Scientific Journal of Impact Factor (SJIF): 4.72
e-ISSN (O): 2348-4470 p-ISSN (P): 2348-6406
International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development Volume 5, Issue 01, January -2018
Data Mining Techniques for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Breast Cancer -A Survey Dr.B.Rajdeepa1, D.Pavithra2 Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India1. Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India 2. ABSTRACT: Data mining is defined as transferring through huge amounts of data for useful information. Some of the most required data mining techniques are classification, association rules, clustering, prediction and sequential patterns .Every data has different data sets and objectives for knowledge discovery. This research papers is focused on analysing the Breast cancer diseases, level of diseases area, surgery or Radiation therapy, then finally to start the treatment. Breast cancer is one of the popular cancers for women in many developing countries which include India. This survey paper revises about various applications, concepts and techniques of data mining and breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis in the fields of real-world research problems. Breast cancer definition breast cancer s a type of cancer originating from the breast cancer tissue. Both men and women can be afflicted by t though it‘s rarer in men along with cervical cancer it‘s one of the most common types of cancer that afflicts women. One of the major issues with breast cancer enough. This is due to low awareness about the disease. Detecting it early can significantly reduce the death risk. Breast cancer is a malignant tumor (a collection of cancer cells) arising from the cells of the breast. Although breast cancer predominantly occurs in women, it can also affect men. This article deals with breast cancer in women. Breast cancer content Causes Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis prevention CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS Inactive lifestyle, stress, unhealthy food, irregular sleeping hours, etc. are some of the things that can lead to breast cancer. While being a woman itself puts you at a greater risk for breast cancer, here are some factors that further increase the risk.
Age Family history Early menstruation Late menopause Breast tissue composition Delayed pregnancy or no pregnancy Breastfeeding Exposure to radiation Obesity Smoking Using birth control pills Hormone replacement therapy
A person's age, genetic factors, personal health history and diet all contribute to breast cancer. History of previous cancer in one breast, especially if it occurred before menopause increases a woman's risk of developing a new breast cancer unrelated to the first one. About 5% to 10% of all breast cancers may be related to genes that are passed through close relatives such as mother or sister, who developed breast cancer before menopause. Other factors include • First child over age of 30, hormonal changes during the time of pregnancy may influence a woman‘s chances of developing @IJAERD-2018, All rights Reserved
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International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD) Volume 5, Issue 01, January-2018, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406 breast cancer. • Not having children • Early menarchy (before age 12) • Late menopause • Over weight especially in the upper body • Use of alcohol • Excessive radiation • Hormonal contraceptives. • Hormone replacement therapy for more than five years. • Usage of diethylstilbestrol to prevent miscarriage. • Ovarian cancer patients. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CANCER. Some common symptoms of breast cancer are: 1. A hard ‗lump‘ or a ‗knot‘ in the breast. Usually, these lumps are painless. 2. Occasionally, a clear cut lump cannot be felt, but a ‗lumpish‘ feel is there. And this feel is different as compared to the same area of the opposite breast. 3. Bloody or a blood stained nipple discharge 4. A recent ‗in drawing‘ or ‗inward pull‘ on the nipple or even a change in direction. 5. Changes in the skin over the breast, which feels thick, hard and like an ‗orange‘ peel 6. Occasionally, small ‗knots‘ or nodes may be felt in the armpit. Early breast cancer usually does not cause pain and may cause no symptoms at all. It is normally found when a suspicious lump is detected. It must be about the size of a finger tip before it can be felt. Other signs of cancer include • Breast or nipple skin that is warm, red, swollen, or scaly • Change in the shape or size of the breast • A lump or thickening near the breast, or in the underarm • Nipple discharge that is not breast milk • Nipple tenderness • A nipple that is turned inward, or inverted • A rash around the nipple that may bleed, itch, or cause skin breakdown • Ridges or pits in the breast • Skin that is dimpled like an orange. Women are recommended to examine their breasts once in a month to detect any changes or lumps. If breast self -examination detects a lump, the family doctor