Diagnosis of the environmental behaviour of the publishing sector in Andalusia Information synthesis
Diagnosis of the environmental behaviour of the publishing sector in Andalusia Information synthesis
Diagnosis of the environmental behaviour of the publishing sector in Andalusia. Information synthesis First edition in September 2012
Copyright © From this edition: Ministry of Agriculture, Fishing and Environment (Life+ Ecoedicion Project LIFE08/ ENV/E/000124). © From the translation: Morote Traducciones © Texts coordination: Inmaculada Daza, Raúl Mir, Mónica de la Cruz, Carlos José Manzano, Marta González and Manuel Vicente Rodríguez
Design and lay-out: Life+ Ecoedición Office Producer Ministry of Agriculture, Fishing and Environment Regional Government of Andalusia ecoedicion.cma@juntadeandalucia.es Avda. Manuel Siurot, 50 41013, Seville. Spain For more information, contact: Life+ Ecoedicion Office Pablo de Olavide University Building 44, Module 44.1.07 Utrera Road, km 1 41013, Seville. Spain Tel: +34 954977353 E-mail: info@ecoedicion.eu www.ecoedicion.eu
Ecoedicion advises: In an effort to conserve resources, if printing the whole document or portions of it, please print doublesided and black and white rather than color whenever possible and consider your choice of paper carefully
This publication... is part of the LIFE+ Ecoedicion Project (LIFE08/ ENV/E/000124), sustainable management of publications from public administration, initiative that runs from 1st January 2010 to 30th June 2013 and it is funded 50% between the European Union and the Regional Ministry of Agriculture, Fishing and Environment of Andalusia
Acknowledgments The project team wishes to thank the contributions received from the Ministry of Presidency, Ministry of Goverment and Justice, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Science, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Ministry of Healthcare, Ministry of Agriculture and Fiswhing, Ministry of Tourism, Commerce and Sport, Ministry of Equality and Social Welfare, Ministry of Culture, Andalusian Agency of Foreign Promotion (EXTENDA), Andalusian Competition Protection Agency, Andalusian Innovation and Development Agency (IDEA), Foundation for Social Involvement and Care (FADAIS) and Andalusian Institute for Public Administration.
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Contents Executive summary [9] 1. Introduction [11] 1.1 Aim [11] 1.2 Methodology [12]
2. The publishing sector [13] 2.1 Past and present [13] 2.2 Processes and products [17] 2.3 The environmental problem [17] 2.3.1. Generic environmental impact associated withnthe publishing industry [18] 2.3.2. Specific environmental impacts of the production process [19] 2.3.3. Concern for change towards a more sustainable model [20] 2.3.3.1 The stance of the public sector [20] 2.3.3.2 The stance of the private secctor [21]
3. The publishing sector in Andalusia [23] 3.1 The publishing sector in Andalusia within de current economic framework [23] 3.2 The profile of Andalusia's publishing sector [23] 3.2.1. Concern for change towards a more sustainable model [26] 3.2.1.1 The stance of the public sector [26] 3.2.1.2 The stance of the private sector [27] 3.3 Analysis of supply and demand. Regional Goverment of Andalusia [28] 3.3.1 Analysis of demand [28] 3.3.2 Analysis of supply [32] 3.3.3 Viability analysis of the Ecopublishing implementation [33]
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4. Life Cycle Analysis of a publication [33] 4.1 Introduction [33] 4.2 Objetives and scope of the study [34] 4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.3. 4.2.4. 4.2.5.
General information [34] Book Product System [35] Functional Unit [36] System limits [36] Impact evaluation: methodology and selected impacts characteristics [37] 4.2.6. Assumptions [37] 4.2.7. Data requisites. Quality of data [37] 4.3 Impacts [37] 4.3.1. 4.3.2. 4.3.3. 4.3.4. 4.3.5.
Analysis of the impact of the complete life cycle [37] Analysis of the impact of the production phase [30] Analysis of the impact of the pre-printing phase [40] Analysis of the impact of the printing phase [41] Analysis of the impact of the post-printing phase [43]
4.4 Main findings of the study [44] 4.4.1. Conclusions [44] 4.4.2. Recommendations [45]
Appendice [49] A.1. Revision of the generic environmental legislation applicable to the publishing sector [49] A.2 Main national and community legislation on the publishing sector [50] A.3 BATs and best environmental techniques [51]
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Executive summary Information synthesis on the diagnosis of the environmental behaviour of the publishing sector in Andalusia
Following on from these improvements, as we will now see, specific points regarding the publishing sector were included in the Diagnosis along with their environmental repercussions in our region. These two points could serve as a support for future actions, such as technology methods and regulations. For this reason, the point “Main environmental regulation applicable to the publishing sector and improvement of available technologies and environmental practices” was introduced. This was put forward as an innovations proposal for creating a recommendations debate on the future of sustainable publishing and therefore publishing that shows respect for the environmental and the economic profile of the time. Lastly, a subsection was also introduced that generally deals with publishing legislation in Spain not just in terms of environmental legislation but also, as we have already mentioned, with regards to production, rights management, intellectual property, retail price, etc. In short this involves all state and community legislation relevant in Spain in the world of books. We did not wish to complete this work without offering a glossary of terms and acronyms. This aims to avoid getting lost amidst the amalgam of technical terms and definitions continuously used in the publishing and environment sectors. Throughout the diagnosis, we have also touched upon the social character of our work since we should not forget that Ecopublishing does not just involve sustainable and respectful management of publications with the environment but also the application of a social commitment to the world of publishing and graphic arts. This promise should stem firstly from environmental awareness and thus result in social awareness. We consider Ecopublishing as a productive philosophy towards publishing but it should never be held with the commitment and competitiveness of the publishing industry. Ecopublishing implies a series of eco-innovations geared towards company development and ways to increase the added value of the publishing world.
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Executive summary
The aim of creating a Diagnosis of the environmental behaviour of the publishing sector is conceived as a study of the publishing sector in Andalusia in which we aim to define publishing in our Autonomous Community from a historical point of view in relation to the publishing sector in Spain at large. At the same time, we should not forget that Andalusia is the third most important region in the publication of paper books and the leader in the publication of electronic books. With this approach and once the sector had been studied, it was necessary to suggest improvements that could be made for the purposes of modernisation in terms of production, cost saving and also sustainability. In other words, for the purpose of creating publications that are more sustainable and respectful towards the environment, as is defined in the Life+Ecoedición Project characteristics.
1. Introduction
1
This section offers a summary of what shall we dealt with in the diagnosis as a whole and is divided into objectives and methodology. The importance of the introduction lies in the fact that it provides a more detailed study of what the publishing production process actually is. This process is not just limited to the printing of a book. Instead it involves previous and subsequent mechanisms that contribute to the environmental impact of the product. For this reason, from the Ecopublishing office we put methods in place for the study of the impact of publishing through what is called Life Cycle Analysis. This analysis studies all the raw material involved in each one of the production processes. For example, we studied how much paper is used to make a book, how much is recycled, how much energy is used for printing and how much waste is generated from the beginning of the production process to the moment in which the reader finishes the book.
In order to make room for Ecopublishing, we must bear in mind that Spain produces 75,000 titles annually and Andalusia is the third largest region in Spain in book production. Evidently, there must also be an upraise in environmental consciousness that helps to mitigate the impact of publications. The Regional Government of Andalusia took its first steps towards Ecopublishing in 1997 when its Department of Prevention and Environment Quality carried out an Environmental Diagnosis and created a Manual for Auditing and Recommendations for Environmental Improvement for the Graphic Arts Industry. Subsequently, from 2006 to 2007 the General Directorate of Environmental Information and Participation performed a diagnosis on the incorporation of sustainability criteria in the publishing decisions made by the Environment Regional Ministry. From there, an initial proposal for the environmental and social improvement was put forward. In the 2007 Seville Book Fair, the Andalusian Environment Ministry unveiled their commitment to Ecopublishing and in the same year in LIBER it proposed a new debate with NGOs and business in the industry in view of transforming Ecopublishing into an open forum. Since then the Environment Regional Ministry has not ceased in its work to properly develop Ecopublishing and its extension in the publishing industry.
1.1. Aim The Ecoedición ecopublishing project looks to attain a variety of objectives that all facilitate the integration of sustainability criteria in publications from the Andalusian Government. They are as follows: • To promote sustainable management of the publishing services of the Public Bodies belonging to the Regional Government of Andalusia. • To encourage the inclusion of sustainability in the publishing market. • To achieve greater efficiency in financial resources and material management by adapting publishing production to real needs. • To play an exemplary role for citizens in increasing the demand for publications that fall under sustainable criteria. Likewise, on a more specific level the creation of the Diagnosis of the environmental behaviour of the publishing sector aims to achieve the following objectives:
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Introduction
In this section, every type of consumption is applied to the manufacture of a book, from raw materials to energy and water used to the waste that is generated. The aim is to find out whether we can apply desired innovation, where we can create eco-innovations that assist in improving the end production process and how to reduce environmental impact. After all, our idea is to produce books that are more sustainable and respectful to the environment.
