Coleção 10 V - Livro 4 - Inglês - Aluno

Jamile Maeda e Silva

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INGLÊS Por falar nisso A ciência é uma área do conhecimento tradicionalmente bem desenvolvida nos países de língua inglesa, como os Estados Unidos, o Canadá e a Inglaterra. Isso acontece possivelmente por uma melhor distribuição de renda entre suas populações e pela consciência de sua importância para o desenvolvimento do ser humano e para a proteção do meio ambiente. Um bom exemplo é o Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachussets – MIT, localizado em Boston, MA, EUA, de onde saem as mais variadas e aprofundadas pesquisas sobre tecnologia e bem-estar social. Além disso, o inglês é ainda a língua mais importante para a divulgação dessas descobertas na mídia internacional.

Nas próximas aulas, estudaremos os seguintes temas

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Condicionais................................................................................... 706 Quantificadores e advérbios.......................................................... 713 Advérbios de modo........................................................................ 720 Phrasal verbs.................................................................................. 727

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ASSUNTOS ABORDADOS

CONDICIONAIS

nn Condicionais

Antes de começar

nn Antes de começar nn Introdução nn Cinco modos para se expressar

Leia o texto a seguir sobre o físico Isaac Newton e sua famosa história da maçã.

Newton’s Apple: Science and the Value of a Good Story Search online for any list of history’s greatest scientists and you’ll find the same names: Albert Einstein, Charles Darwin, Marie Curie, Sigmund Freud, Louis Pasteur, and so on. The order may change, but the name on top will almost invariably be that of Isaac Newton.

We can argue over such lists – they’re mostly harmless fun – but we can agree that Newton earned his place there. He quantified the laws of motion that govern our lives, and almost 350 years after he did his work, it is still useful. But why is Newton better remembered than, say, Ernest Rutherford, who determined the structure of the atom, or Gregor Mendel, who brought us modern genetics? The difference, probably, is that Newton had a great story to tell.

Fonte: Corbac 40 / Shutterstock.com

It’s the one about the apple. You remember it – how the young Newton, sent home from school at Cambridge to avoid the plague of 1665, was sitting under a tree one day, saw an apple fall to the ground, and, in a flash of insight, came to understand the workings of gravity. He published his Principia Mathematica in 1687. In his spare time, he designed the first reflecting telescope, laid the foundations for calculus, brought us the understanding of light and color, and in his later years – it would be disingenuous to leave this out – tried his hand at alchemy and assigning dates to events in the Bible.

But that apple! Oh, to have been a chronicler of science back then, having the chance to tell this wonderful story about the magnetic young physicist from Lincolnshire.

Actually, there was such a person. His name was William Stukeley, and in 1752 he published one of the first biographies of Newton, Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton’s Life.

Newton, as an old man, had told him the tale: “After dinner, the weather being warm, we went into the garden, and drank tea under the shade of some apple trees, only he and myself. Amidst other discourse, he told me he was just in the same situation, as when formerly, the notion of gravitation came into his mind. Why should that apple always descend perpendicularly to the ground, thought he to himself; occasion’d by the fall of an apple, as he sat in a contemplative mood...”.

The Royal Society has called the apple story “the most famous anecdote of discovery in science.” Students of physics may stumble over the math behind Newton’s laws of motion, but they’ll remember the apple. Newton somehow won the good-story sweepstakes. His is simple, gives us a visual image of his work, and helps explain something from our daily lives.

Over the years, inevitably, the details have been embellished. Ask around today, and people may tell you that the apple bonked Newton on the head. But the point remains: if you have an important point to make, especially in science but also in other fields, there’s nothing like a good story to make it memorable. Of course, Newton may have known that. Historians say he was both a natural philosopher and a natural selfpromoter. A friend of mine, knowing I was writing about the apple, said, “For all we know, Newton may have embellished the story himself.”

Figura 01 - Isaac Newton’s apple is probably the most memorable science story of all times

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Glossário Amidst: entre Embellish: acrescentar detalhes não necessariamente verdadeiros ao se contar histórias

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

DISCUSSÃO 01. É possível depreender do artigo que seres humanos aprendem melhor quando relacionam conteúdos a histórias. Que outras histórias você já ouviu que te facilitaram memorizar um conteúdo?

02. O que se quer dizer com Newton ser um “natural self-promoter”?

03. Na expressão “Newton may have known that”, o que o verbo modal may significa?

04. Que outras formas de aprender ou memorizar um conteúdo você utiliza?

Introdução Condicionais são construções bastante utilizadas nas línguas e impõem condições para que situações aconteçam. Em português, sua principal conjunção é o se e sua conjugação encontra-se no subjuntivo. Em inglês, por sua vez, veremos que condicionais podem ser construídas de cinco modos diferentes, em que cada um expressa uma situação variada: curiosamente, essa contagem começa do zero e vai até o três, além de ter um modo misto.

Cinco modos para se expressar Condicionais são sentenças com duas orações: uma principal e outra que começa com if (‘se’), que estão intimamente ligadas uma a outra. As condicionais são geralmente divididas em dois tipos, sendo que um deles apresenta três estruturas e o outro, duas.

Exemplo 01. Arquimedes, quando descobriu a ideia que se formulou em seu Princípio, estava em sua banheira e saiu correndo, nu, pela cidade e gritando “Eureka!”.

Einstein é lembrado como aquele que reprovou na escola.

Oppenheimer, o diretor do Projeto Manhattan, durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, olhou a primeira bomba atômica ser detonada e disse: “Agora eu me torno a morte, a destruidora de mundos”.

O criador do jogo de xadrez, ao ser chamado por seu rei desejoso de recompensá-lo, fez o seguinte pedido: 1 grão de trigo pela primeira casa do tabuleiro, 2 grãos de trigo pela segunda, 4 grãos de trigo pela terceira e assim sucessivamente, sempre dobrando, até a última das 64 casas. Tempos depois, o soberano deve ter sido informado por sua assessoria especializada de que jamais satisfaria aquele pedido aparentemente despretensioso, mas que significava uma quantidade fabulosa de trigo.

Exemplo 02. De acordo com historiadores, Newton sabia se promover positivamente, criando boa reputação.

Exemplo 03. O verbo modal may usado com o present perfect indica que é provável que Newton sabia que, para fazer uma informação memorável, é preciso relacioná-la a uma história.

Exemplo 04. Resposta pessoal.

O primeiro tipo engloba a condicional zero, a primeira e a segunda (zero, first and second conditionals) e são estruturadas como seguem: nn Condicional

zero

Fonte: Wikimedia Commons

Usada para expressar apenas o que é sempre considerado verdadeiro, seus verbos se encontram no presente (present simple): The light fades away if you turn down the dimmer control.

Não muda o sentido se a oração com if vem primeiro ou não. nn Primeira

condicional

Essa condicional é usada para expressar situações reais e possíveis, por isso a oração que apresentar if terá seu verbo no presente e a outra oração será composta pelo futuro: will + infinitivo. É importante notar que o verbo modal will é o verbo auxiliar do tempo future: If I find my key, I will leave.

Figura 02 - If you heat water until 100° C, it boils.

Como a condicional zero, não faz diferença se a oração com if vem primeiro ou não.

Fonte: Dragon images / Shutterstock.com A13  Condicionais

Figura 03 - The mother says to her bored child: “I’ll buy you an ice cream if you do your homework.”

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nn Segunda

condicional

Ela é usada para falar sobre situações ou coisas impossíveis ou irreais. Assim, sua estrutura será composta por if + passado simples e would + infinitivo. Nota-se que o verbo modal would é o passado do verbo will e se constitui como um auxiliar para a construção do sentido impossível: I’d travel around the world if I won the lottery.

O segundo tipo de condicionais engloba as duas últimas estruturas: a terceira condicional e a mista. nn Terceira

condicional

Ela descreve, usando a estrutura if + past perfect and would + perfect infinitive, situações que não aconteceram: Philip would have done his homework if he hadn’t binge-watched that TV show.

Note que não importa se a oração com if vem antes ou depois e que, na terceira sentença, há uma proposital e correta duplicidade do verbo have. Isso ocorre, porque a estrutura da oração se dá com o past perfect, cujo auxiliar é o have, e, nesse caso, o verbo principal também é have. nn Condicional

mista

Na condicional mista, a oração que comporta if está em um tempo diferente da oração principal. São possíveis algumas combinações: Quando uma ação no passado trouxe consequências para o presente.

Passado

Presente

If I had studied harder,

I might have a job.

Quando uma ação no passado trará consequências para o futuro.

Passado

Futuro

If I had studied harder,

I’d be going to Harvard next year.

Quando uma ação no passado trouxe consequências para o presente.

Presente

If I didn’t have work tomorrow,

I’d go out today.

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Fonte: Wikimedia Commons

Fonte: VGstockstudio / Shutterstock.com

Futuro (ainda que o verbo esteja no passado)

Figura 04 - Where would you live if you could live anywhere in the world?

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Figura 05 - She could have slept more if she had had more time.

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Exercícios de Fixação 04. (Unesp SP)

Space Space Junk Keeps Fallin’ on My Head

If you knew what was going on above your head, you probably wouldn’t sleep at night. It was 54 years ago this week that the first satellite — Russia’s little Sputnik — went into orbit, and in the half-century since, we’ve made travel to near-earth space largely routine. That, by almost any measure, is a good thing, but like so many good things human beings build or do or achieve, a very bad thing comes along with it: junk.

October 10, 2011 / www.economist.com

The underlined sentence ‘If you knew what was going on above your head, you probably wouldn’t sleep at night,’ in the third conditional would be: a) Had you known what was going on above your head, you probably wouldn’t have slept at night. b) If you hadn’t known what was going on above your head, you probably wouldn’t sleep at night. c) If you had known what was going on above your head, you probably would have slept at night. d) Unless you hadn’t known what was going on above your head, you probably would sleep at night. e) Unless you had known knew what was going on above your head, you probably wouldn’t have slept at night.

02. (UECE) The sentence “Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition[...] ” contains a) a relative clause. b) a conditional clause. c) an adverbial time clause. d) a noun clause.

03. (UECE) If the teacher had not recorded his students, he a) would never have had certain insights on language acquisition. b) will never have had certain insights on language acquisition. c) would never has had certain insights on language acquisition. d) could ever had certain insights on language acquisition.

Coasting on Past Glory The Amazon is still largely intact, but the future hinges on decisions being made now.

From the window of a Boeing, few countries are greener than Brazil. Since much of this vast territory in the heart of South America is still unpeopled and unblemished, it’s not surprising that Brazil looks good against the backdrop of a mistreated planet. It ranks 34th of 149 nations in Yale and Columbia’s Environmental Performance Index – greener than Ireland (35th) and the United States (39th). But how long will the country be able to hold on to this favorable score?

To get a better look, you have to go to 9,000 meters, the altitude from which the NASA remote-sensing satellites sweep the earth. Every year, scientists at Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (INPE) pore over satellite images to produce the most detailed survey of deforestation of any nation in the world. Such candor has won Brazil kudos, but also criticism. Brazil is the fourth biggest contributor of greenhouse gases globally, of which 75 percent comes from the felling and burning of forests. So when data released by INPE in late May showed that 5,850 square kilometers of forest (an area larger than Brunei) had disappeared from August 2007 to April 2008 – a 17 percent spike from the year before – the planet took notice. “Brazil has a fantastic endowment from nature but is failing when it comes to managing it,” says Judicael Clevelario Junior, head of environmental studies at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the census bureau.

Brazil’s green laurels are not an illusion. Four fifths of its electric power comes from hydroelectric plants. It is the world leader in biofuels – nearly 30 percent of its cars run on ethanol. The trouble is that these virtues reflect sound decisions made in the 1970s, during the ambitious military government of Gen. Ernesto Geisel. Brazil has not always followed them up. (…) Fortunately, Brazil has options. Its booming economy is not beholden to coal-fired power plants, and the rain forest is still largely intact. “Brazil has a rare opportunity to transform itself into a rich country and still maintain its natural capital,” says Clevelario Jr. If it can go back to its old habit of making the right environmental moves.

(Newsweek, July 14th 2008, http://www.newsweek.com/id/143696)

Indique a alternativa que completa a sentença: If Brazil ................ back to its old habit of making the right environmental moves, it ................ good results. a) goes ... would reach b) had gone ... will reach c) went ... would reach d) went ... will reach e) goes ... would have reached

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01. (ESPM SP)

Inglês

Exercícios Complementares 01. (UESC)

02. (Unesp SP) COMPANY RANKINGS

Could Brazil take no. 1?

Petrobras, the Brazilian oil giant formerly derided as “Petrosaurus,” could become the world’s most valuable company, based on its stock price. That startling forecast, made recently by mutual-fund maestro Ken 5 Heebner, speaks volumes about how fast Petrobras, Brazil and world markets are changing. Oil companies are blowing past technology titans like General Electric and Microsoft to claim five of the top 10 spots in rankings of the world’s largest companies. 10 For a dizzying moment after its IPO last fall, PetroChina’s market capital topped $1 trillion, or twice as much as the next two corporations — GE and ExxonMobil — combined. But that’s not where the future lies. Oil companies are split between efficient private firms with 15 waning access (ExxonMobil) and inept state enterprises with favored rights to local fields (PetroChina).