should be consulted. ment include cesium, iridium, iodine, phosphorus, and palladium. The side effects of implant therapy depend on the area being treated. DIAGNOSIS To find out the cause of any of these signs or symptoms, a woman's doctor does a careful physical exam and asks about her personal and family medical history. The most reliable method of detecting breast cancer is the clinical breast examination, followed by immediate evaluation of any abnormality. One can detect breast cancer at its earlier stage by performing breast self examination (BSE) on a monthly basis. Other diagnostic measures include mammography, Sonography, Thermography and biopsy. Sonography is a technique that produces an image of the breast using sound waves rather than radiation. Ultrasound allows significant freedom in obtaining images of the breast from almost any orientation. This procedure is used more clearly define suspicious area on the mammogram rather than a screening test. Sonography's main value is in distinguishing fluid filled cysts, which are usually benign, from solid growth, which sometimes represent cancer. Thus, a questionable area that turns out to be a cysts can often seen, while a solid mass may need a biopsy. However, ultrasound does not have good spatial resolution like mammography, and therefore cannot provide as much detail as a mammogram image. Thermography takes advantage of the fact that some breast cancer cause an increase in the breast skin temperature. Thermography provides a photographic image of the heat patterns on the breast surface. A heat detecting device maps and records hot spots or areas of increased blood distribution. While it avoids the risks of X-rays, thermography has very limited usefulness because it does not distinguish well between cancer and other breast diseases. The result is a high percentage of 'false positive' thermograms. @IJAERD-2018, All rights Reserved
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International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD) Volume 5, Issue 01, January-2018, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406 STAGES OF BREAST CANCER If you are diagnosed with breast cancer, it is important to know how far the cancer has spread. The physician stages the tumor based on its size, the character of its cells, and the extent of metastasis. Knowing the stages help them to decide the best treatment options. The staging of breast cancer is divided into five. Stages 0,1 & 2 refers the term 'early breast cancer' while the stages III & IV denotes the 'Advanced breast cancer'. Stage 0 : At stage 0 cancer cells are present in either the lining of a breast lobule or duct. But they have not spread to the surrounding fatty tissue. Two types of Stage 0 cancer are lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS). LCIS does not behave as a cancer but indicates high risk for breast cancer. This risk of cancer is increased for both breasts. Some women with LCIS may take a drug called tamoxifen, which can reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. In DCIS the cancer cells are confined to milk ducts in the breast and have not spread into the fatty breast tissue or to any other part of the body. women with DCIS are at an increased risk of getting invasive breast cancer. Some women with DCIS have breast-sparing surgery followed by radiation therapy. Or they may choose to have a mastectomy Stage I : The primary cancer is 2cm or less in diameter and has not spread to the lymph nodes. Stage II : Stage II is further divided in to two Stage IIA : The cancer is no larger than 2 centimeters but has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm (the axillary lymph nodes). OR The cancer is between 2 and 5 centimeters but has not spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. Stage IIB : The cancer is between 2 and 5 centimeters, and has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. OR The cancer is larger than 5 centimeters, but has not spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. Women with early stage breast cancer may have breast-sparing surgery followed by radiation therapy to the breast, or they may have a mastectomy. Many women with stage I and most with stage II breast cancer have chemotherapy and hormonal therapy after primary treatment with surgery or surgery and radiation therapy. Stage III & IV is known as 'Advanced Breast cancer' Stage IIIA : The cancer is smaller than 2 inches (5 centimeters) and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes (the lymph nodes under the arm), and the lymph nodes are attached to each other or to other structures. OR The cancer may be larger than 2 inches (5 centimeters) and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes and the lymph nodes may be attached to each other or to other structures. Stage IIIB : It has spread to tissues near the breast (the skin or chest wall, including the ribs and muscles in the chest) OR spread to lymph nodes inside the chest wall along the breastbone. Patients with stage III breast cancer usually have both treatment to remove or