Mapping Climate Communication by EcoLabs

Mapping Climate Communication Poster Summary Report neoliberalism

North America Africa Asia Europe Middle East

articles per source

Legend

contrarian

South America Oceania

2006

2004

15 October 2014

ecological modernization

2008

2010

2012

Dr. Joanna Boehnert Visiting Research Fellow

climate science

Center for Science and Technology Policy Research Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Boulder

& POLICY RESEARCH

CENTER

SCIENCE

FOR

TECHNOLOGY

climate justice

2014

Figure 1. Network of Actors (detail)

Mapping Climate Communication Poster Summary Report* 15 October 2014

Dr. Joanna Boehnert Visiting Research Fellow Center for Science and Technology Policy Research Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Boulder

Contents 1. Introduction.....................................................5 2. Methodology (Design, Discourse)........... 6 3. Five Climate Change Discourses.............. 8 4. Theorizing Discursive Confusion...............11 5. Map #1: Climate Timeline............................13 6. Map #2: Network of Actors........................15 7. Map #3: Strategy Map.................................20 8. Reflections.......................................................21 9. Ideas for Development................................21 10. Conclusion.....................................................23 11. Position Statement.....................................24 12. Acknowledgements....................................24 13. Endnotes.........................................................25 14. Bibliography...................................................25 15. Appendix - Posters......................................27

*This report is the authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s write-up of her research project. It will be published on her personal website and potentially on other open scholarly websites. This is a pre-print version of a research paper that will be re-written and submitted for peer review to an academic journal in November 2014.

Mapping Climate Communication

Figure 2. Five discourses and the Network of Actors framework

Poster Summary Report

1. Introduction Responsive social, technological and political change depends on public awareness of risks associated climate change. Public understanding of climate change is dependent on effective communication. Since climate communication competes for cultural legitimacy with well-funded advertising and industrial lobby groups, and the climate contrarian perspective is featured on network news and in prominent newspapers, the need for strategic climate science literate communication is crucial. In an increasingly image-oriented society, visuals are a primary means of sense-making.1 This project harnesses the communicative power of images to reveal key events, participants and strategies in climate communication. Three posters map climate communication by means of a timeline, an actorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s network and a strategy map. The Climate Timeline visualizes the historical processes and events that have lead to the growth of various ways of communicating climate change. The Network of Actors illustrates relationships between actors participating in climate communication in Canada, United States and the United Kingdom. The Strategy Map will display various rhetorical devices, methods and types of actions. Together the posters offer an overview of how climate change is communicated in the public realm by contextualizing events, actors and strategies within five discourses: climate science, climate justice, ecological modernization, neoliberalism and climate contrarianism (see figure 2). Climate communication in this project refers to all of the ways in which public understanding of climate change is developed through social communication processes. This includes a wide spectrum of relevant types of communication including media, education, the Internet, various types of corporate communications, NGO and IGO communication, various types of government communication, academic research and of course climate science itself. Climate communication here refers not only to explicit messaging and rhetorical positions, but also communication that is implicit within policies, law and other activities that impact climate change. This includes communication by omission, i.e. what is communicated by the denial or ignoring of climate change in places where it is relevant. With this approach the project examines contradictions and mixed messaging when what is said about climate change clashes with what is done about it. These communicative contradictions are explored in section four: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Theorizing Discursive Confusionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The posters provide an expansive overview of a complex area. The scope of this work exposes political dynamics, reveals patterns and addresses communication problems which cannot be understood from a reductive perceptive. Design is an integrative practice that enables such a systemic overview. Communication design is a practice that illustrates new ideas. This work contextualizes information and makes links between disparate dynamics that contribute to public understanding of climate change. The posters will be available on-line in various formats.

Mapping Climate Communication Poster Series 1) Climate Timeline: 1960-2014 Discourses, Events and Media Coverage 2) Network of Actors: USA, UK and Canadian Based Institutions, Organizations and Individuals Participating in Climate Communication 3) Strategy Map: Tactics in Five Discourses (this poster is still in an early stage of development) The poster series is available on-line at this address: http://ecolabsblog.wordpress.com 5

Mapping Climate Communication

2. Methodology: Design + Discourse The project uses design and discourse methodologies to reveal key dynamics in climate communication. Specific details about the methods used in each poster are described in sections 5-7.

A: Design Design is a problem solving practice. Approaching this project with design methods, tools and practices, I developed an approach to address what I perceive to be some of the dominant problems in climate communication. Unlike posters created to present previously conducted research, this work uses design methods to explore the research questions in the original research proposal: R2. How can climate communication networks be visualized to support transparency and analysis of system dynamics in climate communication processes? R3. How does visualizing ecological and socio-political systems facilitate collaboration, support learning, inform analysis and build capacity for environmentally informed decision-making? The work responds to these questions by mapping debates, discourses, events, strategies and actors in climate communication. Mapping serves to stimulate interest, build awareness and ‘open doors for future discoveries and interpretations’ (Lima 2011, p.80). In the construction of this work, I concentrated on illustrating how events, actors and strategies are contextualized by discourses. The maps had to be both accessible and visually appealing to audiences beyond the community of climate communication researchers. I used design conventions such as timelines, bubble charts, network visualizations, strategies maps and other design strategies in the construction of these posters. This project is inspired by Robert Horn’s work on visual language and visual cognitive maps (Horn 1998; 2001). Visual cognitive maps are tools for communicating complex, multi-dimensional information and sharing mental models. They display the structure of complex issues and reflect on issues from a wide range of disciplines. These knowledge maps illustrate the ‘logical structure and visual structure of the emerging arguments, empirical data, scenarios, trends and policy options… and help keep the big picture from being obscured by the details’ (Horn 2001, p. 5). I have argued elsewhere that images can be especially well suited for environmental communication since they have the unique ability to reveal relationships, patterns, dynamics and causality in complex systems (Boehnert 2014). In this project the visual cognitive maps explore discourse, ideology and power in climate communication. The figures on this spread are examples of visual cognitive maps that have been inspirational in the development of the design methodology for this project. They are network visualizations, timelines, discourse maps and other visualization techniques. These maps all reveal patterns of relationships. Both figures on this page are network visualizations. The first is a large scale pencil drawing by network visualization pioneer Mark Lombardi. This image was part of the Lombardi’s Global Networks exhibition. Figure 3. Mark Lombardi. George Bush, Harken Energy and Jackson Stephens. 5th ed. 1979-90 (including legend detail). Figure 4. EMAPS (Electronic Maps to Assist Public Science), DMI Summer School 2013. Twitter hashtag clusters around the hashtag global warming/ climate change. 2013.

Poster Summary Report

B: Discourse Discourses are shared ways of understanding the world. They are also concepts that frame a problem. Discourses provide the basic terms for analysis and define what is understood as common sense and legitimate knowledge (Dryzek, 2013, p.9). Diverse values, vested interests, critical perspectives and insights are embedded within discourses and these both reflect and construct attitudes towards the natural world. The five discourses presented in this project represent positions on climate change motivated by science (or not) and ideology. These five discourses are described in the next section. Informed by discourse analysis, mapping these discursive positions visually is a means of illustrating the similarities and differences between various ways of communicating climate change. Visual discourse mapping reveals the fluid relationships and dynamics in discourses as they relate to each other and change over time. Since this work may be unfamiliar to some readers, I have included illustrations in this tradition below. Figures display techniques used to map discourses, movements or empires. The History of EcoSocial Movements 1840-1995 map (figure 6), the art movement maps (figures 7+9) and the historical civilization maps (figure 5+8) use similar visual strategies. All figures on this page illustrate relationships over time. Figure 10 is a timeline by Buckminster Fuller. Figures 4 and 11 are climate communication maps (a network graph and a bubble matrix) by the Electronic Maps to Assist Public Science (EMAPs) project. Climate change formats and keyword uptake (figure 11) focuses on the keywords ‘adaptation’, ‘mitigation’ and ‘skepticism’.

Figure 5. John Sparks. The Histomap. 1931. 5’, Published by Rand McNally. Figure 6. Charlene Spretnak. History of EcoSocial Movements 18401995. 1999. Map of environmental movements in relation to ‘modernity’.

9 11

Figure 7. George Maciunas. Fluxus (Its Historical Development and Relationship to Avant Guard Movements). ca. 1966. Figure 8. William Bell. Strom der Zeiten. 1849. tr: ‘Stream of Time’

Figure 9. Alfred H. Barr. Cubism and Abstract Art. 1939. Figure 10. Buckminster Fuller. Shrinking of our Planet by Man’s Increased Travel and Communication Speeds Around the Globe. 1963.

Figure 11. Emaps Group. (Electronic Maps to Assist Public Science). DMI Summer School 2013. Climate change formats and keyword uptake. 2013. Depicted as bubble matrix. Maps keywords from book titles.

Mapping Climate Communication

3. Five Discourses on Climate Change Climate science: This discourse emerges from physics, chemistry, the atmospheric sciences and the earth sciences. The 97% consensus within science (Cook et al, 2013; Anderegg et al 2000) is that warming of the atmosphere and ocean system is unequivocal, associated impacts are occurring at rates unprecedented in the historical record and that these changes are predominately due to human influence. Climate change presents severe risks to civilization and to the non-human natural world and these impacts will become increasingly expensive, difficult and even impossible to mitigate if action is not taken to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Climate justice: Climate justice movements see climate change as an ethical problem wherein the greatest impacts are felt by those least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and also as a consequence of a particular way of organizing economic relations. Advocates demand radical changes in modes of governance to reduce emissions while also addressing issues of social justice and equity. This perspective sees the ‘free-market’2 sic as unable to deliver sufficiently reduced net emissions. This is primarily because capitalism3 is a system that was designed as if it was not embedded in an ecological and social context4. As such it is structurally committed to quantitative economic growth5, which is dependent on unsustainable use of fossil fuels. The radical position holds that capitalism is the factor driving climate change (and other injustices) since it is designed to prioritize capital accumulation over all other priorities (both social and ecological). New ways of organizing social relations and the political economy must be created to respond to climate change and issues of social justice.

Ecological modernization holds that climate change can be addressed within the current capitalist system and that low emissions and economic benefits can be achieved with market mechanisms, clean energy and other innovative solutions to climate change. This broad discourse is supported by the vast majority of the actors in the central part of the framework (blue, green and grey). In this project ecological modernization subsumes what discourse theorists Drysek (2013), Nisbet (2014) and White, Damian White, Rudy and Gareau (2015) divide into several discourses (see figure 12). While articulating the variety of environmental discourses is important work, in this framework several of the central environmental discourses are considered to share enough similarities to be characterized in one category. This is done in order to explore other dynamics.

Neoliberalism: Herein environmental considerations are subordinated to macroeconomic policy ‘imperatives’. Neoliberalism is an ideology and mode of governance that is characterized by privatization, deregulation, financialization and austerity (Harvey, 2007, Dean 2009, Peck 2010, Parr 2012, Connolly 2013). Neoliberal governance simultaneously rolls-back responsibilities of the state (i.e. public services) and rolls-out market conforming regulatory incursions (Peck 2010, p.23). In practice neoliberalism seeks to mask these dynamics by presenting itself as environmentally conscientious while avoiding action to reduce net emissions. Despite the green rhetoric there is a symbiosis between this discourse and the contrarian discourse, since the lack of regulation enables corporate power grabs and weakens capacities in the public sphere to monitor and regulate polluting activities. Authoritarian modes of governance are emergent within this discourse. 8

Poster Summary Report

Climate contrarian: Climate contrarians have ideological motives behind their critiques of various dimensions of climate science and the policies directed at lowering emissions. Typically contrarians challenge what they see as a false consensus in climate science. This discourse is promoted by conservative think tanks, climate skeptic bloggers, media outlets supporting this perspective, fossil fuel lobbyists, public relations personnel and some politicians, often with financial support from the fossil fuel industry. The radical position, promoted by fossil fuel interests and supporting think tanks, seeks to continue unrestrained use of the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fossil fuel reserves regardless of the consequences to the climate.

Environmental Discourses As characterized in the following three texts:

economic rationalism1

ecomodernist 2

free market Prometheans

1. John Drysek (2013) The Politics of the Earth. 2. Matthew Nisbet (2014) Disruptive ideas: public intellectuals and their arguments for action on climate change.

ecological modernisation1

rational optimists, and Cornucopians 3

3. Damian White, Alan Rudy and Brian Gareau (2015) Environments, Nature and Social Theory â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Towards Critical Hybridities.

bright greens3

adminstrative rationalism1 smart growth reformers2

democratic pragmatism1

sustainable development 1

limits environmentalists3

green political change1

social environmentalists 3

green consciousness1

and possibilists

neoliberalism

Figure 12: Discourses identified by John Drysek (2013) in The Politics of the Earth; Matthew Nisbet (2014) in Disruptive ideas: public intellectuals and their arguments for action on climate change; and Damian White, Alan Rudy and Brian Gareau (2015) in Environments, Nature and Social Theory â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Towards Critical Hybridities. The discourses are plotted on the discursive framework used in Map No.2: Network of Actors. Figure 13: Discursive framework used in Map No.2: Network of Actors.

ecological activists2

contrarian

ecological modernization

climate science

climate justice 9

Mapping Climate Communication

While the categories have defining characteristics listed above, within each discourse there is much heterogeneity (see in Figure 12). Additionally, within large organizations and government institutions there are often contradictory communications on climate change. For example, the World Bank funded Connect4Climate has a different rhetorical position on climate than the messages inherent in the IGO’s deregulation policy and tactical support for extractive industries. Likewise, the messaging within different departments of the United States government is diametrically opposed. In his book on environmental discourses, political scientist John Dryzek describes how one individual will often refer to and even ‘inhabit’ different discourses on the environment within different contexts (2013, p.22). Making the ideology behind discourse explicit is a means to clarify political processes and to reveal obscured agendas. The next section will briefly explore discursive obfuscations in climate communication.

4. Theorizing Discursive Confusion Discourses are not always explicit. All actors, except extreme contrarians who deny the relevance of sustainability entirely, have an interest in appearing to do the right thing by the environment. Corporations, governments, IGOs and even NGOs all aim to present a green image but their actions often betray conflicting agendas. Since communication works on many levels simultaneously (on the level of both what is said and the level of what is done) conflicting messaging is common. Communicative work that projects an image of concern for the climate and support for strong emissions reductions sends a different message from communicative work performed by actions which support deregulated corporate practice, trade rules that prohibit planning for low emission technology, fossil fuel industry subsidies, new pipelines and other carbon intensive developments. Different types of actors are responsible for diverse types of discursive obfuscations. Corporations do this mixed messaging by rebranding themselves as green (e.g. BP = “Beyond Petroleum”) and continuing unabated extraction of fossil fuels and other polluting activities. Governments do this by making grandiose statements about their commitment to the environment, e.g. David Cameron, UK Prime Minister: “I want the coalition to be the greenest government ever” (quoted in The Guardian, 14 May 2010) and then dismantling institutional capacity for planning a low carbon economy (the coalition government’s abolition of the Sustainable Development Commission in 2011). IGOs such as the World Bank do this with by issuing strong statements on risks associated with climate change while simultaneously aggressively pushing trade laws which destroy local governments’ capacities to plan for low emission technologies (Klein, 2014). Finally, even NGOs do this when their critique of development policy, economic policy and corporate practice fails to challenge the dynamics and structural factors that lead to an ever increasing carbon intensive global economy.

Poster Summary Report

Discursive confusion is a result of conflicting messages and contradictory communication. The public is told that climate change is a serious threat but the same institutional actors continue to support carbon intensive development. This project explores the proposition that discursive confusion, even discursive obfuscations, are central to the ongoing deadlock in climate communication and climate policy. This dynamic is most evident in the tensions between ecological modernization and neoliberalism. Despite green intentions of the modernization discourse, when this discourse fails to challenge free-market fundamentalism, it is easily appropriated. It then serves to facilitate neoliberal processes, which in turn enables contrarian discourses (since neoliberalism transfers power from the public to the corporate sphere, where contrarian power is most concentrated). No.2: Network of Actors explores these relationships between discursive positions. The historical appropriation and political neutralization of social movements is a dynamic that needs to be considered when theorizing climate communication. Examining current forces reproducing these processes is a goal of this project. Explicit and implicit communication is at odds in the neoliberal discourse. The neoliberal discourse often uses the language of the environmental movement to gain and maintain legitimacy and public trust. The danger here is that the climate movement’s work in creating awareness and policy opinions responding to climate change is simply used as convenient rhetoric and public relations messaging for continued and indeed exacerbated carbon intensive development. Since the ecological modernization discourse is open to the use of market mechanisms to regulate climate change, this discourse often unwittingly erodes capacity for regulation as responsibility for a responding to climate change is captured by corporate interests (Miller & Dinan, forthcoming). This dynamic constitutes the neoliberalization of climate policy (Parr, 2012). Herein possibilities for effective climate regulation become even more remote.

contrarian neoliberalism economic rationalism Dryzek 2013

The World Bank

3rd,2001 (TAR)

The Economist

Milan

COP8

Leak of Frank Luntz memo: ”make the lack of scientific certainty a primary issue in the debate"

9-11

2002 Bali Principles of Climate Justice

anti-regulation industry lobbying

mobilization of uncertainty discourse

privatisation + consolidation of media

“media portrayals of uncertainty have potential to distract as well as impede substantive efforts to reduce GHG emissions as the reduction of uncertainty has long been framed as a prerequisite for political and policy progress” (Boykoff, pg.64).

astroturfing + deceptive disinformation

2001 National Climate Atmospheric Research

NASA

+ Global Climate Change

climate.nasa.gov

individual

USA

Media Monitoring: World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming (Figure 3) A research group led by Max Boykoff monitors fifty sources across twenty-five countries in seven different regions around the world. We record the number of times the terms ‘climate change’ or ‘global warming have been used in these sources and publish the results monthly here: http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/icecaps /research/media_coverage/index.html

NOAA + CIRES

trend or strategy declaration

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration + The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences USA

Environmental Protection Agency USA

Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB)

USA

2nd peak

American Geophysical Union (AGU)

Middle East

Katherine Hayhoe

World Meteorological International

Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES)

Sustainable Prosperity

Jonathan Porritt

International

USA

International

Dryzek 2013

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International

climate science

USA

Global Footprint Network

Figure 3: Wang, X., Nacu-Schmidt, A., McAllister, L., Gifford, L., Daly, M., Boykoff, M., Boehnert, J. and Andrews, K. (2014). World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming, 2004-2014. Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Web. [April 20 2014] http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/media_coverage.