• To understand the main environmental impacts generated by the book industry: From design to distribution with special emphasis on CO2 emissions throughout the entire life cycle. • To understand the environmental requirements of Public Bodies in terms of the publications that they promote. A representative sample of the Ministries of the Regional Government of Andalusia would be taken as a reference. • To understand the capacity of the book industry to respond to the increasing demand of social and environmental responsibility on the part of society at large, Public Bodies in particular and the development of business activity.
1.2. Methodology The methodology was mainly based on two points: on the one hand the search for information and collection of data; and on the other hand the analysis and interpretation of results as well as coming to a conclusion. For the first phase, statistics institutes, chambers of commerce and NGOs, etc., were used along with bibliographic resources and those studies from different publisher and printer guilds and associations. The purpose of this was to gather data on the publishing sector and the graphic industry in Spain. The second part involved a contrastive analysis of the information obtained. At the same time and with the view of providing the diagnosis with specific examples, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was decided upon for three of the Andalusian Government’s publications in 2009. Their selection was determined by characterising the largest publications in 2009. Different titles were identified according to their category and then a copy of one title was obtained for each category (The applied methodology is explained in the relevant section in greater detail). Their life cycle was analysed using SIMAPRO software. We subsequently studied the publishing sector on a state and then regional level by carrying out a series of surveys on the publishing bodies of various ministries and agencies belonging to the Andalusian government. We also surveyed eight private companies that hold contracts with the Andalusian Government. We therefore had to establish the contractual reality of the Andalusian Government; the presence of sustainability aspects within contracts; the situation of the Andalusian Government’s main suppliers in terms of the sustainability of their products and activity; and lastly the real possibility of implementing Ecopublishing in the Andalusian Government. Once all surveys had been carried out and the information obtained had been analysed, a SWOT analysis was performed to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the publishing industry in Andalusia. Such analysis was mainly geared towards a more sustainable future.
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2. The publishing sector
2
2.1. Past and present The first printed texts seemed to have been produced in the 6th century BC in China on rice paper using a printing system of porcelain pieces and Chinese characters. However, the greatest leap took place in the 15th century with the invention of the printing press by Gutenberg and its mobile variants that spur on the first large mass production. From here the Industrial Revolution graced the printing pressed with numerous technological advances. But it was not until the 20th century that the greatest technological advance occurred with the arrival of offset printing systems and information technology. This brought about technological advances, it saved time and raw materials and increased fluidity and efficiency in production processes.
In Spain, the importance of the graphic arts sector to the country’s economy translates as 1.03% of GDB in 2009 at market prices3 . It is estimated that each year the graphic arts sector in Spain generates some 10,800 million euros4. Likewise, the paper, publishing and graphic arts sector represents approximately 7.5% of the sector’s industrial activity on a state level5. Special emphasis is placed more specifically on the trade of cultural goods. Below is evidence of the relevance of book trade in relation to the rest of defined cultural goods. Import and Export of Cultural Goods (millions of euros) in 2009
Audiovisual Goods Books and the press
Export Import
Plastic arts Music Total
1 International confederation for printing & allied industries, INTERGRAF. Europe and the printing industry: statistics. In <http://www. intergraf.eu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Statistics&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=3080> [Consulted November 2010] 2 EUROSTAT. Persons employed by sector 2007. In <http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do;jsessionid=9ea7971 b30dbee11b846fbad4d909767f349d70917cd.e34RaNaLaxqRay0Lc3uLbNiMchyNe0?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tin00004&language =en> [Consulted November 2010] 3 Spanish National Statistics Institute, INE. Panorámica de la Industria. In <http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/pan_ind/pan_ind. htm 2009> [Consulted November 2010] 4 Graphic Industry Business Association of Andalusia. Presentación de la Asociación Empresarial de Industrias Gráficas de Andalucía, ASEIGRAF, Seville, 2009. 5 Spanish National Statistics Institute, INE. Contabilidad Nacional de España 2007. In <http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxi s&path=%2Ft35%2Fp008&file=inebase&L=0> [Consulted November 2010]
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The publishing sector
In Europe, the publishing sector comprises more than 130,000 companies employing around 900,000 workers1. This constitutes 5.3%2 of industrial employment in the region and mainly revolves around self-consumption.
Import and Export of Books and Press (millions of euros) in 2009
Newspapers and magazines
Export
Books Import
Source: created for the purposes of this study from the Ministry of Culture.
In terms of the business structure of the sector there are 27,073 companies. Approximately 55.5% are in graphic arts (15,037 companies) and 32.8% in publishing (8,870 companies). More modestly, 6.4% (1,724 companies) represents those paper and cardboard processing companies and the remaining 5.3% (1,442 companies) correspond to recorded media reproduction companies . The high number of companies in the sector includes a certain amount that employs a small number of workers. These companies have become more widespread in recent years due to new technologies. This is particularly the case in the world of pre-printing, fast printing services, reprography and digital services, amongst others. Furthermore, it should be noted that these data exclude those companies that are indirectly linked with the sector. These include companies within the chemical and paper mill industry, publication distributors, etc. Business structure of the graphic art sector as per number of companies Graphic arts Publishing Paper and cardboard processed products Reproduction of recorded media Source: created for the purposes of this study from data from the Spanish Statistic Institute, 2010
Number of companies per business activity companies per business activity on a national level 172 Manufacture of paper and cardboard items
Total 2010 1.724
181 Graphic arts and related services
15.037
182 Record media reproduction
1.442
581 Book and newspaper publishing and other publlishing activities
8.870
Source: Table created for the purposes of this study from INE (Spanish National Statistic Institute), 2010.
The following table shows how the number of companies linked to Graphic Arts and Book Publishing has decreased, probably due to the economic recession.
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Business structure of the graphic art sector as per number of employees in each company
2
More tha 250 Between 50 and 249 employees Between 1 and 49 employees No employees Source: created for the purposes of this study from data from the Spanish Statistic Institute, 2010
increase in the number of companies per business Total 2010
Total 2009
Total 2008
172 Manufacture of paper and cardboard items
1.724
1.854
1.907
15.037
15.819
16.140
182 Record media reproduction
1.442
1.582
1.560
581 Book and newspaper publishing and other publlishing activities
8.870
8.503
8.487
181 Graphic arts and related services
Source: Table created for the purposes of this study from INE (Spanish National Statistic Institute), 2010.
Likewise, the graph below shows the number of employees working for companies in the graphic art sector. Within these margins, after Catalonia and Madrid alone, Andalusia accounts for 10% of companies in the graphic art sector. The data also reveal that from 2005 to 2009, editorial production has increased by 5.7% from 104,223 titles in 2008 to 110,205 in 2009, as can be seen in the following table: ISBN records registered ISBNs item 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
66.243
68.213
76.948
82.403
85.871
Reissue
3.184
3.614
4.543
4.546
5.897
Reprint
14.908
15.613
15.279
17.274
18.437
Total
84.335
87.440
96.770
104.223
110.205
First edition
Source: table created for the purposes of this study from the Spanish Ministry of Cutlure.
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The publishing sector
companies per business activity on a national level
Out of all publications, the majority are still on paper and electronic publication continues on the rise. book publishing per media format registered ISBNs media 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
78,986
82,940
88,679
95,508
96,955
4,964
3,798
7,765
8,062
12,514
Microforms
25
11
0
0
0
Video book
271
533
270
393
546
Audio book
89
158
56
260
189
0
0
0
0
1
84,335
87,440
96,770
104,223
110,205
Paper Electronic edition
Slides Total
Source: Table created fot the purpose of this study from the Spanish Ministry of Culture: http://www.mcu.es/libro/MC/PEE/estadisticas/ juridicaEvo.html.
We must highlight the significant role that Andalusia plays in the field of publishing. It is a key player in digital publishing and this is demonstrated by the latest available figures (2008) , in which 45.6% of electronic publishing was concentrated in the region. Such percentage was somewhat less than in 2007 when it was home to half of electronic publishing (50.5% to be precise). Within the framework of the publishing sector we can see how public bodies carry out the role of the publisher, as the following table shows.
INvolvement in publishing according to the legal status of the publishing body registered ISBNs public podies 2005
2006
2007
Offcial Bodies of the State Goverment
1,965
2,086
1,879
1,740
2,063
Offcial Bodies of both Regional and Local Goverments
4,381
4,300
4,403
3,187
3,396
Public Education Institutes
4,435
3,789
3,905
3,956
3,468
563
564
635
667
563
11,344
10,739
10,822
10,180
9,490
Public Culture Institutes Total Public Administrations
16
2008
2009
registered ISBNs privatepodies 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Author-Publisher
4,959
5,618
6,406
6,826
8,239
Small Publishers
16,974
19,280
21,206
23,068
25,088
Medium Publishers
23,305
22,292
28,999
30,907
35,224
Large Publishers
27,753
29,511
29,337
33,245
32,164
Total Private Bodies
72,991
76,701
85,948
94,043
100,715
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Source: Table created fot the purpose of this study from the Spanish Ministry of Culture: http://www.mcu.es/libro/MC/PEE/estadisticas/ juridicaEvo.html.
