,rN 37rro

<,oa>#-v.t-

Olav Kallenberg of Norwaytook this dramaticphotoof the new Mark Jury hy br id,M . ' B lackT u l i p .'

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May I havethe envelope,pleasâ&#x201A;Ź... The winner of the 2OO2D. ToddGreshamAward The D. Todd Gresham Award was established to recognize indMduals who have made extraordin ary contributions to the improved culture, increased knowledge and promotion of magnolias, or who have contributed outstanding service to the Mugrolia Society.

The processby which a recipientis selectedis straightfonvard.The Awards CommitteeChairman, who is the immediatepast presidentof the Mug.olia Society,solicitsnominations from the membership.\Mhen proposingan individual it is the nominator'sresponsibilityto providea summaryof the qualificationsof the nominee,for considerationby the committee. The chairmancollectsthe nominationsand supportingmaterral, and distributesit to eachcommittee member.Eachcommittee memberthen communicateshis/ her recommendationsto the who compilesthe chairmâ&#x201A;Źrn, resultsand presentsthe awardat the annualmeeti.g.This yeaL the following individuals comprisedthe Awards Committee: Glenn Clark 0

Frank B. Galyon Mark D. Haimes

! I

= = { 't,

her husband, AnitaFiglarcongratulating Richardas he acceptsthe 2002 Creshamaward.

Harriet Mahlke MichaelL. A. Robinson

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When the 2ooz recipient joined the society,magnolias were merely an avocational interest. His interest greatly increased from exposure to socief founder Joe McDaniel. In the early years,he made use of vacations to seek out venerable specimens of Magnolia acuminata and M,yondiflora, and documented their existencein the pages of this journal. He became fascinated with the variation within the speciesof Mayolia, and also with the differences between the speciesand genera of the Magnoliaceae.As he investigated the taxonomy of the Magr,oliaceae,he began to question what makes a magnolia a magnolia, and on what basis the other genera of Magnoliaceae are considered to be distinct from Mayolia. As his study became more serious,he correspondedwith the leading magnolia taxonomists, to understand their reasoning.With further investigation, he obsenred that the characteristicsglven for keeping the genus Michelia dtstinct from Mryolia are not valid. He presented a paper on his conclusions at the Mug.oliaceae Symposium in Guan gzhou, China n i.gg8, and so contributed to a major revision in Magnolia taxonomy. In recent years he has assistedresearchersdoing genetic analysis of the Mag.oliaceae for the purposes of taxonomy. Not satisfied with merely learning about new species,he has been active in attempts to bring a number of these little-known speciesinto cultivation in the West for the purposes of science and the enjoynent of gardeners. The recipient has senred in each of the major offices of the society. As a very active participant in the Internet'round robin,' he has consistently offered encouragement and sound advice to the novices who have submitted questions.Through this effort, he has been largely responsible for the continued successof the Magnolia List. On March j,o, 2ooz,The D. Todd Gresham Award was presented to Richard B. Figlar. P

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completelist of winnersof the D. ToddGreshamAward Periodically, Societypresentsthe D. ToddGresham Award to anF..MlSnrolia individual who has mlde a significantcontribution to the develoPment,knowledge,or promotion of magnolias,or who has providedoutstandi.g ti*i.e. r'oilowing is a completelist of the winners of the GreshamAward. rgSr