USA

Real Climate

Michael Mann

USA

Met Office Hadley Centre UK

The Royal Society

Michael Oppenheimer

Stephen Schneider USA

USA

Jonathan Overpeck

International

Naomi Oreskes USA

Carbon Brief

Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) USA

USA

Chicago

1st Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) report, published yearly since 2010.

3rd NIPCC report

2011

USA

TckTckTck

International

350.org International

The Climate Coalition

Operation Noah

Rainforest Action Network USA

Bill MicKibben

Transition Towns

green consciousness USA

Earthwatch Institute

Network

UK / International

Friends of the Earth

USA

Greenpeace

Climate Campaign UK

Center for Alternative Technology

new economic foundation

International

Post Carbon Insititute

2010

Pembina Institute Climate Communciation

COP14 Poznan 2008

Oxfam

FOE

USA

DeSmog blog

USA, Canada + UK

Global Adaptation Institute USA

2012

George Monbiot

Green Economics Institute (GEI)

COIN

Yale Climate & Energy Institute USA

Yale Climate Project USA

Purdue Climate Change Research Center (PCCRC) USA

USA

MIT Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research (CEEPR) Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

STEPS Centre UK

ETC Group Canada

The Green Party International

Overseas Development Institute (ODI)

Smartmeme David Suzuki Foundation

E3G Third Generation Environmentalism UK

USA

Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA)

USA

International Environmental Communication Association (IECA)

Ireland / International

Earth First! International

Democracy Now!

Rising Tide

PLATFORM

USA/UK

Industrial Workers of the World Environmental Unionist Caucus

climate justice Canada

Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) UK

USA

The Earth Institute

Dryzek 2013

Tim DeChristopher

Bioneers

Naomi Klein Canada

USA

Nafeez Ahmed UK

Robert D. Bullard

International Institute for Sustainable Development

UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability USA

(IISD) - Canada

2014

World Development Movement

Canada

USA

Max Boykoff

2014

2013

Nisbet 2014

International

Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment

5th NIPCC report

4th NIPCC report

2012

Figure 14: Theorizing discursive confusion in climate communication UK

Munich

ecological activists

USA

Brookings Institution

USA

Heartland Institute billboard campaign comparing those concerned about climate change to the Unabomber.

Washington

2st NIPCC report

USA

Center for Science and Technology Policy Research

Climate Strategies Eric Holthaus

H6 Syndey

Conservation International

World Wide Fund for Nature WWF

Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP) USA

Climate Progress

Las Vegas

NewYork

The Natural Step

USA

Skeptical Science

USA

International Union for Conservation of Nature

Citizens Climate Lobby

International

USA

Bob Ward

Peter Gleick

USA

4th peak

USA

Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)

Reason Foundation

USA

Chicago

2010

Sierra Club

USA

2008

Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI)

International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)

USA

climate science

Jeremy Leggett

USA

Gavin Schmidt

Green Alliance

(GCP) - UK

Federation for American Coal Energy and Security

Fred Singer USA

IUCN - International

RAND corporation

Global Canopy Programme

Peterson Institute for International Economics

Climate Central

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research

USA

Dryzek 2013

National Mining

“Greedy Lying Bastards” Association A feature film exposing USA climate denial industry

Post Rio+20: rise of ‘green economy’ discourse

International

Treehugger

USA

Van Jones

USA

Robert Jastrow USA

ClimateGate on FoxNews

for Climate

2009

World Resources Institute (WRI) USA

Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL)

James Hansen

2006

USA

Global Climate Adaptation Partnership

USA

Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS)

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Climate Institute

New Scientist

USA

International

Canada

USA

Kate Sheppard

Frank Luntz

The Lynde and Harry Bradley Climate Change: Freedom Foundation Works Trick or Treat? (CNN)

Cato Institute

Atlas Economic Research Foundation

H4 H3

Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change by the International ClimateConnect Science Coalition

International

(TNC)

Forum for the Future

Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre (RCCC)

USA

American Meterological Society (AMS)

USA

(WMO) 2 Organization 004

Piers Morgan USA

American Petroleum Institute

American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)

USA

Enterprise Institute

James Delingpole coins the concept of “ClimateGate”

The Nature Conservancy

green political change

Chatham House

Climate Desk

sustainable development USA

South America Oceania

Internaional

USA

Kevin Trenberth

USA

H2 Washington

USA

Fiona Harvey

Dramatic cuts in UK Environment Agency (loss of 1,700 jobs)

USA

Climate Gate

1st "International Conference on Climate Change” hosted by Heartland Institute in NYC

Grist

Nature

2012

Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change

Manhattan Institute for Policy Research

Watts Up discourse With That rise of ‘responsibilitization’ Competitive

campaign

USA

The Guardian

Doha

JunkSciencePeople's Conference World USA Americans on Climate Change and the for Prosperity USA Rights of Mother Earth

USA

Global Warming “CO2 is Green” Policy Foundation

Worldwatch Institute

UK / USA

USA

100

Hopenhagen Nigel Lawson campaign

Peak CC coverage in 2009 5 times larger than 2000

3rd peak

USA

Nisbet 2014 Europe

IPCC

Al jazeera International

National Resource Defense Council (NRDC)

Clinton

UNFCCC

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

Brendan O'Neill

Resources for the Future (RFF)

2008

2007

Hunter Lovins

Climate Reality Project

200

Dryzek 2013 2006

Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)

Figure 3: 2004-2014 World Newspaper Coverage Foundation of Climate Change or Global Warming

Asia

**** climate positive here refers to communication that acknowledges human caused climate change and the need for radical emissions reductions.

USA

smart growth reformers Legend

UK / interntional churnalism

Andy Revkin

USA

Al Gore USA

Africa

*** climate contrarian: claim-making by those who have ideological motives behind a critique of climate science (Boykoff, 2011, p.160).

BBC

Bishop Hill USA

+ DOT Earth

USA

The Climate Group (TCG) International

2005

2004

Roy Spencer

5th, 2013 (AR5)

Obama Climate Plan

Shell COP18

Canadian government cuts over 2000 scientific jobs and silences Heartland Institute scientists USA

USA

2008 - CNN cuts entire science and technology budget

25% cut in news industry workforce since 2001

COP17 Durban 2011 ICECAP

John Coleman

“No Climate Tax”campaign

“Hot Air”campaign

NYTimes

UK government dismantles the Tom Nelson Sustainable USA Development Commission

USA

James Delingpole

USA

COP16 Cancun Climate Audit 2010

The Copenhagen Accord

Rush Limbaugh

Climate etc. Judith Curry

Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow

Climate Depot USA

New

loss of 2/3 US newspapers with science sections in 2 decades USA

Leipzig Declaration revised

Christopher Monkton

democratic ecological pragmatism modernization

‘bias’ as ‘balance’, i.e. the false balance of science vs. opinion / ideology, conforming to the journalistic norm of ‘balance’ and conflict.

North America

{

climate science

colours of marks

climate contrarian*** climate positive****

by Michael Crichton

NCAR USA

milestone

States of Fear

ecological modernization

USA

the reference frame

Science and Public Policy Institute UK

USA

The Great Global Warming Swindle (UK)

“We call it life”campaign

United Nations Environment Program

1st peak in media coverage

Vanity Fair The Green Issue

Newsweek "The Truth About Denial" cover story

USA Today

“fauxperts”

2003 UNEP

The Sun

The Inconvenient Truth

USA

growth of the contrarian movement

2002

The Daily Mail

e t York f th en Post n o m USA o ve ati o liz m bo tice mo jus s s te ma lima c Lou Dobbs

Al Gore and the IPCC awarded the

The Times Nobel Peace Prize UK

USA Today proclaim, “The debate is over: the globe is warming”

articles per source

2000

2007 Bali Action Plan

the economic costs of climate change

300% increase in climate change lobbyist in the USA (2005 - 2009) - with $90m expenditure

Dryzek 2013

disinvestment in news reporting, investigative journalism and science journalism

A Skeptical Environmentalist Bjorn Lomborg

2009 No Frakking Consensus

COP14 Poznan 2008

Climate Change: A Summary of the Science The Royal Society (UK)

Global Warming.org

USA

2007

The Telegraph

USA

RIO+20 Earth Summit 2012

Sandy

CO2 IS Green Inc. USA

George C. Marshall Institute (GMI)

Media Research Center

COP13 Stern Report

USA

changing ownership structure of news sources

Dryzek 2013

contestion of scientific consensus

Copenhagen

Street Journal

2006

Los Angeles Times

2013

USA

UK MET Office Hadley Centre Report

Nairobi CNN USA / International

USA

COP19

Warsaw

Donor's Trust

4th,2007(AR4)The Wall

COP12

Washington Post

Sandbag Climate Campaign UK

2005 Kyoto comes into force once ratified by Russia

Government

adminstrative rationalism

contrarians (climate change deniers with ideological motives, often posing as skeptics, i.e. those unconvinced by the science)

COP15 USA

China overtakes USA as world's biggest CO2 emitter

G8 ecological modernisation

2004

Senator James Inhofe climate change as 'hoax' speech (2003)

The White House

American climate growth of the justice movement

Heritage Foundation

Bali

American Government

an opportunity (carbon markets, green economy)

Canadian Government

2005

Marrakech

2001

USA

Gleneagles

Representative Joe Barton attacks Michael Mann

Koch Affiliated Foundations

Montreal

COP10

Buenos Aires

The Department of Defense

a problem (energy security)

Government

USA

COP11

NYTimes front page story on EPA’s deletion of the entire section on climate change from a EPA report after the Bush administration’s attempts to manipulate scientific consensus.

2002

2000

USA

Katrina

Nisbet 2014

European heat wave

COP7

La Hague

Scaife Affiliated Foundations

USA

FOX News

UK Coalition Government

New Delhi

Bush administration abandons Kyoto Protocol and ousts IPCC Chair Robert Watson

a threat (fearful images, catastrophic, etc.)

Mercatus Center / Center for Market Processes Inc USA

International

American Government

ecomodernist

COP9 2003

COP6

USA

Americn Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research

Forbes

World Business

Dr. Joanna Boehnert

Council for Sustainable CIRES Visiting Research Fellow Development (WBCSD) Center for Science and Technology Policy Research International Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado, Boulder e: Joanna.Boehnert@colorado.edu

International

The House and the SenateAmerican

Exxon Mobil

National Center for Public Policy Research

The Chamber of Commerce

The Council of Canadians Canada

UK/International

Tar Sands Blockade

The Corner House

La Via Campesina

Indigenous Environmental Network

Climate Action Network International (CAN-I)

International

Clayton Thomas Muller

Climate Justice Now

International

USA

Oil Change Intl

climate justice

Mapping Climate Communication

Events in Climate Discourses 1968 - 2014

Peak CC coverage during IPCC No.4 5 times larger than 2000 Senator James Inhofe climate change as 'hoax' speech EPA deleted entire section on climate change after Bush adminstration attempts to manipulate / misrepresent scientific consensus 700 scientists released the Scientist's Declaration at the World Climate Conference

NYT leaked proposal misinformati on campaign

IPCC 1st Assessment Report Earth Rise - photo Dec.68 - Apollo 8

Apr Jul Oct1955Apr Jul Oct1956Apr Jul Oct 1957Apr Jul Oct1958Apr Jul Oct

'Lost Decade' in media coverage of climate change James Hansen - front page of NYT

NYT - 1st coverage of idea that carbon dioxide is changing the climate

Oct1968Apr Jul Oct1969Apr Jul Oct1970Apr Jul Oct1971Apr Jul Oct

Oct1980Apr Jul Oct1981Apr Jul Oct1982Apr Jul Oct1983Apr Jul Oct

Large-scale media attention to climate science

COP1 - Berlin Mandate

Cop3 - Kyoto

Global Climate Information Project by carbon-based industry $13m

Low points in USA - Bush killed Kyoto Protocol + reversed pledges to cut emissions + ousted head of IPCC Robert Watson in favour or Rajendra Pachauri 1st peak

Stern Review UK report on economic costs of climate change 3rd Peak - The Inconvenient Truth + the Stern Report

2nd peak G8 + ETS EU 300% increase in climate change lobbyist in the USA - with $90m expenditure Oreskes consensus paper

Bush admin. ousted IPCC Chair Rober Watson

Katrina

Inconvenient Truth - Al Gore Michael Crichton award AAPG journalism award for States of fear

4th Peak - COP 15 Copenhagen + Climate Gate Carbon is Green campaign

Oct1987Apr Jul Oct1988Apr Jul Oct 1989Apr Jul Oct1990Apr Jul Oct1991Apr Jul Oct1992Apr Jul Oct1993Apr Jul Oct1994Apr Jul Oct1995Apr Jul Oct1996Apr Jul Oct1997Apr Jul Oct1998Apr Jul Oct1999Apr Jul Oct2000Apr Jul Oct2001Apr Jul Oct2002Apr Jul Oct2003Apr Jul Oct2004Apr Jul Oct2005Apr Jul Oct2006Apr Jul Oct2007Apr Jul Oct2008Apr Jul Oct2009Apr Jul Oct2010Apr Jul Oct2011Apr Jul Oct2012Apr Jul Oct2013Apr Jul

'Lost Decade' in media coverage of climate change 1990 - 2002

1st peak Nov 2000 - 31 De…

300% increase in climate change lobbyist in the USA -… 2005 - 2009 2nd peak G8 + ET… 1 Jun 2005 - 31 Ju…

4th Peak - COP 15… 1 Oct 2009 - 31 D…

3rd Peak - The Inc… 1 Sep 2006 - 30 N…

5th, 2013 (AR5)

1st,1990 (FAR)

2nd,1995 (SAR)

3rd,2001 (TAR)

4th,2007(AR4)

5th, 2013 (AR5)

1st,1990 (FAR)

3rd,2001 (TAR)

4th,2007(AR4)

5th, 2013 (AR5)

Figures 15, 16, 17 + 18: working sketch; No.1 Climate Timeline, v1 + v2; and a photo of the poster presentation. Photo by David Oonk. 12

2nd,1995 (SAR)

5th, 2013 (AR5)

Poster Summary Report

5. No1: Climate Timeline 1960-2014 Discourses and Events The Climate Timeline illustrates the temporal growth of climate communication by mapping historical processes and events that have lead to various ways of understanding climate change. Actors and events are color-coded according to the communicative function they serve in five discourses: climate contrarian (red), neoliberalism (dark blue), ecological modernization (light blue), climate justice (green) and climate science itself (black/grey). This poster provides an overview of the major events in climate communication history as well as the forces that obscure and denigrate climate science and climate policy. The timeline serves to clarify the relationship between science, media, policy and civil society by illustrating the historical processes that have lead to the growth of various climate discourses. The latest version of the Climate Timeline is reproduced in the Appendix.

Methods: • • • •

hand-drawn sketches + Adobe Illustrator timeline visualizations a discourse analysis approach to climate communication history incorporation of media monitoring of climate communication research a feedback process with two earlier versions presented publicly

Design objectives: • Display the major milestones in climate science, policy and public awareness over the long term (nearly two centuries) and the short term (54 years). • Display growth of the climate contrarian movement. • Display how events correspond to media coverage. • Display how events are contextualized within five discourses. • Reveal historical discursive obfuscations by highlighting both what was said and what was done in regard to climate change.

Legend North America Africa Asia Europe Middle East

articles per source

How to read this poster: Follow graph at the bottom left to events directly above. The media monitoring timeline displays media peaks and dips which correspond to the events timeline directly above.

100

South America Oceania

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

Figure 19: World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming: Media Monitoring of Climate Change or Global Warming. A research group led by Max Boykoff monitors fifty sources across twenty-five countries in seven different regions around the world. 13

Mapping Climate Communication

Network of Actors - Climate Comms July2014 outlines and bleed.pdf

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Figures 18 + 19: A working sketch and Version 1 of the Network of Actors 14

Poster Summary Report

6. No2: Network of Actors USA, UK and Canadian Based Institutions, Organizations and Individuals The Network of Actors poster illustrates relationships between prominent institutions, organizations and individuals participating in climate communication in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Influential participants (actors) help construct public understanding of both the science and the politics of climate change. By illustrating 237 actors on a discursive framework this map reveals tensions, alliances and relationships within the complex, contentious and dynamic field of climate communication. The map includes detailed information on nodes (actors) in the charts at the bottom. Earlier versions of the Network of Actors map are documented in figures 18 and 19. The latest version of the Network of Actors is reproduced in the Appendix. Design objectives: • Display the wide variety of actors engaged with climate communication • Display relationship of actors to each other and within five major discourses • Collect and display information on these climate communication actors • Explore relationships between discourses, especially neoliberalism and ecological modernization • Explore the impact of neoliberalism on climate communication • Develop the concepts of discursive confusion and contradictory communication • Create an accessible information rich visually appealing design • Open discursive space for the marginalized climate justice discourse 6.1 Method The method I developed is the result of a process of experimentation. Initially I intended to use network visualization software (Gelphi and Sci2) to map interactions between actors. After delving into the complexities of climate communication and experimenting with these tools, the communicative value and limitations of this method become apparent. I was fortunate to have the assistance of two computer scientists, Marina Kogan and Jennings Anderson, who developed code for this map to be created with Gelphi. It then became apparent that it was easier, more precise and generally more effective to do the work of sizing and situating the nodes manually. They helped me reject a data driven network visualization approach for this topic and I ended up constructing the poster in Adobe IllustratorTM. The complexity of the topic, issues of power and ideology, and my interest in making the graphic accessible all made this qualitative design method necessary. I used more design and less computer science in my approach not only to make the end result more aesthetically pleasing, but to focus on problem-solving rather than displaying data. The method I developed responded to these interests in a way that a network visualization of the vast territory of climate communication could not accomplish. It enables multivariate analysis while also focusing on the most relevant dynamics. Methods: • hand-drawn sketches + Adobe IllustratorTM • network visualization in a discursive framework • discourse mapping of climate communication actors • global feedback process by presentation of an early version of the poster

Mapping Climate Communication

The poster is an interpretation of data collected based on many complex factors. Actors were chosen based on my familiarity with the field and an estimate how much influence they hold in climate communication literature, the media, public policy, environmental education and in public awareness of climate change. I collected and documented information on the actors in the tables on the bottom of the poster and in Appendix B. Actors are plotted on an ideological framework. Colors, positions, size of the circles and the style and width of the circumference lines reflect an interpretation of data collected (see legend and 6.2). Since different types of actors are associated with different metrics, it was necessary to make many judgments about the relative importance of various ways of measuring impact and the relative influence of a wide range of institutions, organizations, media outlets and individuals. The decision-making processes for the various types of actors are listed below. Actors mapped here include: 1) governments 2) intergovernmental organizations (IGOS)  3) science research institutions 4) media organizations  5) non-governmental organizations / charities (NGOs) 6) associations and societies  7) climate research institutes + think tanks  8) websites / blogs 9) contrarian blogs 10) contrarian organizations  11) individuals  12) corporations Actors are situated on the framework within five discursive realms: climate science, ecological modernization, neoliberalism, climate contrarianism and climate justice. Nodes are color-coded according to where they are situated. The four corners are extreme positions relative to discursive norms in the center, those discourses that currently reproduce the status quo, i.e. unsustainable development with severe risks associated with accelerated climate change. The center is occupied by the mainstream discourses that currently enable this dynamic. The twelve types of actors listed above are coded by circumference lines. Internet traffic is coded by the width of circumference lines. Each node has six variables: 1) name  2) location (Canada, USA, UK or international organizations operating in these countries) 3) discursive position: location on framework + color  4) relative influence: size of the circle  5) type of actor: circle circumference line (see legend) 6) Internet traffic: width of circle circumference line (see legend) Position on map, size and circumference lines are based on the data in the tables at the bottom of the poster, but are also relative to other local nodes (as described below). 16

Poster Summary Report Sarah Palin Senator James Inhofe USA

6.2 Decision Making by

National Center for Public Policy Research

The Chamber Type of Commerce

USA

Mercatus Center / Center for Market Processes Inc

American Government

no.