In the diagnostic study of the sector, we also included a LCA, in other words, the analysis of a bookâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life cycle. We therefore studied the following stages: Stage 1. Obtaining raw materials. This stage will include an analysis of the paper industry: everything concerned with pulp, cardboard and paper, inks, plates and other raw materials. Stage 2. Production. We will concentrate on the production process of a book: pre-printing, printing and post-printing. Each one is then divided into a series of sub-processes such as design, printing forme preparation, offset printing (on which we have concentrated) or the cutting and folding process during post-printing. Stage 3. Distribution (packaging + storage + distribution). For this process we focused on the route that the book takes from the moment it leaves the publisher to the moment it arrives at the distributor from where it then reaches the point of sale. All factors involved in this process have been defined along with how its publication can have an impact on the environment. Stage 4. Product Use. This comes in useful when studying the aim of a publication, from a book perspective. For example, it helps us to measure the impact that the book could have or the repercussions of it being given as a gift, being read once, whether it was in a book shop or whether the customer has had to travel 10 kilometres to buy it. All of these factors have an effect on the publication itself. Stage 5. End Condition of the Product (its management as waste or recycling). In its final condition we will study what the book is subject to once it has fulfilled its use, i.e. how many people take it to the paper recycling point and how many people for example just throw it away resulting in it not being subject to any form of recycling.
2.3. The environmental problem The above-mentioned LCA study will help us to determine where the environmental problems of the book lie or, in other words, where the greatest impact is generated. For these purposes we turned to UNE Standard 150050:1999 which states that â&#x20AC;&#x153;environmental impact is any change in the environment, whether adverse
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The publishing sector
2.2. Processes and products
or beneficial, resulting solely or in part from the activity, products or services of an organisation.” We will thus have to identify and define the greatest impact of the publication has and therefore work to reduce such adverse impact or improve it accordingly so that it is beneficial for the environment. Impact can be direct or indirect and can relate to a variety of different aspects. Consequently, these aspects are divided as follows: • Direct impact o Consumption of raw materials o Consumption of water o Consumption of dangerous substances • Direct impact o Generation of atmospheric emissions o Generation of spills o Generation of hazardous waste o Generation of non hazardous waste o Generation of noise and vibrations Such impact occurs over different environments which then reverberates on the human environment and health in general. Impact occurs in: • The air, causing the greenhouse effect, climate change, ozone depletion, acidification and pollution. • The water, with eutrophication, which causes an imbalance in the aquatic ecosystem. • The ground, with eutrophication which in this case is an imbalance of nutrients in the earth. • Natural resources, with deforestation and the loss of biodiversity. • The human environment with effects on human health.
2.3.1. Generic environmental impact associated with the publishing industry The publishing of a book implies a series of environmental impacts associated with each and every activity or process in the publishing industry. Each one of these impacts is generated by the production process. We exemplify each independently as follows: • Consumption of raw and ancillary materials. The main raw materials involved in publication are paper and ink as well as other solvent products used in the creation of a printing forme. • Consumption of water. New technologies have advanced greatly in terms of the water reuse but it continues to be an indispensable factor in paper production. • Energy and fuel consumption. This consumption occurs not just in the manufacture of certain raw materials such as paper but also from printing machines. This process consumes the most energy and
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after gas, electricity is the most common resource used in paper manufacture, publishing and graphic arts according to the INE (Spanish National Statistic Institute) in the 2007 survey. • Consumption of dangerous substances. Of particular interest is the result of using certain products like inks, solvents, colours, adhesives, cleaning products, etc which cause toxicity and VOC emissions.
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• Generation of atmospheric emissions. Industrial activity releases volatile organic compounds from the burning of fuels and the use of inks and other similar products. • Generation of spills. The main problem is down to the generation of heavy metal spills into the waste water system. • Generation of waste. This includes solid, gaseous and liquid waste from the production process. They can be divided into hazardous waste and non-hazardous waste. • Generation of noise and vibrations. Noise pollution causes health problems for workers as they are exposed to high levels during their work on the manufacture of some raw materials and then the publication itself.
Divided simultaneously into three sub-processes (pre-printing, printing and post-printing), the production process of a publication generates a series of impacts deriving from the consumption of environmental impacts. Impacts are defined below considering each sub-process: • Pre-printing. Impacts include: o Decrease in natural resources due to consumption of raw and ancillary materials and water. This impact is triggered by the use of certain raw materials like paper, reveal liquid, fixative, etc. o Water pollution due to spills from film and plates processors, such as chemicals and washing water. o Underground water pollution due to spills and hazardous and non-hazardous waste. o Underground water pollution due to hazardous and non-hazardous waste spills. o Air contamination due to hazardous waste and atmospheric emissions. o Human health effects due to noise and atmospheric emissions. • Printing. Impacts include: o Decrease in natural resources due to consumption of raw and ancillary resources and water. o Water pollution due to spill and consumption of hazardous substances. Water is used by printing machines, which also use fuel and other energy sources. o Underground water pollution due to hazardous and non-hazardous waste spills. o Ground pollution due to consumption or hazardous substances, spills and hazardous and nonhazardous waste. o The greenhouse effect and climate change due to consumption of energy resources and fossil fuels, which also causes atmospheric emissions.
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The publishing sector
2.3.2. The specific environmental impacts of the production process
o Effects on human health due to noise pollution and atmospheric emissions caused by the evaporation of certain solvents or the drying of inks and varnishes. • Post-printing. Impacts include: o Decrease in natural resources due to the consumption of raw and ancillary materials. o Water pollution due to spills. o Underground water pollution due to hazardous and non-hazardous waste spills. o Underground water pollution due to hazardous and non-hazardous waste spills, such as papers, packaging, plastic, etc. o Air pollution due to atmospheric emissions. o Human health effects due to noise and atmospheric emissions.
2.3.3. Concern for change towards a more sustainable model 2.3.3.1. The stance of the public sector The contracting and procurement power of the public institutions still plays an important role for the economy. This power then becomes an exemplary model for the government and channels their way of working. In Spain, there is concern for a sustainable contracting and procurement model, which experienced a turning point in 2008 when the Green Public Contracting Plan of the State Government, their Public Bodies and Social Security Management Entities was passed. This plan was approved in response to the recommendations to establish an action plan on green procurement, expressed by the European Commission in their 2003 communication on report on “Integrated Product Policy” and also by the Ministers Council on the 11 January 2008. The plan lays down quantitative objectives and concrete deadlines for progressively introducing environmental criteria in call for tenders from the government, its public bodies and social security management entities. The end objective is to achieve the “green procurement” goal by 2010 that was set by the European Union in their revised strategy for sustainable development1. The plan takes into consideration 8 product, works and services groups that in some way or another coincide and complement what has been prioritised on a European level. In this case, products and services associated with the publishing sector are also included. Categories for those products and services included are: 1. Construction and Maintenance 2. Transport 3. Energy 4. Office equipment 5. Paper and Publications 6. Furniture 7. Cleaning 8. Events The aspects that the plan takes into consideration to increase the “sustainability” of the above mentioned contracting make reference to saving water; energy saving and efficiency; reducing the consumption of resources 1 Council of the European Union. Renewed EU Sustainable Development Strategy, 9 June 2006
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and prompting the use of recycled material or that from renewable sources; eliminating toxic substances in products: reducing pollution in the atmosphere; and reducing waste generation while promoting correct waste management.
2
From the legal point of view, regulations in Andalusia on public contracting are based on the European Treaty. More specifically, they are based on those provisions that refer to the principals of free movement of products, services and capital, equality for all, transparency, proportionality and mutual recognition. Lastly, they prohibit any form of nationality-induced discrimination. With these fundamental principles, public contracting in Europe is legally regulated by Directive 2004/18/EC of the European Parliament and European Council, of the 31 March 2004 on the coordination of public work, supply and service awarding procedures. For specially defined contracting, running parallel is the Directive 2004/17/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of the 31 March 2004 coordinating the procurement procedures of entities operating in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors.
More specifically, regarding the improvement of public contracts in terms of their sustainability, via the inclusion of guidelines pertaining to Directive 2004/18/EC, Law 30/2007 of the 30 October on Public Sector Contracts includes substantial advances in the preparation and awarding contracts to subject businesses. Likewise, if we analyse the articles of Law 30/2007 of the 30 October 2007 on public sector contracts, it is clear that provisions are made for public sector bodies to include sustainability criteria in their contracting processes. What is more, these articles express that such criteria must be born in mind when the object of the contract could potentially affect the environment. The purpose of this is to protect our surroundings. In this sense and regarding the publishing sector, public bodies can demand and assess environmental improvements in terms of the raw materials used in the different processes that make up the life cycle of a publication, or rather those that make reference to the environmental quality of the process itself.