destroy the cancer in the breast and to stop the disease from spreading. Surgery and/or radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy are the standard treatments. Stage IV : This stage is known as metastatic. Cancer has spread from the breast and lymph nodes under the arm to other parts of the body, such as bone, liver, lung, or brain. The treatment of Stage IV breast cancer focuses on extending survival time and relieving symptoms. TREATMENT Women are recommended to examine their breasts once in a month to detect any changes or lumps. If breast self -examination detects a lump, the family doctor should be consulted. In choosing therapy, the physician takes into consideration the stage of the disease, the woman's age and menopausal status. Breast cancer is usually treated surgically along with chemotherapy, radio therapy and hormone therapy. Radio therapy kills cancer cells using gamma radiation. Chemotherapy may use Cytotoxic drugs @IJAERD-2018, All rights Reserved
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International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD) Volume 5, Issue 01, January-2018, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406 to kill cancer cells both in the breast and elsewhere in the body. Modern treatments have greatly improved the quality and quantity of life for breast cancer patients. Surgery Surgery is the first line of attack against breast cancer. There are two main type of surgeries for breast cancer Chemotherapy It is a combination of drugs which is effective to kill or slow the growth of rapidly multiplying cells. The drugs are given directly to vein or orally. The drug will travel to entire body through blood stream and will destroy the cancer cells beyond the breast. Chemotherapy is given in cycles of treatment followed by a recovery period. The entire chemotherapy treatment generally lasts three to six months, depending on the type of drugs given. When breast cancer is limited to the breast or lymph nodes, chemotherapy may be given after a lumpectomy or mastectomy. This is known as adjuvant treatment and may help reduce the chance of breast cancer recurrence. The side effects will depend up on the type and amount of drugs you are given. The side effects include
Nausea and vomiting Loss of appetite Hair loss Mouth sores Changes in menstrual cycle Higher risk of infection (due to decreased white blood cells) Bruising or bleeding Fatigue
Radiation Therapy Radiotherapy is a highly effective treatment option which uses high levels of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing and dividing thus reducing damage to healthy cells. It is usually given to the breast to destroy cancer cells that may remain in your breast after breast conserving surgery, or in any breast tissue left on your chest after mastectomy. Having radiotherapy after surgery reduces the chance that reoccurrence in the same place in the next 10 years. Radiation therapy is usually delayed until chemotherapy is complete. Early side effects of radiotherapy include skin reactions, tiredness and breast tenderness. These are usually mild and pass after a few weeks. Radiation therapy is not given during pregnancy because it can harm a fetus. Two main types of radiotherapy are used to treat breast cancer: External Radiotherapy and Internal Radiotherapy Prevention Breast cancer is NOT preventable and even healthy people can get it. Which is why, early detection is extremely important. However, leading a healthy lifestyle can reduce the chances of having breast cancer. Here are some things you can do: 1. Regular exercise. It could be in any form – brisk walking, gym, aerobics, yoga etc. 45 minutes of daily exercise has definitely shown to reduce the risk of breast cancer. 2. Battle stress away. Easier said than done, but stress is a silent killer. Stress depresses our body‘s immunity (our body‘s resistance mechanism), and so decrease the capacity of our body to fight off a cancer cell. Don‘t worry, be happy! Besides these, here are some food habits that can keep cancer at bay. 1. Focus more on plant-based foods — like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, pulses etc. Start your day with fruits and nuts. Have some whole grain cereal for breakfast. Make sure to have a big portion of salad with vegetables like lettuce, tomatoes, beetroot, cucumbers etc pre-lunch and pre-dinner. Carry snacks like fruits, trail mixes (sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, almonds, walnuts etc), opt for sandwiches with multigrain breads and lot of veggies in it. 2. Fiber — is the key component to prevent cancer. All plant based foods are rich in fiber which helps to keep your digestive system clean and healthy and push the cancer causing compounds out of the gut before they can harm you. You can add fiber to your diet by replacing white rice with brown rice, eating the fruits with skin, choosing popcorn over potato chips etc. 3. Avoid processed foods — The more you eat food in its original form, the better protection it gives. For example instead of drinking orange juice, peel and eat the orange or prepare oatmeal porridge with raisins rather than having an oatmeal raisin cookie. Here are 10 reasons to stop eating junk food right now! 4. Cut down on red meat and whole-fat milk — as research shows that vegetarians are about fifty percent less likely to develop cancer than those who eat meat. That is because meat and milk lack fiber, antioxidants and nutrients