The few well-run state firms, like Norway’s Statoil, tend to be short on future reserves, too. In recent years, Brazil has streamlined into a darling 20 of emerging-market investors, and so has Petrobras. It’s now perhaps the lone example of a competent state company with huge new reserves. The discovery of two vast new fields, the latest last month, drove up Petrobras’s market capital to $296 billion, overtaking Microsoft as 25 the world’s sixth largest company. If oil prices keep rising, Petrobras is likely to follow.

MAC, Margolis. Newsweek, New York, Jun 16, 2008 p. 5.

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“If oil prices keep rising, Petrobras is likely to follow”. (ref. 25) This sentence expresses 01. certainty.

02. incredulity.

03. probability.

04. independence.

05. unpredictability.

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Meltdown: the Alps under pressure (Excerpt 2) “High-altitude regions seem to be more sensitive to the climate warming, and the retreat of glaciers is one sign,” says Martin Beniston, a climate specialist at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. “During Roman times it was even warmer than it is now. From Val-d’Isère to Zermatt, people could cross passes where they go glacier skiing now. But today it’s the speed of warming that concerns us the most.

It’s very rapid.” How rapid? Scientists estimate that the Alps have lost half their glacier ice in the past century, 20 percent of that since the 1980’s; glaciers in Switzerland have lost a fifth of their surface area in the past 15 years.

As temperatures rise, so does the snow line. Sooner or later some ski centers will be stranded, and their towns will shrivel away. And rock falls, only an occasional hazard in earlier times, are increasing, endangering communications towers and radio installations, not to mention the occasional human.

“What if there weren’t any more skiing?” I asked Karin Thaler, a university student from Oberndorf, near Kitzbühel in Austria.

She stared at me, thunderstruck. “That would be horrible,” she stammered. “Everyone has something to do with skiing.

A winter without tourists? It wouldn’t be possible.”

This is why the owners of the Pitztal ski resort and other sites are paying serious money to wrap their glaciers (some $121,000 a year for the Pitztal Glacier alone). They foresee a day when high-altitude glacier ski areas will be the only ones that can reasonably count on enough snow to stay open.

“We’re businessmen,” said Willi Krueger of the Pitztal resort, which sits above 9,000 feet. “If I were investing, I wouldn’t invest in any ski area lower than 5,500 feet.” Yet ski areas are still being developed throughout the Alps.

And with them come roads, hotels, and ski lifts that can carry 1,800 people an hour.

Then there is the problem of snowfall. Global warming Is making the snowfall less predictable. Sometimes there’s a lot, sometimes too little, and it doesn’t always come when you call it.

Artificial snow is one of those solutions that just creates more problems. “If a resort wants people skiing in spring, it has to make the snow cover last longer,” said Ulrike Petschacher of the World Wildlife Fund in Innsbruck. “But this damages the plants and disturbs the water cycle.”

(By Erla Zwingle, National Geographic, February 2006.)

Indique a alternativa que preenche corretamente a sentença:

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

- If I .......... more money, I would travel to Europe.

- Carlos would .......... to our party if he knew how to drive.

- I will buy a new car if I .......... the lottery.

- We wouldn’t have a blackout if we .......... waste so much water.

- Would you marry her if she .......... so rich?

A sequência correta de preenchimento das lacunas, de cima para baixo, é: a) had, came, won, don’t, was. b) had, came, won, didn’t, weren’t. c) had, come, win, didn’t, weren’t. d) have, come, win, don’t, was. e) have, came, won, didn’t, was.

If the snow cover .......…..... longer, it …............ the plants and ............... the water cycle. a) lasted ... would damage ... will disturb b) would last … would damage … disturb c) lasts … will damage … disturb d) will last … damages ... disturbs e) lasts … will damage … disturbed 03. (Mackenzie SP) If you don’t like us, don’t accept our invitations and don’t invite us to come to see you.

Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you.”

Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, in a speech to Western diplomats in Moscow, Nov. 18, 1956.

04. (Unisc SC) A big enough rise of global temperatures would eventually melt the world’s glaciers, and indeed a retreat of mountain glaciers since the 19th century was apparent in some regions. That would release enough water to raise the sea level a bit. Worse, beginning in the 1960s, several glacier experts warned that part of the Antarctic ice sheet seemed unstable. If the huge mass slid into the ocean, the rise of sea level would wreak great harm1, perhaps within the next century or two.

While that seemed unlikely (although not impossible), by the 1980s scientists realized that global warming would probably raise sea level enough to damage populous coastal region “If the huge mass slid into the ocean, the rise of sea level would wreak great harm”, (ref.1) Esta sentença está no modo condicional. Complete as sentenças a seguir com os verbos devidos e depois indique a alternativa correta:

Internet: <socserv.mcmaster.ca> (with adaptations).

Gab: C

01. The phrase “had they attempted” (ref.2) can be correctly replaced by if they had attempted.

06. (UFSC) ARE COMPUTERS GOOD EDUCATORS? Computers are becoming more and more prevalent in our schools; even five-year-olds are learning how to use them1. Many child development experts are worried that computers may deprive children of their childhood by pushing them into formal education too early in life. Others2 feel that computers do not replace child play; they3 simply enhance it by freeing the imagination, for example in allowing children to write stories on the computer. Most people would probably agree, however, that it is too soon to know how computers will affect the education of children.

Interviewer: Should computers be encouraged in schools?

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The sentence that contains “if-clauses” correctly used is: a) If you don’t vote, you wouldn’t have a say in the future of your country. b) Would you get married if you had been in love? c) George might have become an architect if he went to school. d) If she was traveling far, she always flies. e) Had I had money, I would have moved.

05. (UnB DF) The great commerce of every civilized society is that carried on between the inhabitants of the town and those of the country. It consists in the exchange of rude for manufactured produce, either immediately, or by the intervention of money, or of some sort of paper which represents money. The country supplies the town with the means of subsistence and the materials of manufacture. The town repays this supply by sending back a part of the manufactured produce to the inhabitants of the country. The town in which there neither is nor can be any reproduction of substances may very properly be said to gain its1 whole wealth and subsistence from the country. We must not, however, upon this account, imagine that the gain of the town is the loss of the country. The gains of both are mutual and reciprocal, and the division of labor is in this, as in all other cases, advantageous to all the different persons employed in the various occupations into which it is subdivided. The inhabitants of the country purchase of the town a greater quantity of manufactured goods, with the produce of a much smaller quantity of their own labor, than they must have employed had they attempted2 to prepare them themselves.

Inglês

Reply 1: We’ve had many other fads in education, like tape recorders and television, and these things4 were not the alvation of our schools.

The computer is just another fad. It’ll die out in a few years, you’ll see.

Reply 2: Educators are too conservative to use computers wisely in the schools. So far, computers have been used mostly for drill work, and doing drills is not the best way to learn. I’m against using computers in schools unless some more imaginative uses are found for them.

Reply 3: Using the computer to write can be very freeing for children. Because they do not have to worry about holding a pencil and shaping letters, they can concentrate on what they are writing, and their5 stories can become very imaginative. I think using computers for writing is very worthwhile. Let’s keep them.

Reply 4: Children should learn the basics of computers simply because computers are affecting our everyday world in so many ways.

We don’t want to raise computer illiterates. We’d better let children become acquainted with them6 in school.

Reply 5: If you start children with computers too early in life, the computers will control the children. Children need to be active, to be outdoors; they7 don’t need to be silently hooked to a computer.

Reply 6: As long as children get a balanced education, I see nothing wrong with encouraging children to learn to use computers in school.

Working with a computer can help you to learn math and accounting. And if writing on the computer helps you become a better reader, what’s wrong with that?

From: Effective Writing. Jean Withrow Cambridge University Press - 1990

A13  Condicionais

Choose the grammatically CORRECT proposition(s) to complete the blanks in the following sentence: If he ____________ the basics of computers, he ____________ a better student. Gab: 27 01. learns - will become 02. understood - would become 04. would know – was 08. knew - would be 16. studied - could become 32. will learn - becomes 07. (UFMS) HOGARTH HOTEL L O N D O N HOTEL TARIFF From 1st April 1994 Single £75.00 Double or Twin £90.00 Triple £100.00 All rates1 are per room per night and include Full English Breakfast and Vat2. @ 17.5%

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Children under 16 stay free when sharing with 2 adults.

However, their meals will be charged as taken3.

33, Hogarth Road, Kensington London, SW5 0QQ Tel: 071-370-6831 Fax: 071-373-6179 Vocabulary: rate (ref.1 ) - taxa, preço Vat (ref.2) - um tipo de imposto cobrado na Inglaterra Assinale a(s) alternativa(s) correta(s). Gab: 21 01. If you stay at the hotel with one friend, you’ll pay £ 90,00 for the room.

02. If you stay at the hotel with two friends, you’ll pay the same as (if you stay) with one friend.

04. If you stay with you husband/wife and your 5-year-old son, you won’t pay for the child’s accomodation.

08. Children under 16 don’t have to pay for the meals.

16. The price is the same for either a double bed or twin beds.

32. If you want to have English breakfast, you’ll have to pay an extra fee.

08. (UFPI) Sixteen-year-old Ndambo was raped by three soldiers in a field near Uvira, South-Kivu province, in the war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo. They shot at her mother when she tried to prevent the rape from happening. Unable to walk after the attack, Ndambo was carried to the hospital1. Being a poor girl and having no money, Ndambo received no treatment and was unable to procure the document proving rape.

Adapted from: http://web.amnesty.org/actforwomen/ conflict-index-eng.

Assinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a sentença abaixo.

If Ndambo ________________, she _____________________. a) were older, wouldn’t have been carried to a hospital b) could walk, wouldn’t have been attacked c) hadn’t been raped, wouldn’t have been taken to a hospital d) weren’t sixteen years old, wouldn’t have been raped e) hadn’t been helped by her mother, might not have been attacked 09. (UFRR) Regarding to the reported speech, mark the correct alternative in this following sentence: I saw Babs a week ago and she told me: I will call you.

She said that ___________ me, but she didn’t. a) she was phoning; b) she phones; c) she’ll phone; d) she’s going to phone; e) she would phone.

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QUANTIFICADORES E ADVÉRBIOS

ASSUNTOS ABORDADOS

Antes de começar

nn Quantificadores e advérbios

Tim Berners-Lee, em 1989, submeteu, à Organização Europeia de Pesquisa Nuclear, conhecida como CERN, na Suíça, um projeto que mudaria a comunicação mundial: a internet. Durante o passar dos anos, a internet foi se modificando e tornou-se algo diferente do que o cientista previra. Leia o que ele tem a dizer sobre sua invenção hoje.

nn Antes de começar nn Introdução nn Enough e too nn Like e as

Tim Berners-Lee: I invented the web.

Here are three things we need to change to save it It has taken all of us to build the web we have, and now it is up to all of us to build the web we want – for everyone Today marks 28 years since I submitted my original proposal for the worldwide web.

I imagined the web as an open platform that would allow everyone, everywhere to share information, access opportunities, and collaborate across geographic and cultural boundaries. In many ways, the web has lived up to this vision, though it has been a recurring battle to keep it open. But over the past 12 months, I’ve become increasingly worried about three new trends, which I believe we must tackle in order for the web to fulfill its true potential as a tool that serves all of humanity.

1) We’ve lost control of our personal data The current business model for many websites offers free content in exchange for personal data. Many of us agree to this – albeit often by accepting long and confusing terms and conditions documents – but fundamentally we do not mind some information being collected in exchange for free services. But, we’re missing a trick. As our data is then held in proprietary silos, out of sight to us, we lose out on the benefits we could realise if we had direct control over this data and chose when and with whom to share it. What’s more, we often do not have any way of feeding back to companies what data we’d rather not share – especially with third parties.

2) It’s too easy for misinformation to spread on the web

Fonte: Wikimedia Commons

Today, most people find news and information on the web through just a handful of social media sites and search engines. These sites make more money when we click on the links they show us. And they choose what to show us based on algorithms that learn from our personal data that they are constantly harvesting. The net result is that these sites show us content they think we’ll click on – meaning that misinformation, or fake news, which is surprising, shocking, or designed to appeal to our biases, can spread like wildfire.

3) Political advertising online needs transparency and understanding Political advertising online has rapidly become a sophisticated industry. The fact that most people get their information from just a few platforms and the increasing sophistication of algorithms drawing upon rich pools of personal data mean that political campaigns are now building individual adverts targeted directly at users. One source suggests that in the 2016 US election, as many as 50,000 variations of adverts were being served every single day on Facebook, a near-impossible situation to monitor. And there are suggestions that some political adverts – in the US and around the world – are being used in unethical ways – to point voters to fake news sites, for instance, or to keep others away from the polls. Targeted advertising allows a campaign to say completely different, possibly conflicting things to different groups. Is that democratic?

Figura 01 - Tim Berners-Lee, the man who invented the web

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Inglês

Exemplo 01. As palavras realise e organisations estão escritas com “s” no inglês europeu e com “z” no inglês americano. Logo, depreende-se que Tim Berners-Lee é britânico.

Exemplo 02. Parte cortada do texto: “Through collaboration with – or coercion of – companies, governments are also increasingly watching our every move online and passing extreme laws that trample on our rights to privacy. In repressive regimes, it’s easy to see the harm that can be caused – bloggers can be arrested or killed, and political opponents can be monitored. But even in countries where we believe governments have citizens’ best interests at heart, watching everyone all the time is simply going too far. It creates a chilling effect on free speech and stops the web from being used as a space to explore important topics, such as sensitive health issues, sexuality or religion.”