2.3.3.2. The stance of the private sector Concern for a more sustainable publishing industry has also arisen in the private sector. Therefore, a more sustainable model has been conceived as an initiative to increase competitiveness as well as the technological modernisation of companies. Some of these improvements towards a more sustainable model are as follows: â&#x20AC;˘ Creation of an environmental management system and the obtaining of certifications, the most common being: o ISO 14001:2004 o EMAS â&#x20AC;˘ Innovative Development of Ecodesign bearing in mind the environmental impacts of a product during the design phase. â&#x20AC;˘ Ecolabels and environmental statements which convey the environmental behaviour of a product or service. For these purposes, ISO (International Organization for Standardization) distinguishes official Ecolabels and environmental declarations from those that are not official. It identifies three types of labels:
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The publishing sector
On a state level, public contracting is regulated by Law 30/2007 of the 30 October 2007 on Public Sector Contracts (hereinafter LCSP), and Law 31/2007 of the 30 October, on contracting procedures in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors. LCSP came into force on the 30 April 2008. It revokes and replaces the Restated Text on Government Contract Law approved by Royal Decree 2/2000 of the 16 June. Chapter IV of Title V of Book II is not included, which entails articles 253 to 260, both inclusive. The new law presents important changes with regard to previous legislation, amongst which most saliently include the inclusion of new regulations on contracting introduced by Directive 2004/18/EC.
o Type 1 Ecolabelling / Ecolabels (ISO 14024) such as the Blue Angel or the Northern Swan. o Type 2 Ecolabelling / Environmental Product Self-Declaration (ISO 14021). o Type 3 Ecolabelling / EPD (Environmental Product Declaration) ISO 14025. In our study we wanted to find out how many companies in Spain were certified under the environmental management system. We therefore consulted AENOR (Spanish Association of Standardisation), which is the main accredited certification agency for activity according to the ISO standard. In Spain, the following certified companies exist under 14001:2004: • Paper industry – 55 certified companies. • Publishing - 4 certified companies • Graphic arts and recorded media reproduction – 58 certified companies. Regarding Ecolabels that make reference to the environmental quality of the raw materials used in the book industry, it would be vital to mention the forest certification systems of the Spanish Forest Administration Council and the Pan-European Forest Certification System (PEFC). Forest certification aims to obtain a stamp or certificate that guarantees the consumer that forest products comes from properly managed wood in accordance with international standards. This involves two application levels: 1. Certification of forest management: forest management carried out on the area assigned to the applicant company is subject to auditing by a third party. Its aim is to certify that forest management falls in line with UNE 162002 Standard on sustainable forest management as well as with the applicable legislation. Entities could be regional, a group or an individual. 2. Chain of Custody Certification: this involves the traceability of raw materials coming from forests and their derivatives during the different transformation processes until becoming the end certified product, which can then carry the certification logo. The applicant company can be individual or a representative of a collective of installations. Within this context, according to a report in November 2010, Europe has 9,161 custody chain certificates under the FSC system. In Spain there are 284 certificates (October 2010), 209 of which relate to the paper product1 . On the other hand, in relation to the PEFC system, the number of custody chain certificates worldwide increase by 36% between 2008 and 2009. This increase was similar to that registered the previous year when Europe recorded 75% of certificates, followed by North America with 13% and Asia with 6.6%. By the 31 December 2009, 440 bodies in Spain had custody chain certificates under the PEFC system, 17.3% of which were in the paper and pulp industry and 10.2% in the printing industry2.
1 Forest Stewardship Council, FSC. In <www.fsc.org> [Consulted November 2010] 2 Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes, PEFC. Annual Review 2009. In <http://www.pefc.org/> [Consulted]
22
3. The publishing sector in Andalusia 3 3.1. The publishing sector in Andalusia within the current economic framework The economy in Andalusia is a true reflection of the current economy in general, i.e., the decrease in activity is generalised across all production sectors, with particular impact on industry and construction (falls of 12% have been recorded). This corresponds wit econmich trends in Spain and the European Union. Within the business network, on the 1 January 2009, a total of 510,072 companies were registered in Andalusia according to INE’s Central Company Directory (DIRCE). This constitutes a decrease of 2.4%. Like the Spanish economy as a whole and within the context of employment decline in the main industrialised economies, the destruction of employment which began in 2008 is now more marked .
3.2. The profile of Andalusia's publishing sector Home to 10% of Spain’s publishers, Andalusia is the third most important Spanish Autonomous Community after Madrid and Catalonia . In terms of representation of publishing sector activity, compared to other industrial activities, the group corresponding to “paper, graphic arts and recorded media reproduction” represents 1.76% of Andalusia’s total industrial production. In sales figures for the industrial products group “paper, graphic arts and recorded media reproduction” this amounts to 846 million euros . These sales figures translate as a contribution of 5.7% to national state sales. In terms of total industrial product sales in Spain, publishing products from Andalusia make up 0.25% of the total . The data from 2009 show that the activity of the publishing sector represents 8.2% of the region’s overall industry per number of establishments. With the view of comparing the importance of the Andalusian business network in relation to the publishing sector, the data show that out of the 25,349 companies making up the book industry in Spain (including those activities defined above as peripheral), 2,679 are located in Andalusia.
23
The publishing sector in Andalusia
In the industrial sector, the GVA (Gross Value Added) took an actual decrease of 12.3%, the highest of all production industries yet lower than that seen in Spain and the Eurozone. In current terms, the added value of the sector amounts to 14071.7 million euros, which represents 10.4% of regional GVA and 9.5% of the Spanish industry. Likewise, the Industrial Production Index of Andalusia (IPIAN) showed a fall of 14.5% in 2009, which is lower than the Industrial Production Index (IPI) of Spain (-16.2%).
ANDALUSIAN COMPANIES IN THE PUBLISHING SECTOR COMPANIES PER BUSINESS ACTIVITIES 181 Graphic arts and related services
Total 2010 1.654
182 Recorded media production
128
581 Book and newspaper publishing and other publishing activities
897
Source: Table created for the purposes of this study from INE (Spanish National Statistic Institute), 2010.
With regards to the geographic distribution of the companies with economic activity within the publishing sector, the directory data of companies in Andalusia show the following: geographic distribution of the editing sector province
graphic arts and reproduction of media records companies
publishing companies
Almería
140
84
Cádiz
334
109
Córdoba
251
91
Granada
309
153
Huelva
97
31
Jaén
175
60
Málaga
476
332
Sevilla
646
358
Source: Table created for the purposes of this study using data from the directory of companies with economic activity in Andalusia, 2009.
24
It is possible to devise the publishing activity of each of the provinces from the number of recorded ISBN’s:
RECORDED ISBNs pEr provinCE (2009) ProvincE
2006
2007
2008
2009
Almería
218
366
2.931
1.924
2.377
Cádiz
305
381
372
269
399
Córdoba
457
478
510
543
561
Granada
1.299
1.202
1.978
1.995
2.769
Huelva
186
176
195
161
153
Jaén
280
187
401
343
682
Málaga
975
917
1.033
2.811
3.277
Sevilla
2.608
2.600
3.513
3.632
5.221
Source: Table created for the purposes of this study from "Panoramica de la edicion" Spain's national book statstic database, 2009.
Using these data we can deduce the value of institutional publishing. After all, out of all the recorded ISBNs, 207 were published in 2009 by the different bodies pertaining to the Regional Government of Andalusia. Through analysis of the number of ISBN registrations for each province, certain polarization is evident. Firstly, 33.8% were concentrated in Seville, followed by Malaga with 21.2%, Granada with 18% and then Almeria with 15.4%. As for the rest of the region, significantly lower figures are spread evenly across the different remaining provinces: Jaen (4.4%), Cordoba (3.6%), Cadiz (2.6%) and Huelva (1%). The publishing sector in Andalusia is very fragmented. Some 53% of companies have less than 50 employees and, on top of this, the region is not home to any publishers than employee more than 250 workers. Likewise, the amount of companies with non-salaried employees is significant, standing at 46%. This follows the trend seen in Andalusia’s industrial sector where 51.5% of all industrial companies do not have salaried employees1. On the other hand, in light of contrasting different sources of information, it should be highlighted that the Andalusian publishing sector shows a clear tendency towards integrating the three production sub-activities of the publishing process into the same facility or installation. In this respect, the same facility very often houses the entire pre-printing and printing processes and in larger companies, this also includes post-printing tasks2. In any case, all data put forward so far allude to a labour market that extends to 12,400 direct employees3 in the publishing sector. The majority of posts in the publishing sector clearly tend to be held by males, occupying an estimated 65% of the market4. These percentages vary in the different subsectors in such a way that “publishing” and “book store” sectors have a more egalitarian workforce. In contrast, the “graphic arts” subsector shows the greatest gender inequality, which 82% of its employees being male and 1 Economic and Social Council, Regional Government of Andalusia. Informe sobre la situación socioeconómica de Andalucía 2009. Resumen Ejecutivo, Economic and Social Council of Andalusia, Seville, 2010. 2 Andalusia’s Graphics Industry Business Association, ASEIGRAF. 2009. Plan Estratégico Sectorial de la Industria Gráfica Andaluza 2009, ASEIGRAF, Seville, 2009. 3 Regional Government of Andalusia. Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Science. Informe Económico de Andalucía 2009, Studies and Publications Services, Seville, 2010. 4 EN@E. Nueva economía de acceso a la información, Community Initiative Equal.
