Abbreviations

AMO Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation AMOC Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation AMV Atlantic Multidecadal Variability AO Arctic Oscillation CMEMS Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service CO2 Carbon dioxide EBFM Ecosystem-based fisheries management EC European Commission EEA European Environment Agency EMODnet European Marine Observation and Data Network GVA Gross Value Added ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Seas ICOS International Carbon Observation System IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JPIOceans Joint Programming Initiative Healthy and Productive Seas and Oceans MBI Major Baltic Inflows MPA Marine Protected Areas MSFD Marine Strategy Framework Directive NAO North Atlantic Oscillation OSNAP Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program RAPID–MOCHA Rapid Climate Change-Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array RCP Representative Concentration Pathway SDG Sustainable Development Goal SLR Sea level rise SPG Subpolar gyre SST Sea surface temperature