Exemplo 03. “And through the use of data science and armies of bots, those with bad intentions can game the system to spread misinformation for financial or political gain.” Pode-se citar especificamente o Facebook, em que as pessoas não verificam a veracidade ou a data de uma notícia.

Exemplo 04. Resposta pessoal, mas podem ser citados: “We must work together with web companies to strike a balance that puts a fair level of data control back in the hands of people, including the development of new technology such as personal “data pods” if needed and exploring alternative revenue models such as subscriptions and micropayments. We must fight against government overreach in surveillance laws, including through the courts if necessary. We must push back against misinformation by encouraging gatekeepers such as Google and Facebook to continue their efforts to combat the problem, while avoiding the creation of any central bodies to decide what is “true” or not. We need more algorithmic transparency to understand how important decisions that affect our lives are being made, and perhaps a set of common principles to be followed. We urgently need to close the “internet blind spot” in the regulation of political campaigning.”

These are complex problems, and the solutions will not be simple. But a few broad paths to progress are already clear. Our team at the Web Foundation will be working on many of these issues as part of our new five-year strategy – researching the problems in more detail, coming up with proactive policy solutions and bringing together coalitions to drive progress towards a web that gives equal power and opportunity to all.

I may have invented the web, but all of you have helped to create what it is today. All the blogs, posts, tweets, photos, videos, applications, web pages and more represent the contributions of millions of you around the world building our online community.

All kinds of people have helped, from politicians fighting to keep the web open, standards organisations like W3C enhancing the power, accessibility and security of the technology, and people who have protested in the streets. In the past year, we have seen Nigerians stand up to a social media bill that would have hampered free expression online, popular outcry and protests at regional internet shutdowns in Cameroon and great public support for net neutrality in both India and the European Union. It has taken all of us to build the web we have, and now it is up to all of us to build the web we want – for everyone.

DISCUSSÃO 01. Tim Berners-Lee é um cientista nascido nos Estados Unidos da América ou no Reino Unido? Que palavras no texto nos permitem depreender isso?

02. Que outros impactos ocorrem por causa da coleta de informações por empresas?

03. Qual o principal problema de haver informações falsas na internet que se espalham como wildfire?

Discuta sobre esse problema utilizando as redes sociais.

04. O que podemos fazer para melhorar a internet, como Berners-Lee propõe?

Introdução Existem algumas especificidades na língua inglesa: quantificadores são palavras que expressam uma quantidade, como o próprio nome sugere, ou um limiar. Dois exemplos de quantificadores que veremos nesta aula são enough e too. Outra especificidade são os advérbios like e as, que, embora sejam traduzidos por ‘como’, são usados em situações distintas. Nesta aula, veremos seus significados e as maneiras de usar as quatro especificidades.

Enough e too Enough pode ser traduzido para ‘suficiente’. E, do mesmo modo que utilizamos essa palavra em português, podemos usá-la em inglês. Isso significa que, podemos usar enough em orações afirmativas, como em: I’m old enough to vote.

Ou em negativas: I’m not old enough to vote.

Figura 02 - This dough is enough cooked.

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Fonte: Wikimedia Commons

Figura 03 - This dough isn’t enough cooked.

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Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Perceba que, apesar da mudança de sentido, a palavra enough continua empregada na mesma posição e da mesma forma, representando um limiar. O sentido é mudado pela afirmação ou negação do verbo.

Fonte: Chones / Shutterstock.com

Por sua vez, a palavra too refere-se a ‘demais’, ‘em excesso’. Assim, o significado de too vai além do limiar que a palavra enough representa. Os exemplos acima mudariam drasticamente de sentido, caso alternássemos enough para too: I’m too old to vote e I’m not too old to vote.

Figura 04 - This bread is too cooked to eat.

Figura 05 - This bread isn’t too cooked to eat.

Veja que, ao compararmos I’m old enough to vote e I’m too old to vote, podemos dizer que o primeiro sujeito está no limiar entre poder ou não votar. Claramente, um falante que já votasse há anos não teria motivos para pronunciar esse frase. O segundo sujeito, porém, é tão velho que não lhe é mais permitido votar.

A mesma inferência pode ser feita nas outras sentenças. Por sua vez, comparemos This dough isn’t enough cooked e This dough isn’t too cooked to use: repare que, na primeira sentença, a massa não está suficientemente assada e, na segunda, ela não está tão assada a ponto de precisar ser descartada.

Like e as Apesar de as palavras like e as expressarem similaridade, as duas são usadas de modo diferente em orações. Veja: Uso de like: Como preposição, antes de um substantivo ou pronome: my sister looks like my mother; he is very fast, quite like the wind; A14  Quantificadores e advérbios

Como conjunção, mas de modo informal (nem sempre considerado correto gramaticalmente): nobody lies to you as he does; Como comparação, depois de uma oração negativa, para se fazer referência a apenas a parte positiva do que vem antes: I don’t cook greatly, like Amelia (nessa caso, Amelia cozinha muito bem); Como comparação, antes de uma oração negativa, para se fazer referência ao período inteiro: like Amelia, I don’t cook greatly (nesse caso, Amelia não cozinha muito bem).

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Inglês

Uso de as: Com conjunção, antes de uma oração: we often drink tea with our meal, as they do in China; do as I say not as I do; Como conjunção, antes de um advérbio que comece com preposição: the meeting on Friday, as on Tuesday, will start at 10 a.m.; Em situações muito formais, após verbo auxiliar seguido de sujeito: she was a vegan, as were most of her friends; Como substituto do sujeito de uma oração, funcionando como pronome relativo: an earthquake can destroy one part of a city while leaving other parts untouched, as happened in Mexico in 1986; Como preposição, antes de um substantivo, para indicar função: he worked as a IT technician for 10 years; please don’t use that knife as a screwdriver; Questão 01. a) enough b) enough c) too d) enough e) too f) enough g) too h) enough i) too - enough

Questão 02. a) like b) like c) as d) like e) like f) as g) as h) like i) like j) as - as

Como comparações: you’re as tall as I am; Como comparação, depois de uma oração negativa, para se fazer referência a apenas a parte positiva do que vem antes: I don’t cook greatly, as Amelia (nessa caso, Amelia cozinha muito bem); Como comparação, antes de uma oração negativa, para se fazer referência ao período inteiro: as Amelia, I don’t cook greatly (nesse caso, Amelia não cozinha muito bem).

Exercícios de Fixação 01. Complete as lacunas com too ou enough. a) Adam is not studying hard _______ to enter a university. b) The circus didn’t sell _________ tickets to cover its costs. c) Fran is _________ young to come to this adventure. d) I didn’t get _________ sleep last night because I had a paper due today. e) The wind blew _________ strong to sail. f) He isn’t strong _______ to lift his fiancée at the wedding. g) This shirt is _________ big. I need it one size smaller. h) We probably don’t have _________ food for the weekend in the woods. i) My boss gives me _________ much work to do but he doesn’t pay me well _________.

02. Complete as lacunas com as ou like.

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a) He wrote lots of lines on the code, _____ he always does. b) I dislike movies ______ this one. c) The CIA used this building ______ its headquarters. d) I’ve been working ______ a slave all month. e) She looks ______ she hasn’t aged a year. f) Don’t mind me, I’ll be attending this meeting ______ an observer. g) In the Eighties, IBM used many personal computers ______ servers. h) We never danced ______ this before. i) Smartphones are ______ computers, but smaller. j) I want to speak to you ____ a friend not _____ your boss.

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03. Complete as lacunas com as ou like.

a) as; b) like; c) as - as; d) like - as

a) He plays that online game ______ a professional. (He is a professional) b) He plays that online game ______ a professional. (He is not a professional) c) ______ your father, I must tell you not to let yourself be destroyed ______ your uncle did. (I am your father) d) ______ your father, I must tell you not to let yourself be destroyed ______ your uncle did. (I am not your father) 04. Complete as lacunas com enough, too, as ou like.

a) enough; b) enough - enough; c) too; d) too - enough; e) like; f) like - as; g) like; h) too; i) as.

a) I’ve lost weight alright. But it isn’t ______, you know. b) ______ is ______! No more talking, missy! c) I ______ enjoy sci-fi movies. d) Sometimes it’s ______ much, sometimes it’s just not ______. Please, make up your mind. e) I cook ______ a chef and also should be paid to do it. f) He talks ______ an attorney ______ he should. g) ______ me, you’re afraid of heights. h) You’re ______ boring, let me leave. i) ____ a creative person, you should find solutions quickly.

05. Marque a opção gramaticalmente correta. a) Crazy things happen when you’re like paranoid. b) This delicious meal is too enough for us. c) You’re too like your mother. d) As he proceeded, he was enough frightened. e) Lola messed up things as she went by.

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Exercícios Complementares

(SPEAK UP. São Paulo: Editora Peixes, ano XIX, n. 230, July 2006, p. 11 – with adaptations)

Glossário *customers = clientes *health campaigners = ativistas da saúde *mugger = assaltante *breed = tipo *shoplifting = roubar em lojas “...and supersized shopping centers, which are simply too big.” (ref.3) Considerando o contexto em se apresenta a palavra “too”, em destaque no trecho acima, ela

a) demonstra quanto esses shopping centers estão na moda. b) revela que, quanto maiores forem esses shopping centers, melhores eles serão. c) traz em si uma visão negativa com relação a esses shopping centers. d) atenua a característica pejorativa que se quer dar a esses shopping centers.

02. (UECE) One of the purposes of my trip across my native country was to listen – to hear speech1, accent rhythms, overtones and emphasis. For speech is so much more than words and sentences. I did listen everywhere. It seemed to me that regional speech is in the process of disappearing; not gone, but going. Decades of radio and television must have this impact. Communications must destroy8 localness, by a slow, inevitable process. I can remember a time when I could almost pinpoint a man’s place of origin by his speech. That is growing more difficult now and will in some foreseeable future become impossible. It is a rare house or building that is not rigged with the spiky combers of the air.

Radio and television speech becomes standardized, perhaps better English than we have ever used. Just as our bread, mixed and baked, packaged and sold without benefit of accident or human frailty, is uniformly good and uniformly tasteless, so will our speech become one speech18.

I who love words and the endless possibility of words am saddened by this inevitability3. For with local accent will disappear local tempo. The idioms, the figures of speech that make language rich and full of the poetry of place and time must go. And in their place will be a national speech17, wrapped and packaged, standard and tasteless. In the many years since I have listened14 to the land, the change is very great. Travelling west along the northern routes, I did not hear truly local speech until I reached Montana. That is one of the reasons I fell in love again with Montana5. The West Coast went back to package English. The Southwest kept7 a grasp, but a slipping grasp on localness. Of course the deep south holds on to its regional expressions, just as it holds and treasures some other anachronisms, but no region can hold out for long against the highway, the high-tension line and the national television. What I am mourning9 is perhaps not worth saving, but I regret its loss nevertheless6.

Even while I protest the assembly-line production of our food, our songs, our language, and eventually our souls, I know that it was15 a rare home that baked good bread in the old days.

Mother’s cooking11 was with rare exceptions poor, that good unpasteurized milk touched only by flies and bits of manure crawling with bacteria, the healthy old time life was riddled with aches12 and sudden death from unknown13 causes and

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01. (Unimontes MG) Pushing words Supersize How do new words become part of a language? Let’s look at an example: supersize. McDonald’s first used the word in a publicity campaign: they offered customers* extra large or supersize portions. This was a mistake as health campaigners* declared their products to be a risk, following Morgan Spurlock’s 2004 documentary Super Size Me. McDonald’s took supersizes off their menu, but the word is now in the dictionary. The word is formed by the prefix super which means “large” (for example, a superpower), or “better” (like Superman), plus the word size. Today the prefix super is often negative and means “excessive”, so we complain about the super-rich. We can now talk about supersized children, who are excessively fat because of overeating2, and supersized shopping centers, which are simply too big3.

Chuggers British shopping centers are full of people who ask for money, these are chuggers. This is a neologism that combines charity with mugger1*. It refers to those irritating people who aggressively expect us to give them charity or, more to the point, money. A real mugger doesn’t ask, he just takes your bag or wallet and runs: if you resist he uses violence. Fortunately, chuggers do not use violence4, but they are irritating, aren’t they?

Hoodies There is a new breed* of mugger in the UK, especially in shopping centers: the hoody. These are young people who wear a sweatshirt with a hood. The hood covers their heads and most of their faces so that police cannot identify them through security cameras (which are installed in most shopping centers). Hoodies don’t only mug people; they also go shoplifting*, stealing items from shops, and their hoods make identification very difficult.

Inglês

that sweet local speech I mourn was the child of illiteracy and ignorance. It is the nature of man as he grows10 older, a small bridge in time2, to protest against change, particularly change for the better. But it is true that we have exchanged corpulence for starvation, and either one will kill16 us. We, or at least I, can have no conception of human life in a hundred years or fifty years. Perhaps my greatest wisdom is the knowledge that I do not know. The sad ones are those who waste their energy4 in trying to hold it back, for they can only feel bitterness in loss and no joy in gain.

(STEINBECK, John. Travels with Charley. New York: Book of the Month Club, 1962.)

“...So will our speech become one speech” (ref. 18, underlined) can also be “our speech will...” a) become one speech so b) become one speech either c) become one speech too d) neither become one speech 03. (Ufac AC) Analise as frases seguintes quanto ao emprego das palavras sublinhadas e assinale a alternativa correta.