25
3
The publishing sector in Andalusia
2005
just 18% being female. Finally, the “distribution” phase also displays notable differences with 66% of its employees being males. Employment by gender per publishibg subsector
Men Women
Distributor
Graph
Publisher
Book store
Multisector
Source: created for the purposes of this study using En@e Nueva Economía de acceso a la información. Community Initiative Equal
3.2.1. Concern for change towards a more sustainable model 3.2.1.1. The stance of the public model The Autonomous Community of Andalusia has a long standing history in environmental protection given the richness of its landscape, which is conserved to this day, and has sustainable agricultural systems. From the outset, Andalusia has been committed to sustainable development adopting environmental policies and creating bodies for the protection and management of its rich natural heritage. Advances have been fruit of not just the role of public bodies but also the activity and proposals from socioeconomic organisations. In this respect, environmental policy and protection bodies are in a place that follows this path. They encourage sustainable development whilst never forgetting to gradually reduce the current territorial difference to converge with the rest of Spain and Europe. In the same way that the Spanish Constitution makes reference to the preservation of the environment in order to improve the quality of life of citizens (Art. 45), it is important to highlight that the Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia situates this right amongst its basic objectives (Art. 12). In Andalusia there are currently two important political references that reflect the region’s concern for the environment: the Andalusian Strategy for Sustainable Development: Agenda 21 Andalusia and the Environment Plan of Andalusia. The latter resumes and introduces those basic elements that the sector’s other basic policies cover in terms of the environment: the Infrastructure Management Plan (PDIA), the Andalusia Energy Plan (PLEAN), the Andalusia Industrial Programme (PIA III), the Innovation and Technological Development Management Plan (PLADIT), the Andalusia Research Plan (PAI III) and the Andalusia Agricultural Modernisation Plan. It is important to note that being aware that one of the ways of securing Andalusia’s development is partly to maintain a link with the rest of Europe and decrease the real and existing differences, an Andalusian Climate Change Strategy is in place. There is awareness of the fact that reducing emissions is probably the biggest challenge for Spanish environment policy. At the same time though it offers the unbeatable chance to advance towards a truly sustainable economic model and production network through technological modernisation that increases competitiveness. The Andalusian government deems it vital to carry out an urgent shock plan. Involving specific measures,
26
it is implemented while the Spanish Climate Change Strategy is drafted and, in light of the Kyoto Protocol, it analyses certain decisions of the Central Government that could jeopardise future strategy in the medium and long run. With the view to clearly express their willingness to contribute to fulfilling the commitments of the Spanish State on this matter, the Regional Government of Andalusia believes that it is necessary to adopt this Andalusian Climate Change Strategy. This also includes the Andalusian Climate Action Plan 2007-2012 (PAAC), which involves a Mitigation Programme, an Adaptation Programme and a Communication and Participation Programme.
3
In line with the actions of other regional governments in Spain, with Spain itself and indeed Europe, Andalusia also recognises the responsibility of its government as a consumer. In this respect, within some of the above mentioned policies, along with some others, reference is made to the implementation of actions to minimise the effects of consumption.
3.2.1.1. The stance of the private model In terms of supply, it can be said that there have been advances in the concern for a more sustainable model. The companies that make up the publishing sector (those previously mentioned that represent supply) turn to tools that not only increase the value of their products and services but actively collaborate in environmental improvement. The publishing sector is currently making great efforts to meet the strictest environmental requirements, whether it be through the streamlining of consumption of energy and raw materials or through the assessment of the ecological products market. As indicated above, against the backdrop of supply on a European and state level, the main voluntary tools that companies use to demonstrate their commitment to environmental preservation and sustainable development are those current certificates relating to products (the end product or the raw materials) and processes. Furthermore, in terms of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, it is noteworthy that environmental management systems, Ecodesign and Ecolabelling (PEFC, FSC) are used as voluntary tools for sectors subject to this diagnosis. In relation to the manufacturing process, as mentioned previously, the environmental awareness of companies has been growing in recent years. In Andalusia, publishing companies have been voluntarily obtaining certifications in such a way that they are now more competitive and, in turn, more responsible on an environmental level. In this way, we should outline the data linked to certification according to regulation ISO 14001:2004 for the Autonomous Community of Andalusia and more specifically for those involved in the sector. Data from Spain’s main certification agency, AENOR, confirm to have certified 32 companies that operate in the publishing sector. Broken down according to industrial activity, the information available is as follows: • Graphic arts. 4 graphic arts companies in Andalusia have the environmental management system ISO 14001. • Publishing: according to current data there are no publishers in Andalusia that work under ISO 14001 standards. • Paper industry: 7 certificates which apply to processes such as design and manufacture of packaging, production of pulp, design and production of cardboard sheets, production of 100% recycled paper and printing paper. • Chemical industry: 21 certified companies in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, pigments, etc. 27
The publishing sector in Andalusia
Within its main strategic areas, the Andalusian Strategy for Sustainable Development involves the promotion of responsible consumption, which is defined as “the use of products manufactured by rational exploitation of resources with minimum waste that can also be recycled or reused.” The strategy agrees upon ways to promote responsible consumption awareness amongst citizens: “To raise public awareness of the advantages of responsible consumption, with generic messages and specific information on what to do”; or others that offer tools for selecting socially and environmentally friendly products and services, “to disseminate the use of Ecolabels and integrated product emblems, along with other forms of consumer information that warn of the environmental repercussions of the use of each product and that detail the methods of obtaining and manufacture to which the product has been subject”. All the while, not forgotten is the promotion of certain production methods that “impulse manufacturing and consumption of long-lasting, easily repairable and recyclable products.”
Upon analysis of the geographic distribution of those companies certified under the standards of regulation ISO 14001:2004, the 2010 data show that Huelva has the largest concentration of certified companies in the publishing sector, mainly those involved in the chemical industry. In addition, Seville has the most ISO 14001:2004 certified graphic arts companies.
3.3. Analysis of supply and demand. Regional Goverment of Andalusia 3.3.1. Analysis of demand In order to analyse demand, contact was made with all the ministries and main bodies of the Regional Government of Andalusia that publish works. Below is a list of those ministries and bodies contacted that took part in the analysis. For each one, the information refers to the data obtained from the previous questionnaire and a face to face interviewl. analysis of demand ministry or body of the regional goverment of andalusia
previous questionnaire
Presidency Government and Justice Education Economy, Innovation and Science Public Works and Housing Healthcare Agriculture and Fishing Tourism, Commerce and Sport Equality and Social Welfare Culture Environment Andalusian Agency of Foreign Promotion (EXTENDA) Andalusian Competition Protection Agency Andalusian Innovation and Development Agency (IDEA) Foundation for Social Involvement and Care (FADAIS) Andalusian Institute for Public Administration (IAPP)
28
face to face interview
Based on the approach of both the previous questionnaire and the face to face interviews, what is clear is that data obtained lead to different conclusions. On the one hand it is possible to determine the main characteristics in terms of publication and the consideration of environmental aspects. On the other hand, it is possible to identify the main positive and negative factors regarding the promotion and implementation of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ecopublishingâ&#x20AC;? of the Andalusian Government. On this note, we have proceeded to indicate the results generally extrapolated from the questionnaires and interviews and have provided their SWOT analysis.
3
The main data extrapolated from the received questionnaires (75%) make reference to aspects prioritised for the purposes of determining the current contracting situation of the publishing services of the ministries and bodies pertaining to the Andalusian Government. The data also make reference to whether environmental aspects have been considered. The graphs below refer to the sample, which is considered as the total number of bodies whose questionnaires were analysed and not the total number of contracted ministries or bodies. 1. Number of titles produced between 2005 and 2009
Proporcional data
Source: created for the purposes of this study
2. Main contracting procedure
Total Proporcional Data
Minor contract
No response
Source: created for the purposes of this study
29
The publishing sector in Andalusia
Total
3. Main media used
Total Proportional data
Paper
Digital
No response
Source: created for the purposes of this study
4. Consideration of environmental aspects in minor contracts
Total Proportional data
Environmental aspects are considered
Environmental aspects are not considered
Source: created for the purposes of this study
30
No response
5. Incusion criteria in contracts undertaken by open procedures and/or negotiation
3 Total Proportional data
Environmental aspects are not considered
No response
Source: created for the purposes of this study
6. Aspects considered in contracts (minor, by open procedures and/or negotiation)
Total Proportional data
Design
Paper
Inks
Source: created for the purposes of this study
Prod. proc.
Packag.
No response
3.3.2. Analysis of supply 1. The majority of the publication suppliers of the Andalusian Government include the three process of the production chain: pre-printing, printing and post-printing, being the distribution system of said publication mostly regional. 2. The majority of suppliers are ISO 14001:2004 certified and in many cases also hold ISO 9001:2008. 3. The majority of suppliers are divided into the use of raw materials and the use of virgin and recycled fibre. The majority of virgin fibre comes from sustainable forest holdings that are certified in according with FSC or PEFC criteria. 4. With regard to production, the most common printing system used is the offset. 31
The publishing sector in Andalusia
Environmental aspects are considered
3.3.3. Viability analysis of the Ecopublishing implementation
POSITIVE FACTORs
NEGATIVE FACTORS
INTERNAL FACTORS
EXTERNAL FACTORS
STRENGTH
OPPORTUNITIES
• Widespread presence of centralised contracting processes between the different ministries of the Andalusian Government. • Presence of numerous autonomous environmental policies. • Development of the LIFE+ Ecoedición project
• Favourable political and judicial framework on both a European and State level. • Technological evolution of the publishing sector. • Growing concern for the environment on the part of the publishing production sector. • Growing environmental regulation of the industrial sector. • Growing sense of environmental responsibility amongst society at large.
Debilidades
THREATS
• Lack of environmental awareness amongst those agents involved in the contracting processes related to publications in the Andalusian Government. • Doubts concerning the legal possibilities of including sustainability criteria in contracting processes. • Lack of sustainability knowledge on the part of those agents directly linked to the contracting of goods, services and works. • Conviction on the need for greater economic and human resources for implementing sustainable procurement and public contracting policy. • Reluctance to change on the part of public employees. • Lack of tools that facilitate the introduction of environmental criteria in publications contracts.