JohnM. Fogg,Ir. JosephC. McDaniel

1992 Argust Kehr Carl FerrisMiller

;98z

SaraGladney

a983 Philip J.Savage,Ir. L985 Harold Hopkins

1993 Frank Gaylon JosephHickman L994 Karl Flinck

1986 Wlliam Dodd Tom Dodd, Jr.

1995 PhelanBright HurryHeineman

L98T ElizabethJohnstone Neil Tleseder JulianWlliams 1988 Ken Durio

1996 PurryNarton

r98g

1998 Philippe de Spoelberch 2ooo JohnAllen Smith 2oo2 RichardB. Figlar

Sir PeterSmithers

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TheFateol MagnoliagrandifloraSeedlings in NorthernWisconsin Mike Heim LMng in the north woods of Wisconsin,Ihad alwaysassumedthat attempting to grow the evergreensouthernmagnoliaup here amongstthe balsamfir would be comparableto raisingpineapplesin Alaska-a goofy venture at best.However,severalthings that I've sincelearnedhave causedme to reevaluatethis assumption. Many yearsago on our hone)rmoontrip to Missouri,my wife and I first observed"to our visual and olfactorydelight, a southernmagnolia in full, gorgeousbloom. Exquisite,to saythe least.The tree, though, was growinginZone 5, which in this casecausedit to suffer regularseriouswinter injury down to the snowline.Theprofuse flowers and glossyfoliagewere perfectlyfine below this level where the tree had spreadout vigorouslyto a considerableextent.Since northern Wisconsingenerallyhas reliablesnow cover,I thought why not try and grow this memorablespeciesback home as a low shrub, protectedfrom winter's temperatureextremesand desiccationby an insulating blanket of snow? The bestchanceof success with this ventureseemedto lie with obtaining the hardiestgermplasmavailable.During this quest,I was amazedto learn that certainMagnoliagrandifloratreeshad withstood -3o oF(-l+'C) on numerousoccasions.Various old treesgrowingat the Spring Grove Cemeteryin Cincinnati,Ohio come to mind, along with a treethat grew aboutone hunciredmilesnorth of Chicago... until it was cut down by the new owners of the estate! Through the generosityof Bob Lipka a very knowledgeableMagnoIia grandifloraresearcherin Pennsylvania,I obtainedmixed seedof two treesfrom the Spring Grove Cemetery(#16and #r9), along with seedfrom a cultivarknown asM. 'Pocono.(M.'Pocono'hasan interestinghistory.A hunter found it growing wild in the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvaniabetween rroo and rzoo feet in elevation. The seedwas apparentlydepositedby a bird many years earlier.) 23

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In the late spring of zoor,I plantedout ro5 of the SpringGrove seedlingsand zz of.M.'Pocono,'whichhad begungerminatingin March.(Thereasonthat therewerefar fewerof the M.'Pocono' seedlingswas that while we were on vacation,fly lanraedestroyed most of the seedlingsin the flat while they were outdoorshardening off,howeverthey virtually ignored the Spring Grove seedlingsin the next flat over.) All of thesefirst-yearseedlingswere plantedin nativemixed coniferhardwoodforeston an acidic,sandyloam, their preferredsoil type (seephoto).The whole areawas previouslyfencedin to protectthe rhododendronsgrowing there from deer.Otherwise,the seedlings were glven no extraprotectionwhatsoever.Theywere basically growing in the woods as"uiild" seedlings.Althoughto keep the tiny seedlingsfrom being smothered,I did brush the fallen leavesoff of them a coupleof times. In mid-April the snow covermelted off of the magnolias.On May r, 2oo2,I performedmy first evaluation,at which time 29% of the SpringGroveand 44%of the M.'Pocono'seedlings werein perfect shape.As of May 23, 2ooz,zzohof the SpringGroveseedlingswere in perfectcondition, zo"/"evidencedsomedegreeof foliar injury, and 58%were eitherdefoliatedor perished.Of the M.'Pocono'seedlings, 18%were perfect,5"/"had foliar injury,and 77%were either defoliated or dead.The increasein mortality sincethe beginningof the month could be attributedto near recordcold,culminating with z6 "F (-3 "C) on May zoth, sinceseedlingsareknown to be very susceptibleto frost damage. On the other hand, it could simply be the result of residual winter injury. \A/hatthis glvesme are z7 plantswhich show promise.Th.y are as fresh-lookingin Muy as they were in September.

One of the M. grandifloraseedlings growingwell in leaflitter.

It is unfortunate that the prov= = enanceof the parenttrees' + ancestorsis unknown. However, it has beenreportedthat there is a very wide rangeof cold toler-

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ancein seedlingsfrom Floridatrees.Thus, Lt'spossiblethat my seedlingsarent necessarilyprogenyof treesfrom the naturalnorthern rangelimit of the species,which is below five-hundredfeet in elevationthroughout. Accordingto the usDAdiscussionof M. grandiflora@g5S),"Temperaturesbelow 15 oF(9 'c) arerare in its range.A light freezefor 48 hourswill kill seedand seedlings,thus limiting the naturalrange." I'm not so sureabout this generaltzedstatement.The remarkable toleranceof someindividualsto extremelylow temperaturesseems to indicateadaptationto a much wider rangeduring past geological epochs.It is curiousthat the specieshas not expandedits distribution more during post-glacialtimes.Perhapsa combinationof forest fires and browsirg pressureby deerhavesenredto checkits advance. Certainly,birds must regularlybe transportingseedto othennrise suitablesites,as evidencedby the M,'Pocono'tree. It will be quite interestingkeepingtrack of the seedlings'progress, courtesyof natural selectioryparticularlyas they grow tall enough to be exposedto the full brunt of a Zone 3 winter. ,e