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International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD) Volume 5, Issue 01, January-2018, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470, print-ISSN: 2348-6406 that have cancer protective properties and is high on saturated fat which is linked with increased risk of c ancer. But you don‘t need to eliminate meat completely. Read about do red meats have any place in a healthy diet? A good visual reminder is to have 2/3rd of your plate filled with plant foods and 1/3rd of it with meat and dairy products. You can cut them down by cutting animal products to a palm-size, adding some salads or beans to it rather than using it as the main element. Choose fish or lean chicken as they are low on fat, avoid processed meats like sausages, salamis etc. 5. Choose your fats smartly — Saturated and trans fats are demons for health, so limit them. Saturated fats (bad fats) are found in butter, ghee, eggs, whole fat milk and red meats and trans fats are found in processed and junk foods like burgers, pizzas etc. On the other hand unsaturated fats (good fats)like MUFA and PUFA are found in oils that are liquid at room temperature eg: olive oil, ricebran oil, etc. The other sources of unsatu rated fats are avocados, nuts like walnuts, almonds etc. Also focus onomega-3 fatty acids, which fight inflammation and support brain and heart health. Good sources include fish like salmon, tuna, and flaxseeds. You can add them by eating fish once or twic e a week, adding flaxseeds to your salad, avoiding fried foods, checking the label for bad fats. Read more about oils with high PUFA content — good or bad? 6. Opt for cancer-fighting foods — You immune system needs to be strong to fight against cancer causing agents. You need to eat a variety of colourful foods with antioxidants(vitamin A, C, E and selenium) and phytochemicals that help strengthen immunity and fight diseases. Such foods are tomatoes, broccoli, dark green leafy vegetables, grapes, cranberry, carrots, cabbage, garlic, onions, grapefruits, blueberries, chilli pepper s, jalapeno, soy products like tofu etc. Green tea is also antioxidant rich, so replace your black tea with three cups of green tea per day. 7. Drink plenty of water — as it helps to eliminate toxins from the body and supply nutrients to the cancer cells which can kill and prevent them from multiplying. Avoid sugary drinks like colas, juices etc as they increase inflammation and cancer growth. Here are 10 ways you can increase your water intake. 8. Preserve nutrients when you cook — Wash the vegetables and fruits with a brush to remove all pesticide residues. Eat raw as much as possible, this helps retain the nutrients. Steam the vegetables using very little water. Prevent over-heating of oil as it can become carcinogenic. 9. Opt for healthier cooking methods — Instead of deep-frying, pan-frying, and sautéing, opt for baking, boiling, steaming, or broiling. Store oils in a cool dark place to prevent it from becoming rancid. Use microwave friendly containers of good quality to prevent plastic material interaction with food. Read about cooking oil VS Cooking spray – which is a healthier option? 10. Avoid foods that look or smell mouldy — as they are likely to contain aflatoxin, a strong carcinogen. Nuts will stay fresh longer if kept in the refrigerator or freezer. Conclusion In this paper,we applied a new mathematical model to predict the likelihood of disease recurrence and metastases in breast cancer. Our preliminary study has shown that a hybrid signature can provide significantly improved prognostic specificity over the existing gene signatures and the current clinical systems by about 20% and 60%,respectively. The main contributions of this work are: • A set of image features that can distinguish different grades of breast cancer on digitized histopathology, • A system capable of distinguishing between cancer and benign images and between images of high and low grades of cancer with a high degree of accuracy, and • Use of spectral clustering to visualize the underlying biological relationship between different breast cancer studies. The results obtained from SC suggest that we can appreciate the underlying manifold structure on which different grades of breast cancer lie. The manifold shows a smooth transition from low to intermediate to high grade breast cancer, and with a densely populated manifold, we can determine if there is a connection between an image‘s location on the high-dimensional manifold and the biological grade of the cancer growth. References [1] K. P. Bennett. Decision tree construction via linear programming. In M. 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