USA

Forbes

type - style of circle

size of circle International

The House and the Senate

Americn Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research

Scaife Affiliated Foundations

circumference

USA

1 government population no metric American Government 2

intergovernmental organizations (IGOS)  an interpretation of influence

Affiliated Internet Koch presence BP Foundations USA

Heritage 3 science research annual revenue Internet presence Foundation

FOX

journal / media

USA

circulation or audience Newspublicly available) (no uniform metric

alition nment

Internet presence

USA

Canadian 5 NGO / charity annual Government

Donor's Trust revenue Internet USA

presence

6 association no. of members Internet presence 7

research institute

ThinkTankMap ranking*

CO2 IS Green Inc. USA

George C. Marshall Institute (GMI)

Internet presence

Media Research Center

USA

Global Warming.org

USA

The Wall 8 websiteCNN / blog Alexa rank** Internet presence No Frakking Consensus

Street Journal

USA / International

USA

The 9 contrarian blog Alexa rank Internet presence USA

the reference frame

Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow

Christopher

Climate Depot Monkton Daily Science and 10 contrarian organization annual revenue Internet presence Mail Public Policy The Telegraph UK

Washington corporation annual Post11

Sandbag Climate Campaign UK

USA

12 individual no USA

USA

ICECAP

revenue no metric

New York metric no Post

USA

Climate Audit USA

metric

Roy Spencer

Bishop Hill

USA

Watts Up With That

Lou Dobbs

Nigel Lawson

USA

John Coleman

cal ,ization Organizations and Individuals NYTimes climate BBC contrarian

Global Warming Policy Foundation

USA

Manhatta for Policy USA

The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation

USA

Piers Morgan USA

Atlas Economic Research Foundation

1. government

USA

Competitive Enterprise Institute

USA

Rush Limbaugh

Climate etc. Judith Curry

Americans for Prosperity

USA

Heartland Instit

USA

JunkScience

James Los Angeles Times * The International Center for Governance’s ‘The Think Tank Map’ project’s ranking. http://www.thinktankmap.org The Climate Times Delingpole ** Alexa is a service that ranks every site on the Internet. http://www.alexa.com The Sun Brendan O'Neill USA

Tom Nelson

Institute UK

USA

Steward Brand

USA

Cato Institute USA

Freed Work

USA

Version 2.3, 13 October 2014

2. intergovernmental organization

+ DOT Earth USA

USA Today

3. assocation

UK / interntional

USA

Resources for the Future (RFF)

Andy Revkin

enter for cy Research

USA

Connect for Climate

Mercatus Center / Center for Market Processes Inc

Climate p (TCG)

ational

4. scientific research

International

USA

Scaife Affiliated Foundations USA Environmental Defense Fund

re s

The Nature Conservancy

Al jazeera

Sierra Club

(TNC)

International

USA

5. media

(EDF) USA

6. NGO / charity

Hunter Lovins

Gore

USA

National Resource Defense Council (NRDC)

Worldwatch Institute

Koch Affiliated Foundations USA

e y t

USA

The Guardian UK / USA

USA

Clinton Foundation USA

7. research institute

Exxon Mobil

USA

Fiona Harvey

Nature

Chatham House Climate Desk USA

CO2 IS Green Inc. USA

eorge C. Marshall nstitute (GMI)

Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES)

American Global Meterological Warming.org USA Society (AMS)

Sustainable Prosperity

James Hansen

Tom Nelson

Union ICECAP of Concerned USA Scientists (UCS)

USA

International

Roy Spencer

Bishop Hill

Heartland Institute

World Resources Institute (WRI) USA

Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL)

Van Jones USA

Shell

Global Canopy Programme

Green Alliance

(GCP) - UK

USA

JohnReal Coleman USA Climate USA

Gavin Schmidt USA

USA

Michael Mann USA

USA

International Institute

Environment and Manhattanfor Institute Frank Luntz Development (IIED) for Policy Research

European Princeton Environmental Environmental Policy (IEEP) Institute (PEI) UK USA American Association of Petroleum Geologists Naomi (AAPG)Oreskes USA USA

USA

12. corporation

Greenpeace low Internet presence

Canada

USA

LeoDiCaprio

American Petroleum Institute USA

USA

Yale Climate & Energy Institute

USA

Yale Climate

Transition To Network

UK / International

Friends of the Earthhigh Internet presence

FOE Legend: Actor Types and Internet Influence: Coded Circle InternationalNodes Pembina Institute

Climate Communciation

Stanford Woods

Rainforest Action Network Bill MicKibben

International

Economics Center USA for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change

Tamsin Edwards

Operation Noah

USA

Earthwatch Institute

The Natural Step

USA

Americans for Prosperity

350.org The Climate Coalition

International

Jeremy Leggett

USA

Tim Jackson

Global Footprint Network

11. individual

Citizens Climate Lobby

RAND corporation

USA

Institute Figures 20 + 21: Network of ActorsPeterson and legend. for(detail) International Institute for

JunkScience Climate USA Central

International

USA

10. contrarian blog

Global Climate Adaptation Partnership

USA

merican Association the Advancement Climate Audit USA Science (AAAS)

Oxfam TckTckTck

International

Climate Institute

New Scientist International Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow

Climate Depot

USA

Jonathan Porritt

USA

Christopher Monkton

USA

International

Canada

ence frame

Treehugger

Forum for the Future

Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre (RCCC)

USA

No Frakking erine Consensus hoe

Kate Sheppard

Internaional

Conservation International

World Wide Fund 9. for Nature contrarian WWForganization

merican ophysical ion (AGU)

IUCN - International

8. website or blog

Grist

Nicholas Stern

International Union for Conservation of Nature

How to Read this Map This poster illustrates discursive positions and relationships between prominent institutions, organizations and individualsCOIN participating in climate communication in Tim the United States, Canada and the UnitedUKKingdom*. Actors mapped here include: DeChristopher 1) governments 2) intergovernment organizations (IGOS)

Climate Campaign UK

new economic foundation UK

Green Economi Institute (GEI) UK

Mapping Climate Communication

Rationale The rationale for each type of actor is described below. In all cases that apply, the Internet metrics refers to an approximate value based on a combination of Alexa ratings and Twitter followers. 1. Governments are responsible for climate communication on multiple levels: within their own communiqués and advertising, policy initiatives, laws, funding of climate science and environmental research, via environmental agencies, within public education at all levels and also with the police and the military that enforce laws and policy that impact the climate (i.e. pipelines, protests, etc.). In this poster I have broken relevant arms of the American government into their own circles since various departments have significantly different discourses on climate change. For example, the Department of Defense is situated in a very different discursive space to the Environmental Protection Agency. Government circles are sized according to population and an interpretation of the relative influence of various departments. 2. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the UN and the World Bank are sized according to an interpretation of their relative influence. 3. Science research institutions such as the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) are sized according to their annual revenue, the degree to which they concentrate on climate science and an interpretation of their relative influence in this field. 4. Journals and media such as the New York Times, BBC and Nature are sized according to their circulation or audience size. Since standardized metrics are not available across different media types (i.e. TV vs. academic journals) the circle size reflects an interpretation of this data and how each actor relates to the others. 5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth are sized according to annual revenue and an interpretation of the relative influence of these actors. 6. Associations such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and The Royal Society are sized according to the number of members and an interpretation of their relative influence. 7. Research Institutes. Climate research institutes have been mapped and rated by the International Center for Climate Governance in a review titled ‘The Think Tank Map’. The valuing methodology is available on the ICCG website (http://www.thinktankmap.org). Grades are listed in the charts, from 1-100+ (with 1 as the highest score and think tanks with scores lower than one hundred are all listed as 100+). 8. Websites are sized according to the Alexa rating, a service that ranks every site on the Internet. 9. Contrarians blogs are sized according to the Alexa rank. 10. Contrarian organization are sized according to annual revenue and an interpretation of their influence. 11. Corporations are sized according to annual revenue, as published in annual reports. 12. Individual are all the same size. Rings are sized according to their Internet presence measured by followers on Twitter, if applicable.

Poster Summary Report

6.4 Limitations of this Poster: Scope This poster illustrates organizations and individuals active in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The map neglects work done in the rest of the world, often with a greater focus on climate justice and a much smaller contrarian position. This limitation is unfortunate since so much of the best work on climate is currently done outside the scope of this map. I regret that within this project I could only realistically map organizations that I already knew or where I could read the language. It was also impossible for me to review work from all the actors on this map. In some cases an actor may be slightly misplaced on the framework. Some organizations (especially academic research institutes) include individuals with very different discursive positions (such as the CSTPR where this research project was conducted). The positions on the map are an interpretation of the way various actors function discursively and organizations are considered as a whole. If you feel that this map misrepresents your organization or person, I will take all comments into account on possible following versions of this map. My apologies to all relevant individuals and organizations who are not on this map. Obviously there are practical limits to what one map can document.

Figures 22: Scope of the Network of Actors map is limited to the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.

6.5 References for the Network of Actors The data in the tables compiled from hundreds of sources. Some of these are listed below: NGO funding (USA): GuideStar - http://www.guidestar.org NGO funding (UK): Charity Commission UK - http://www charitycommission.gov.uk USA newspapers: http://www.auditedmedia.com/news/research-and-data/top-25-us-newspapers-for-march-2013.aspx USA network news: http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/category/evening-news-ratings Cable news: http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/08/25/cable-news-ratings-for-friday-august-22-2014/296456 UK daily newspapers: http://www.theguardian.com/media/table/2014/jul/11/abcs-national-newspapers The Guardian: http://advertising.theguardian.com/guardian-website-traffic-users/?tag=audience BBC: http://advertising.bbcworldwide.com/home/mediakit/reachaudience/bbcworldnews UK magazines: http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/magazine-abcs-full-circulation-round-first-half-2013 Democracy Now: https://www.quantcast.com/democracynow.org Corporations + research institutes: annual reports published on-line. Conservative think tanks: Robert Brulle. Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of U.S. climate

change counter-movement organizations. Climatic Change. Published online 21 December 2013. Alexa: http://www.alexa.com The International Center for Climate Governance, The Think Tank Map: http://www.thinktankmap.org

Mapping Climate Communication

7. No3 Strategies Map This poster is in an early stage of development and remains unfinished. Since Map No2 Network of Actors attracted a great deal of interest from the beginning, I focused my attention on this project. The strategy map was neglected and is still unresolved. I am including a brief description of the project in this report because I would like to develop this project at some point in the future. This map will identify tactics used within the five discourses. Strategies include metaphors, key messages, key places and key activities. Critiques of each discourse could also be displayed within this map. The design objective is to reveal the characteristics of various discourses. In order to do this well I will need to gather more evidence and conduct more extensive texts analysis. I also still need to develop an appropriate visual strategy. I have only started mapping the conceptual territory. This poster remains an experiment and a work in progress.

STRATEGIES2-July2014-BOEHNERT-outlines+marks.pdf

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key metaphors

key messages

where?

climate justice the commons nature green economics green green economics

equality

solidarity ecological political citizens climate justice change activist

capitalism

mitigation

networks

greenhouse effect

adaptation

climate ecosystem consensus science hockey stick limits

planetary boundaries

sustainable development

ecosystem services

Bright Greens

law

health

geography

media studies

psychology

political science

art & design

philosophy

skeptics

innovation “gate”

“skeptics”

progress

alarmist

magazines

activism

Democracy Now!

peer review journal papers

science museums + centers

naive?

banner drops

scientific reports IPPC reports

science blog

disengaged?

explain the science technical support for impacted communities

weather reporting administrative state natural disasters coverage

managers

experts

education

There is No Alternative

complicit?? naive?

print advertizing

IGOs government policy newspapers corporate social responsibility CSR reporting magazines

web advertizing

carbon footprinting

austerity

the state

television adverts

sustainability

Temp record is unreliable Hockey stick is broken It's cooling Sea level is not rising It's not us

Increasing CO2 has little to no effect CO2 was higher in the past It's a natural cycle CO2 is not increasing Models are unreliable It's not bad

evening news

economic policy

corporations

World Business Council for Sustainable Development

blogs

feature films television documentaries

mainstream media

authoritarian?

warmongering?

G20, G8 & Davos international conferences

‘balanced’ reporting

Animals and plants can adapt conferences CO2 is not a pollutant ‘scientific’ reports CO2 is plant food ‘scientific’ websites It's only a few degrees It's too hard contrarians posing as skeptics It's not urgent The IPCC consensus is phoney conservative

alternative peer review

alternative NIPCC reports

pseudo-science intimidation petitions

Figures 23, 24 and 25: The Strategy Map concept development. 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven

idealistic?

declarations

occupations

climate press conferences science science education elistist?

investigative reporting

scientific research institutes

petitions

media stunts demonstrations

cooperation

alternative media

policy documents

public awareness

other scientific conferences

newspapers

boycotts

fossil fuel subsizies exposure

COP conferences

documentaries

politics

climate change There is no consensus corporate lobbying contrarian climate education anti-regulation industry lobbying the climate always changes is a hoax lobbyist political influence political influence in scientific report summary documents climate change the climate is not changing public relations attack the data intimidation advertising campaigns astroturfing creation of shell organizations insults threats television adverts is a conspiracy Climate is chaotic and cannot be predicted contesting scientific consensus fossil fuel lobbyists publicity events attack the model misquotes Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming media plutocrats amplifying uncertainties spin + media manipulation attack the IPPC Humans are too insignificant university endowments There's no empirical evidence propagating conspiracy theories personal attacks the contrarian who claims warming is due to natural causes Solar cycles cause global warming to affect global climate conservative think tanks false expertise (fauxperts)

climate ecoterrorists war contrarian warmistas

feature films impacts

fossil fuel disinvestment

NGO reports

consumers markets’ technology

mechanistic

property

advocacy direct action

international conference IGOs green consumerism regulation advertising capital the green economy social marketing mainstream media

carbon offsetting

free

economic rationalism

protests media appearances

NGOs NGO campaigns

carbon markets natural resources prices motivated by self interest trends neoliberalism hierarchy competition reassurance energy

Post-Environmentalists

literature visual arts

Twitter

universities schools popular education

mitigation

complexity

all contributing to understanding climate change and to creating strategies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change.

social media blogs

flaws

the arts

solidarity with impacted communities

anthropocene nested system complex system

biocapacity

ecological natural modernization carbon capture smart growth reformers

sociology

education

mutual aid

tipping points

academic research

the streets

social science education

universities

limits

agency

key activities - how? community organising

capitalism is structurally unsustainable

{

discourse

think tanks

declarations

ignorant? evil?

Poster Summary Report

8. Reflections The Network of Actor aims to open up discursive space in theorizing climate communication. The decision to abandon the data driven network visualization approach was made when it became obvious that reducing the scope of the inquiry to variables that could be collected and visualized by means of network visualization software failed to capture the complexity of ideologies and power that are driving the dynamics of climate communication. Complex discourses with both implicit and explicit communication require a more nuanced approach. The process of sharing the early versions of the posters on-line and at an academic conference was valuable. The first version of the No.2: Network of Actors was not read as I intended. There were queries on my method. Sharing the posters early helped me identify problems and judge where the interest lay in the climate communication community. Comments informed the construction of the final work and I focused attention on the Network of Actors since this was the most popular poster by a wide margin. During my research process I came across the climate contrarian presence on the Internet in the form of well-produced websites, faux scientific papers and sprawling entries on Wikipedia. The work that is being done to present a veneer of scientific respectability to contrarian arguments is significant. Given this situation, it is not surprising that these websites function to create confusion in many parts of the mainstream media and potentially even spaces that hold enormous power (such as the United Statesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; House Committee on Science, Space and Technology). These climate contrarian sites will undoubtedly be found by educators looking to the Internet for resources on climate change. Several times I attempted to edit Wikipedia pages on contrarian topics, only to be banned from doing so by a small but vigilant group of contrarian Wikipedia editors. The contrarian presence on the Internet is a severe problem that appears to be accelerating.

9. Ideas for Development These maps, like all maps, are representations and are therefor partial. There are many ways in which they could be developed. Some ideas for further exploration are: 1. A version of the Network of Actors based on views of a sample of experts across (climate science literate) discursive fields. In this way actors will be plotted according to the opinions of a community of interest rather than my own interpretations. 2. A larger version of the Network of Actors where the nodes are linked with specific interactions, activities, funding, alliances, etc. 3. A global version of the Network of Actors. 4. A more detailed Climate Timeline. 5. A finished Strategy Map. 6. Interactive versions of all three maps developing narratives and story-telling capacities. The maps could be developed as communication tools and/or as artistic objects within institutional, cultural and educational spaces. I am interested in pursuing this work and invite any organization with an interest in climate communication to help me continue this project in a second phase.

Mapping Climate Communication

John Tyndall 1850s

identified the greenhouse effect in a laboratory (confirming John Fourier’s 1824 discovery)

Mapping Climate Communication

Svante Arrhenius 1890s calculated that emissions from human industry could cause a global warming

Guy S. Callendar 1930s

found levels of carbon dioxide are climbing and raising global temperature

Roger Revelle 1950s

demonstrated that C02 levels had increased due to the use of fossil fuels.

scientific events

Charles Keeling 1960s measured C02 fluctuation in the atmosphere and annual maximum value steadily rising.