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Phyllotaxisin MagnoliaFruits RichardB. Figlar The term phyllotaxisnormally refers to the regularity of placement of leaves around an axis (stem). Since parts of flowers, such as stamens and carpels, are actually derived from leaves,the term is applicable to them as well. For example, in fruits of Magnolia tripetala tt is relatively easy to see that the carpels are arranged in two sets of spirals, one set oriented in clockwise fashion, the other set counterclockwise. With a marking pen, lines can be drawn along the midpoints of the carpel faces to reflect this phyllotacticarrangement (see Figure r). Notice that one set of lines, or parastichies,is oriented in a more vertical spiral than the other set. For simplicity, I will refer to the more vertical parastichies as columns, and the more horizontal ones as rows. If we then count the number of rows and columns on the fruit, we normally find 8 rows and 13 columns in fruits of M. tripetala.he same is usually true in fruits of M. obouAtA, M. gandiin and fruits of many other subgenus Mayolia species.On the flora, other hand, if we do the same with fruits of subgenus Yulania species we normally find five rows and eight columns. It turns out that these phyllotactic carpel patterns in magnolia fruits are parts of the mathematical sequenceknown as the Fibonacci series,such that each number in the series is the sum of the precedi.g two numbers: L, T, 2, 3, 5, 8,r3, 2T, 34.... The Italian mathematician, Leonard Fibonacci, discovered this famous sequence during the twelfth cenfury. Just as some magnolia flowers dont always produce the expected number of tepals, sometimes nature adds or subtracts a row or column in a particular fruit. Studies have shown that most magnolia fruits show the Fibonacci pattern in their carpel arrangements about 75% of the time (Zagorska-Marek, Lgg5). One interesting finding is that particular types of Fibonacci carpel patterns seem to correlate to taxonomic affinities in Magnolia. In fruits of subgenus Yulania, the averagepattern is 5:8 regardlessof the

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number of carpels.In fruits of subgenusMichelia the pattern is either 3:5 or 5:8. Here, too, in specieswith large numbers of carpelsthe pattern never shifts to the higher order 8:ry pattern. On the other hand, in the lineagesthat comprise subgenusMryolia (including the former genera Talaumaand Manglietia,but excludi^g section Maingola), specieswith approximately less than 30 carpels per fruit, such as M. alrgtniAnA,are usually patterned at 5:8, while specieswith more than 30 carpels,such as M. tripetala and M. grandifloraare patterned at 8:a3, and a few specieswith considerable

= n

; o t-

Figure1 Phyflotactic carpel pattern(B:13) for M. tripetalashowing eight counterclockwise "ro ws" (le ft)a nd 1 3 c loc k wis e "c olum ns " ( r ight ) .

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numbers of carpels (approximately more than 15o) are arranged in an even higher order of Fibonacci pattern, a3:zl.This t3:zr. carpel pattern can be seen in fruits of Magnolia hernandezii(South America) and M. hodgsonii(sn Asia). These generally higher order Fibonacci patterns, which increasein proportion to the number of carpels,probably account for the ovoid or ellipsoid fruit shapes that we normally find in fruits of subgenus Maingola (as defined above) since the fruits must expand outward to accommodate the larger number of carpel positions brought about by the higher order pattern. On the other hand, the lower order patterns, which do not vary with respect to the number of carpels, seem to account for the mainly rylindrical shapes of the fruits of the Yulania,Michelia, and Maingola groups. Interestingly, these affinities support those found in recent molecular (oNe) studies. Fibonacci phyllotactic patterns are found in leaf and fruit arrangements throughout the plant kingdoffi, including the patterr,r of spines in pinecones and seed arrangements on the flower heads of Echinaceaspp.As fascinating as phyllotactic patterns are, scientists are still not sure how this regularrry of arcangementis accomplished.

Reference Zagorska-Marek 8., 1994.Phyllotaxic Diversityin MagnoliaFlowers. Acta Soc,Bot.Poloniae63(z)' LL7-r37.