I. The electorate has not cleaned all the city halls yet.

II. Many candidates of conservative parties also won the municipal elections.

III. The press and special anticorruption courts have already acted against thieves in high places.

IV. Marta promised to “close de faucets of corruption” and “to dismantle the corruption machine”, too. a) Somente I está correta. b) Somente I e III estão corretas. c) Somente I, II e IV estão corretas. d) Somente II e IV estão corretas. e) Todas estão corretas.

04. (UFRN) From the desk of AUDREY WHITE To: ALL

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Millions of old soda bottles. Boar cans, telephones and tires even over-the-hill PCs. They’re not trash. They’re raw materials.

At ford Motor Company, we have them melted down and recycled into brand-now parts like splash shields, lamp bodies, and battery housings. Then. Of course, we test to make sure that the recycled materials are the same quality as brand-now ones.

It makes good business sense. But we don’t just do it to save money. We do it to save the planet.

I’m glad about that. After all, I live here too.

Andrig telhita Da frase After all, I live here too. (última linha), pode-se concluir que Audrey White a) trabalha no setor de habitação da empresa. b) reside em área pertencente à indústria onde trabalha. c) preocupa-se com o destino do nosso planeta. d) continua na empresa, apesar de tudo.

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05. (Uem) Bollywood1 told to stub it out The World Health Organisation has accused the Bollywood film industry of encouraging teenagers to smoke by increasing16 the amount of smoking shown on screen.

In a report to be released on Tuesday in Geneva, the organisation also said it used to8 be mostly bad guys who smoked.

But9 now more than half of Bollywood heroes1 were also shown lighting up17 in films.

Prominent Bollywood film producer Mahesh Bhatt said the authorities should target the tobacco industry, not films, if they wanted to combat smoking2.

“Impose a ban on them rather than blame the film world,” he told the BBC. “If10 film stars could change the world this planet could have become a paradise by now.”

Morality question The United Nations’ health body studied Bollywood films released in the last 10 years3.

More than three-quarters of the films showed4 Tobacco12 use of some sort, mostly cigarettes, its11 report said.

Most on-screen smokers were still men. Where women were shown smoking, they tended to be bad characters, such as13 women with dubious morals.

But the image of the male smoker has changed.

In the old days, it was almost entirely18 villains5 who smoked. Now more than half of Bollywood’s male heroes are lighting up too14.

The health study also22 claimed a direct link between6 smoking on-screen and teenage smoking in real life.

It said teenagers who watched films that showed stars smoking became three times more likely to try cigarettes.

Cultural influence It also said teenagers whose15 favourite star smoked on screen were sixteen times more likely to have positive attitudes towards19 cigarettes.

It is estimated that 15 million people a day watch Bollywood films, either at the cinema or on television. Many see the stars as a leading20 cultural influence.

India now accounts for almost a third of the world’s7 smokingrelated21 deaths.

The health organisation is now calling on Bollywood to end onscreen smoking altogether.

(BBC NEWS World Edition, 18 February, 2003)

1. Bollywood: Indian film industry.

Assinale a(s) alternativa(s) correta(s) de acordo com o texto. Gab: 50 01. O título poderia ser reescrito como “Bollywood has told to stub it out” sem alteração do sentido.

02. A estrutura “used to” (ref.8) descreve uma ação que costumava acontecer no passado.

04. “But” (ref.9) e “If” (ref.10) indicam contraste de ideias.

08. “its” (ref.11) refere-se a “tobacco use” (ref.12).

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

06. (UFPE) TRIBES AND TRAILS An eco-tourism TV show has been just financed to publicize abroad magnificent destinations in Brazil – such as1 Fernando de Noronha, Chapada Diamantina and the Highlands of Rio Grande do Sul – in addition to2 everyday life of the inhabitants and daring sports activities.

(From: Tribes and Trails. ÍCARO Brasil, 188, April 2000, page 100.

The expression “such as”, in ref.1), can be substituted for: 01. like 02. unlike 04. for example 08. likewise 16. likely

V-F-V-F-F

07. (UFS) Ratted Out Alan Mairson

Some people cringe when they see a rat, [CONJUNCTION] Bart Weetjens smiles. A Belgian product designer, Weetjens devised a way for these often reviled rodents to help solve a global problem: how to locate land mines, some 60 million of which [TO SCATTER] in 69 countries. Dogs are often deployed to sniff them out, “but I knew [ARTICLE] rats were easier [TO TRAIN]” says Weetjens, who bred them as a boy. Rats are also light, so they don’t detonate the mines they find; they stay healthy in tropical areas, where many explosives are buried; and they’re cheap to breed and raise. In the late 1990s Weetjens chose the African giant pouched rat, with its very sensitive nose, for Pavlovian training: If the rats scratched the ground when they sniffed TNT, they [TO GET] a reward.

More than 30 trained sniffer rats, aka HeroRATS, have started sweeping minefields in Mozambique, where they’ve cleared almost a quarter square mile. Weetjens also trains rats to screen human saliva for tuberculosis and is mulling new missions, such as finding earthquake victims buried in rubble. Lives saved, health improved, mines defused – nothing to cringe about here.

(National Geographic, October 2008)

Assinale como VERDADEIRAS as alternativas que estão gramaticalmente corretas e como FALSAS as que não estão. V-F-F-F-F 00. Rats are light enough not to detonate land mines.

01. Land mines are so big global problem.

02. Dogs are trained to locate too land mines.

03. Either dogs nor rats can locate land mines.

04. Some people doesn’t like rats because they are harmless.

08. (UFMS) Being a motheror father – a constant learning process We don’t need to go to school to learn to be good mothers and fathers.

1 The other day I saw an article that caught my attention: the headline was ‘School in France teaches how to be a father and mother’. Because of my personal situation - I am a first-time mother of a one-year-old baby- I rushed to read the article about the French experience. The School for Parents and Educators (EPE in French), a non-governmental 5organization offers activities and services that help train mothers and fathers throughout France.

The project seems to be very interesting and the numbers confirm its success: in 1998 the EPE recorded 51,000 visits made by parents.

The comments made by mothers and fathers are encouraging: they talk about how good it feels to share the same experiences, and the same joys and heartaches with fellow parents.

10 How to be a good enough mother or father for our children is a topic that is high on everyone’s agenda, more so today than ever before. Theories on modern psychology and education abound and have been widely disseminated. Parents devour information about how to raise their children with the same voracity of a hungry baby nursing at his mother’s breast.

But often they read so much and listen to so many diverse and diverging 15opinions that they end up with a theoretical overdose. An excess of information often distracts parents from their most precious gift: that of simply observing their own children. This, more than any theory, provides parents with that “sixth sense” that enables them automatically and naturally to “figure out” what the child needs.

We must remember that intuition should go hand in hand with common sense, which 20comes from the loving and caring observation of the everyday lives of children and youngsters. Any studies that have been done about their universe will confirm this. Readings, conversations with friends, support groups and the help of experienced professionals are always welcome, as long as the participants are caring and loving parents.

25 We do not need to go to school to learn how to be mothers and fathers. We should, however, do everything in our power to ensure that we are truly doing the best we can. But without all that guilt or neurosis. After all, education goes both ways: we will teach them about life and they will teach us. Parents can learn so much from their children, including how to be decent parents - and vice versa.

Source: CLASSE, on-board TAM magazine, Oct, 2005

According to the text, Gab: 21 01. the theories about education and psychology aren´t enough to provide parents with efficient resources.

02. too much information is always good for parents.

04. parents have never been so worried about child raising as they are today.

08. parents are often eager to have information about courses in France.

16. child education is a “two-way road”.

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16. “such as” (ref.13) é utilizado para dar exemplo de algo anteriormente mencionado.

32. “too” (ref.14) e “also” (ref.22) têm significados semelhantes.

64. “whose” (ref.15) poderia ser substituído por “who” porque ambos pronomes referem-se a pessoas.

FRENTE

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INGLÊS

MÓDULO A15

ASSUNTOS ABORDADOS nn Advérbios de modo nn Antes de começar nn Introdução nn Modificadores de verbos

ADVÉRBIOS DE MODO Antes de começar The World’s Parasites Are Going Extinct. Here’s Why That’s a Bad Thing Up to one-third of parasite species could vanish over the next few decades, disrupting ecosystems and even human health What if the world’s parasites suddenly went extinct? Given how much work we’ve put into combating malaria-carrying mosquitoes and horrifying Guinea worms, it sounds like a reason for celebration. But think twice: Actually, losing these much-despised mooches, bloodsuckers and freeloaders could have disastrous consequences for the environment and human health.

A parasite, in essence, is any organism that makes its living off another organism (think bed bugs, leeches, vampire fish and even mistletoe). These freeloaders have been rather successful: up to half of Earth’s 7.7 million known species are parasitic, and this lifestyle has evolved independently hundreds of times. But in a study published this week in the journal Science Advances, researchers warn that climate change could drive up to one-third of Earth’s parasite species to extinction by the year 2070.

That kind of mass die-off could spell ecological disaster. “One thing we’ve learned about parasites in the past decade is that they’re a huge and important part of ecosystems that we’ve really neglected for years,” says Colin Carlson, a graduate student studying global change biology at the University of California at Berkeley and lead author on the study.

Carlson had experience researching how climate change is driving the current spate of species die-offs. But four years ago, he saw the potential to look into a lesser known group: parasites. “There has been a lot of work that’s been done in the late couple of decades focused on understanding why big mammals go extinct, or how crops respond to climate change,” Carlson says, “but there’s a lot of types of animals and plants that we don’t know a lot about.”

Fonte: Wikimedia Commons

Figura 01 - Tapeworms, like this one imaged using a scanning electron micrograph, weaken their victims but don’t typically kill them. (Mediscan/Alamy)

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He formed a team to find out more about how parasite species could feel the heat in the coming decades. Their conclusion: Even under the most optimistic scenarios, roughly 10 percent of parasite species will go extinct by 2070. In the most dire version of events, fully one-third of all parasites could vanish.

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Parasites and their hosts have often evolved together over many years to maintain a delicate balance. After all, parasites usually have little interest in killing their hosts, Phillips explains, since that would mean losing their homes and sources of nutrients.

But when a known parasite goes extinct, it creates new open niches in an ecosystem for other invasive species of parasites to exploit. That can create opportunities for new encounters between parasites and hosts that aren’t familiar with each other, and haven’t yet developed that non-lethal relationship.

(Ben Panko. In: SmithsonianMag.com. Fonte em: <www.smithsonianmag.com>.

Acesso em 8 set 2017. Adaptado.)

DISCUSSÃO 01. Reflita e pesquise sobre algumas consequências diretas ou indiretas da possível extinção dos parasitas.

02. Qual você pensa ser o motivo de o ser humano se voltar pouco ao estudo de parasitas?

Exemplo 01. Resposta pessoal. Podem ser citados “Consider that parasites play an important role in regulating the populations of their hosts and the balance of the overall ecosystem. First, they kill off some organisms and make others vulnerable to predators. For example, when infected with nematode Trichostrongylus tenuis, the red grouse bird emits more scent that helps predators find and eat it more easily, thus serving to control the bird’s population. Parasites can also have more indirect effects. Periwinkle snails infected with the trematode species Cryptocotyle lingua, for instance, eat significantly less algae along their Atlantic coast homes, because the parasite weakens their digestive tracts. Their small appetites make more algae available for other species to consume.”

Exemplo 02. Resposta pessoal, mas podem ser citadas a pouca afinidade com o grupo ou a incapacidade de valorar a importância desse grupo para o ser humano.

Exemplo 03. Podem ser citados: mais longos períodos de seca em Brasília, o derretimento de calotas polares, os invernos sem neve em países como o Canadá.

Exemplo 04. Instituto Smithsonian é uma instituição educacional e de pesquisa associada a um complexo de museus, fundada e administrada pelo governo dos Estados Unidos. Com grande parte de seus prédios localizados em Washington, D.C., o instituto compreende dezenove museus e sete centros de pesquisa, e tem 142 milhões de itens em suas coleções.

Fonte: Wikimedia Commons

“It’s hard to predict what their impact on the ecosystem will be if we don’t know about it yet,” says Phillips. He expect that, like many organisms, parasite species that are better able to migrate and adapt to new habitats will do better than those that are more tied to certain places. But even if the parasites emerge successful, those possible geographical shifts present troubling prospects for humans. Parasites can certainly be harmful to people, as in the case of mosquitoes that transmit Zika, malaria or dengue fever. But in this case, the devil you know may be better than the one you don’t.

03. Cite exemplos de efeitos já perceptíveis da mudança climática.

04. O que você sabe sobre a Instituto Smithsonian nos Estados Unidos, site de que esse texto foi retirado?

Introdução Os advérbios de modo, em inglês, comportam-se igualmente como em português.

Existem para modificar verbos a fim de explicitar de que maneira tal verbo ocorrerá.

Como visto anteriormente, na aula sobre classe gramatical, os advérbios são formados pelo acréscimo de −ly ao final de adjetivos: He answered the question poorly.

A15  Advérbios de modo

Figura 03 - Recently it has been discovered water on Mars.

Fonte: Triff / Shutterstock.com

Figura 02 - The White Rabbit left quickly.

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Inglês

Modificadores de verbos

Fonte: Wikimedia Commons

Fonte: Cait Eire / Shutterstock.com

Para que o acréscimo de −ly aconteça, às vezes podem ocorrer modificações nas terminações de tais adjetivos:

Figura 04 - She had studied hard so she’d easily complete the task.

