Abbreviations

BACS Building automation and control systems BAU Business as usual CCS Carbon capture and storage CHP Combined heat and power (cogeneration) CO2 Carbon dioxide CPD Construction products directive EASAC European Academies’ Science Advisory Council EC European Commission EEA European Environment Agency EED Energy efficiency directive EPBD Energy Performance of Buildings Directive EPC Energy performance certificate ETS Emissions trading system EU European Union GHG Greenhouse gas HVAC Heating, ventilation and air conditioning IEA International Energy Agency JRC Joint Research Centre of the European Commission LCA Life cycle assessment NZEB Nearly zero-energy building (or nearly zero GHG emissions building) PACE Property Assessed Clean Energy PEB Positive energy building PEN Positive energy neighbourhood PEF Primary energy factor PVT Photovoltaic and thermal (solar collector panels) RED Renewable energy directive SDG Sustainable Development Goal (United Nations) UN United Nations