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Selected Notes from the Mail Round Robin Submitted over a period of time by Hany Heineman

UsingSurflan to Induce Polyploidy Both from Pat McCrackenand TonyAventI learnedof a new methodof producingpolyploidplantsusingthe commonweedkiller,SurflanThe methodis simpleand very inexpensive. The steps are: 7-. Use seedlings4-7 daysaftergermination. 2. Washsoil from roots. 3. Soakplantletsin glassdish containSurflansolutionfor 24 hours. 4. Transferto cheeseclothand wash in waterfor 3-4 hours. 5. Plantin soil. Notethe roottips will be swollenand theywill rot readily at this stage. 6. Keepthe plantscool,ideallyat 68-75 degrees.Plantswill makeno growthfor abouttwo weeks.At this point, noticethe thick growthof new leaves. Resultsof successshouldrangefrom 50 and 90 o/oUse a lowerdose on grassesand a higherdose on dayliliesA highrate is 1:100 and a lower rate is 1:200. Pat McCrackenusedthis methodon Magnoliagrandifloraseedlingswith quitegoodsuccessbut he appliedthe Surflanto the youngplantsjust as the true leaveswereforming,henceno effect on the roots. I saw his plantsand can verifyhis success. AugustKehr (printedposthumously)

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ResearchGrantsAvailable The ResearchCommitteeof the Mugnolia Societyannouncesthat grantsfor researchon Mug.olias are available.The Grant Program existsto encourageand supportresearchrelatedto Moyolias and Authors of successful the Mug oliaceae. proposalsmay be awarded as much as $z,ooo(us funds).Fundsmay be expendedover a period of one to threeyears,at the discretionof the recipient,exceptthey cannotbe usedfor institutionaloverhead.Grantsareprovidedto deservingrecipientswith the understandi.g that researchresultswill be publishedin Mayolia,The Journalof the Mugnolia Society,a non-refereedpublication.If you areunfamiliarwith researchpublished in the ]ournal, you may review back issues,which are available in many horticulturelibraries.Or, you can obtain a samplecopy of the Journalfrom RobertaHagâ&#x201A;Źn, 661681" St, CabinJohn,MD zo8r8. ProposalGuidelines All proposalsmust be receivedby Novemberfor considerationin the following year.Proposalswill be evaluatedby the Mug olia Society researchcommittee,and awardswill be basedon the perceivedvalue of the researchto the Societ/s membersand the probabilityof The format for the proposalsand sugsuccessfulaccomplishment. gestedareasof researchis availableon the world wide web at www.magnoliasociety.org.If you do not haveInternet access, you can contactDick Figlarat the addressglvenbelow and requestthat an applicationform be mailed to you.

RichardB. Figlar Chairmanof the ResearchCommittee 16+ ShadyGroveRoad PickensSC 2967r Phone:864/ 4zo-2869 com email:magnoliacoco@aol.

ISSL IE 72

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qggcr Qxshr Eric Q*s{o *{*lry gast{",

nN Wcoocrqgof, Sprtgffi,

A& 97478-969 I

cs{ffor aypointnunt gfi: 541-746-39Ufr; 541-744-7924 The RoyalHorticulturalSociety

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Subscription is f 15 per annum, which includes both YEARBOOK AND BULLETIN

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5853 Highway182 Opelousas,LA 7O57O Telephone(337)948-3696 Facsimile(337) 942-6404 www.durionurserv.com

The Research Foundation of the Mrgrolia

Society

The Magnolia Soci.cy Endowment Fund needsyour support Pleasesend your contributions to: The ResearchFoundation Fund 5637 South Ryan Street Seattle\fA 98178-2296 USA

e\ Contributions are ta:r deductible in the United States

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N urs eri es IN MAGNOLIAS SPECIALISTS CH 6575San NazzarolTicino Switzerland Telephone: 091 795 18 67 Fax: 091 795 30 29

We offer over 350 varietiesof grafted Magnolias. Among these are some of the latesthybridMagnoliasand selected clonesof Magnoliaspecies. Our full list of Magnolias,Cameliasand Wisteriasis availableon request. Plantsare dispatchedas one- or two-yeargrafts and in accordancewith importregulations.

MagnoliaSocietyInternational,Inc. StandingCommitteeChairs Officers President JamesCardiner The RoyalHorticultureSociety's Garden,Wisley Woking,SurreyCU23 6QB UK Vice President StephenSpongberg PollyHill Arboretum PO Box 561 WestTisbury,MA 02575 Secretary RobertaHagen 66',16 91" St Ca binJo hn ,MD 20818 Treasurer HazelTarpley 5637 S RyanSt Seattle,WA 98178-2296 Editor PrudenceHolliger PO Box 2043 lssaquah,WA 98027-OO9"l Webmaster Do na ldE. King dking4@gte.net

RegisteredCorporateAgent JosephW. Hickman Research Ric har dB . F i g l a r International Registrarof MagnoliaCultivars DororthyCallaway SeedCounter StefanP.Cover Awards and Honors CharlesTubesing Display and TestGardens JamesCardiner Budget HazelTarpley Endowment Vacant Nominations GordonHagan(temporarychair) Convention Vacant RoundRobin Mark D. Haimes

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