Figura 05 - Very gently, the boy picked the hurt bunny up and took him to the veterinarian.

Não é apenas pelo acréscimo da terminação −ly que se expressa modo em uma sentença. Veja três casos: Advérbios terminados em −ly ainda podem vir acompanhados da frase in a [advérbio] way: when he is around a lot of people, he behaves in a very silly way; Alguns advérbios são escritos da mesma forma que seus adjetivos: they worked hard to get here; I’m late for a very important date!; he drives so fast it scares me; É importante notar que os advérbios hardly e lately existem, mas possuem significados diferentes: she could hardly walk (‘andar com muita dificuldade’) e have you seen the news lately? (‘ver recentemente’). A mesma situação ocorre com outros advérbios, como highly e finely.

Utilizar like + substantivos para expressar modo: Mat went on, persistent, like the turtle which had won over the rabbit; it smells like freshly poured coffee.

A15  Advérbios de modo

Cuidado: após verbos de ligação (link verbs), como be, smell, feel, look, não se usam advérbios, mas adjetivos.

They looked so unhappy it made me cry.

Her hands felt cold like marble.

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Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Exercícios de Fixação 01. (Escs DF) Germ - Chemo Combo Fights Cancer Newswise - Bacteria that can cause deadly infections in humans and animals have shown promise in treating cancer by “eating” tumors from the inside out. Now, two new studies at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center have demonstrated that, combined with specially-packaged anticancer drugs, the bacterial therapy’s prospects for cancer eradication have dramatically improved.

In mouse experiments reported in the November 24 issue of Science, the Hopkins researchers demonstrated that genetically-modified bacteria called Clostridium novyiNT (C.novy-NT) have a special taste for oxygen-starved environments much like those found in the core of cancer cell clusters. The modified bacteria themselves are relatively harmless, but their unmodified counterparts produce poisons that have killed some humans and cattle when introduced into the bloodstream…

The combo approach temporarily wiped out both large and small tumors in almost 100 mice and permanently cured more than two-thirds of them. (adapted from http://interestalert.com/story/11230000aaa0112e.nw/ siteia/ MEDICAL1/medical.html)

The underlined word in “permanently cured more than two-thirds of them” can be replaced by: a) for sure. b) for good. c) for ages. d) for granted. e) for the time being.

to cut down on electricity use. This alarm signaled the end of the myth of endless energy resources. Brazilians were forced to confront the reality of waste and conservation.

Extreme energy-use-reduction measures were launched, and the resulting inconvenience and financial losses affected everybody, rich and poor alike. Though1 dramatic, the energy crisis, plus the regular introduction of sustainable consumption ideas, has made people think about their role in environmental protection.

According to the Environmental Ministry, sustainable consumption means the use of natural resources without compromising the needs and aspirations of future generations.

MIRELLA, Fabiana; AMACKER, John. Speak Up, São Paulo: Peixes, n. 217, jun. 2005, p. 14-16. Adaptado.

From what the Environmental Ministry says, sustainable consumption should be understood as using the natural resources Gab: 01 01. rationally.

04. excessively.

02. plentifully.

05. emotionally.

03. carelessly.

03. (UFRRJ) Brazilians decode coffee genome

By Steve Kingstone BBC correspondent, São Paulo

Super coffee could be around the corner Scientists in Brazil have decoded the genetic structure of the country’s best-known product, coffee.

02. (Uesc SC)

Wasteful consumption of resources represents a barrier to sustainable development in Brazil. This fact became quite obvious in 1999 when blackouts and severe energy shortages affected most areas of the country. The economy lost billions as industrial production almost stopped and Brazilian households – under the threat of heavy fines – had

The success of a two-year government project was announced on Tuesday by the country’s agriculture minister. Roberto Rodrigues said an extraordinary horizon had opened up- and the coffee would taste even better as a result. He proclaimed that Brazil would use the genetic code to create a super-coffee, richer in taste, more aromatic and resistant to disease and frost Competition boost Suddenly, scientists know an awful lot about coffee in Brazil.

Having studied 200,000 strands of DNA, they have identified 35,000 coffee genes, a combination of which gives the drink its aroma and flavour. “We are going to create a super-coffee that everyone can benefit from eventually,” Mr Rodrigues told reporters in Brasilia.

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A15  Advérbios de modo

Greening Brazil

Inglês

He said this would be achieved naturally through crosspollination of coffee plants and not through genetic modifications in a laboratory. If that boast rings true, Brazil will move even further ahead of its competitors.

Already, the country accounts for a third of the world’s coffee production. The government will not make these findings available internationally for at least two years.

05. (Mackenzie SP) STEELY MAN

by Sean Smith

(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3553950.stm)

The international community will be informed of the results of the research a) immediately. b) briefly. c) gradually. d) shortly. e) suddenly.

04. (Unioeste PR) Sugary and salty foods to be banned in schools

By Ben Russell Published: 29 September 2005

Reprocessed burgers, sausages, sweets and chocolate are to be banned from schools under plans to crack down on junk food.

Ruth Kelly, the Education Secretary, said there would be a crackdown on high-fat, high-salt foods in school canteens. “I can also announce that from next September no school will be able to have vending machines selling crisps, chocolate and sugary fizzy drinks,” she added.

Mick Brookes, the general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers, said children would bring junk food in packed lunches.

“School leaders are heartily sick of having initiative after initiative forced upon them,” he said. “We wholeheartedly support healthy schools programmes. But to expect schools to provide a quality meal for less than the price of the cheapest unhealthy burger does not stand up to serious scrutiny.”

Fonte: http://education.independent.co.uk/news/article 315807.ece (adaptado)

A15  Advérbios de modo

Glossary To ban: banir, proibir Crackdown: combate Sick: cansado, farto (metafórico) To support: apoiar Unhealthy: não-saudável, danoso à saúde.

Na frase, We wholeheartedly support healthy school programmes, a palavra wholeheartedly pode ser substituída, sem prejuízo de sentido para a frase, por: Gab: 17 01. completely 02. necessarily 04. probably 08. amazingly 16. fully 32. naturally 64. candidly.

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Surely they’re not going to kill Superman. Inside a soundstage in Sydney, Australia, Brandon Routh, as the Man of Steel, crawls across a black, wet wasteland, pursued by the evil Lex Luthor (Kevin Spacey) and Luthor’s three henchmen. One of the thugs grabs Superman by his hair and shoves his face into a dark puddle, holding the hero’s head underwater as he struggles for air. Luthor strides up behind Superman, stabs him in the back with some sort of Kryptonite shiv and whispers a sentence so ___ (I)____ ( and, for now, top secret) into his ear that Superman cries out in agony.

He staggers to his feet, stumbles and topples backward over a cliff. Luthor walks to the edge, looks down into the abyss and sneers, “So long, Superman.” Playing this scene just once would be rough. Routh will be beaten and ___( II )___ for hours. “He’s very heroic ___( III )___ ,” says director Bryan Singer, sipping an iced vanilla latte. “You just happened to catch him on a bad day.”

By the time “Superman Returns” lands in theaters next summer, it will have taken Warner Bros. 11 torturous years to get the movie off the ground. At one point in the mid-1990s, Tim Burton was going to direct Nicolas Cage as the man in tights. The next big plan was “Superman vs. Batman”, directed by Wolfgang Petersen. Then, a few years ago J. J. Abrams, creator of the shows “Alias” and “Lost”, chipped in a “Superman” script that whipped up a frenzy around the lot. It was teeming with huge action sequences, but altered the Superman myth. (In Abrams’s version, the planet Krypton survived.) Director McG was dying to direct it, but couldn’t because he had committed to make “Charlie’s Angels: Full Throttle.” Brett Ratner signed on, but tussled with the studio over the budget – at one point it was estimated at more than $200 million – and left after six months. McG then stepped back in to direct, but location became a problem. By shooting in Australia, the studio could shave about $30 million off the budget. McG refused to fly, so the studio showed him the door.

(Adapted from Newsweek.)

The words which properly fill in blanks I, II and III in the text are: a) horrifyingly - tormenting - normally b) horrifying - tormented - normally c) horrified - tormentedly - normal d) horrifiedly - tormentingly - normally e) horrifiedingly - tormentedly - normal

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Exercícios Complementares

(Newsweek, April 30, 2001)

No texto, o advérbio rarely está incorreto e deveria ser substituído por a) seldom. b) lastly. c) never. d) once. e) always.

02. (Unifra RS) It is commonly said that everybody can sing in the bathroom4; and this is true.

Singing is very easy. Drawing, though, is much more difficult5. I have devoted a good deal of3 time to drawing, one way and another; I have to attend a great many committees and public meetings, and at such functions I find that drawing is almost the only art2 one can satisfactorily pursue during the speeches; so as a rule I draw. I do not say that I am an expert1 yet, but after a few more meetings I calculate that I shall know drawing as well as it can be known.

“English Language Skills”, Mary Finocchiaro e Violet Hoch Lavenda

Escolha a alternativa que completa, corretamente, as lacunas.

The writer of the text says that I. he ______ attends a great many public meetings.

II. people can’t draw as _______ as they can sing. a) commonly - often b) usually - easily c) hardly - well d) sometimes - nicely e) seldom - satisfactorily 03. (UFRGS) 1Gerald Middleton was a man of mildly but 2persistently depressive temperament. Such men 3are not at their best at breakfast, nor is the week 4before Christmas their

happiest time. Both 5Larwood and Mrs. Larwood had learned over the 6years to respect their employer’s melancholy 7 . moods by remaining silent. They did so on this 8morning.

The house on Montpellier Square was as 9noiseless as a tomb. Mrs. Middleton had rung up 10from her house in Marlow as early as eight o’clock 11to inquire what arrangements her husband had 12made for his annual visit to her. Would he, she 13asked, arrange to bring down their son John? Mrs. 14 Larwood had tactfully refused to wake Professor 15Middleton; she would see that he phoned Mrs. 16Middleton during the morning, she said. The 17message was placed with the letters and 18newspapers beside Gerald’s plate.

19 The prospect of speaking to his wife on the 20telephone and, even more, of the family Christmas 21party greatly heightened his depression. He 22decided not to open his letters until he had read 23the news or to open 77?e Times until he had 24 softened his spirits with the more popular daily 25newspaper which always accompanied it. It was 26an unwise decision: the optimistic presentation of 27decidedly bad news on the front page turned his 28passive gloom into active irritation.

On the middle 29page was a lengthy article by his son John.

He 30always swore that he would not read his son’s 31articfes, yet he always did so. Their cocksure and 32sentimental tone at least lent justification to his 33hearty dislike of his younger son, particularly if he 34accompanied his reading by a mental image of his 35wife’s cooing admiration of their son’s talent.

Adapted from: WILSON, Angus. Anglo-Saxon altitudes. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968. p. 11.

The word greatly (I. 21) could be substituted without any change in meaning by a) importantly. b) mostly. c) strongly. d) mainly. e) lengthily.

04. (Puc RS) GLOBAL WARMING On Feb. 2, 2007, the United Nations scientific panel studying climate change2 declared that the evidence of a warming trend is “unequivocal”, and that human activity has “very likely” been the driving force in that change over the last 50 years. The last report by the group, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in 2001, had found that humanity had “likely2” played a role.

The greenhouse effect has been part of the earth’s workings since its earliest days. Gases like carbon dioxide and methane allow sunlight to reach the earth, but prevent some of the resulting heat from radiating back out into space. Without the greenhouse effect, the planet would never have

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A15  Advérbios de modo

01. (Unifor CE) Robotic Engineers Engineers [TO BE] needed to build robots that do everything from assembling machinery to caring for aging parents.

Tech Teachers As technology use increases in all industries, more adult education teachers are needed to give workers the skills to survive. About half of all adults are currently enrolled in an adult-education class.

Tech Support Technology isn’t infallible, and skilled workers who can fix frustrating problems are rarely needed. Estimates show a 222 percentage boost in computer-support jobs by 2008.

Inglês

warmed enough to allow life to form. But as ever larger amounts of carbon dioxide have been released along with the development of industrial economies, the atmosphere has grown warmer at an accelerating rate. Since 1970, temperatures have gone up at nearly three times the average for the 20th century.

Global Warming Science - The New York Times, May 6, 2007

“Likely” (line 07) indicates a) permission. b) necessity. c) advisability. d) probability. e) preference.

Texto comum às questões 5 e 6.

Breaking an e-mail addiction More people are finding it’s easy to get a digital fix in our wired world

A15  Advérbios de modo

June 4, 2005 – When business owner Kevin Kelly wakes up, it’s the first thing on his mind. In the car on the way to work, at business meetings11 and even in the bathroom, Kelly’s e-mail is never more than a click away.

Kelly is an admitted e-mail addict and says he Compulsively1 checks16 his e-mail inbox at least every five minutes.

“I have to keep up with35 them, so I check them27 very, very frequently2,” he said.

He ticks12 off all the places he checks his e-mail: “In movie theatres, in a dentist chair, on ‘It’s a Small World’ [ride] at Walt Disney World.”

Millions of e-mail ‘junkies’ out there?

Dr. Dave Greenfield, of the Center for Internet Studies17, said that Kelly’s level of e-mail Dependence29 can’t help but impact36 a relationship.

“What we’ll usually see is a spouse37 who says, ‘He’s on the computer all the time, or checking [his] PDA 40 times a day, and I feel like they’re not Really3 attending to me21,’” Greenfield said.