U.S. National Academy of Sciences conference

The Charney Report

‘The Causes of Climate Change’

by the National Research Council predicts that doubling CO2 will lead to 3ºC warming. USA - 1979

in Boulder, USA -1965

Lyndon Johnson message to Congress on climate change - 1965

1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment Stockholm

Climate Protection Act

William Nierenberg’s report

Global Warming Research Act

for National Academy of Sciences claims effects of climate change will be negligible USA - 1983

supporting the contrarian agenda

contrarian events and strategies

contrarian strategies

390

{ {

Annual Cycle

330 320

Apr

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Jul

Oct

Carbon dioxide concentration (ppmv)

340

1960

1970

consolidation of media

The Climate Timeline explores the history of climate communication. The work illustrates the temporal growth of various climate discourses by mapping historical processes and events that have lead to different ways of communicating and understanding climate change. Events are color-coded according to the communicative function they serve within five discourses: climate contrarian (red), neoliberalism (dark blue), ecological modernization (light blue), climate justice (green) and climate science itself (grey/black). The timeline also displays how events have influenced media coverage from the year 2000. The media monitoring graph displays media peaks and dips which correspond to the events in the timeline directly above. This poster provides an overview of the major events in climate communication history as well as the forces that obscure and denigrate climate science and climate policy. Mapping a wide variety of activities and events the work serves to clarify the relationship between science, media, policy, civil society and the ideological factors that influence the ways in which climate change is communicated.

310

2010

This poster is the first of a series created for the Mapping Climate Communication project by:

Dr. Joanna Boehnert CIRES Visiting Research Fellow Center for Science and Technology Policy Research Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Boulder Joanna.Boehnert@colorado.edu jjboehnert@gmail.com Posters can be downloaded with the Poster Summary Report. Available 15 October 2014 on this website: http://ecolabsblog.wordpress.com

founded by Nierenberg, Seitz and Jastrow (1984)

1981

1982

1983

Legend

5th,

2013/14 (AR5)

COP15 Copenhagen

2007

1984

Discourse Colour Coding

IPCC report

climate contrarian

COP conference*

neoliberalism ecological modernization

other conference** This timeline is the first of a series of posters in the Mapping Climate Communication project. Information on the methodology, theory and references for this work are available in the Poster Summary Report published online 15 October 2014. This project was completed by Dr. Joanna Boehnert during a visiting fellowship at the Center for Science and Technology Policy Research at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder. The views presented in this work and any mistakes are the author‘s alone.

!!!

1985

climate justice

protest / march / direct action

climate science

book / report / academic paper newspaper / magazine article movie / TV show / video advertising campaign social movement

1988

1987

Discourses This timeline contextualizes events within five discourses. Discourses are shared ways understanding the world and framing problems. They provide the basic terms for analysis, and also define what is understood as common sense and legitimate knowledge. The discourses represent positions on climate change motivated by science (or not) and ideology. Mapping discursive positions is a means of exploring different assumptions and perspectives behind various ways of communicating climate change. The five discourses are described briefly below and in more detail in the Poster Summary Report. 1) Climate science: This discourse emerges from physics, chemistry, atmospheric sciences and the earth sciences. The 97% consensus within science (Cook et al., 2013; Anderegg et al. 2000) is that warming of the atmosphere and ocean system is unequivocal, associated impacts are occurring at rates unprecedented in the historical record and that these changes are predominately due to human influence. Climate change presents severe risks to civilization and to the non-human natural world and

act / mandate / protocol

declaration

SCIENCE

1986

key statement or speech

F OR

founding of a new organization

TECHNOLOGY

POLICY RESEARCH

* COP: Conference of the Parties, yearly United Nations conference ** including H1, H2, etc.: Heartland Institute’s contrarian conference

these impacts will become increasingly expensive, difficult and even impossible to mitigate if action is not taken to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 2) Climate justice movements see climate change as an ethical problem wherein the greatest impacts are felt by those least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. Advocates demand radical changes to reduce emissions while also addressing issues of social justice and equity. The radical position holds that capitalism can never deliver sustainable levels of emission, since this economic model will always prioritize the needs of the market over those of the natural world. New ways of organizing social relations and the political economy must be created to respond to climate change. 3) Ecological modernization holds that climate change can be addressed within the current capitalist system and that low emissions and economic benefits can be achieved with market mechanisms, clean energy and other innovative solutions to climate change. Within this discourse there is much

4) Neoliberalism: Herein environmental considerations are subordinated to macroeconomic policy “imperatives”. Neoliberalism is an ideology that is characterized by privatization, deregulation, financialization and austerity. Neoliberal governance simultaneously rolls-back responsibilities of the state and rolls-out market conforming regulatory incursions (Peck, 2010). In practice, neoliberalism seeks to mask these dynamics by presenting itself as environmentally conscientious while avoiding action to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the green rhetoric there is a symbiosis between this and the contrarian discourse, since the lack of regulation enables corporate power grabs and weakens capacities in the public sphere to regulate and monitor polluting industrial activities.

‘bias’ as ‘balance’, i.e. the false balance of science vs. opinion / ideology, conforming to the journalistic norm of ‘balance’ and conflict. Boykoff 2011

25% cut in news industry workforce since 2001

States of Fear

1994

1993

1996

1995

1998

1997

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

loss of 2/3 US newspapers with science sections in 2 decades

No Climate Tax campaign

Channel 4 (UK) documentary formally criticized by Ofcom, UK broadcasting regulatory agency. 2007 The Global Warming Petition contrarian petition also known as the Oregon Petition organized in 1989 and again in 2007

2006

2007

Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin campaigns for US presidency with the slogan “ Drill, baby, drill’ 2008

200

2008

2007

2008

Chicago

1st Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) report published yearly since 2010.

2010

Oceania

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2009

2010

6. NGO / charity

Exxon Mobil

USA

Heritage Foundation

FOX News

International

UK Coalition Government

8. website or blog

Donor's Trust

Canadian Government

9. contrarian organization

USA

USA / International

Global Warming.org

No Frakking Consensus

The Daily Mail

The Telegraph

11. individual

USA

the reference frame Christopher Monkton Science and Public Policy Institute UK

Washington Post

USA

10. contrarian blog

CO2 IS Green Inc. USA

George C. Marshall Institute (GMI)

Media Research Center

The Wall Street Journal

CNN

Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow

12. corporation

USA

Climate Depot USA

Shell

Tom Nelson USA

low Internet presence

USA

Roy Spencer

Legend: Actor Types and Internet Influence: Coded Circle Nodes

Bishop Hill

USA

JunkScience

The Times

Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change

Americans for Prosperity

USA

Los Angeles Times

How to Read this Map

Heartland Institute

USA

Watts Up With That

Brendan O'Neill

Lou Dobbs

Nigel Lawson

USA

eco og ca mode n a on

Rush Limbaugh

Climate etc. Judith Curry

Piers Morgan

USA

National Mining Association USA

Cato Institute

Atlas Economic Research Foundation

Frank Luntz USA

USA

Robert Jastrow

The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation

USA

Global Warming Policy Foundation

USA

Manhattan Institute for Policy Research

Competitive Enterprise Institute

USA

American Petroleum Institute

American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)

John Coleman

The Sun

USA

Freedom Works

USA

Federation for American Coal Energy and Security

Fred Singer USA

Reason Foundation

USA

+ DOT Earth

BBC

UK / interntional

Resources for the Future (RFF)

Andy Revkin USA

The Climate Group (TCG) International

UNEP

United Nations Environment Program

USA

climate.nasa.gov

National Resource Defense Council (NRDC)

Discourses are shared ways understanding the world. Discourses are also concepts that frame a problem. They provide the basic terms for analysis and define what is understood as common sense and legitimate knowledge. The five discourses presented on this poster represent positions on climate change motivated by science (or not) and ideology. Mapping discursive positions is a means of understanding the similarities and differences between various ways of understanding climate change. This map breaks climate discourses into five positions:

The Guardian Conservation International

Grist

USA

Fiona Harvey

World Wide Fund for Nature WWF

American Geophysical Union (AGU)

Nature

Chatham House

USA

Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES)

Jonathan Porritt Global Climate Adaptation Partnership

USA

Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL)

James Hansen

Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS)

USA

International

Van Jones USA

USA

International

Climate Central Gavin Schmidt

Real Climate

Michael Mann

USA

Dana Nuccitelli

USA

Skeptical Science International

Carbon Brief

Naomi Oreskes USA

Climate Strategies UK

Climate Progress

USA

Global Adaptation Institute

DeSmog blog

George Monbiot

World Development Movement

USA

ETC Group

COIN

Canada

The Green Party Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment

International

Yale Climate & Energy Institute

Overseas Development Institute (ODI)

USA

STEPS Centre UK

Rising Tide

PLATFORM

USA/UK

Naomi Klein Canada

Caroline Lucas

USA

MIT Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research (CEEPR) Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

Canada

E3G Third Generation Environmentalism

USA

Earth First! International

Democracy Now!

David Suzuki Foundation

Purdue Climate Change Research Center (PCCRC)

Brookings Institution USA

USA

Green Economics Institute (GEI)

LeoDiCaprio

USA

Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC)

Center for Alternative Technology Post Carbon Insititute

Canada

USA

Network

Pembina Institute Climate Communciation

Center for Science and Technology Policy Research

Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP)

Transition Towns UK / International

The Natural Step

USA

Jonathan Overpeck

USA

International

Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)

Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI)

Bill MicKibben

Climate Campaign

FOE

Ken Caldeira

USA

Met Office Hadley Centre

Peterson Institute for International Economics

USA

Greenpeace International

International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)

USA

Michael Oppenheimer

Jeremy Leggett

Tamsin Edwards

USA

The Royal Society

(GCP) - UK

Rainforest Action Network

Friends of the Earth

USA

Tim Jackson

USA

Green Alliance

Operation Noah

Earthwatch Institute

RAND corporation

USA

Global Canopy Programme

Global Footprint Network

The Climate Coalition

World Resources Institute (WRI) USA

Climate Institute

1) Climate science: This discourse emerges from physics, chemistry, atmospheric sciences and the earth sciences. The 97% consensus within science (Cook et al., 2013; Anderegg et al. 2000) is that warming of the atmosphere and ocean system is unequivocal, associated impacts are occurring at rates unprecedented in the historical record and that these changes are predominately due to human influence. Climate change presents severe risks to civilization and to the non-human natural world and these impacts will become increasingly expensive, difficult and even impossible to mitigate if action is not taken to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

350.org International

Canada

New Scientist

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research

USA

International

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Oxfam TckTckTck

International

Forum for the Future

Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre (RCCC)

USA

Sustainable Prosperity

USA

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

USA

Climate Desk

American Meterological Society (AMS)

USA

Treehugger

Internaional

USA

Kevin Trenberth Waleed Abdalati

climate science

Discourses

IUCN - International

UK / USA

Nicholas Stern

USA

International

Position on map, size and circumference lines are based on the data in the tables at the bottom of the poster, but are also relative to other local nodes (see the brief methodology section below). International Union for Conservation of Nature

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration + The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

USA

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

NOAA + CIRES

International

Worldwatch Institute

Clinton Foundation

UNFCCC

USA

Sierra Club

(TNC)

International

USA

Climate Reality Project

+ Global Climate Change

Al jazeera

Environmental Defense Fund

Al Gore USA

NASA

The Nature Conservancy

(EDF)

USA

IPCC

The twelve types types of actors listed above are coded by circumference lines. Internet traffic is coded by the width of circumference lines. Each node has six variables: 1) name 2) physical location (Canada, USA, UK or an international organization operating in these countries) 3) discursive position: location on framework + colour 4) relative influence: size of the circle 5) type of actor: circle circumference line (see legend) 6) Internet traffic: width of circle circumference line (see legend)

USA

National Climate Atmospheric Research

Climate Action Network International (CAN-I)

Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)

La Via Campesina International

Climate Justice Now

USA

Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA)

The Earth Institute USA

UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability

Ireland / International

International Institute for Sustainable Development

International

climate justice

The Corner House

(IISD) - Canada

USA

location type

Int. Int. Int. Int. USA USA USA USA UK UK Int. UK USA USA USA USA Int USA UK USA USA int. USA USA USA USA USA

USA, Canada + UK

metric no.1

2 UN affliliation 2 UN affliliation 2 UN affliliation 2 191 member states 3 $5,400 million + 3 $173.9m 3 $8,200m 3 $17,700m 3 £204.9m 3 4 86.5k 4 90m (on-line) 4 2.3m (Sunday) 4 424k readers 6 14,000 members 6 62,812 members 6 90,000 members 6 126,995 members 6 1,430 fellows 8 8 8 8 8 8 11 11 -

Alexa rank

144,002 119,601 65,414 103,427 1,049 47,682 6,726 1,364 4,627 2,641,608 7,528 139 123 3,623 148,418 146,407 130,977 96,732 281,184 3,577 591,712 71,922 177,707 61,754 132,208 -

Twitter

14,000 110,000 255,000 12,000 298,000 13,000 228,000 114,000 220,000 11,000 86,500 6,500,000 13m +35.8k 741,000 1,000 24,800 21,000 25,500 75,000 82,000 57,000 9,400 4,300 13,900 12,500 6,000

Tamsin Edwards Peter Gleick James Hansen Katherine Hayhoe Michael Mann Dana Nuccitelli Jonathan Overpeck Michael Oppenheimer Gavin Schmidt Kevin Trenberth The World Bank The White House - American Government Department of Defense - American Government The House and the Senate - American Government The Canadian Government UK Government - the coalition USA Today BBC CNN Washington Post The Economist National Resource Defense Council (NRDC) The Breakthrough Institute Climate Reality Project Climate Communciation Sierra Club Oxfam

UK USA USA Can USA USA USA USA USA USA Int. USA USA USA CAN. UK USA UK USA USA UK USA USA USA USA USA Int.

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1 1 318m 1 318m 1 318m 1 34m 1 63m 4 1.6m (daily) 4 388m 4 495k 4 671k (Sunday) 4 209k 5 $123m 5 not published 5 $7.8m 5 n/a 5 $104m + 53.6m 5 $65m(US) +£367m (UK)

4,694 3,831 24,461 11,528 546 1,619 291 142 63 284 1,588 54,509 608,919 226,765 low 38,439 61,704

4,000 13,400 9,300 20,500 3,500 1,900 1,300 5,500 831,000 5,200,000 570,000 1,000,000 22,000,000 13,000,000 3,800,000 5,000,000 143,000 6,496 168,000 4,400 126,000 568,000

TckTckTck IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature Connect4Climate Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Brookings Institution Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP) Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) Center for Science and Technology Policy Research

Int 6 450 NGO orgs Int. 6 1,200 orgs Int 6 (funded by WB) USA 7 101+ USA 7 78 USA 7 22 USA 7 16 USA 7 94 USA 7 101+

498,609 33,000 128,517 44,800 1m+ (low) 160,000 1,633 840 26,859 120,000 4m (v.low) 1,197 448,455 4,996 2m (low) 2,140 10,772 233

Chatham House Climate Action Network International (CAN-I) Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB) Climate Institute Climate Strategies Clinton Foundation Conservation International David Suzuki Foundation E3G Third Generation Environmentalism Earthwatch

UK 7 Uk 7 UK 7 USA 7 UK 7 USA 7 USA 7 Can. 7 UK 7

147,726 70,000 2m 4,750 1022 1.4m 300 1911 8m (v.low) 101,459 411,000 139,785 8,100 122,931 106,000 4,438

42 101+ 88 13 87 101+ 31+ $132m/yr 101+ 70

Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) World Resources Institute (WRI) Worldwatch Institute

USA 7 Int. 7 USA 7 USA 7+5

1 79 81 6 ($2.3m)

1,168 8,975 85,200 15,500

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Worldwatch Institute Yale Climate & Energy Institute + Env. Studies @YaleE360 Yale Climate Project Green Alliance Forum for the Future Steward Brand Al Gore Fiona Harvey Hunter Lovins Roger Pielke Jr. Jonathan Porritt Andy Revkin Nicholas Stern Bob Ward Democracy Now! Al jazeera Grist Climate Campaign Operation Noah Via Campesina International Friends of the Earth (FOE) COIN Climate Justice Now! Carbon Brief Rainforest Action Network World Development Movement

Int. USA USA USA UK UK USA USA UK USA USA UK USA UK UK USA Int. USA UK UK Int. Int. UK Int. UK USA UK

7+5 7+5

7 7 7 7 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

101+/$229 USA only 6 ($2.3m) 101+ n/a £1m £4.4 m + n/a n/a n/a 360k viewers + 1k+stations 260m 800k direct reach/month no public data no public data 2,000,000 members $6.1m (USA only) no public data 730 organizational members (2010) no public data $4,360,948 £1,041,262

34,381 212,832 18,900 5,691 3m+ 310,568 984,963 n/a n/a n/a 15,782 1,249 20,419 low 26,665 150,973 -

1,450,000

15,500 59,000 19,000 17,000 26,000 -

2,700,000

12,000 8,500 4,800 61,300 5,000 329,000

2,000,000

160,000 4,300 637 5,700 102,000 876 403 345,414 12,600 396,432 39,900 471,007 22,200

F gu es 26 + 27 The C ma e T me ne and he Ne wo k o Ac o s 22

The Chamber of Commerce - American Government The Wall Street Journal FOX News New York Post The Times (UK) Forbes The Telegraph (UK) The Daily Mail (UK) The Sun (UK) Watts Up With That Climate Audit Bishop Hill ICECAP Tom Nelson No Frakking Consensus *9.1, 9.2, 10a, 10b, 10c will be explained in the Poster Summary Report

USA USA USA USA UK Int. UK UK UK USA USA USA USA USA USA

1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1

$198,586,150 2.37m (daily) 844 k 500k 393k (daily) 6m readers 514k (daily) 1.6m (daily) 2m (daily) 140,000 visitors/month 19,000 visitors/month n/a 14,000 visitors/month n/a n/a

n/a 248 182 (high) 919 5,182 151 (high) 214 90 (v.high) 4,122 9,422 128,880 90,935 278,810 509,427 672,027

n/a 5,000,000 4,200,000 655,000 246,000 3,500,000 609,000 696,000 606,000 11,000 2,300 -

Climate Depot American Petroleum Institute Donor's Trust American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Scaife Affiliated Foundations Koch Affiliated Foundations The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation Atlas Economic Research Foundation Heritage Foundation Heartland Institute Americn Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research George C. Marshall Institute (GMI) CO2 is Green Inc. Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow Cato Institute Freedom Works (Citizens for a Sound Economy) Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change Federation for American Coal, Energy and Security Competitive Enterprise Institute *9.1, 9.2, 10a, 10b, 10c will be explained in the Poster Summary Report

2) Climate justice movements see climate change as an ethical problem wherein the greatest impacts are felt by those least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions. Advocates demand radical changes in modes of governance to reduce emissions while also addressing issues of social justice and equity. The radical position holds that capitalism can never deliver sustainable levels of emission, since this economic model will always prioritize the needs of the market over those of the natural world. Thus new ways of organizing social relations and the political economy must be created to effectively respond to climate change.