32
• State of socioeconomic crisis
4. Life Cycle Analysis of a publication: a book printed using offset 4 4.1. Introduction
Materials and Method. Analysis was carried out on three books whose format, pages, binding, printing and print-run were the most abundant in the publishing production of the Regional Government in 2009. The three books were printed using offset. Generic data was used from the Ecoinvent database along with specific data from those printing companies that took part in the study. In addition, average statistical data was used for everything related to transportation, displacement and end of life. Results and discussion. The result show that the production stage, more specifically the printing stage, contributes most to environmental impact. The most significant process are those for paper, electrical energy consumption and aluminium plates. The distribution and end of life stages have a moderate influence on environmental behaviour. It should be pointed out that the usage stage falls outside the limits of the system. The proposed scenario thus suggests that consumer behaviour is relevant. Conclusion. The majority of improvement efforts and actions should focus on electricity and paper consumption all the while ensuring that other action areas are not underestimated. The study shows that changes in the paper (grammage reduction from 125 to 80 gr/m2 and substitution of coated paper for non-coated paper) combined with a 5% reduction of electrical consumption would improve the environmental behaviour of all categories by around 17% on average. The effects of photochemical oxidation and non-renewable resources are notable, except in the case of eutrophication where effects are hardly noticeable. Knowledge pools. The following areas have been identified: • • • • • • • •
How can energy be saved in the printing process? What is the relative weight of paper impact when other printing methods are used? What would be the benefits of using recycled paper with other energy settings? How can the useful life of a book be determined in relation to the duration of its material, the relevance of the information it contains and the number of times it is read? Are there any functional units that better reflect the information that the book puts forward? If books are kept stored by individuals, how does this influence on its end of life? The author has worked on creating the contents of the book. What influence does this have on its life cycle? The raw materials are transported from where they are produced to the printers. What influence does this have?
33
LCA case study
Purpose. The paper continues to be the most widespread means of disseminating information. The main objective of this study is to determine the potential environmental impacts of printed books published by the Regional Government of Andalusia and to identify the possible environmental improvements for applying sustainability criteria and good practices in autonomous publishing. A second purpose is to identify those areas of the books life cycle that generate more uncertainty in the results of the analysis due to heterogeneity or lack of data. Furthermore, the influence that the type of printing (offset, digital, etc) has on life cycle should be analysed.
LCA methodology establishes that any study should contain the following four phases: • • • •
Definition of objectives and scope. Inventory analysis Assessment of environmental impact: Interpretation of the results
LCA METHODOLOGY Definition of objetives and scope Interpretation
Inventory analysis Impact Assessment
4.2. Objectives and scope of the study 4.2.1. General information Objetives When it comes to the publications of the Regional Government of Andalusia, three specific publications deal for the first time with knowledge of the impact generated by printed books. These publications have been chosen as representative types or, in other words, those that are abundant in terms of their format, number of pages, type of binding, printing type and print-run in 2009. Each copy will be subject to a LCA. This allows us to locate where the main impacts are generated and what is the cause. We shall bear in mind both materials and energy as well as the subprocesses within the production of the book (printing, binding, distribution, etc}. Conclusions are based on studying the data through a LCA average of the three types. The analysis results attempt to provide a wide overview of the environmental information headed to manufacturers of raw material, printers, publishers, designers, distributors and consumers. On the one hand, the end objective of the study is to help establish criteria geared towards minimising the negative impacts of the publishing process in its entirety. On the other hand, it aims to provide recommendations on raw materials and the different subprocesses including design
Extent The scope of the study covers the three mentioned publications. The three books were chosen from an extensive array of ISBN’s published with the Andalusian Government in 2009. 34
With the aim of determining the main characteristics of publications and agreeing upon their representative sample, the web page of the Spanish ISBN Agency was consulted along with the publications catalogue on the web page of the Andalusian Government . Out of the 207 publications with an ISBN, 145 (70% of the total) were identified and characterised with the following conclusions: • In terms of the printing process: offset printing is the most commonly used.
4
• In terms of the type of binding: the most common is case bound (or hardback), rustic and rustic with overlap. • In terms of size, the most frequent according to binding type are: o Case bound: format 30x25 cm (28% of sampled total). o Rustic: format 24x17 cm (35% of sampled total).
4.2.2. Book Product System The book product system designed for LCA calculations consists of: • Product production (pre-printing, printing and post-printing processes) • Product distribution and use. Distribution involves transportation of the books from the printers to the place of distribution and then from there to the points of sale. This also includes transportation of refunded books from the points of sale back to the distributors along with packaging for distribution. • End of product life. The end of life is intrinsically linked to customer behaviour. A distinction has been made between two category products: on the one hand the refunded books before their sale (they have not been “used”) and on the other hand the used books, which have passed through the hands of the consumer.
35
LCA case study
o Rustic with overlap: format 24x17 cm (20% of sampled total).
UPSTREAM MODULE Renewable resources
Non renewable resources
PAPER MANUFACTURE
MANUFACTURE OF OTHER MATERIALS
INK MANUFACTURE
ENERGY FOR MANUFACTURE
PACKAGING MANUFACTURE
CENTRAL MODULE PRE-PRINTING
PRINTING
POST-PRINTING
DOWNSTREAM MODULE DISTRIBUTION
USE
END OF LIFE
4.2.3. Functional Unit The Functional Unit (FU) has been estimated as a printed surface of 7.75m2. This value is the result of considering the book has 256 pages with a printed case of 21.25x14.25 cm2 and 10 point Times New Roman font and a 12 point line spacing. There would therefore be an average of 4,000 characters per page. Printed surface area is understood as the case containing the information (text and images) times the number of pages in the book. The case includes the page numbering, header and footers, where appropriate. This value of 7.75 m2 corresponds to 1,024,000 printed characters. In terms of the three types: types 1 and 3 show 0.48 times the FU whereas type 2 shows 2.25 times the FU.
4.2.4. System limits The proposed system takes into account the process linked to the production phase, distribution and end of life. The following aspects are left out: • Extraction of materials and manufacture of intermediary products. • Transportation of raw materials (paper, ink, etc.) to the printers. • Manufacture and consumption of fuel by the ancillary machine. • Usage stage, including transportation of the book from the point of sale to the consumer. • The journeys of workers to their place of work
36
4.2.5. Impact evaluation: methodology and selected impacts characteristics The evaluation of life cycle impacts involves interpreting the inventory and carrying out and analysing the impacts caused by identified environmental loads. SimaPro version 7.2 was used for this along with the Ecoinvent database for the majority of materials and processes. The method chosen to calculate LCA’s was EPD 2008 version 1.03, which entails mere classification and characterisation of data. It considers the following impact categories: • • • • • •
4
Global warming (GWP100), measured in kg CO2eq Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), measured in kg CFC-11 eq Photochemical oxidation, measured in kg C2H4 eq Acidification, measured in kg SO2 eq Eutrophication, measured in kg PO4--- eq Non-renewable resources (fossils) measured in MJ eq
4.2.6. Assumptions
4.2.7. Data requisites. Quality of data Inventory data was obtained via specific production data provided by those companies collaborating in the study and also from the Ecoinvent v2 database included in the Simapro software and internationally recognised. Data from Eastern Europe was chosen. Due to the established assumptions, is it vital to make reference to the possible uncertainty arising from the handled data: • Uncertainty as to the extent to which the model is representative. Data has been used from other sources external to the system analysed. • Uncertainty regarding future events. Like the assumption concerning the end of life scenario, very little is known of how waste would be managed. • Uncertainty caused by lack of data and/or even ignorance. This is the case for incomplete or insufficiently specific data.
4.3. Impacts 4.3.1. Analysis of the impact of the complete life cycle A life cycle analysis of the three examples has been performed. An arithmetic average was extracted from the data upon which the analysis was based. The complete life cycle comprises Production, Transportation (referring to distribution) and End of Life.
37
LCA case study
In every life cycle study some data are difficult to obtain and/or corroborate. As they are necessary for modelling and calculations, these data are introduced as assumptions. It is made expressly clear what data constitute a hypothesis so that they can be changed if necessary. Therefore, suppositions were made regarding materials, energy consumption, transportation and end of life.
According to its characterisation, it is clear that the Production phase is the most relevant: it contributes to no less than 90%. Contribution of the distribution and end of life phases is therefore much lower, both of which present very similar values. The transportation phase has more of an impact in terms of â&#x20AC;&#x153;photochemical oxidationâ&#x20AC;? and this is also the case of the end of life phase. Characterisation summary of complete life cycle impacts. Average values impact category
Unit
Total
Production
Distribution
end of life
kg CO2 eq
2,59646
2,50356
0,06206
0,03084
kg CFC-11 eq
2,13387E-07
0,000000199
0,000000008
0,000000007
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,00208
0,00191
0,00010
0,00007
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,01521
0,01483
0,00022
0,00016
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,00184
0,00177
0,00004
0,00003
MJ eq
49,45874
47,65013
1,04963
0,75898
Global warming (GWP100) Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
Non renewable, fossil
Characterisation of complete life cycle impacts. Average values in %
100%
80%
60%
End of life
96,22
92,88
91,43
97,29
95,72
96,15
40%
Distribution Production
20% Analysing Life Cycle. Method EPD (2008) v1.03 / Characterisation
0% Global warning Ozone layer Photochemical (GWP100) depletion (ODP) oxidation
Acidification
38
Eutrophication
Non renewable, fossil
4.3.2. Analysis of the impact of the production phase The Production phase involves Pre-printing, Printing and Post-Printing. According to characterisation, the Printing phase generally assumes 50% of all categories, with great impact in the “eutrophication” category. This is followed by the Pre-printing phase and then lastly the Post-printing phase. In Pre-printing, “Ozone layer depletion” is of relevance.