Kelly is certainly not alone. Experts estimate there are 190 million e-mail users worldwide, and Greenfield believes that 6 percent of them28 could have some form of e-mail addiction – that’s roughly6 11 million e-mail junkies38.

Kelly’s wife says his e-mail “addiction” definitely affects their family.

“Physically he’s at all the school functions and he’s at all the vacations7, but sometimes I’d like him to be there in his mind more34,” she said. “He could sleep through our kids22 crying so4 loud8, but if his phone says that he has a new message, he instantly wakes13 up.” Even Kelly admits18 that he sometimes puts his digital gadgets14 over his family. He says his kids say things like, “Daddy, put that down23. Let’s play a game.”

But he says the call of his e-mail is hard to ignore.

“I think it’s a habit that’s hard30 to break,” he said.

What can you do to break the e-mail habit?

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Regina Lewis, an America Online consumer Adviser39, said that Kelly’s level of engagement9 with e-mail, personal digital assistants and other parts of the wired10 world is extremely common for many reasons19.

Lewis said that in our high-speed digital world, there is a blurring between home life and work life and the proliferation of fun gadgets makes it easy – and often necessary – to keep up24.

She offered some tips on “Good Morning America” on how to break an e-mail addiction: Set a virtual start time and curfew. Don’t get online first thing in the morning or last thing at night.

Remember the rule of three. If something takes more than three e-mail exchanges15, pick up the phone.

Don’t over reply31. You don’t need to send those short, one-word replies20, such as “thanks” or “yes.”

Store, don’t hoard. People keep way too many old e-mails in their inbox and waste32 a lot of time scrolling through them all, says Lewis. Create folders to store33 important messages.

If all else fails26, try going cold turkey. Take a weekend off; you might be surprised to find the world doesn’t fall apart if you25 don’t check your messages.

Excerto do texto disponível em <http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/print?id=819049>.

05. (Uem PR) Assinale a alternativa na qual o termo não é um advérbio. a) “compulsively” (ref.1) b) “frequently” (ref.2) c) “really” (ref.3) d) “so” (ref.4) e) “reply” (ref.5) 06. (Uem PR) Assinale a alternativa correta de acordo com o texto. a) “Roughly” (ref.6) significa aproximadamente. b) “Vacations” (ref.7) tem o mesmo sentido de feriado. c) “Loud” (ref.8) significa insistentemente. d) “Engagement” (ref.9) tem o sentido de afinidade. e) “Wired” (ref.10) dá a idéia de atualizado.

07. (UFSC) Select the proposition(s) in which the two words have similar meanings. Gab: 77 01. replace – substitute 02. probably – certainly 04. worried – preoccupied 08. every day life - daily life 16. too early - too late 32. correct – wrong 64. many - a lot of 08. (Puc RS) The “-ly” in “life-friendly” performs the same grammar role as in a) sisterly. b) gradually. c) recently. d) chiefly. e) gladly.

FRENTE

A

INGLÊS

MÓDULO A16

PHRASAL VERBS

ASSUNTOS ABORDADOS nn Phrasal verbs

Antes de começar

nn Antes de começar

Leia as duas piadas abaixo, discuta as questões que as seguem e descubra por que é preciso saber as nuances de uma língua para compreender suas piadas.

nn Introdução

Fonte: Bo1982 / Shutterstock.com

nn Verbo + partícula

Two chemists go into a bar. The first one says: − I think I’ll have an H2O. The second one says:

Fonte: Wikimedia Commons

− I think I’ll have an H2O too, and he died.

Q: Why can you never trust atoms?

A: They make up everything.

DISCUSSÃO 01. Traduza a primeira piada para a língua portuguesa.

Dois químicos entram em um bar. O primeiro diz: “Eu acho que tomarei H2O”. O segundo diz: “Eu acho que tomarei H2O também”, e morreu.

02. O que confere o humor da primeira piada?

03. Traduza a segunda piada para a língua portuguesa.

P: Por que você não pode confiar em átomos?

R: Eles inventam tudo.

04. O que confere o humor da segunda piada?

Exemplo 02. A palavra inglesa too, que significa ‘também’, tem a mesma pronúncia do número two, ‘dois’. Assim, a confusão ocorre ao pedir água pela fórmula química H2O também (too) e ser interpretado como a fórumla do peróxido de hidrogênio, H2O2, substância conhecida como água oxigenada, letal quando ingerida.

Exemplo 04. O humor da piada é conferido pela dupla interpretação do phrasal verb make up: ele pode significar tanto ‘inventar (uma história)’ quanto ‘ser a composição (de algo)’.

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Inglês

Fonte: michaeljung / Shutterstock.com

Introdução Alguns verbos em inglês são constituídos de duas palavras, sendo uma delas um verbo e a outra, uma partícula. Phrasal verbs atendem a essa característica e constituem uma expressão autônoma. Essa expressão não possui tradução específica, pois não existe o mesmo fenômeno em português. A tradução mais próxima, não precisa, do termo é “expressões idiomáticas”. É melhor, entretanto, que você não use esse termo, pois ele não expressa claramente o que se quer dizer em inglês.

Verbo + partícula A construção dos phrasal verbs ocorre ao adicionar, quase sempre depois de um verbo transitivo, uma partícula: um advérbio que se parece com uma preposição. Em geral, essa composição indica um novo significado, como em Amy gave the money back.

Figura 01 - He will be leaving his family behind when he moves to Toronto.

Nos exemplos, vemos que os verbos give (dar) muda seu sentido quando é adicionada a partícula back para ‘devolver’. Da mesma maneira, leave behing expressa algo diferente de leave: este significa “deixar” e aquele, “abandonar”.

Existem duas possibilidades de estruturação de orações com phrasal verbs:

Fonte: Pierre Yu / Shutterstock.com

1) O(s) objeto(s) se posicionar(em) entre o verbo e a partícula: Substantivo (sujeito) +

verbo +

substantivo (objeto) +

partícula

Fran

knocked

the glass

over.

He

thought

his situation

over.

2) O(s) objeto(s) se posicionar(em) depois do verbo e da partícula: Substantivo (sujeito) +

verbo +

partícula +

substantivo (objeto)

Fran

knocked

over

the glass.

He

thought

over

his situation.

3) Os phrasal verbs sempre podem ser construídos dos dois modos, porém, quando o objeto é um pronome pessoal, só podem ser construídos da primeira maneira: He thought it over.

A16  Phrasal verbs

Figura 02 - Fran knocked it over.

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Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Phrasal verb

Meaning

Ask out

ask someone to go on a date

Bring about

cause

Bring up

1) rear children 2) mention or introduce a topic

Call back

return a telephone call

Call in

ask to come to an official place for a special reason

Call off

cancel

Call on

1) visit 2) ask a student a question in class

Call up

call on the telephone

Check in

register at a hotel

Check into

investigate

Check out

1) borrow a book from a library 2) investigate

Cheer up

make (someone) feel happier

Clean up

make clean and orderly

Cross out

draw a line through

Cut out

stop an annoying activity

Do over

repeat

Drop off

leave something/someone somewhere

Drop out (of)

stop going to school or class

Figure out

find the answer by logic

Fill out

complete a form

Find out

discover information

Get along (with)

to have a good relationship with

Get back (from)

1) return from somewhere 2) receive again

Get in, get into

1) enter a car 2) arrive

Get off

leave any vehicle

Get on

enter any vehicle

Get out of

1) leave a car 2) avoid some unpleasant activity

Get over

recover from an illness

Get through

finish

Get up

arise from bed, a chair etc.

A16  Phrasal verbs

Veja a seguinte lista, com alguns phrasal verbs comuns, cujo significado também está em inglês para que você pratique sua leitura e porque, em alguns casos, não faz muito sentido traduzi-los:

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A16  Phrasal verbs

Inglês

730

Phrasal verb

Meaning

Give back

return something to someone

Give up

stop doing something

Go over

review or check

Grow up

become an adult

Hand in

submit an assignment

Hang up

1) stop a telephone conversation 2) put up clothes on a line or a hook

Have on

wear

Keep out (of)

not enter

Keep up (with)

stay at the same position or level

Kick out (of)

force (someone) to leave

Look after

take care of

Look into

investigate

Look out (for)

be careful

Look over

review or check

Look up

look for information in a reference book

Make up

1) invent 2) do past work

Name after

give a baby the name of someone else

Pass away

die

Pass out

1) distribute 2) lose consciousness

Pick out

select

Pick up

1) go to get someone 2) take in one’s hand

Point out

call someone’s attention to

Put away

remove to an appropriate place

Put back

return to original position

Put off

postpone

Put on

dress

Put out

extinguish a cigarette, fire

Put up (with)

tolerate

Run into

meet by chance

Run across

find by chance

Run out (of)

finish a supply of something

Show up

appear, come to

Shut off

stop a machine, equipment, light

Take over

assume control

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Exercícios de Fixação 01. (Unifor CE)

months when solar power is at a minimum and when wind cannot be ________5 to keep turbines in motion.

Germany nuclear shutdown by 2022 may mean blackouts, Merkel warned

The firms warned in a statement that calm winter days with

As chancellor mulls Germany’s nuclear future, energy firms say solar and wind power may not make up shortfall in winter Helen Pidd Guardian.co.uk.Monday 23 May 2011

no wind could result in “large-scale supply disruptions”, particularly in Germany’s affluent and industry-heavy south, which guzzles much of the country’s electricity. “A safe supply to customers in these cases could be severely compromised,” they said.

Germany could face widespread winter blackouts following

There are no current problems because good weather in

Angela Merkel’s “knee-jerk” decision to decommission the

Germany has meant that solar panels have been able to

country’s nuclear power stations, according to German

compensate for the shortfall left by the decommissioned

power grid operators.

nuclear plants.

The warning from four energy providers _________1 the

The industry group German Atomic Forum cautioned against

German chancellor suggested she agreed with a proposal

abandoning nuclear power without careful consideration.

to ____________2 all of Germany’s 17 nuclear power

“A quick and rash exit from German nuclear power would

plants by 2022.

raise costs for the whole economy, make us miss climate

Seven nuclear power stations have been off-grid ever since

goals, raise our reliance on fossil fuels and make our

Merkel announced in the immediate aftermath of the

power supply less secure, meaning more power imports

Fukushima disaster a “three month moratorium” on her

and problems with network stability,” said president

controversial decision last year to extend the lives of the

Ralf Gueldner. “It would also spark intense debate in the

plants.

European Union,” he added.

3

Nuclear power has long been unpopular in Germany and

two commissions – one on safety and another on ethics – to

Merkel’s decision last year to extend the life of nuclear plants

look at whether Germany had a nuclear future.

was a major factor in her party’s loss of power after 60 years

The resultant safety report will be evaluated by the German

in Baden-Württemberg – a prosperous conservative state –

government, along with a separate report by an ethics

in March. Her about-turn on nuclear policy was derided as

commission due on May 28, before it makes a final decision

“knee-jerk” by many of her critics.

on nuclear power.

Currently, nuclear energy supplies 22.3% of Germany’s

But over the weekend, Merkel said the year 2022 was “the

electricity while coal provides 42%, natural gas 13.6% and

right space of time” to set as a goal for Germany’s total

renewable energies 16.5%, according to the environment

withdrawal from nuclear power. She was speaking after the

ministry.

Merkel ordered safety checks on all reactors and _________

CSU – the Bavarian sister party of her Christian Democratic CDU – voted for all German nuclear power plants to come

Read the text and fill in the gaps with the following

off-grid by 2022. Merkel did not herself commit to a firm

phrasal verbs:

date for nuclear decommissioning.

came after - cope without - relied on - set up - shut down

The timetable is too slow for many of Merkel’s opponents.

a) 1. relied on; 2.set up; 3.came after ; 4. shut down; 5. cope

beat the chancellor’s CDU in elections in Bremen on Sunday, insists it would be feasible to close down all plants by 2017.

According to a report in Monday’s Süddeutsche Zeitung, four firms which operate Germany’s network of highvoltage power cables and pylons - 50Hertz, Tennet, EnBW Transportnetze and Amprion – believe Germany cannot currently _________ nuclear power. The companies say 4

that the grid is already “largely exhausted” during winter

without b) 1. came after ; 2. set up; 3. cope without; 4. shut down; 5. relied on c) 1. came after; 2. shut down; 3. set up; 4. cope without; 5. relied on d) 1. relied on; 2. shut down; 3. came after; 4. cope without; 5. set up e) 1. set up; 2. cope without; 3. shut down; 4. came after; 5. relied on

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A16  Phrasal verbs

Claudia Roth, co-head of the national Green party, which

Inglês

02. (Ufal AL) ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE Do Rain Forest Make Rain?

Anish Kapoor’s forms and sculptures are apparently deceiving; they seem quite simple in terms of form, yet they convey, each of them, a dizzying complexity of natural elements, technique, aesthetic and finishing. Brazilian poet Antonio Cicero once told me that finishing accounts for 50% of a poetic creation.

I have become deeply aware of this fact. In Kapoor’s work, it accounts for even more. For example, When I am Pregnant, is a work shrouded by a thin and Fastidiously2 finished layer of plaster; it is a subtle protuberance on the wall, enunciating a bulging form that in itself heralds creation and the sublime. It is art, wanting to be born.