3) Ecological modernization holds that climate change can be addressed within the current capitalist system and that low emissions and economic benefits can be achieved with market mechanisms, clean energy and other innovative solutions to climate change. This broad discourse is supported by the vast majority of actors in the central part of the framework (blue, green and grey). 4) Neoliberalism: Herein environmental considerations are subordinated to macroeconomic policy “imperatives”. Neoliberalism is an ideology that is characterized by privatization, deregulation, financialization and austerity. Neoliberal governance simultaneously rolls-back responsibilities of the state and rolls-out market conforming regulatory incursions (Peck, 2010). In practice, neoliberalism seeks to mask these dynamics by presenting itself as environmentally conscientious while avoiding action to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the green rhetoric there is a symbiosis between this and the contrarian discourse, since the lack of regulation enables corporate power grabs and weakens capacities in the public sphere. 5) Climate contrarian have ideological motives behind their critiques of various dimensions of climate science and the policies directed at lowering emissions. Typically contrarians challenge what they see as a false consensus in climate science. This discourse is promoted by conservative think tanks, climate skeptic bloggers, media outlets, fossil fuel lobbyists, public relations personnel and some politicians, often with financial support from the fossil fuel industry. The radical position, promoted by fossil fuel interests and supporting think tanks, seeks to continue unrestrained use of the Earth’s fossil fuel reserves regardless of the consequences to the climate.

UK/International

Framework mapping climate communication perspectives and discourses: neoliberalism, ecological modernization, climate contrarians, climate science and climate justice actor name IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change UNFCCC - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change UNEP - United Nations Environment Progra m World Meteorological Organization (WMO) National Oceanic & Atmospheric Adminstration (NOAA) + CIRES National Climate Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Environmental Protection Agency NASA's Global Climate Change website (climate.nasa.gov) Met Office Hadley Centre Tyndall Centre New Scientist The Guardian NYTimes + DOT EARTH Nature American Meterological Society (AMS) American Geophysical Union (AGU) Union of Concerned Scientists American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) The Royal Society Climate Progress Climate Desk Skeptical Science Real Climate Climate Central DeSmog blog Waleed Abdalati Ken Caldeira

This poster illustrates discursive positions and relationships between prominent institutions, organizations and individuals participating in climate communication in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom*. Actors mapped here include: 1) governments 2) intergovernment organizations (IGOS) 3) science research institutions 4) media organizations 5) non-governmental organizations / charities (NGOs) 6) associations and societies 7) climate research institutes + think tanks 8) websites / blogs 9) contrarian blogs 10) contrarian organizations 11) individuals 12) corporations Actors are situated on the framework within five discursive realms: climate science, ecological modernization, neoliberalism, climate contrarianism and climate justice. Nodes are color-coded according to where they are situated on this discursive framework. The four corners are extreme positions relative to discursive norms that currently reproduce the status quo, i.e. unsustainable development with severe risks associated with accelerated climate change.

NYTimes USA

USA Today USA

high Internet presence

ICECAP Climate Audit USA

New York Post

USA

American Government

7. research institute

USA

International

3. assocation

5. media

USA

Koch Affiliated Foundations

2. intergovernmental organization

4. scientific research

Scaife Affiliated Foundations

USA

American Government

NCAR

2014

1. government

USA

Americn Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research

2012

Version 2.3, 13 October 2014

Mercatus Center / Center for Market Processes Inc

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)

Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB)

2013

Sandy

2011

USA

International

Environmental Protection Agency

5th NIPCC report

2014

5th peak

climate contrarian

National Center for Public Policy Research

Forbes

Steward Brand

4th NIPCC report

2013

Asia

American Government

USA

Europe

The House and the Senate

Sandbag Climate Campaign UK

H7 Chicago Munich

North America

Sarah Palin

3rd NIPCC report

2012

South America

The Chamber of Commerce

The Breakthrough Institute

Washington

2nd peak

Senator James Inhofe

The White House

H6 2st NIPCC report

100

USA

H9 Las Vegas

Heartland Institute billboard campaign (2012)

H5 Syndey

2011

150

neoliberalism

The Economist

!!!

CREDO Pledge of Resistance International Treaty to Protect 'Largest-ever' over 75,000 vow to commit civil the Sacred. Indigenous action climate-change disobedience if the Keystone XL on tar sands extraction - 2013 march in NYC pipeline is approved - 2013 attended by an This Changes Everything: estimated 300k to Capitalism vs. The Climate 400k people - and by Naomi Klein 2014 marchs in cities around the world

Post Rio+20: The United Nations Environment Programe (UNEP) promotes a version of the "green economy" where economic valuation processes are to be used to prove the value of ecosystem services, including climate services, to industry and politicians.

Africa

Mapping Climate Communication No2, Network of Actors: USA, UK and Canadian Based Institutions, Organizations and Individuals

The World Bank

in New York in preperation for COP 21 in Paris, 2015. September 2014

Middle East

2000

American Government

Climate Summit

Climate Change: Trick or Treat? (CNN)

H4 NewYork

Washington

Peak coverage in 2009 5 times larger than 2000

4th peak

2013

mobilization of the climate movement

The rise of ‘responsibilitization’ discourse wherein responsibility for climate change is considered at an individual level rather than at the level where decisions are made regarding regulation for polluting industry, i.e. government policy.

excerpts from e-mails stolen from climate scientists fuel public skepticism

H3 H2

2009

3rd peak

Lima

2014

Warsaw

President Obama releases the Climate Action Plan including increased use of renewable energy and carbon pollution restrictions for power plants. June 25, 2013

1st peak in media coverage

http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/icecaps/research/media_coverage/index.html

Media Monitoring Legend

The Climate Timeline visualizes the historical processes and events that have lead to the growth of various ways of communicating climate change. This work aims to reveal discursive obfuscations by highlighting both what was said and what was done in regard to climate change. It explores the impact of neoliberalism on climate change communication and opens discursive space for the climate justice discourse.

The Department of Defense

2012

The Merchants of Doubt

by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway documents the climate contrarian movement 2010

Climategate

CO2 is Green campaign

1st International Conference on Climate Change hosted by Heartland Institute in NYC

Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change by the International Climate Science Coalition

4th peak

Katrina

European heat wave

COP20

Obama Climate Plan

UK government makes dramatic cuts in the Environment Agency (1,700 jobs lost)

!!! Occupy movement - 2011

30,000 gather in Cochabamba, Bolivia - 2010

Hopenhagen

April 2014 is the first month in human history with average carbon dioxide level in Earth’s atmosphere at 400 ppm

2013/14 (AR5)

COP19

US Republican Canadian majority eliminates government the House Committee cuts over 2000 on Global Warming scientific jobs 2011 and silences scientists

UK government dismantles the Sustainable Development Commission 2011

2008 - CNN cuts entire science and technology budget in 2008

churnalism

The Great Global Warming Swindle

disinformation campaign created by The Competitive Enterprise Institute

SEPP project opposing the global warming 2005 revised

Media Monitoring: 2000-2014 World Newspaper Coverage of ‘Climate Change’ or ‘Global Warming’

Media Monitoring: World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming A research group led by Max Boykoff monitors fifty sources across twenty-five countries in seven different regions around the world. We record the number of times the terms ‘climate change’ or ‘global warming‘ have been used in these sources and publish the results monthly online. Prior to 2004 a much smaller sample of data is available. Details are available on the project website:

To Really Save the Planet, Stop Going Green by Mike Tidwell rejecting green consumerism

UK Feed-in tarriffs for solar installations approved - 2008

Vanity Fair: The Green Issue

UN global marketing campaign at Copenhagen, aligns climate objectives with corporate advertising. Hopenhagend becomes a symbol of the corporate capture of the climate debate.

Leipzig Declaration (revised)

2005

!!!

Newsweek: "The Truth About Denial" cover story, leads to less contrarian media outside Fox News

“Carbon dioxide. They call it pollution. We call it life.”

by Michael Crichton. A novel that argues that global warming is a scam created by environmentalists to gain planetary control is popular with by contrarians in Washington and widely used to dismiss climate change.

growth of the contrarian movement

Bjorn Lomborg - 2001. A book which claims that responding to climate change is not supported by adequate scientific data.

Climate Justice Now! founded in Bali (2007)

5th,

Doha

2012

Copenhagen conference fails to negotiate binding agreements. 100,000 people march in the streets of Copenhagen and hold their own People’s Climate Assembly, joined by 100s of U.N. delegates.

Clean Development Mechanism opens A key mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol 2006

SEPP project opposing the global warming - 1995

heterogeneity and for this project this category subsumes a variety of green discourses. This done in order to explore other tensions as described in the "Theorizing Discursive Confusion" section of the Poster Summary Report.

disinvestment in news reporting, investigative journalism and science journalism

A Skeptical Environmentalist

!!! Rising Tide North America + Europe founded (2006)

!!!

The Inconvenient Truth Academy Award winning documentary film re-energizes the climate movement - 2006

RIO+20 Earth Summit 2012

COP18

COP17 Durban 2011

US House Passes the "American Clean the t !!! US house of Representatives votes 184-240 against accepting the following resolution: en UK government becomes the Energy and Security n of em “the scientific finding of the Environmental Protection Agency that climate change is occuring, first to set binding targets Act" (2009) - later is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks to public heath and welfare” to reduce emission atio ov defeated in Senate The Copenhagen Accord April 2011 iliz m 2008 ob ice !!! s m e just !!! Tar Sands Action: 1,253 protestors Bolivia’s chief climate negotiator !!! Idle No More World People's Conference on Climate !!! 350.org Global arrested at the White House - 2011 Angelica Navarro delivers speech masimat Day of Action Change and the Rights of Mother Earth !!! Indigenous movement on climate debt at the UN cl 2009

The Climate Change Act

1st of many Climate Camps in the UK and then globally (2006) Transition Towns founded, UK 2006

The first carbon emissions trading scheme (EU) implemented. 2005

Leipzig Declaration

1992

1991

changing ownership structure of news sources

Exxon and other fossil fuel interests fund groups to challenge the science behind climate change. One of thes groups, the Global Climate Science Team writes a “Draft Global Climate Science Communications Plan” which states: “Victory will be achieved when…average citizens ‘understand’ (recognize) uncertainties in climate science; recognition of uncertainties becomes part of the “conventional wisdom...”.

Donors Trust founded in 1999. Funding contrarian organizations.

!!!

USA Today proclaim: “The debate is over: the globe is warming”

EU Emissions trading launches

2009

Nicholas Stern claims his report underestimated the gravity of climate change

International Energy Agency report warns of 6º warming 2011

2010 highest ever yearly increase in global emissions - 5.9%

COP16 Cancun 2010

Copenhagen

COP14 Poznan 2008

Bali

2007

The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change claims that climate change is "the greatest market failure the world has ever seen". UK - 2006

300% increase in climate change lobbyist in the USA (2005 - 2009) - with $90m expenditure

protests at G8 Gleneagles Scotland 2005

Naomi Oreskes‘ paper in Science on the scientific consensus on climate change 2004

Billy Parish and others found the Energy Action Coalition, organizing youth on climate issues USA - 2003 Ex-UK Prime Miniter Margaret Thatcher backtracks on her climate advocacy, calling climate activism a "marvelous excuse for supra-national socialism" and praises President George W. Bush for rejecting Kyoto (2003).

mobilization of uncertainty discourse

COP13 Stern Review

Canadian government withdraws from Kyoto

Buenos Aires Declaration on the Ethical Dimension of Climate Change (BADEDCC) launched at COP10 (2004)

growth of the climate justice movement

The Heat is On Ross Gelbspan’s book describes fossil fuel industry organizing to prevent a political response to climate change

video produced by Western Fuels argues that more carbon dioxide will be beneficial to humanity. The video is popular with politicians in Washington. 1991

founded by Fred Singer - 1990

1990

1989

2002 Bali Principles of Climate Justice

1st Climate Justice Summit in La Hague (2000)

shut down by activists 1999

Committee on the Environment and Public Works, delivers an speech on the Senate floor where he describes climate change as a 'hoax'. 2003

Leak of Republican strategist Frank Luntz memo: ”make the lack of scientific certainty a primary issue in the debate"

911

Gleneagles

Representative Joe Barton attacks climate scientist Michael Mann

Senator James Inhofe, Chairman of Senate Bush administration abandons Kyoto Protocol and ousts IPCC Chair Robert Watson

WTO meeting in Seattle

!!!

Kyoto treaty goes into effect, signed by all major industrial nations except US and Australia - 2005

from a report after the Bush administration’s attempts to manipulate scientific consensus.

US National Academy warns of political assaults on scientists 2010

COP15

China overtakes USA as world's largest CO2 emitter 2007

2006

2004

US Environmental Protection Agency deletes section on climate change

Canadian government creates the

Climate Change Plan for Canada

Nobel Peace Prize awarded to Al Gore and the IPCC 2007

COP12

Nairobi

Buenos Aires

2002

2000

Business Environmental Leadership Council founded 1998

The Greening of Planet Earth Science & Environmental Policy Project (SEPP)

is founded. 1989

meteorological event milestone

trend or strategy

CENTER

Albuquerque Declaration by IEN sent to COP4 - 1998

Toyota introduces Prius in Japan (1997) first massmarket electric hybrid car

NAFTA signed into law 1993. Nafta has a dramatic impact on global trade and emissions. Emissions rise 1% a year in 1990s and then surge to 3.4% a year growth between 2000-2008.

Coal industry funded Information Council on the Environment (ICE) launchs a $500,000 campaign aiming to"reposition global warming as theory (not fact)”

The industry lobby group

Global Climate Coalition

George C. Marshall Institute

2001

La Hague

Marshall Institute publishes Global Warming: What Does the Science Tell Us? by Jastrow, Seitz and Nierenberg. 1989

contestion of scientific consensus

1980

European Union adopts target of a maximum 2°C rise in average global temperatures 1996

Berlin Mandate calls for emission targets from developed countries

Climate for Cities started 1993

increasing corporate power

anti-regulation industry lobbying

2005

First major global climate change treaty (1997) mandatory targets on greenhouse-gas emissions with view to reduce emissions at least 5% below existing 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. US Senate rejects Kyoto in advance with the Byrd-Hagel resolution, in 95-0 unanimous vote.

Climate Change: A Summary of the Science The Royal Society (UK)

4th,2007(AR4)

COP11

COP10

New Delhi

Kyoto Protocol

"junk science" hearing in Congress USA -1995

Fourth IPCC report warns that serious effects of warming have become evident and that the cost of reducing emissions would be far less than the damage they will cause if not reduced.

Milan

2003

COP8

Marrakech

COP6

COP9

Montreal

COP7

COP5 Bonn 1999

1997

1995

The principal negotiating forum for global climate issues charged with the task of preventing "dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"

UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is the first major leader to call for action. She delivers a speech at the United Nations and calls for a treaty on climate change by 1992 and states that the ‘protocols must be binding’. 1989

380

350

Kyoto

Berlin

Third IPCC report states that global warming, unprecedented since end of last ice age, is "very likely," with possible severe surprises. Effective end of debate among all but a few scientists.

3rd,2001 (TAR)

1998

COP3

1996

Indigenous Environmental Network (IEN) founded 1989 David Suzuki Foundation founded 1990

privatisation + deregulation

astroturfing + deceptive disinformation

COP4 Bueonos Aires

COP2

Geneva

COP1

Time Magazine names The Endangered Earth' Man of the Year

trends

climate contrarian

The Keeling Curve The Keeling Curve plots the carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since 1958

Third World Network founded. Malaysia 1984

First Earth Day 1970

1960 – 2014 timeline

version 3.2 - 15 October 2014

Second IPCC report detects signature of human-caused greenhouse effect warming, declares that serious warming is likely in the coming century.

2nd,1995 (SAR)

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established 1992

23 June 1988 with twelves hearings in Senate and the House on climate change during this period

Greenpeace founded. Vancouver 1970

World Wildlife Fund (WWF) founded Switzerland 1961

neoliberalism

360

wide-spread media coverage

James Hansen testifies to Congress

directs EPA and State to prepare policy options for climate change USA - 1987

USA - 1980

Friends of the Earth founded. London 1971

World Development Movement founded London 1970

climate justice ecological modernization

370

First IPCC report says the Earth has been warming and future warming seems likely.

The World Conference on the Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Security

No.1: The Climate Timeline 1960-2014

RIO Earth Summit 1992

1st,1990 (FAR)

founded November 1988

350 ppm in 1988

climate science

discourses

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Austria, produces first scientific consensus on global warming 1985

Toronto meeting of climate scientists call for a 20% reduction of global CO2 emissions by the year 2005. June 1988

political events

{

United Nations international scientific conference at Villach

The World Climate Conference produces declaration and appeal to world to prevent man-made changes in cliamte. Geneva 1979

NOAA established USA - 1970

USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA

9 10c 10b 10c 10b 10b 10b 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a

61,021 Alexa $181,236,577 $20,608,269 36,000 members $5,005,000 $1,469,050 $4,610,000 $6,102,160 $78,253,864 $5,973,500 $52,524,255 $539,438 $355,000 $2,850,747 $40,410,727 $9,250,240 n/a $3,405,722 $4,247,228

5,400 7,900 n/a 11,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 221,000 204,000 n/a n/a n/a

Americans for Prosperity Global Warming Policy Foundation Institute for Energy Research Senator James Inhofe Frank Luntz Christopher Monkton Nigel Lawson Brendan O'Neill James Delingpole Robert Jastrow Rush Limbaugh Fred Singer Lou Dobbs John Coleman Piers Morgan Sarah Palin Exxon Mobile Shell BP *9.1, 9.2, 10a, 10b, 10c will be explained in the Poster Summary Report

USA UK USA USA USA UK UK UK UK USA USA USA USA USA USA USA Int. Int. Int.