4
In Post-printing, the most contributory category is “photochemical oxidation”. Characterisation summary of the impacts of the Production Phase. Average values impact category
Total
Pre-printing
printing
Post-printing
kg CO2 eq
2,50356
0,70203
1,52140
0,28013
kg CFC-11 eq
1,98676E-07
6,12487E-08
1,125E-07
2,48915E-08
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,00191
0,00039
0,00128
0,00024
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,01483
0,00456
0,00850
0,00176
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,00177
0,00030
0,00129
0,00017
MJ eq
47,65013
14,72010
27,89117
5,03886
Global warming (GWP100) Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
Non renewable, fossil
Characterisation of the impacts of the production phase. Average values in %
Pre-printing Printing Post-printing
Method EPD (2008) V1.03 / Characterisation
39
LCA case study
Unit
4.3.3. Analysis of the impact of the Pre-printing Phase Pre-printing accounts for around 30% of the impact of all categories. According to characterisation, the contribution of the electrical consumption of the aluminium plates and the liquid regenerator stand out. Electrical consumption has a significant impact of “global warming” and this is too the case of the aluminium plate. The liquid regenerator contributes the most to the “ozone layer depletion” category but with lower proportions to electrical consumption and the aluminium plates. Elements such as the developer and rubber plate protection hardly contribute at all to any of the impact categories. Machine lubricants and cleaning cloths stand out for their contribution to “photochemical oxidation” and “eutrophication” respectively. Characterisation summary of the impacts of the Pre-printing Phase. Average values impact category
Unit
Total
developer
Global warming (GWP100)
kg CO2 eq
0,70203
0,00131
Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
6,12487E-08
replenisher plate protection rubber 0,02018
cleaning clothes
0,00041
0,00873
1,18076E-10 1,80197E-08
1,1867E-10
1,57301E-10
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,000394451 5,84337E-07 6,82499E-05
2,21504E-07
3,78481E-06
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,004563263 5,06282E-06 0,000239269
1,35782E-06
7,3163E-05
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,00030426
1,55234E-07
1,1596E-05
MJ eq
14,72010
2,42243
0,00758
0,09278
Non renewable, fossil impact category
4,92323E-07 2,61378E-05 0,02455
Unit
Total
machine lubricant
aluminum plates
electrical consumption
kg CO2 eq
0,70203
0,00071
0,30204
0,36865
kg CFC-11 eq
6,12487E-08
3,90737E-10
1,9084E-08
2,33602E-08
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,000394451
8,12783E-06
0,000138292
0,000175191
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,004563263
5,41841E-06
0,001214326
0,003024666
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,00030426
5,99298E-07
8,499E-05
0,00018029
MJ eq
14,72010
0,05304
5,24122
6,87850
Global warming (GWP100) Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
Non renewable, fossil
40
Characterisation summary of the impacts of the Pre-printing Phase. Average values in % Electrical consumption Aluminium plates Machine lubricant Cleaning cloths
4
Rubber plate protection Replenisher Developer
4.3.4. Analysis of the impact of the Printing Phase The Printing phase accounts for around 60% of the impacts. With respect to characterisation, the main contributors to the different impact categories are paper and electrical consumption. The impact produced by the cleaning cloths, the ink and the book cover was significantly lower. The remaining elements hardly have any impact. For example, the impact of additives, solvents and water is practically negligible. It must be pointed out that paper recycling shows positive impact values in all categories, with particular contribution in “eutrophication”. The contribution of paper to the “eutrophication” and “photochemical oxidation” is very high and the book cover and recycled paper also play a part. Electrical consumption stands out in “acidification” as well as “exploitation of non-renewable fossil resources.” The ink and cleaning cloths contribute highly to “depletion of the ozone layer” and “eutrophication” respectively. Table 4. Characterisation summary of the impacts of the Printing Phase. Average Values Impact category
Unit
Total
cleaning cloths
machine lubricant
paper
ink
Global warming (GWP100)
kg CO2 eq
1,52140
0,04108
0,00101
0,90931
0,04189
Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
1,12536E-07
7,40125E-10 5,58061E-10
6,87616E-08
1,03377E-08
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,001275291 1,78081E-05 1,16084E-05
0,000920907
7,16925E-05
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,008501458 0,000344243 7,73872E-06
0,003862228
0,000201291
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,001294531 5,45612E-05 8,55933E-07
0,000969678
7,18862E-05
15,66968
1,53949
Non renewable, fossil
MJ eq
27,89117
0,43654
41
0,07576
LCA case study
Method EPD (2008) V1.03 / Characterisation
Impact category
Unit
Total
Isopropanol
additive
anti-blotting powder
solvent
Global warming (GWP100)
kg CO2 eq
1,5213967
0,01262
0,00020
0,00275
0,00002
Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
1,12536E-07
7,54183E-10 7,07712E-11
4,11001E-10
5,32528E-13
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,001275291 2,59222E-05 5,29048E-07
3,10029E-06
2,69585E-08
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,008501458 4,58173E-05 1,06523E-06
1,22634E-05
7,87527E-08
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,001294531 2,43611E-05 1,23446E-07
4,31165E-06
1,44865E-08
Non renewable, fossil
MJ eq
27,89116933
0,42758
0,01006
0,07108
0,00062
Impact category
Unit
Total
water
covers
electrical consumption
recycled paper
Global warming (GWP100)
kg CO2 eq
1,5213967
0,00001
0,07589
0,52649
-0,08988
Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
1,12536E-07
1,13379E-12
6,5613E-09
3,33616E-08
-9,02211E-09
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,001275291 7,74849E-09 7,77932E-05
0,000250197
-0,000104302
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,008501458
0,000379884
0,004319635
-0,000672814
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,001294531 6,13388E-09 9,43604E-05
0,000257478
-0,000183105
9,82343
-1,50634
Non renewable, fossil
MJ eq
Categoría de impacto
27,89116933
2,8877E-08
0,00014
1,34314
Principal proceso
Valor
Contribución
Global Warming
Electricity, médium voltaje, production UCTE
1,54 MJ
20%
Ozone depletion
Natural gas, high pressure, at consumer/RER U
2,29 MJ
40,1%
Latex, at plant/RER U Transport, lorry >16t, fleet average/RER U
0,041 kg 0,628 tkm
12,4 % 9,56 %
Electricity, médium voltaje, production UCTE
1,54 MJ
19,1 %
Potato starch, at plant/DE U Transport, lorry >16t, fleet average/RER U
0,0152 kg 0,628 tkm
7,73 % 7,68 %
Electricity, médium voltaje, production UCTE Latex, at plant/RER U
1,54 MJ 0,041 kg
23,5 % 18,6 %
Photochemical Oxidation
Acidification Eutrophication
Non renewable, fossil
Characterisation of the impacts of the Printing Phase. Average values 42
4.3.5. Analysis of the impact of the Post-printing Phase Within the production phase, post-printing has the lowest overall impact. With respect to characterisation, electrical consumption, transportation and packaging have the most impact in all categories. Electrical consumption is significant in “acidification”, transport in “photochemical oxidation” and packaging in “eutrophication”.
4
The remaining elements contribute minimally, the lowest being the adhesive in the “acidification” category. As for the global warming category, contributions are as follows: Characterisation of the impacts of the Post-printing Phase. Average values IMPACT CATEGORY
UniT
Total
kg CO2 eq
Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
kg CFC-11 eq
kraft paper
Adhesive
packaging box
0,280127857 0,001988601 0,000184178
0,004500135
0,028710278
2,48915E-08
4,40778E-11 1,69576E-11
2,67116E-10
3,73012E-09
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,000241307 9,08234E-07 2,06113E-07
4,74748E-06
1,81129E-05
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,001763673 1,73344E-05 1,14802E-06
5,88985E-05
8,66264E-05
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,000170082 4,18187E-06 2,82994E-07
1,15333E-06
3,29067E-05
5,038860067
0,134166603
0,447998733
Non renewable, fossil
MJ eq
0,02100098 0,003298359
Unidad
Total
Lmachine lubricant
Transport to postprinting.
electrical consumption
kg CO2 eq
0,280127857
0,000304274
0,086681482
0,157881693
kg CFC-11 eq
2,48915E-08
1,67474E-10
1,06727E-08
1,00043E-08
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,000241307
3,48366E-06
0,000138958
7,50281E-05
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,001763673
2,32238E-06
0,00030275
0,001295358
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,000170082
2,56865E-07
5,4277E-05
7,72116E-05
MJ eq
5,038860067
0,022735485
1,466046033
2,945812767
Categoría de impacto
Global warming (GWP100) Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
Non renewable, fossil
43
LCA case study
Global warming (GWP100)
THREAD
Characterisation of the Post-printing Phase. Average values in % Thread Kraft paper Adhesive Packaging box Machine lubricant Transportation to post-printing Electrical consumption
Method EPD (2008) V1.03 / Characterisation
4.4. Main findings of the study 4.4.1. Conclusions The production phase accounts for approximately 95% of those impacts studied. Distribution and end of life bear little significance but it should be borne in mind that the usage phase falls outside the limits of the system. The printing phase is significant to production and it accounts for approximately 60% of impacts. The impact of paper and electrical consumption add up to 73% of all impacts. There are elements in the Pre-printing phase, such as the replenisher, that have significant influence on life cycle in the category of â&#x20AC;&#x153;ozone layer depletionâ&#x20AC;? although in the remaining categories it hardly has any impact. The environmental impact of paper is the worst in terms of photochemical oxidation and eutrophication whereas electrical consumption is the worst in terms of global warming, acidification and non-renewable resources. They have a similar impact in the ozone layer depletion category. The majority of improvement efforts and actions should focus on electricity and paper consumption all the while ensuring that other action areas are not underestimated.