(Source: Cultural Project of Banco do Brasil, 2006)

Long-standing assumption: rain forests are a consequence of heavy rainfall. New hypothesis: some forested regions may produce conditions that lead to heavy rainfall. This “biotic pump” model contends that a vast forest such as the Amazon draws in large amounts of water vapor.

Evaporation and condensation of the acquired water lead to a local atmospheric pressure drop. That decrease causes rain and attracts more water vapor to the forest, in a continuous positive feedback loop. “This theory could explain why continental interiors with huge rain forests remain so moist,” says Wildlife Conservation Society researcher Douglas Sheil, who in an April Bioscience paper revived the biotic pump model, originally proposed in 2006 by Anastassia Makarieva and Victor Gorchkov, both at the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute in Russia. “It could also underline the dangers of widespread deforestation.”

Though promising, the model needs more data regarding air circulation patterns and vegetations types to support it, Sheil notes. – Steve Mirsky Scientific American, July 2009, page 18.

A16  Phrasal verbs

The pump model was originally _____________ by Anastassia Makarieva and Victor Gorshkov. a) turned down b) torn apart c) picked out d) kept away e) put forward 03. (Puc RS) English sculptor Anish Kapoor, one of the greatest active artists in our time, was born in India in 1954.

Having built an impressive oeuvre over the past three decades, today Kapoor stands out1 as a sculptor in the strictest sense of the word: he has introduced sculpture in a new aesthetic and technical scale by incorporating techniques – appropriated from architecture, aeronautics, and the heavy industry – to the support.

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“Stand out”, as used in (REF.1), means a) to defend or support an idea. b) to help in a difficult situation. c) to stand at a distance from. d) to be much better than others. e) to resist, to face.

04. (Ufam AM) Internet, What would we do without you ?

Brazil has developed a system of electronic ballots that Paraguay will use for the municipal elections in November, adding agility and security to the entire process.

The power of a click is increasing constantly with new Internet services emerging to satisfy any need. All over the world, new online services are popping up1 every day form sites offering romantic liaisons- such as eHarmony, which boasts an estimated 10 million users in over 200 countries and is responsible for approximately 10,000 marriages – to finance sites like SmartMoney, which allows you to invest and buy stock online. The worldwide trend of paying online started by Amazon, eBay and PayPal today extends to sites like the Chilean government Website Tramitefacil.gov.cl where citizens can pay their taxes, apply for government loans and obtain legal certificates , or the Peruvian Websites of Perugestiones and Abogadosperu, which even offer online divorces. We use the Internet to pay our gas and phone bills, transfer funds, apply for loans, make credit card payments and donate to charity. We find maps get directions, order groceries or dinner, buy plane tickets, make hotel reservations and much more. In short, we use it to save time, avoid endless lines and go places without actually being there. Thank you, Internet dear!

O melhor sinônimo da expressão popping up (ref.1) a) leaving b) bursting c) appearing d) exploding e) disappearing

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Exercícios Complementares

From http://www.whatis.tv/Orkut.html (with slight adaptations)

The verb TO GET, used in lines 43-44, is also found in several idiomatic expressions. Check the item in which the meaning of the expression is correctly described. a) Peter just wanted to get back to the computer to chat with his friends. (start) b) How am I supposed to get along with members of virtual communities? (meet)

c) It is difficult to get through this amount of work in such a short time. (analyze) d) They used Orkut to get away from their daily routine. (escape) e) Melissa still did not get over the shock of splitting with her boyfriend. (win) 02. (Ufla MG) People kill. Animals kill. Animals and people kill for food, or they kill their enemies. People and animals can move around and find something to kill. They can run away from an enemy. They can kill it if it is necessary.

Many kinds of animals eat plants. The plants cannot run away2 from their enemies. Some plants make poison1. If an animal eats part of the plant, it gets sick or dies. Animals learn to stay away of these plants.

There are many kinds of plants that make poison. Most of them grow in the desert or in the tropics.

Today farmers use many kinds of poison on their farms.

Most of these poison came from petroleum, but petroleum is expensive. Scientists collect poisonous plants and study them. Maybe farmers can use cheap poison from plants instead of expensive poison from petroleum.

(Cambride Preparation for the TOEFL Test Gear, Jolene & Gera, Robert.)

The phrase run away in (ref.2) is closest in meaning to a) run after. b) defend. c) kill. d) escape. e) go.

03. (Escs DF) Small Doses Unwarranted hysteria Swedish scientists touched off an international health scare two years ago when they claimed that common foods such as bread, biscuits, potato chips and French5 fries contain high amounts of a suspected cancer causing chemical. They said that acrylamide – a possible human carcinogen – is formed when carbohydrate-rich foods such as potatoes, cereals and rice are either baked or10 fried.

Now, after an extensive review, an expert panel of the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences has concluded that the amount of acrylamide in cooked foods poses very little threat to human health.15 Of course, there are good reasons to avoid a lot of deep fried foods. They can contribute to heart disease. But, oddly enough, people tend to ignore well-known risks and fret about the possible ones.

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01. (Puc RJ) Orkut is a virtual community designed to help users meet new friends and maintain existing relationships. Today, “virtual community” is loosely used and interpreted to indicate a variety of social groups 5connected in some ways by the Internet. It does not necessarily mean that there is a strong bond among the members. An email distribution list on Star Trek may have close to one hundred members, and the communication which takes place there could be either 10one-way (the list owner making announcements) or merely informational (questions and answers are posted, but members stay relatively strangers and uninterested to each other). The membership turnover rate could be high.

This is in line with the liberal use of the term 15community.

Similar to Friendster, Orkut goes a step further by permitting “communities” of users. It is also invitation only: Users must be invited to join the community by someone already there.

20 Orkut was quietly launched on January 22, 2004 by Google, the search engine company. The service was created by Google employee Orkut Büyükkökten, who had developed a similar system, InCircle, for his previous employer, Affinity Engines.

InCircle was 25intended for use by former university students.

With regard to copyrights, their terms of service state: “By submitting, posting or displaying any Materials on or through the Orkut.com service, you automatically grant to us a worldwide, non-exclusive, 30sublicenseable, transferable, royalty-free, perpetual, irrevocable right to copy, distribute, create derivative works of, publicly perform and display such Materials”.

Originally, the Orkut community was felt to be elite, because its membership is by invitation only. However, at the end of July 2004 Orkut surpassed the 1,000,000 member mark, and 35 at the end of September it surpassed the 2,000,000 mark.

As of September 2004, 57% of Orkut’s members were from Brazil, followed by 14% from the United States and 6% from Iran. Brazilians 40were below 50% from August 9 to August 20, 2004. It is believed that this happened because a lot of them changed their nationality to something else due to a rumor that users with their countries set to Brazil got slower speeds and a greater chance of getting an error 45page.

Invitations to Orkut are obtainable, with a few minutes’ (or days’) worth of diligence, via the web.

Inglês

Stop at one20 Fertility clinics often implant several embryos into a woman at the same time – in the hope that at least one will survive to develop into a baby. But a Scandinavian study suggests that one may be enough.

The researchers found that the success rate for achieving25 a pregnancy was only slightly higher in the multiple group compared with a single implant – 43.5 per cent compared with 39.7 per cent.

What’s more, multiple implants also carry the added risk of a multiple pregnancy. When several fetuses have30 to share a womb, they tend to suffer from low birth weights, premature births and developmental problems, reports Agence FrancePresse from a fertility conference in Berlin.

Hangover remedy35 The next time New Year’s Eve rolls around, you might want to try a herbal remedy extracted from the prickly pear cactus.

Researchers at Tulane University in New Orleans have found that the extract from the plant, known by its botanical name Opuntia ficus indica,40 reduces the nausea, dry mouth and other symptoms of hangovers.

Although the study, published in The Archives of Internal Medicine, was partly funded by Extracts Plus Inc., which makes the product, the researchers said they acted45 independently. They speculate that the extract, called Tex-OE, reduces the body’s inflammatory response to the impurities in the alcohol. Other experts point out that the best hangover remedy is not to overdrink.

(The Globe and Mail, July 2, 2004, A17)

A16  Phrasal verbs

When it is said that the “scientists touched off an international health scare” (l. 3), this means they: a) stopped it. b) started it. c) avoided it. d) prevented it. e) dismissed it.

04. (Unitau SP) Comic book fan has implants put in his face and part of his nose CHOPPED OFF to fulfil his dream of looking like Captain America’s enemy, Red Skull A Venezuelan man has taken body modification to the extreme in a bid to make himself look like comic book super villain Red Skull. Henry Damon, 37, had already had several subdermal implants on his forehead before having part of his nose removed in order to achieve the right Marvel mad man look. Despite the drastic surgery, Mr. Damon, from Caracas, Venezuela, is getting ready to take it even further to fulfill his dream.

The married father, who now calls himself Red Skull, also tattooed his eyeballs black before adding red and black face tattoos to look like the comic book villain. Red Skull first appeared in 1947 as the Nazi agent arch-enemy of Marvel hero Captain America and 734

most recently appeared in the 2011 film Captain America: The First Avenger, played by Hugo Weaving. After meeting up with med-school dropout Emilio Gonzalez, who specializes in tattooing and extreme body surgery, Mr. Damon ‘knew that this was his opportunity,’ a friend said. ‘He has loved comic books since he was a kid and always dreamed of being Red Skull, but never got round to doing it,’ friend Pablo Hernandez said. Before the surgery, Mr. Damon underwent several physical and psychological tests, according to his ‘surgeon’ Mr. Gonzalez.’ Henry aka Red Skull is a physically and intellectually healthy person,’ Mr. Gonzalez said.

‘He’s an excellent son, husband and father, who has an extreme taste for body modification. ‘Most of my customers know that body modification is the last step of body art, everyone knows very well what they want and as well as Henry, many of them are waiting for me for many years to make their dreams a reality.’ Mr. Gonzalez added that Mr. Damon is not done with his transformation, and is about to take it even further. Mr. Gonzalez said: ‘Next will be silicone implants on the cheekbones, chin and cheeks. ‘Then we will tattoo his entire face red and then he will be Red Skull.’

Adapted from http://www.dailymail.co.uk. Acesso em 26/abr./2015.

Match the phrasal verbs with their meanings and tick the CORRECT alternative.

1. clog up 2. come down 3. dose up 4. fight off 5. get over 6. lay low 7. et up ( ( ( ( ( ( (

) cease or diminish ) defend against ) make someone weak ) medicate ) obstruct ) recuperate ) to catch (an illness)

a) 5/4/1/7/6/2/3 b) 2/5/7/6/1/4/3 c) 6/4/5/7/1/2/3 d) 7/4/6/3/1/5/2 e) 6/7/5/1/4/3/2 05. (Mackenzie SP) Questions to help you explore in more detail… and _( I )_ some solutions: 1. Am I devoting enough time to my high priorities? If not, how can I do so?

2. Am I spending too much time on my low priorities? If so, how can I reduce this?

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

Success Over Stress by Jane Revell

In her book, Success Over Stress, Jane Revell suggests that we ask ourselves some timely questions whose answers will measure how well (or not) we manage our time. The text above, which is an excerpt from her book, has to be completed with the phrasal verbs present in the alternatives given. Choose the right alternative. a) I – come up with; II – fit it in; III – cut it out; IV – put off; V – get on with b) I – bring about; II – do it without; III – get it out; IV – turn on; V – put out with c) I – go along; II – keep it up; III – move it on; IV – put up with V – set off d) I – send out; II – stand it up; III – take it away; IV – try on; V – move up e) I – work on; II – trade it in; III – stick it on; IV – see through; V – refer to 06. (Uem PR) Smartphones to yoghurts – did we ever need so much consumer choice?

Would a narrower choice of products help us consume more sustainably and live more fulfilled lives?

Vicki Hird

This is not a complaint about choice (or 2 yoghurt, which I love).

Choice is clearly a great 3 thing. The choice of whether to be nice or nasty; 4 go for a walk or watch TV; decide where to take 5 your summer holiday.

6 But when did we ever need such a huge array 7 of products to choose from? There must be a limit 8 and it was, I suggest, breached years ago. The rot 9 probably set in when supermarkets and shopping 10 malls were invented around the 1950s. The 11 resulting infinite choice of processed foods, 12 phones, cars and so on is a chronic affliction we 13 can’t escape.

And it’s reached heady heights. Looking for a 15 new phone recently I had a choice of no less than 16 48 Samsung Galaxy phones – just one brand. 17 Why? And why so many yoghurt types: endless 18 shelves loaded with basically the same product?

19 Does the huge choice on offer in 20 supermarkets, shops and online make us any 21 happier, any more fulfilled? Tim Jackson of 22 Surrey University notes that UK consumerspending 23 has more than doubled in the last 30 24 years, but life satisfaction has barely changed. 25 Recent work shows that “consumption for 26 identity” – buying products to build up our sense 27 of self – has gone too far and does not deliver 28 contentment.

Consumption is not the same as 29 choice, but these days the two are so close that 30 you couldn’t put a low-fat, tar-lite, sugar-free 31 cigarette paper between them.

32 Of course many shoppers may disagree. For 33 them, such choice means that life has never been 34 better. In reality, this is a complex issue, 35 embedded in values, identity and marketing.

But 36 whether you’re for or against such high levels, we 37 should all be aware of the effect it can have on 38 our mental wellbeing and crucially, our 39 environment.