10a $22,089,095 10a £362,000 10 n/a 11 n/a 11 n/a 11 n/a 11 n/a 11 n/a 11 n/a 11 n/a 11 n/a 11 n/a 11 n/a 11 n/a 11 n/a 11 n/a 12 $420bn (2013) 12 $451bn 12 $396bn

n/a n/a n/a 20,000 n/a n/a 20,000 n/a 20,900 n/a 424,000 n/a 89,000 n/a 4,200,000 1,100,000 102,000 248,000 95,000

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

type government intergovernmental org

science research journal / media NGO / charity association research institute website / blog contrarian blog contrarian org individual corporation revenue

size - metric 1 population no numerical metric funding / revenue circulation or audience funding / revenue no. of members ThinkTankMap ranking***

Alexa rank Alexa rank funding / revenue no metric revenue 2013

Internet presence** no metric Internet presence Internet presence Internet presence Internet presence Internet presence Internet presence Internet presence Internet presence Internet presence Internet presence Internet presence

** Internet presence is based on Alexa rating and Twitter followers (if applicable) *** The International Center for Climate Governance (ICCG) ranking of global climate change think tanks. The methodology is published on their website: www.thinktankmap.org. ****References will be published on Poster Summary Report (September 2014).

Methodology

CENTER

The method is described in the Poster Summary Report along with the theory of this map, information about metrics associated with the actors, reflections and references. Colors, positions, size of the circles and Internet influence reflect data collected (some of which is in the tables). Since different types of actors are associated with different metrics, it was necessary to make many subjective judgments about the relative importance of various ways of measuring impact and the influence of a wide range of institutions, organizations, media outlets and individuals. The poster is an interpretation of this data based on many complex factors.

POLICY RESEARCH

* Limitations of this Poster: Scope This poster illustrates organizations and individuals active in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The map neglects work done in the rest of the world, often with a greater focus on climate justice and a much smaller contrarian position. I regret that within this project I could only realistically map organizations that I already knew or where I could read the language. It was also impossible to review work from all the actors on this map so in some cases an actor may be slightly misplaced on the framework. If you feel that this map misrepresents your organization or person, I will take all comments into account on possible following versions. My apologies to all relevant actors who are not on this map. Obviously there are practical limits to what one map can document.

SCIENCE

FOR

TECHNOLOGY

The poster is part of a series of three posters mapping climate communication created by:

Dr. Joanna Boehnert CIRES Visiting Research Fellow Center for Science and Technology Policy Research Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Boulder e: Joanna.Boehnert@colorado.edu e: JJBoehnert@gmail.com Posters can be downloaded with the Poster Summary Report (available 15 October 2014) on this website:

http://ecolabsblog.wordpress.com

Poster Summary Report

10. Conclusion These maps visualize and contextualize ideology, rhetorical positions, actors, events and actions influencing public opinion on climate change. Because communication happens at the level of rhetoric as well as the level of action, discourses in this project include explicit messages and also messages that are implicit within political, corporate and organizational activities and policy. This approach reveals tensions and contradictions in climate communication. Theorizing the impact of neoliberal governance on climate change communication is key to an understanding of why emissions continue to rise despite the significant work by the climate science community and the environmental movement over four decades. The implicit neoliberal discourse is one of market fundamentalism, wherein market ‘imperatives’ and the ‘free market’ sic always trump action on climate change. Since it is easier to say that lower emissions are necessary than to actually do the political work that will make this possible, this conflict between explicit and implicit messaging is important, especially for institutions with the political power to make the required changes. Green rhetoric within the neoliberal sphere creates discursive confusion. The results are ever-increasing greenhouse gas emissions. All three climate discourses that acknowledge the need for dramatic emissions reduction (climate science, climate justice and ecological modernization) must be aware of the ways in which the neoliberal discourse appropriates our rhetorical positions. This is especially true for the modernization discourse. Governing forces need to maintain their legitimacy by projecting the appearance of addressing climate change and so using the language of the environmental movement is strategically advantageous for neoliberal actors with political power. Unfortunately, acting according to these imperatives is extraordinarily difficult within the ideological scaffolding of neoliberal political theory. With these dynamics in mind, it is evident that contrarians are not the only ones preventing action on climate change.

11. Position Statement My position is that of the climate justice discourse as informed by green economic theory. Since the basic tenets of this discourse are often misrepresented, I have included information in the endnotes to summarize some of the most important theory buttressing this perspective.

12. Acknowledgements I completed this project during a visiting fellowship at the Center for Science and Technology Policy Research at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder. I am grateful to the CSTPR and CIRES for supporting this research mapping climate communication. Many thanks especially to Professor Max Boykoff for his help over the past two years. Advice given by Marina Kogan and Jennings Anderson on the subject of the capacities and the limitations of network visualization was of great help at an important decision-making moment in the construction of the Network of Actors map. Thanks to my sister Jennifer Boehnert.

Mapping Climate Communication

13. Endnotes 1 The acute visuality of contemporary culture is theorized as a contemporary pictorial turn (Mitchell 1994; Barry 1997) wherein images are increasingly a dominant means of sense-making in communication processes. 2 ‘Free market’. ‘The concept of the ‘free market’ sic itself is an obfuscation. Every market has ways of working that are designed into the market, i.e. parameters that are predetermined and then enforced by law. Socalled ‘free markets’ suit the interests of those who have the political power to design the terms of the market. This matters for climate communication because the market has been designed to prioritize profits (for those with capital) over all other factors. Consequently it deprioritizes social and ecological factors and thus systematically undermines action on climate change. The concept of the ‘free market’ needs to be contested in the same way as quantitative economic growth (Daly 2009; Jackson 2009; Capra & Henderson 2009) and Gross Domestic Product (Kennedy 1968; Kubiszewski et al., 2013; Fioramonti 2013) need to be contested for global policies that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to become possible. 3 Capitalism. Economic decisions over the past two centuries have been based on a certain type of economic theory: capitalism and market liberalism, i.e. the belief that (supposedly) self-regulating markets are the best means of organizing an economy. In 1944 Karl Polanyi exposed the myth of the ‘free market’ (Stiglitz 2001:xiii) by describing how laissez-faire economics was planned: ‘There was nothing natural about laissez-fair; free markets could never have come into being by merely allowing things to take their course’ (Polanyi 1944, 145). Far from being a natural state of affairs, laissez-fair ‘free markets’ require state intervention, laws, trade rules, the police and the military to function in the way they are designed. 4 Disembedded economy. The current economic system is the result of political decision-making based on economic theory that dangerously and ill-logically ignores the fact that the economic system is embedded and entirely dependent on its social and ecological context. Before the advent of market liberalism (circa 1776) the economic order was always of mere function of the social order (Polanyi 1944, p. 74). Market liberalism subordinated both the social and ecological systems to the market. Polanyi’s description of the disembedded economy is a key contribution to social and political thought and one of the first of many to describe how the current economic system was created with no regard for the ecological context in which it is situated. This basic structural problem must be addressed as a foundational element for effective climate policy. 5 Quantitative economic growth is constrained by the relatively finite nature of the planet’s natural resources and biocapacity. This argument is no longer a radical green idea. Mechanical engineer Professor Roderick Smith described the consequences of the fixation with quantitative economic growth in a noteworthy speech at the UK Royal Academy of Engineering: Relatively modest annual percentage growth rates lead to surprisingly short doubling times. Thus, a 3% growth rate, which is typical of the rate of a developed economy, leads to a doubling time of just over 23 years. The 10% rates of rapidly developing economies double the size of the economy in just under 7 years. These figures come as a surprise to many people, but the real surprise is that each successive doubling period consumes as much resource as all the previous doubling periods combined. This little appreciated fact lies at the heart of why our current economic model is unsustainable (2007, p.17).

Green and ecological economists note that an economic system designed to prioritize quantitative economic growth and ever-increasing GDP undermines opportunities for long-term prosperity. This argument reached institutional levels with UK Sustainable Development Commission’s report Prosperity Without Growth? (2009) report before the commission was disbanded by the coalition government in 2011. Ecological economist Herman Daly claims that ‘the very notion of growth includes some concept of maturity or sufficiency, beyond which point physical accumulation gives way to physical maintenance’ (quoted in Simms, Johnson & Chowla, 2010, p. 4). The green economy must now permit ‘qualitative development but not aggregate quantitative growth’ (Daly 2008, p. 1). The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales’ report Qualitative Growth (Capra and Henderson 2009) describes a shift from quantitative to qualitative growth as a means to create prosperity without doing severe damage to the atmosphere and the rest of the environment, on which humankind depends. 24

Poster Summary Report

14. Bibliography Alloisioa, B. L., Farniaa, B. and Khoroshiltsevaan, M. (2013) The 2013 ICCG Climate Think Tank Ranking. Methodological Report. Venice, Italy: International Center for Climate Governance. Anderegg, W.R.L., Prall, J.W., Harold, J., and Schneider, S.H. (April 9, 2010) Expert credibility in climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (27), pp.12107–9. Barry, A. M. (1997) Visual intelligence: Perception, image, and manipulation in visual communication. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Borner, K. and Polley, D.E. (2014)Visual Insights. Cambridge, USA: The MIT Press. Boehnert, J. (2014) Ecological Perception: Seeing Systems. DRS 2014: Design’s Big Debates, Design Research Society, Umea, Sweden. Boehnert, J., Andrews, K., Wang, X., Nacu-Schmidt, A., McAllister, L., Gifford, L., Daly, M., Boykoff, M. (2014). World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming, 2004-2014. Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Web. Accessed 4 October 2014: http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/media_coverage Boykoff, M. T. and S. K. Olson (2013) ‘Wise contrarians’: A keystone species in contemporary climate science, politics and policy. Celebrity Studies. 4 (3), pp. 276-291. Boykoff, M.T. (2011) Who Speaks for Climate? Making Sense of Media Reporting on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Boykoff M.T. (2007) Flogging a dead norm? Newspaper coverage of anthropogenic climate change in the United States and United Kingdom from 2003 to 2006. Area. 39 (4), pp. 470–81. Boykoff M.T., and Boykoff, J. M. (2004) Balance as bias: global warming and the US prestige press. Global Environmental Change. 14, pp. 125–36. Boykoff, M.T. (2013) Public Enemy No. 1? Understanding Media Representations of Outlier Views on Climate Change. American Behavioral Scientist. 57 (6), pp.796-817. Brulle. R.B. (2013) Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of U.S. climate change counter-movement organizations. Climatic Change. Published online 21 December 2013. Cameron, D. ‘I want coalition to be the “greenest government ever”’ The Guardian. Friday 14 May 2010. Accessed 4 October 2014: http://www. theguardian.com/environment/2010/may/14/ cameron-wants-greenest-government-ever Capra, F. & Henderson, H. (2009) Qualitative Growth.

London: The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. Carvalho, A. (2007) Ideological cultures and media discourses on scientific knowledge: re-reading. Public Understanding of Science. 16 (223), pp. 223–243. Carvalho A. (2005) Representing the Politics of the Greenhouse Effect: Discursive strategies in the British media. Critical Discourse Studies. Vol. 2, No. 1 April 2005, pp. 1–29. Connolly, William, E. (2013) The Fragilitiy of Things: Self-Organizing Processes, Neoliberal Fantasies, and Democratic Activism. London: Duke University Press. Cook, J. and Washington, H. (2011) Climate Change Denial. London: Earthscan. Cook, J,, Nuccitelli, D., Green, S., Richardson, M., Winkler, B., Painting, B., Way, B., Jacobs, P., and Skuce, A. (2013) Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature Environ. Res. Lett. 8. Daly, H. (2008) A Steady-State Economy. London: Sustainable Development Commission. Dean, J. (2009) Democracy and Other Neoliberal Fantasies. London: Duke University Press. Dilling, L and Moser, S. (2007) Creating a Climate for Change: Communicating Climate Change and Facilitating Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Doyle J (2011) Mediating Climate Change. Farnham: Ashgate. Dryzek, J.S. (2013) The Politics of the Earth. 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Greenberg, J., Knight, G. and Westersund, E. (2011) Spinning climate change: Corporate and NGO public relations strategies in Canada and the United States. The International Communication Gazette. 73(1-2), pp. 65–82. EMAPS, Electronic Maps to Assist Public Science (5 August 2013) DMI Summer School 2013: Mapping keyword uptake in the climate change debate. Accessed 4 October 2014: http://www.emapsproject.com/blog/ archives/2220 Fioramonti, L. (2013) Gross Domestic Problem. London: Zed Books. Goldenberg, S. (2013) ‘Secret funding helped build vast network of climate contrarian thinktanks’. The Guardian, Thursday 14 February 2013. Greenpeace (2010) Dealing with Doubt: The Climate Denial Industry and Climate Science. Amsterdam: Greenpeace. Harvey, D (2007) A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Horn, R. (1998) Visual Language: Global Communication 25

Mapping Climate Communication

for the 21st Century. Brainbridge Island: Macro VU Press.

Environmental Magazine. March/April, pp.12-23.

Horn, R. (2001) Knowledge Mapping for Complex Social Messes. A presentation to the ‘Foundations in the Knowledge Economy’ at the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, July 16, 2001. Accessed 4 October 2014: http://www.stanford.edu/~rhorn/SpchPackard.html

Nisbet, M.C. (2014) Disruptive ideas: public intellectuals and their arguments for action on climate change.WIREs Climate Change 2014.

Hulme, M. (2009). Why we disagree about climate change: Understanding controversy, inaction and opportunity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Jacques, P.J., Dunlap, R.E., and Freeman, M. (2008) The Organization of Denial: conservative think tanks and environmental skepticism. Environmental Politics. 17(3), pp.349-385. Jackson, T. (2009) Prosperity without Growth? London: Sustainable Development Commission Klein, N. (2014) This Changes Everything. Toronto: Simon and Schuster. Kennedy, R. [1968] Speech at University of Kansas, March 18, 1968, published in: ‘Bobby Kennedy on GDP: ‘measures everything except that which is worthwhile’, The Guardian. 24 May 2012. Accessed October 4 2014: http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/ may/24/robert-kennedy-gdp Kubiszewski, I., Costanza, R., Franco, C., Lawn, P., Talberth, J., Jackson, T., Aylmer, C. (2013) Beyond GDP: Measuring and achieving global genuine progress. Ecological Economics. 93, pp.57–68.

Oreskes N (2010) Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming, 2010. New York: Bloomsbury Press. Parr, A (2009) Hijacking Sustainability. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Parr, A. (2012) The Wrath of Capital. New York: Columbia University Press. Peck, J. (2010) Constructions of Neoliberal Reason. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Polanyi, K. 2001 [1944] The Great Transformation Boston, Beacon Press. Rockström, J. et al. (2009) Planetary Boundaries: Exploring the Safe Operating space for Humanity. Ecology and Society 14(2): 32. Schneider, B. and Nocke, T. (ed.) (2014) Image Politics of Climate Change: Visualizations, Imaginations, Documentations. Bielefeld, Germany: Transcript Verlag.

Latour, B. (2004)The Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy. Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Press.

Sharman, A. (2014) Mapping the climate sceptical blogosphere. Global Environmental Change. 26, pp.159–170.

Latour, B. (2005) Reassembling the Social. An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford: University of Oxford Press.

Simms, A., Johnson, V. & Chowla, P. (2010) Growth Isn’t Possible. London: new economics foundation.

Leiserowitz A, Maibach E, Roser-Renouf C, Feinberg G and Howe P. (2012) Climate change in the American mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in September 2012. Yale Project on Climate Change Communication. New Haven, CT: Yale University and George Mason University. Lima, M. (2011)Visual Complexity: Mapping Patterns of Complexity. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. McKibben, B. ed. (2011)The Global Warming Reader. New York: Penguin Books. Miller, D. & Dinan, W. (forthcoming) Resisting meaningful action on climate change: Think tanks, ‘merchants of doubt’ and the ‘corporate capture’ of sustainable development in Handbook of Environment and Communication, A. Hansen & R. Cox, eds. London: Routledge. Mitchell, W.J.T. (2002) Showing Seeing: A Critique of Visual Culture. Journal of Visual Culture. 1 (2), pp.165-181. Nisbet, M.C. (2009) Communicating Climate Change: Why Frames matter for Public Engagement,

Oreskes N. (2010 )My facts are better than your facts: spreading good news about global warming in How Do Facts Travel? eds. M.S. Morgan & P. Howlett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp 135–66

Smith, R. (2007) Carpe Diem: The Dangers of Risk Aversion, Lloyd’s Register Educational Trust Lecture. 29 May 2007. Stern, N. (2007) The Economics of Climate Change – The Stern review. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Stephen S. (2009) Science as a Contact Sport. Washington: National Geographic Society. Stiglitz, J. (2001) Foreword in Polanyi, K. [1944] The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press, pp. vii-xvii. Trumbo, J. (1999) Visual Literacy and Science Communication. Science Communication. 20 (4), pp. 409-425. White, F.D., Rudy, A.P., and Wilber C., (2008) AntiEnvironmentalism: Prometheans, Contrarians and Beyond, ed. Pretty, J., Ball, A., Benton, T., Guivant, J.,Lee, D.R., Orr, D., Pfeffer, M., Ward, H., The SAGE Handbook of Environment and Society. London: Sage Publications. White, D.W., Rudy, A.P., Gareau, B.J. (2015) Environments, Nature and Social Theory – Towards Critical Hybridities. New York: Palgrave/MacMillian. In Press.

Poster Summary Report

Appendix Mapping Climate Communication - Posters -

Mapping Climate Communication

John Tyndall 1850s

identified the greenhouse effect in a laboratory (confirming John Fourier’s 1824 discovery)

Mapping Climate Communication

Svante Arrhenius 1890s calculated that emissions from human industry could cause a global warming

Guy S. Callendar 1930s

found levels of carbon dioxide are climbing and raising global temperature

Roger Revelle 1950s

demonstrated that C02 levels had increased due to the use of fossil fuels.

Charles Keeling 1960s measured C02 fluctuation in the atmosphere and annual maximum value steadily rising.

scientific events

U.S. National Academy of Sciences conference

The Charney Report

‘The Causes of Climate Change’

by the National Research Council predicts that doubling CO2 will lead to 3ºC warming. USA - 1979

in Boulder, USA -1965

The World Climate Conference NOAA established USA - 1970

Lyndon Johnson message to Congress on climate change - 1965

discourses

1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment Stockholm

The World Conference on the Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Security

Climate Protection Act

William Nierenberg’s report

Global Warming Research Act

for National Academy of Sciences claims effects of climate change will be negligible USA - 1983

World Wildlife Fund (WWF) founded Switzerland 1961

ecological modernization

Third World Network founded. Malaysia 1984

trends

supporting the contrarian agenda

contrarian events and strategies

contrarian strategies

390

{ {

340 330 320

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Jul

Oct

Carbon dioxide concentration (ppmv)

350

Apr

310

2010

This poster is the first of a series created for the Mapping Climate Communication project by:

1960 The Climate Timeline explores the history of climate communication. The work illustrates the temporal growth of various climate discourses by mapping historical processes and events that have lead to different ways of communicating and understanding climate change. Events are color-coded according to the communicative function they serve within five discourses: climate contrarian (red), neoliberalism (dark blue), ecological modernization (light blue), climate justice (green) and climate science itself (grey/black). The timeline also displays how events have influenced media coverage from the year 2000. The media monitoring graph displays media peaks and dips which correspond to the events in the timeline directly above. This poster provides an overview of the major events in climate communication history as well as the forces that obscure and denigrate climate science and climate policy. Mapping a wide variety of activities and events the work serves to clarify the relationship between science, media, policy, civil society and the ideological factors that influence the ways in which climate change is communicated.