44
Contribution of the main elements in the total life cycle. PRI: Printing, PRE: Pre-printing, PROD: Production, POST: Post-printing, DIST: Distribution
100%
6,28 5,73
0,78
80%
10,37
10,39 8,44
8,75 40,56
60%
31,27
3,28
4,79 1,57 3,44
8,27 5,12
1,42
11,47
8,01 5,09
4,90
27,95 24,02
39,73
56,82
4
4,61 6,64
40%
20%
11,63
8,94
10,60 7,99
44,20 35,02
32,22
52,63 31,68
25,40
0% Acidification
Eutrophication
Non renewable, fossil
Method EPD (2008) V1.03 / Characterisation
Paper (PRI)
Aluminium plate (PRE)
Elec. consumption (PROD)
Transport. (POST+DIST)
Replenisher (PRE)
Others
4.4.2. Recommendations Using the environmental impact analysis of the paper back through its life cycle, a series of proposals has been presented to reduce the environmental impact of the product in question. These proposals revolve around those items identified as having greater weight in all impact categories: paper and electrical energy consumption, both of which come under the Production stage. Proposals are based on the optimal selection of materials and energy savings. It is understood that they can be easily adopted and allow for sensitive improvements of environmental behaviour. It should be pointed out that electrical consumption corresponds directly to the printing centre whereas aspects linked to paper (type and grammage) are external decisions.
45
LCA case study
Global warning Ozone layer Photochemical (GWP100) depletion (ODP) oxidation
Quantification of environmental behaviour improvements(%) ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION UniT
Total REFERENCE
REFERENCE
REDUCTION 5%
DIFFERENCE (%)
kg CO2 eq
3,5352396
1,70648983
1,62116543
2,41
kg CFC-11 eq
2,67358E-07
1,08134E-07
1,02727E-07
2,02
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,002674969
0,000810954
0,000770407
1,52
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,021704389
0,01400109
0,013301036
3,23
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,002501669
0,000834555
0,000792828
1,67
MJ eq
65,485767
31,8403612
30,2483422
2,43
Global warming (GWP100) Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
Non renewable, fossil
PAPER (TYPE) UniT
Total REFERENCE
COATED VIRGIN PAPER
UNCOATED PAPER
DifFERENCE (%)
kg CO2 eq
3,5352396
1,135797
0,8630893
7,71
kg CFC-11 eq
2,67358E-07
8,58881E-08
7,30E-08
4,83
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,002674969
0,001150278
0,0009252
8,42
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,021704389
0,004824195
0,0040457
3,59
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,002501669
0,001211196
0,0016436
-17,28
MJ eq
65,485767
19,572536
12,593188
10,66
Global warming (GWP100) Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
Non renewable, fossil
PAPER (GRAMMAGE) UniT
Total REFERENCE
125 gr/m2
80 gr/m2
DifFERENCE (%)
kg CO2 eq
3,5352396
1,135797
0,72691005
11,57
kg CFC-11 eq
2,67358E-07
8,58881E-08
5,49684E-08
11,56
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,002674969
0,001150278
0,000736178
15,48
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,021704389
0,004824195
0,003087485
8,00
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,002501669
0,001211196
0,000775165
17,43
MJ eq
65,485767
19,572536
12,526423
10,76
Global warming (GWP100) Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
Non renewable, fossil
46
UniT
Total REFERENCE
Total AlternaTIVE
ACCUMULATED DIFFERENCE (%)
kg CO2 eq
3,5352396
2,74379264
21,69
kg CFC-11 eq
2,67358E-07
2,96656E-07
18,42
Photochemical oxidation
kg C2H4 eq
0,002674969
0,001491093
25,41
Acidification
kg SO2 eq
0,021704389
0,01576708
14,81
Eutrophication
kg PO4 eq
0,002501669
0,001257861
1,81
MJ eq
65,485767
50,503839
23,85
Global warming (GWP100) Ozone layer depletion (ODP)
Non renewable, fossil
However, adopting of these measures only slightly improves eutrophication. The reason for this is that uncoated paper behaves worse that the paper referred to in this category, so much so that it practically cancels out improvements in this category due to the other applications.
47
LCA case study
As we can see, adoption of proposed methods would allow for a more than 25% impact reduction due to photochemical oxidation. Environmental behaviour improvements in terms of global warming, ozone layer depletion and exhaustion of resources would stand at around 20%.
4
Appendice Main environmental regulation applicable to the publishing sector and available technical improvements
• Law 16/2002 of 1 July, for integrated pollution prevention and control. • Revised text of the product environmental impact assessment law, approved by Royal Legislative Decree 1/2008 of 11 January. • Law 34/2007 of 15 November, on air quality and atmospheric protection. • Royal Decree 117/2003 of 31 January, on the limitation of volatile organic compound emissions due to the use of solvent in certain processes. • Revised text on the water law approved by royal decree under legislation 1/2001 of 20 July. • Law 10/1998 of 21 April, on waste. • Law 11/1997 of 24 April, on packaging and packaging waste. • Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 – REACH • Law 30/2007 of 30 October, on public sector contracts.
49
Main environmental regulation ...
A.1. Revision of the generic environmental legislation applicable to the publishing sector
A
A.2. Main national and community legislation on the publishing sector • Order of 20 October 1971, through which the Hispanic Bibliographical Institute Ruling was approved. • Decree 2984/1972 of the 2 November, which stipulates the obligation to check the ISBN for all types of books and brochures. • Law 9/1975 of 12 March, on books. • Order of 25 March 1987, which regulates the Spanish ISBN agency. • Royal Decree 582/1989 of 19 May, through which the Rulings were approved for the State Public Libraries and the Spanish Library System. • Royal Decree 484/1990 of 30 March, on the sale price of books to the public. • Council Directive 92/100/EEC of 19 November 1992, on renting, loaning and other rights concerning copyright in the area of intellectual property. • Council Directive 93/98/EEC of 29 October 1993, regarding the harmonisation of the protection deadlines for copyright and similar rights. • Royal Legislative Decree 1/1996 of 12 April, which approves the revised text of the Intellectual Property Law, regulating, clarifying, and harmonising current legal provisions on the matter. • Law 5/1998 of 6 March, which incorporates Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases into Spanish Law. • Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market ("Directive on electronic commerce"). • Royal Decree-Law 6/2000 of 23 June, on Urgent Intensification Methods for Goods and Services Market Competition. • Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 22 May 2001, on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society. • Law 34/2002 of 11 July, on information society and electronic trade services. • Royal Decree 281/2003 of 7 March, which approves the Regulation of General Intellectual Property Register. • Law 23/2006 of 7 July, which modifies the Revised Text of the Intellectual Property Law, approved by Royal Legislative Decree 1/1996 of 12 April. • Law 10/2007 of 22 June, on reading, books and libraries.
50
A.3. BATs and best environmental techniques 1. Replacement of solvent based inks a. Heat set inks b. Vegetable oil based inks c. Waterless inks
A
d. Ultraviolet curable inks (UV inks) e. Electron beam curable inks (EB inks) 2. Extraction and treatment of waste waters a. Reduction of emissions from moistening solutions.
b. Replacing of conventional heat set inks (substitution). i. Optimisation of IPA concentration in moistening solutions. ii. Plate rollers and ceramic, metal and hydrophilic rollers. iii. Precise adjustment of the inking rollers. iv. Application of a pulverisation system in the moistening unit. v. Cooling of the moistening solution. vi. Cooling of the moistening rollers and the plate cylinders. vii.
Elimination of IPA solutions in the moistening unit.
viii. Filtering of the moistening solution. ix. Hardness control of the water used for the moistening solution. x. Dry Offset 3. Collection and treatment of waste gases. a. Capping of the press b. Extraction and treatment of the air from the dryers 4. Drying and energy saving a. Drying through the circulation of dehumidified hot air. b. Drying through infrared radiation
51
Main environmental regulation ...
i. Replacing of the IPA in moistening solutions (substitution).
c. Drying through a thermal reactor d. Drying using ultraviolet radiation curing 5. Cleaning a. VOC replacing (substitution) and control used during cleaning b. Automatic high pressure cleaners for the moistening rollers c. Automatic cleaning systems for the blanket and printing cylinders.
52