40 Happiness aside, I know for sure that choice 41 is putting a huge pressure on people and planet.

42 This is well covered elsewhere but suffice to 43 say that if we buy more than we need and throw 44 away perfectly good products – be it food, clothes 45 or phones – we’re not making efficient, or fair, 46 use of finite land, water, energy, raw materials 47 and labour. We’re putting more greenhouse gases 48 into the environment and polluting the planet so 49 that people are finding impossible to live in some 50 parts of the world.

51 I think it’s worth asking yourself, at least 52 twice, do I need to buy this at all? Do I need to eat 53 meat every day of the week?

Could I make do 54 with one big yoghurt pot instead of four small 55 ones? Can I repair this phone instead of getting a 56 new one?

57 Sometimes the answer will be yes.

14

Texto adaptado, disponível em <http://www.theguardian.com>.

Acesso em 07/08/2014.

Choose the alternative(s) in which the information about the verbs from the text is correct. a) In the extract “And it’s reached heady heights” (Ref. 14), the contracted form underlined means “it has”. b) The phrasal verb “looking for” (Ref. 14) is the same as “searching”. c) One possible answer for the question “Does the huge choice on offer in supermarkets, shops and online make us any happier, any more fulfilled?” (Refs. 19- 21) is “Yes, it does”. d) The modal verbs “may”, in “...shoppers may disagree” (Ref. 32), and “should”, in “we should all be aware...” (Refs. 3637), are used in the text to make deductions, to speculate. e) The –ing form, in “we’re putting more greenhouse gases...”

(Ref. 47), and in “...it’s worth asking...” (Ref. 51), is used in the text with the same purpose, that is, to indicate that the action happens regularly.

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3. Is there something I’m not doing that I really should be doing? How can I _( II )_?

4. Is there anything I’m doing that I shouldn’t be doing at all?

How can I _( III )_?

5. How much time do I devote to planning? Is it enough? If not, how can devote more?

6. What things are ‘wasting’ my time? How can I minimise them?

7. What things interrupt my flow? What can I do about them?

8. Do I have to do everything myself? If not, what activities could I safely delegate? Is there anything stopping me from delegating them?

9. What kinds of things do I have a tendency to _( IV )_ ? Are they high or low priority? If high, how can I help myself to _( V )_ them sooner?

10. In what ways do I waste other people’s time? How can I behave differently?

FRENTE

A

INGLÊS

Exercícios de Aprofundamento 01. (Udesc SC) Catching a Cold

Many people catch a cold in the springtime and/ or fall. It makes us wonder... if scientists 2 can send a man to the moon, why can’t they find a cure for the common cold. The 3 answer is easy. There are literally hundreds of kinds cold viruses out there. You never 4 know which one you will get, so there isn’t a cure for each one.

5 When a virus attacks your body, your body works hard to get rid of it. Blood rushes to 6 your nose and brings congestion with it. You feel terrible because you can’t breathe well, 7 but your body is actually “eating” the virus. Your temperature rises and you get a fever, 8 but the heat of your body is killing the virus.

You also have a runny nose to stop the virus 9 from getting to your cells. You may feel miserable, but actually your wonderful body is 10 doing everything it can to kill the cold.

11 Different people have different remedies for colds. In the United States and some other 12 countries, for example, people might eat chicken soup to feel better. Some people take 13 hot baths and drink warm liquids. Other people take medicines to stop the fever, 14 congestion, and runny nose.

15 ……………one interesting thing to note- ………….. scientists ……………… taking 16 medicines when you ……………. a cold is actually bad ………… you. The virus stays in 17 you longer because your body doesn’t have a way to fight it and kill it. Bodies can do an 18 amazing job on their own. There is a joke, however, on taking medicine when you have 19 a cold. It goes like this: 20 It takes about 1 week to get over a cold if you don’t take medicine, but only 7 days 21 to get over a cold if you take medicine.

1

Available at: www.5minuteenglish.com (accessed on August 26 th, 2015)

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It is correct to say that: a) both sentences in bold in lines 1, 2 and 20 show us conditionals which are real in the present b) whether sentence in bold in numbers 1 and 2 or sentence in bold in number 20 deal with conditions which show us hypotheses. c) neither sentence in bold in numbers 1 and 2 nor sentence in bold in number 20 deal with conditionals which are real. d) only sentence in bold in numbers 1 and 2 deals with a condition which is real, the other one in number 20 deals with a hypothetical conditional e) both sentences in bold in numbers 1, 2 and 20 are dealing with unreal conditions.

02. (Fasa BA) 1 One fourth of the patients who undergo bariatric 2 surgery gain weight again and may be subject to another 3 operation, which increases the risks of post-surgery 4 problems. The main problem is fistula, when the staples 5 used to reduce the stomach break. The risk is above 1% 6 after the first surgery and increases to 13% after the 7 second.

8 Reoperations to reduce weight and their 9 complications were discussed in a bariatric surgery 10 congress which took place in Rio de Janeiro last week. 11 Brazil is No. 2 in bariatric surgery worldwide, with some 12 80,000 surgeries a year (10% are performed by the public 13 health system), behind the U.S., which has 140,000.

14 Specialists say that patients are expected to gain 15 up to 5% of the weight they lost with bariatric surgery. 16 For example: if a patient lost 50 kilos, it is normal that 17 he gains 5 kilos. The problem occurs when the weight 18 gain is higher, reaching 50% or more. A survey held by 19 the UnB (University of Brasília) with 80 patients who had 20 undergone surgery more than two years earlier showed 21 that 23% gained more weight than expected.

22 Another study by the Federal University of Alagoas 23 with 64 obese people who had undergone surgery shows 24 that 28% of them were overweight five years after the 25 bariatric surgery.

“The problem is that, aside from the 26 extra weight, those who undergo the surgery present the 27 same risk factors as before, such as high blood pressure 28 and diabetes,” says surgeon Almino Ramos, president 29 of the Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Bariátrica e 30 Metabólica (Brazilian Society of Bariatric and Metabolic 31 Surgery).

32 He says that the main reason that leads to a new 33 weight gain is patients’ non-adherence to a new lifestyle, 34 which includes a balanced diet and regular exercise. “The 35 surgery

Linguagens, Códigos e suas Tecnologias

is not a miracle. Patients must follow a new 36 multidisciplinary program, with the support of nutritionists, 37 psychologists. If they don’t, their stomach will dilate and 38 they will gain weight.”

39 Spa Med, in Sorocaba (SP), has at least 150 patients 40 in those conditions: they underwent bariatric surgery and 41 have practically regained nearly all the weight they had 42 lost. Some will undergo a new operation. “At the beginning 43 they avoid high-calorie foods, but later they start to make 44 allowances and have milkshakes, chocolate, popcorn, 45 alcoholic drinks, and, when they realize it, they are obese 46 again,” says Lucas Tadeu Moura, an endocrinologist at 47 the spa. He says that many of these patients have vitamin 48 deficiency, such as B12. The lack of that vitamin can 49 lead to severe anemia and contribute to cardiac and 50 neurologic problems.

COLLUCCI, Cláudia. Disponível em: <www1.folha.uol.com.br>.

Acesso em: 12 out. 2015. Adaptado.

“If they don’t, their stomach will dilate and they will gain weight.” (Refs. 37-38). This conditional sentence refers to Gab: 03 01. a universal truth.

02. an improbability.

03. a real possibility in the future.

04. an unreal possibility now.

05. a real possibility in the past.

Already, the effects of climate change are clear and significant.

Last year was the hottest in recorded history, and it’s all but certain that 2015 will set a new record, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Wildfires in the West this year have consumed a massive eight million acres of land and counting, while superstorms like Katrina and Sandy are becoming stronger and more frequent. But that’s just the beginning. By the end of the century, the planet will become unrecognizable. The western United States will face Dust Bowllike conditions that will persist for more than 30 years. As the oceans rise, island nations like the Maldives could disappear completely, while millions of people in Miami, New York, and Bangladesh will be forced from their homes. Looking further out, over the next several hundred years, the melting ice caps could cause sea levels to surge up to 200 feet, high enough to sink a ten-story building.

These are not fantasies dreamed up by some Hollywood studio.

They’re ripped from the pages of sober scientific journals and official reports. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which operates under the auspices of the United Nations, foresees environmental impacts that are “severe, pervasive, and irreversible”. The World Bank has warned that humanity may not be able to adapt to this warmer world.

THE 2007 WINDFALL REPORT America’s 50 Richest Paydays You won’t find Oprah Winfrey on the list. Nor will you find the legion of hedge-fund managers who routinely collect hundreds of millions in any given year. That’s because they’re all just getting paid to do their day jobs. This is a list of people who enjoyed windfalls thanks to large transactions: stock cash-outs, I.P.O.’s, sales of companies, real-estate dealseven inheritances.

Here are the 50 players whose bottom lines got the biggest boost last year.

(By Peter Newcomb - Web Exclusive - MARCH 5, 2008)

You can infer from the text that Oprah Winfrey: a) is not rich enough to be on the list. b) does not collect hundreds of millions in a given year. c) makes her money by working. d) became a millionaire by inheriting a large sum of money. e) does not want to be on a list like this.

04. (IF GO) What Success at the Paris Climate Conference Looks Like Rebecca Leber

Right now, we’re in a car, hanging on for dear life as we hurtle around a mountain bend. If we don’t hit the brakes soon, we’re going to lose control, crash through the guardrail, and careen into the abyss. We’ve been fully warned about the danger ahead, but now here we are, testing our fate.

By certain measures, it’s already too late. Politicians, climatologists, and environmental activists have long rallied around 2 degrees Celsius of warming as a decisive point, after which we can no longer stave off disaster. Today, however, we’re already at 0.9 degrees of warming above preindustrial averages, and we’re on track to blow past 2 degrees by the middle of the century and well over 4 degrees by the end of it. At the rate we’re going, just limiting global warming to 2 degrees is a pipe dream. That doesn’t mean the planet is doomed, however. We can still prevent the most devastating effects of climate change if we take action now. The 2-degree target isn’t a hard and fast cut-off, says NASA climate scientist Gavin Schmidt. Instead, it’s more like a speed limit. “The faster you’re going around that curve, the more dangerous it is going to be,” he told me. We may end up scraping the guardrail on our way around the mountain bend, but it’s still possible to keep the car on the road.

Newsweek, nov.2, 2015. Available at: <http://www.newsweek.com>.

Access on: nov.03, 2015 [Adapted].

According to the text, it is incorrect to affirm that, by the end of the century, a) the climate will be the hottest in history. b) all the islands will disappear completely. c) the sea levels will be high enough to sink any ship. d) the earth planet will be completely different. e) the climate won’t be irreversible.

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FRENTE A  Exercícios de Aprofundamento

03. (ESPM RS)

Inglês

05. (Udesc SC)

32. They hardly ever have a heavy meal in the evening.

64. Peter brings Mary usually a cup of tea in bed.

Texto comum às questões: 07 e 08 What’s up?

Conceptual metaphors and the teaching of phrasal verbs

By Elaine Hodgson

FRENTE A  Exercícios de Aprofundamento

Accessed on: March 25th, 2012.

Analyze the sentences which contain the correct grammar definition from words, as used in the text.

I. Outside: adverb of place; stuff: noun.

II. Commercially: adverb of manner; until: adjective.

III. Turned out: gerund; overnight: adverb of time.

IV. Stuff: noun; commercially: adjective.

V. Were used and applied: passive voice; turned out: phrasal verb.

Mark the correct alternative. a) I and V are correct. b) I, II and V are correct. c) III and IV are correct. d) II and IV are correct. e) All options are correct.

06. (UFMS) Assinale a(s) sentença(s) na(s) qual(is) o advérbio de frequência está corretamente posicionado. Gab: 43 01. Peter is never late for dinner.

02. Mary sometimes does housework on Saturdays.

04. Mary takes often the dog for a walk.

08. Mary always reads the newspapers at some time during the weekend.

16. They usually don’t have breakfast.

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Some aspects of a language are considered a real challenge for both teachers and learners. In the case of English, phrasal verbs are certainly amongst the most unpopular topics in the classroom. They are seen as important and, at the same time, almost impossible to be learnt. This probably happens because their meanings are often thought to be arbitrary and sometimes illogical. Being considered arbitrary, it is believed that these verbs cannot exactly be taught, but that they should, most of the time, be learnt by heart. Only the very gifted student or someone who has had the chance of living abroad for some time would be able to use them confidently. For the regular EFL student, understandably, this can be extremely offputting, as one cannot be expected to memorize thousands and thousands of different verbs, especially if we consider that new phrasal verbs are created every day! Would it be possible to facilitate the path to the learning of phrasal verbs, which are an important aspect of the English language? The answer, I believe, is yes, even though it may seem very unusual at first: conceptual metaphors. The teaching of a few conceptual metaphors would probably help students (and teachers) deal with phrasal verbs in a more efficient manner.

(New Routes)

07. (Mackenzie SP) According to the text, phrasal verbs a) can only be memorized by native speakers. b) are conceptual metaphors which can make our thoughts less arbitrary and, therefore, able to be put into practice. c) can be learned only by the ones who are really off-putting and popular among the crowds. d) would definitely not be chosen as a student’s favorite subject to discuss in class. e) are exclusively taught to EFL students who do not seem to be gifted ones.

08. (Mackenzie SP) A possible answer to the question “Would it be possible to facilitate the path to the learning of phrasal verbs, which are an important aspect of the English language?” from the text would be a) Neither one nor the other. b) The more, the merrier. c) That might not be a tough thing to do. d) You can say that again. e) I’m not to blame.