1970

consolidation of media increasing corporate power Marshall Institute publishes Global Warming: What Does the Science Tell Us? by Jastrow, Seitz and Nierenberg. 1989

anti-regulation industry lobbying contestion of scientific consensus

The industry lobby group

Global Climate Coalition

George C. Marshall Institute founded by Nierenberg, Seitz and Jastrow (1984)

1980

1981

How to read this poster Events are situated within five discursive streams and colour coded accordingly. To compare media coverage with events, follow graph at the bottom right to events directly above. The legends display icons and colours used in the timelines. This timeline is the first of a series of posters in the Mapping Climate Communication project. Information on the methodology, theory and references for this work are available in the Poster Summary Report published online 15 October 2014. This project was completed by Dr. Joanna Boehnert during a visiting fellowship at the Center for Science and Technology Policy Research at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder. The views presented in this work and any mistakes are the author‘s alone.

1982

1983

Legend 5th,

2013/14 (AR5)

COP15 Copenhagen

2007

!!!

climate contrarian

COP conference*

neoliberalism

other conference**

ecological modernization

protest / march / direct action

climate justice

book / report / academic paper newspaper / magazine article movie / TV show / video advertising campaign social movement

is founded. 1989

& POLICY RESEARCH

FO R

TECHNOLOGY

climate science

1986

1987

meteorological event milestone act / mandate / protocol

declaration

SCIENCE

1985

Discourse Colour Coding

IPCC report

trend or strategy

CENTER

1984

key statement or speech founding of a new organization * COP: Conference of the Parties, yearly United Nations conference ** including H1, H2, etc.: Heartland Institute’s contrarian conference

1996

COP1

1988

1989

1990

1998

COP3

Kyoto

COP5 Bonn 1999

1997

1995

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) established 1992 The principal negotiating forum for global climate issues charged with the task of preventing "dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"

Bueonos Aires

COP2

Geneva

Berlin

Kyoto Protocol

"junk science" hearing in Congress USA -1995

Berlin Mandate calls for emission targets from developed countries

First major global climate change t

mandatory targets on greenhouse-gas emissions with vi to reduce emissions at least 5% below existing 1990 lev in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. US Senate rejects Kyoto in advance with the Byrd-Hagel resolution, in 95-0 unanimous vote.

European Union adopts target of a maximum 2°C rise in average global temperatures 1996

Albuquerque Declaration by IEN sent to COP4 - 1998

!!!

NAFTA signed into law 1993. Nafta has a dramatic impact

WTO mee

shut down by

The Heat is On Ross Gelbspan’s book describe fuel industry organizing to prev political response to climate c

Toyota introduces Prius in Japan (1997) first massmarket electric hybrid car

Climate for Cities started 1993

privatisation + deregulation

astroturfing + deceptive disinformation

COP4

2nd,1995 (SAR)

Time Magazine names The Endangered Earth' Man of the Year

380

Annual Cycle

Second IPCC report detects signature of human-caused greenhouse effect warming, declares that serious warming is likely in the coming century.

RIO Earth Summit 1992

Indigenous Environmental Network (IEN) founded 1989 David Suzuki Foundation founded 1990

First Earth Day 1970

climate contrarian

360

wide-spread media coverage

23 June 1988 with twelves hearings in Senate and the House on climate change during this period

Greenpeace founded. Vancouver 1970

neoliberalism

370

First IPCC report says the Earth has been warming and future warming seems likely.

James Hansen testifies to Congress

directs EPA and State to prepare policy options for climate change USA - 1987

USA - 1980

Friends of the Earth founded. London 1971

World Development Movement founded London 1970

climate justice

The Keeling Curve plots the carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since 1958

Austria, produces first scientific consensus on global warming 1985

produces declaration and appeal to world to prevent man-made changes in cliamte. Geneva 1979

No.1: The Climate Timeline 1960-2014

350 ppm in 1988

climate science

The Keeling Curve

1st,1990 (FAR)

founded November 1988

Toronto meeting of climate scientists call for a 20% reduction of global CO2 emissions by the year 2005. June 1988

political events

{

United Nations international scientific conference at Villach

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Business Environmental Leadership Council founded 1998

on global trade and emissions. Emissions rise 1% a year in 1990s and then surge to 3.4% a year growth between 2000-2008.

US President George H.W. Bush states: “Those who think we are powerless to do anything about the 'greenhouse effect' are forgetting about the 'White House effect’” (1990). Over the following years the White House blocks progress on UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). Coal industry funded Information Council on the Environment (ICE) launchs a $500,000 campaign aiming to"reposition global warming as theory (not fact)”

Donors Trust

The Greening of Planet Earth

founded in 1999. Funding contrarian organizations.

video produced by Western Fuels argues that more carbon dioxide will be beneficial to humanity. The video is popular with politicians in Washington. 1991

Science & Environmental Policy Project (SEPP)

1991

4) Neoliberalism: Herein environmental considerations are subordinated to macroeconomic policy “imperatives”. Neoliberalism is an ideology that is characterized by privatization, deregulation, financialization and austerity. Neoliberal governance simultaneously rolls-back responsibilities of the state and rolls-out market conforming regulatory incursions (Peck, 2010). In practice, neoliberalism seeks to mask these dynamics by presenting itself as environmentally conscientious while avoiding action to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the green rhetoric there is a symbiosis between this and the contrarian discourse, since the lack of regulation enables corporate power grabs and weakens capacities in the public sphere to regulate and monitor polluting industrial activities.

1992

Exxo beh writ “Vic unce the

Leipzig Declaration SEPP project opposing the global warming - 1995

founded by Fred Singer - 1990

“m im of po

1993

1994

5) Climate contrarians have ideological motives behind their critiques of various dimensions of climate science and the policies directed at lowering emissions. Typically contrarians challenge what they see as a false consensus in climate science. This discourse is promoted by conservative think tanks, bloggers, media outlets, fossil fuel lobbyists, public relations personnel and some politicians, often with financial support from the fossil fuel industry. The radical position, promoted by fossil fuel interests and supporting think tanks, seeks to continue unrestrained use of the Earth’s fossil fuel reserves regardless of the consequences to the climate. The Climate Timeline visualizes the historical processes and events that have lead to the growth of various ways of communicating climate change. This work aims to reveal discursive obfuscations by highlighting both what was said and what was done in regard to climate change. It explores the impact of neoliberalism on climate change communication and opens discursive space for the climate justice discourse.

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

200

http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/icecaps/research/media_coverage/index.html

Media Monitoring Legend

150 Middle East Africa Oceania

100

South America North America

Europe Asia

Poster Summary Report

1960 – 2014 timeline

version 3.2 - 15 October 2014

3rd,2001 (TAR)

Third IPCC report states that global warming, unprecedented since end of last ice age, is "very likely," with possible severe surprises. Effective end of debate among all but a few scientists.

COP7

COP8

Canadian government creates the

Climate Change Plan for Canada

treaty (1997)

eting in Seattle

y activists 1999

from a report after the Bush administration’s attempts to manipulate scientific consensus.

Senator James Inhofe, Chairman of Senate Bush administration abandons Kyoto Protocol and ousts IPCC Chair Robert Watson

2002 Bali Principles of Climate Justice

1st Climate Justice Summit in La Hague (2000)

on and other fossil fuel interests fund groups to challenge the science hind climate change. One of thes groups, the Global Climate Science Team tes a “Draft Global Climate Science Communications Plan” which states: ctory will be achieved when…average citizens ‘understand’ (recognize) ertainties in climate science; recognition of uncertainties becomes part of “conventional wisdom...”.

2001

2002

2003

2004

!!!

Vanity Fair: The Green Issue

UK Feed-in tarriffs for solar installations approved - 2008

To Really Save the Planet, Stop Going Green by Mike Tidwell rejecting green consumerism

loss of 2/3 US newspapers with science sections in 2 decades

2006

churnalism

2007

No Climate Tax campaign Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin campaigns for US presidency with the slogan “ Drill, baby, drill’ 2008

CO2 is Green campaign

1st International Conference on Climate Change hosted by Heartland Institute in NYC

European heat wave

The Merchants of Doubt

H4 NewYork

Washington

Chicago

4th peak

2007

2008

Climate Summit

in New York in preperation for COP 21 in Paris, 2015. September 2014

!!!

CREDO Pledge of Resistance International Treaty to Protect over 75,000 vow to commit civil the Sacred. Indigenous action disobedience if the Keystone XL on tar sands extraction - 2013 pipeline is approved - 2013 This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate by Naomi Klein 2014

'Largest-ever' climate-change march in NYC attended by an estimated 300k to 400k people - and marchs in cities around the world

1st Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) report published yearly since 2010.

2009

2010

Las Vegas

Heartland Institute billboard campaign (2012)

H5 Syndey

Washington

3rd NIPCC report

2st NIPCC report

2011

H7 Chicago Munich

2012

4th NIPCC report

5th NIPCC report

2013

2014

2013

2014

5th peak

Sandy

Peak coverage in 2009 5 times larger than 2000

3rd peak

2013

President Obama releases the Climate Action Plan including increased use of renewable energy and carbon pollution restrictions for power plants. June 25, 2013

Climate Change: Trick or Treat? (CNN)

excerpts from e-mails stolen from climate scientists fuel public skepticism

Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change by the International Climate Science Coalition

2008

Lima

2014

Warsaw

mobilization of the climate movement

Climategate

4th peak

Katrina

Obama Climate Plan

UK government makes dramatic cuts in the Environment Agency (1,700 jobs lost)

2008 - CNN cuts entire science and technology budget in 2008

The Great Global Warming Swindle

disinformation campaign created by The Competitive Enterprise Institute

SEPP project opposing the global warming 2005 revised

COP20 COP19

US Republican Canadian majority eliminates government the House Committee cuts over 2000 on Global Warming scientific jobs 2011 and silences scientists

UK government dismantles the Sustainable Development Commission 2011

by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway documents the climate contrarian movement 2010

Hopenhagen

April 2014 is the first month in human history with average carbon dioxide level in Earth’s atmosphere at 400 ppm

2013/14 (AR5)

2012

Copenhagen conference fails to negotiate binding agreements.

UN global marketing campaign at Copenhagen, aligns climate objectives with corporate advertising. Hopenhagend becomes a symbol of the corporate capture of the climate debate.

Leipzig Declaration (revised)

5th,

Doha

US House Passes e the "American Clean !!! f th ent US house of Representatives votes 184-240 against accepting the following resolution: Energy and Security no m “the scientific finding of the Environmental Protection Agency that climate change is occuring, Act" (2009) - later tio ve is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks to public heath and welfare” defeated in Senate The Copenhagen Accord iza mo April 2011 bil tice o !!! m s !!! Tar Sands Action: 1,253 protestors Bolivia’s chief climate negotiator ss te ju !!! Idle No More World People's Conference on Climate a 350.org Global !!! arrested at the White House - 2011 Angelica Navarro delivers speech m ma Day of Action Change and the Rights of Mother Earth !!! Indigenous movement on climate debt at the UN cli 2009 2012 30,000 gather in Cochabamba, Bolivia - 2010 !!! Occupy movement - 2011

Newsweek: "The Truth About Denial" cover story, leads to less contrarian media outside Fox News

Academy Award winning documentary film re-energizes the climate movement - 2006

‘bias’ as ‘balance’, i.e. the false balance of science vs. opinion / ideology, conforming to the journalistic norm of ‘balance’ and conflict. Boykoff 2011

2005

edia Monitoring: 2000-2014 World Newspaper Coverage of ‘Climate Change’ or ‘Global Warming’

Climate Justice Now! founded in Bali (2007)

COP18

COP17 Durban 2011

100,000 people march in the streets of Copenhagen and hold their own People’s Climate Assembly, joined by 100s of U.N. delegates.

Clean Development Mechanism opens A key mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol 2006

“Carbon dioxide. They call it pollution. We call it life.”

growth of the contrarian movement

Rising Tide North America + Europe founded (2006)

The Inconvenient Truth

USA Today proclaim: “The debate is over: the globe is warming”

States of Fear A Skeptical Environmentalist

!!!

2009

The Climate Change Act

!!! Transition Towns founded, UK 2006

2010 highest ever yearly increase in global emissions - 5.9%

RIO+20 Earth Summit 2012

UK government becomes the first to set binding targets to reduce emission 2008

1st of many Climate Camps in the UK and then globally (2006)

The first carbon emissions trading scheme (EU) implemented. 2005 25% cut in news industry workforce since 2001

The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change claims that climate change is "the greatest market failure the world has ever seen". UK - 2006

Nicholas Stern claims his report underestimated the gravity of climate change

International Energy Agency report warns of 6º warming 2011

COP16 Cancun 2010

Copenhagen

COP14 Poznan 2008

Bali

2007

300% increase in climate change lobbyist in the USA (2005 - 2009) - with $90m expenditure

EU Emissions trading launches

disinvestment in news reporting, investigative journalism and science journalism

Bjorn Lomborg - 2001. A book which claims that responding to climate change is not supported by adequate scientific data.

COP13 Stern Review

Canadian government withdraws from Kyoto

protests at G8 Gleneagles Scotland 2005

Ex-UK Prime Miniter Margaret Thatcher backtracks on her climate advocacy, calling climate activism a "marvelous excuse for supra-national socialism" and praises President George W. Bush for rejecting Kyoto (2003). changing ownership structure of news sources

Gleneagles

!!!

Naomi Oreskes‘ paper in Science on the scientific consensus on climate change 2004

Billy Parish and others found the Energy Action Coalition, organizing youth on climate issues USA - 2003

media portrayals of uncertainty have potential to distract as well as mpede substantive efforts to reduce GHG emissions as the reduction uncertainty has long been framed as a prerequisite for political and olicy progress” (Boykoff, 2011, pg.64).

Representative Joe Barton attacks climate scientist Michael Mann

Buenos Aires Declaration on the Ethical Dimension of Climate Change (BADEDCC) launched at COP10 (2004)

growth of the climate justice movement

es fossil vent a change

mobilization of uncertainty discourse

000

Committee on the Environment and Public Works, delivers an speech on the Senate floor where he describes climate change as a 'hoax'. 2003

Leak of Republican strategist Frank Luntz memo: ”make the lack of scientific certainty a primary issue in the debate"

911

2006

Kyoto treaty goes into effect, signed by all major industrial nations except US and Australia - 2005

2004

US Environmental Protection Agency deletes section on climate change

US National Academy warns of political assaults on scientists 2010

COP15

China overtakes USA as world's largest CO2 emitter 2007

Nairobi

Buenos Aires

2002

Nobel Peace Prize awarded to Al Gore and the IPCC 2007

COP12

COP10

New Delhi

2001

Climate Change: A Summary of the Science The Royal Society (UK)

4th,2007(AR4)

COP11 2005

2000

iew vels

Milan

2003

Montreal

Marrakech

COP6

La Hague

Fourth IPCC report warns that serious effects of warming have become evident and that the cost of reducing emissions would be far less than the damage they will cause if not reduced.

COP9

2nd peak 1st peak in media coverage

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2009

2010

2011

2012

Mapping Climate Communication

Mapping Climate Communication No2, Network of Actors: USA, UK and Canadia

neoliberalism Senator James Inhofe USA

The Chamber of Commerce American Government

The House and the Senate

The Department of Defense American Government

American Government

World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) International

UK Coalition Government

The Economist

The World Bank

Canadian Government

International

The Wall Street Journal

CNN

USA / International

USA

The Breakthrough Institute UK

The White House

The Telegraph

Roger Pielke Jr.

Washington Post

Sandbag Climate Campaign UK

USA

American Government

Steward Brand

Los Angeles Times

USA

The Times

USA

ecological modernization NYTimes + DOT Earth

BBC

USA

USA Today

UK / interntional

USA

Andy Revkin USA

Environmental Protection Agency

The Climate Group (TCG) International

USA

UNEP

Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB)

United Nations Environment Program

NCAR

Al jazee

Environmental Defense Fund

International

(EDF) USA

Hunter Lovins

National Climate Atmospheric Research

USA

Al Gore

National Resource Defense Council (NRDC)

USA

Climate Reality Project

NASA

climate.nasa.gov

USA

Grist

Nicholas Stern

USA

Fiona Harvey

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

NOAA + CIRES

UK / USA

Clinton Foundation

UNFCCC

USA

The Guardian

USA

+ Global Climate Change

American Geophysical Union (AGU)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration + The Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences

Nature

Chatham House Climate Desk USA

USA

Kevin Trenberth

Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES)

Katherine Hayhoe

American Meterological Society (AMS)

Forum for the Future

Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre (RCCC)

USA

Waleed Abdalati

Sustainable Prosperity

International

Jonathan Porritt

Canada

Climate Institute

USA

New Scientist

USA

International

Global Climate Adaptation Partnership

USA

Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL)

James Hansen

Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS)

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

International

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Gavin Schmidt

Michael Mann

USA

Michael Oppenheimer

Center for Science and Technology Policy Research

USA

Jonathan Overpeck

Dana Nuccitelli

USA

Skeptical Science

climate science

International

Met Office Hadley Centre

Carbon Brief

USA

Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP)

USA

Naomi Oreskes Bob Ward

USA

Institute for European Environment Policy (IEEP)

USA

International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)

USA

Peter Gleick

Ken Caldeira

Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI)

USA

The Royal Society

Peterson Institute for International Economics

Tamsin Edwards

USA

Real Climate

Green Allianc

(GCP) - UK

Jeremy Leggett

USA

Climate Central

International

Global Canopy Programme

Global Footprint Network

USA

Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research

USA

Van Jones USA

USA

International

IPCC

Kate Sheppard

Internaional

USA

Climate Strategies UK

Climate Progress

Eric Holthaus

USA

Max Boykoff

Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC)

Belfer Center for Science and International Aff

USA

Global Adaptation Institute

DeSmog blog

USA

USA, Canada + UK

Framework mapping climate communication perspectives and discourses: neoliberalism, ecological modernization, climate contrarians, climate science and climate justice

actor name IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change UNFCCC - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change UNEP - United Nations Environment Progra m World Meteorological Organization (WMO) National Oceanic & Atmospheric Adminstration (NOAA) + CIRES National Climate Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Environmental Protection Agency NASA's Global Climate Change website (climate.nasa.gov) Met Office Hadley Centre Tyndall Centre New Scientist The Guardian NYTimes + DOT EARTH Nature American Meterological Society (AMS) American Geophysical Union (AGU) Union of Concerned Scientists American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) The Royal Society Climate Progress Climate Desk Skeptical Science Real Climate Climate Central DeSmog blog Waleed Abdalati Ken Caldeira

location type

Int. Int. Int. Int. USA USA USA USA UK UK Int. UK USA USA USA USA Int USA UK USA USA int. USA USA USA USA USA

metric no.1

Alexa rank

144,002 119,601 65,414 103,427 1,049 47,682 6,726 1,364 4,627 2,641,608 7,528 139 123 3,623 148,418 146,407 130,977 96,732 281,184 3,577 591,712 71,922 177,707 61,754 132,208 -

Twitter

14,000 110,000 255,000 12,000 298,000 13,000 228,000 114,000 220,000 11,000 86,500 6,500,000 13m +35.8k 741,000 1,000 24,800 21,000 25,500 75,000 82,000 57,000 9,400 4,300 13,900 12,500 6,000

actor name Tamsin Edwards Peter Gleick James Hansen Katherine Hayhoe Michael Mann Dana Nuccitelli Jonathan Overpeck Michael Oppenheimer Gavin Schmidt Kevin Trenberth The World Bank The White House - American Government Department of Defense - American Government The House and the Senate - American Government The Canadian Government UK Government - the coalition USA Today BBC CNN Washington Post The Economist National Resource Defense Council (NRDC) The Breakthrough Institute Climate Reality Project Climate Communciation Sierra Club Oxfam

location type

UK USA USA Can USA USA USA USA USA USA Int. USA USA USA CAN. UK USA UK USA USA UK USA USA USA USA USA Int.

metric no.1

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1 1 318m 1 318m 1 318m 1 34m 1 63m 4 1.6m (daily) 4 388m 4 495k 4 671k (Sunday) 4 209k 5 $123m 5 not published 5 $7.8m 5 n/a 5 $104m + 53.6m 5 $65m(US) +£367m (UK)

Alexa rank

4,694 3,831 24,461 11,528 546 1,619 291 142 63 284 1,588 54,509 608,919 226,765 low 38,439 61,704

Twitter

4,000 13,400 9,300 20,500 3,500 1,900 1,300 5,500 831,000 5,200,000 570,000 1,000,000 22,000,000 13,000,000 3,800,000 5,000,000 143,000 6,496 168,000 4,400 126,000 568,000

actor name TckTckTck IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature Connect4Climate Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Brookings Institution Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP) Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) Center for Science and Technology Policy Research Center for Alternative Technology The Corner House Chatham House Climate Action Network International (CAN-I) Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB) Climate Institute Climate Strategies Clinton Foundation Conservation International David Suzuki Foundation E3G Third Generation Environmentalism Earthwatch Institute Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) Global Adaptation Institute Global Canopy Programme (GCP) Global Climate Adaptation Partnership Global Footprint Network Green Economics Institute (GEI)

location type

Int Int. Int USA USA USA USA USA USA UK UK UK Uk UK USA UK USA USA Can. UK USA USA USA UK UK USA UK

TTmap/or members

6 450 NGO orgs 6 1,200 orgs 6 (funded by WB) 7 101+ 7 78 7 22 7 16 7 94 7 101+ 7+5 n/a 7+5 n/a 7 42 7 101+ 7 88 7 13 7 87 7 101+ 7 31+ $132m/yr 7 101+ 7 70 7 101 + 8m/yr 7 37 + $149/yr 7 83 7 59 7 39 7 36 7 101+

Alexa

498,609 128,517

Twitter

33,000 44,800 160,000 840 120,000 1,197 4,996 2,140 233 13,700 70,000 4,750 1022 300 1911 411,000 8,100 106,000 4,438 414,134 8,034 107,227 81,200 8m (v. low) 1,519 9m 247,399 8,130 7m 1m+ (low)

1,633 26,859 4m (v.low) 448,455 2m (low) 10,772 410,266 147,726 2m 1.4m 8m (v.low) 101,459 139,785 122,931

actor name Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA) International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) MIT Center for Energy &Environmental Policy Research (CEEPR) Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Pembina Institute Peterson Institute for International Economics Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI) Purdue Climate Change Research Center (PCCRC) RAND corporation Red Cross / Red Crescent Climate Centre (RCCC) Resources for the Future (RFF) Sandbag Climate Campaign Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment STEPS Centre Sustainable Prosperity The Climate Group (TCG) The Earth Institute The Natural Step The Nature Conservancy (TNC) UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) World Resources Institute (WRI) Worldwatch Institute

location type

UK UK IRL UK Can. USA UK Can. USA USA USA USA Int. USA UK USA UK Can. Int. USA Int. Int. UK USA Int. USA USA

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7+5

TTmap or revenue

Twitter

72 101+ 24 15 90 101+ 77 85 58 101+ 101+ 45 49 8 19 101+ 101+ 21 68 101+ 101+ 86 101+ 1 79 81 6 ($2.3m)

2,186 37,000 5,586 18,400 145 50,000 12,800 9,935 235 104 60,900 674 2,457 3,143 1,649 2,464 1,615 61,000 66,000 4,175 336,000 2,017 1,168 8,975 85,200 15,500

actor name World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Worldwatch Institute Yale Climate & Energy Institute + Env. Studies @YaleE360 Yale Climate Project Green Alliance Forum for the Future Steward Brand Al Gore Fiona Harvey Hunter Lovins Roger Pielke Jr. Jonathan Porritt Andy Revkin Nicholas Stern Bob Ward Democracy Now! Al jazeera Grist Climate Campaign Operation Noah Via Campesina International Friends of the Earth (FOE) COIN Climate Justice Now! Carbon Brief Rainforest Action Network World Development Movement

location type

Int. USA USA USA UK UK USA USA UK USA USA UK USA UK UK USA Int. USA UK UK Int. Int. UK Int. UK USA UK

7+5 7+5

7 7 7 7 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

TTmap rating (or revenue) Alexa

34,381 212,832 18,900 5,691 3m+ 310,568 984,963 n/a n/a n/a 15,782 1,249 20,419 low 26,665 150,973 -

Twitter

1,450,000

15,500 59,000 19,000 17,000 26,000 -

2,700,000

12,000 8,500 4,800 61,300 5,000 329,000

2,000,000

160,000 4,300 637 5,700 102,000 876 403 345,414 12,600 396,432 39,900 471,007 22,200

actor name PLATFORM Greenpeace International 350.org new economic foundation Smartmeme Earth First! + @efjournal Transition Towns Network Rising Tide North America / UK The Green Party UK/International The Climate Coalition Indigenous Environmental Network The Council of Canadians Int. Environmental Communication Ass (IECA) Industrial Workers of the World Env. Unionist Caucus

Tar Sands Blockade Oil Change International Bioneers Citizens Climate Lobby ETC Group Post Carbon Institute Nafeez Ahmed Max Boykoff Robert D. Bullard Leonardo DiCaprio Tim DeChristopher Naomi Klein Eric Holthaus

location type

UK Int. Int. UK USA Int. Int USA/UK

UK UK USA Can. Int. Int. USA Int. USA USA Can. USA UK USA USA USA USA Can. USA

5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7+5 7+5 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

TTrating/members/revenue

£364,338 $48m (USA only) $5.2m £3.1m no public data no public data no public data 18,567 members (UK) 100 member orgs $5m CAN $705,00 revenue $968,209 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Alexa

low 11,588 125,250 254,093 2m 282,403 259,525 3,912,193 464,885 1,117,382 842,471 530,489 951,974 479,747 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Poster Summary Report

an Based Institutions, Organizations and Individuals

1. government Version 2.3, 13 October 2014

climate contrarian

Sarah Palin National Center for Public Policy Research USA

USA

Americn Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research

International

5. media

Scaife Affiliated Foundations

USA

6. NGO / charity

Koch Affiliated Foundations

Exxon Mobil

USA

Heritage Foundation

FOX News

7. research institute

USA

8. website or blog

Donor's Trust

9. contrarian organization

USA

Global Warming.org

USA

No Frakking Consensus

The Daily Mail

10. contrarian blog

CO2 IS Green Inc. USA

George C. Marshall Institute (GMI)

Media Research Center

11. individual

USA

the reference frame Christopher Monkton

Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow

12. corporation

USA

Climate Depot USA

Science and Public Policy Institute UK

Shell

Tom Nelson USA

low Internet presence

USA

Legend: Actor Types and Internet Influence: Coded Circle Nodes

Climate Audit

New York Post

Roy Spencer

Bishop Hill

How to Read this Map

Heartland Institute

USA

JunkScience James Delingpole

Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change

Americans for Prosperity

USA

USA USA

Watts Up With That

Brendan O'Neill

Lou Dobbs

Nigel Lawson

USA

Competitive Enterprise Institute

USA

National Mining Association USA

Cato Institute

Atlas Economic Research Foundation

USA

Robert Jastrow

The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation

USA

Piers Morgan

Global Warming Policy Foundation

Frank Luntz

USA

Rush Limbaugh

Manhattan Institute for Policy Research

American Petroleum Institute

American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)

John Coleman

The Sun

high Internet presence

ICECAP USA

Climate etc. Judith Curry

3. assocation 4. scientific research

Mercatus Center / Center for Market Processes Inc

Forbes

2. intergovernmental organization

USA

Freedom Works

USA

Federation for American Coal Energy and Security

Fred Singer USA

Reason Foundation

USA

Resources for the Future (RFF)

USA

Connect for Climate International

The Nature Conservancy

era

Sierra Club

(TNC)

International

USA

Worldwatch Institute USA

Discourses

IUCN - International

Conservation International USA

World Wide Fund for Nature WWF

Treehugger USA

Oxfam USA

TckTckTck

International

350.org International

World Resources Institute (WRI) USA

The Climate Coalition

Citizens Climate Lobby

Operation Noah

Rainforest Action Network

USA

Bill MicKibben USA

Earthwatch Institute

RAND corporation

Greenpeace

International

Climate Campaign UK

FOE UK

Network

UK / International

Friends of the Earth

USA

Tim Jackson

Transition Towns

Center for Alternative Technology

new economic foundation

International

The Natural Step International

Green Economics Institute (GEI)

LeoDiCaprio

tal

COIN

Yale Climate Project

Brookings Institution

Overseas Development Institute (ODI)

USA

E3G Third Generation Environmentalism UK

MIT Center for Energy & Environmental Policy Research (CEEPR) STEPS Centre UK

fairs

9,100 1,100,000 198,000 39,900 5,000 6,300 14,600 3 7,100 6,740 2 13,600 4,000 14,700 700 800 16,000 4,000 14,900 9,000 839 11,300 55,000 1,500 7,800 11,000,000

8,200 224,000 12,000

USA

*9.1, 9.2, 10a, 10b, 10c will be explained in the Poster Summary Report

Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)

Naomi Klein

Nafeez Ahmed

metric 1

Alexa

Twitter

USA CAN UK UK UK UK USA USA USA Can. USA USA USA USA UK Int. UK UK UK USA USA USA USA USA USA

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a $198,586,150 2.37m (daily) 844 k 500k 393k (daily) 6m readers 514k (daily) 1.6m (daily) 2m (daily) 140,000 visitors/month 19,000 visitors/month n/a 14,000 visitors/month n/a n/a

n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 248 182 (high) 919 5,182 151 (high) 214 90 (v.high) 4,122 9,422 128,880 90,935 278,810 509,427 672,027

17,000 9,700 1,600 12,000 90,000 101,000 130,000 1,500 54,000 6,000 n/a 5,000,000 4,200,000 655,000 246,000 3,500,000 609,000 696,000 606,000 11,000 2,300 -

11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1

The Corner House

*9.1, 9.2, 10a, 10b, 10c will be explained in the Poster Summary Report

UK/International

type

metric 1

Twitter

USA UK USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA

9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9 10c 10b 10c 10b 10b 10b 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a

161,314 1,478,474 81,086 852,499 657,220 98,568 61,021 Alexa $181,236,577 $20,608,269 36,000 members $5,005,000 $1,469,050 $4,610,000 $6,102,160 $78,253,864 $5,973,500 $52,524,255 $539,438 $355,000 $2,850,747 $40,410,727 $9,250,240 n/a $3,405,722 $4,247,228

4,700 2,700 5,400 7,900 n/a 11,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 221,000 204,000 n/a n/a n/a

actor name Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Inc Mercatus Center / Center for Market Processes National Mining Association National Center for Public Policy Research Inc. Reason Foundation Media Research Center Inc Americans for Prosperity Global Warming Policy Foundation Institute for Energy Research Senator James Inhofe Frank Luntz Christopher Monkton Nigel Lawson Brendan O'Neill James Delingpole Robert Jastrow Rush Limbaugh Fred Singer Lou Dobbs John Coleman Piers Morgan Sarah Palin Exxon Mobile Shell BP *9.1, 9.2, 10a, 10b, 10c will be explained in the Poster Summary Report

location type

USA USA USA USA USA USA USA UK USA USA USA UK UK UK UK USA USA USA USA USA USA USA Int. Int. Int.

10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10a 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12

metric 1

$6,128,425 $8,075,737 $16,558,296 $12,424,796 $7,196,010 $12,631,050 $22,089,095 £362,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a $420bn (2013) $451bn $396bn

Clayton Thomas Muller

Climate Justice Now

International

climate justice

Intl

CANADA

location

International

Twitter

15,000 18,000 n/a n/a n/a 77,000 n/a n/a n/a 20,000 n/a n/a 20,000 n/a 20,900 n/a 424,000 n/a 89,000 n/a 4,200,000 1,100,000 102,000 248,000 95,000

4) Neoliberalism: Herein environmental considerations are subordinated to macroeconomic policy “imperatives”. Neoliberalism is an ideology that is characterized by privatization, 1) Climate science: This discourse emerges deregulation, financialization and austerity. from physics, chemistry, atmospheric sciences and Neoliberal governance simultaneously rolls-back the earth sciences. The 97% consensus within responsibilities of the state and rolls-out market science (Cook et al., 2013; Anderegg et al. 2000) conforming regulatory incursions (Peck, 2010). In is that warming of the atmosphere and ocean practice, neoliberalism seeks to mask these system is unequivocal, associated impacts are dynamics by presenting itself as environmentally occurring at rates unprecedented in the historical conscientious while avoiding action to reduce net record and that these changes are predominately greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the green due to human influence. Climate change presents rhetoric there is a symbiosis between this and the severe risks to civilization and to the non-human contrarian discourse, since the lack of regulation natural world and these impacts will become enables corporate power grabs and weakens increasingly expensive, difficult and even impossi- capacities in the public sphere. ble to mitigate if action is not taken to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 5) Climate contrarian have ideological motives behind their critiques of various dimen2) Climate justice movements see climate sions of climate science and the policies change as an ethical problem wherein the greatest directed at lowering emissions. Typically impacts are felt by those least responsible for contrarians challenge what they see as a false greenhouse gas emissions. Advocates demand consensus in climate science. This discourse is radical changes in modes of governance to reduce promoted by conservative think tanks, climate emissions while also addressing issues of social skeptic bloggers, media outlets, fossil fuel justice and equity. The radical position holds that lobbyists, public relations personnel and some capitalism can never deliver sustainable levels of politicians, often with financial support from the emission, since this economic model will always fossil fuel industry. The radical position, prioritize the needs of the market over those of the promoted by fossil fuel interests and supporting natural world. Thus new ways of organizing social think tanks, seeks to continue unrestrained use of relations and the political economy must be the Earth’s fossil fuel reserves regardless of the created to effectively respond to climate change. consequences to the climate.

International

Canada

Oil Change

Franke James

La Via Campesina

Indigenous Environmental Network

USA

(IISD) - Canada

actor name JunkScience Science and Public Policy Institute Roy Spencer the reference frame GlobalWarming.org Climate etc. (Judith Curry) Climate Depot American Petroleum Institute Donor's Trust American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Scaife Affiliated Foundations Koch Affiliated Foundations The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation Atlas Economic Research Foundation Heritage Foundation Heartland Institute Americn Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research George C. Marshall Institute (GMI) CO2 is Green Inc. Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow Cato Institute Freedom Works (Citizens for a Sound Economy) Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change Federation for American Coal, Energy and Security Competitive Enterprise Institute

Climate Action Network International (CAN-I)

Tar Sands Blockade

International Institute for Sustainable Development

USA

location type

The Council of Canadians

Robert D. Bullard

Industrial Workers of the World Environmental Unionist Caucus

Canada

Caroline Lucas

USA

UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability

Ireland / International

USA/UK

Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA)

The Earth Institute

actor name Van Jones Franke James Tim Jackson Jeremy Leggett Caroline Lucas George Monbiot Bill McKibben Naomi Oreskes Kate Sheppard Clayton ThomasMuller The Chamber of Commerce - American Government The Wall Street Journal FOX News New York Post The Times (UK) Forbes The Telegraph (UK) The Daily Mail (UK) The Sun (UK) Watts Up With That Climate Audit Bishop Hill ICECAP Tom Nelson No Frakking Consensus

Bioneers

Rising Tide

PLATFORM

USA

International Environmental Communication Association (IECA)

Twitter

Canada

Earth First! International

Democracy Now!

Smartmeme David Suzuki Foundation

USA

The Green Party International

USA

Purdue Climate Change Research Center (PCCRC)

ETC Group Canada

Tim DeChristopher

USA

Yale Climate & Energy Institute

World Development Movement

Canada

USA

Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment

George Monbiot

USA

Pembina Institute Climate Communciation

Post Carbon Insititute

Metrics used in these tables and on the map No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

type government intergovernmental org

science research journal / media NGO / charity association research institute website / blog contrarian blog contrarian org individual corporation revenue

size - metric 1 population no numerical metric funding / revenue circulation or audience funding / revenue no. of members ThinkTankMap ranking***

Alexa rank Alexa rank funding / revenue no metric revenue 2013

Methodology

CENTER

POLICY RESEARCH

SCIENCE

FO R

TECHNOLOGY

The poster is part of a series of three posters mapping climate communication created by:

Dr. Joanna Boehnert CIRES Visiting Research Fellow Center for Science and Technology Policy Research Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado Boulder e: Joanna.Boehnert@colorado.edu e: JJBoehnert@gmail.com Posters can be downloaded with the Poster Summary Report (available 15 October 2014) on this website:

http://ecolabsblog.wordpress.com