Research Project A : Melbourne Complexities

HYDROLOGICAL HYPOTHESIS

AN EXPLORATION INTO THE DISCORD OF COLONIAL OWNERSHIP OVER AN ANCIENT RESOURCE

Ed Robinson

CONTENTS

Map #01 : Process 3

Projective Mapping: Research 4

Development 5

Initial Mapping Layers 6 Mapping Layers Development 7 Map Iteration One 8 Map Iteration Two 9 Map Iteration Three 10

Final Mapping 12 Reflective Statement 14

Map #02 : Process 15 Foundation Layers 16 Map Iteration Two 17 Map Iteration Three 18 Map Iteration Four 19 Map Iteration Five 20 Reflective Statement 21

Final Mapping 22 Appendix One : Research 24

Appendix Two: Precedent Studies 34

References 42

MAP #01 : PROCESS

PROJECTIVE MAPPING: RESEARCH

Through the development of the first mapping, the projective mapping will inform the reader on future legalisation frameworks and what these may manifest as—using a series of two precedents, the mapping formulation guides style and information analysis. Spital qualities are minimised to strengthen the intent of the secondary mapping.

DEVELOPMENT

In developing the projective mapping theme and answer to the first mapping sequence, I propose that a new system of water authority is formed, which would be based on the discord of current legislative aspects uncovered in the first mapping. In doing so, I hypothesise that water quality would be increased, and local WSUDS would be more succinct to the larger systems, with each party informing the decisions of the newly formed authority.

A diagram of the current authoritarian water systems has been diagramed to aid in the simplification and creation of the new water authority structure.

EXSISTING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK

INITIAL MAPPING LAYERS

Using the map share Vic website to gain knowledge and insight into the varying complexities of Melbourne water legalisation and authority, I started to map a series of layers to build up a map in its first iteration.

WATERWAYS

COUNCIL

WATER QUALITY MAIN RESTRICTED USE

WATER QUALITY TRIB. SEWER

MAPPING LAYERS DEVELOPMENT

Following iteration one, the further development and curation of the mapping layers were undertaken to form a more precise mapping of the legislative complexities of water use and access.

FINAL MAPPING

REFLECTIVE STATEMENT

Throughout the process of curating map one: Disclosing the discord, I found that the layers of legalisation that are required for the management of water are vast and that the care and the health of the river systems and their tributaries become less of a priority the further out of the city matrix you get, however, the health of the systems themselves becomes worse the further you get into the city the matrix, disclosing the first opposite juncture of system resource management. What became apparent throughout this mapping is the power inequality of the resource and that although in antiquity, the river system and its self held meaning and personification to the traditional owners, the erasure of this knowledge and the alteration of its course started to quantify a once respected and understood system. This leads to the degradation of the flows, river health and its ability to self heal. The fact that in 2017 the river was classed as an entity in itself shows that the reapplication of what was once held is traditional knowledge. The erasure of such is more than just the ownership and quantification of a resource.

MAP #02 : PROCESS

DEVELOPMENT

Using a combination of both local and governmental delineations, the new Water Authority Boundaries (WAB) are beginning to develop. The other stakeholder boundary of Cultural ownership contributes to the limitation matrix acting as an additional party with equal weight within the system.

The Yarra River and its tributaries are classed as a stakeholder entity as its classification in 2017 (Yarra River Protection (Wilip-gin Birrarung murron) Act 2017) states that it is a living entity with its own statutory body, the Birrarung Council. The remaining rivers and associated tributaries that form part of the broader Melbourne landscape would be entitled to similar protection and governance as part of the WBA mapping.

PROPOSED SYSTEM FRAMEWORK

FOUNDATION LAYERS

The first four layers that form the first iteration of the project mapping are used to help formulate ideas of boundaries and authorities that could contribute to the new water authority boundaries through the selection of information.

GOVERMENT TRADTIONAL OWNER

WATERWAYS

LOCAL COUNCIL

FINAL MAPPING

REFLECTIVE STATEMENT

Throughout the development of Mapping Two: Realigning the Discord, what I discovered and uncovered was that the alteration of a system resource and its management could reestablish lost beliefs, educate users and improve river health, accessibility and the symbolism that it holds. Rather than using the applied legislative boundaries of a contemporary context, the establishment of borders based on the landscape and its entities or resources that the traditional landowners once held. This would be to pay respect to the previous histories of the land, the owners, and the beliefs held prior to colonisation. The classification of the Yarra as an entity shows that this knowledge is needed and should be extended to the tributaries and further upstream to encompass the resource and give its power back. This raises the question of personification of a resource and entity, and where does it start and finish? Does this make the tributaries relatives of this entity? Do we need to reestablish custodians of such resources? The landscape in a future where resource management, especially water and its availability, will be steeped in power holding and quantification of such resources.

APPENDIX ONE : RESEARCH

Explore the discord between human occupation and the regulation of nature and its relation to the existing outlining city matrix and how it could inform planning in the urban environment for future climatic statuses.

HUMAN OCCUPATION

Pre-1830s

Aboriginal people lived close to waterways throughout Victoria. Rivers and creeks often formed boundaries between clans and provided meeting points and places for ceremonies. The Yarra River was called Birrurung by the Wurundjeri people. There were many wetlands where Melbourne and its suburbs now stand, which were great food and water sources. The wetlands included the Carrum Carrum Swamp (which stretched from Mordialloc in the north to Frankston in the south) and the area south of the Yarra River (Albert Park Lake is all that remains of this once extensive wetlands area).

Map showing pre European wetland

1840s onwards

Each block was subdivided into twenty allotments of approx half an acre. Each purchaser was to undertake the construction of a substantial building on the land within two years. In 1845, the Council appointed a Public Works Committee, which reported three months later that 400 tree stumps had been removed from the town's main streets but that 1 000 remained to be cleared. By 1849, however, most of the principal streets were paved, the footpaths gravelled, and the centres of the roads metalled. Some roads had kerbed and pitched water channels, while one thoroughfare even had a few oil lamps placed on wooden posts

250,000 1:

Map Created on 19-Mar-2022

(The History of the City of Melbourne, 1997)

1840s

Melbourne's rivers and creeks were often used as a dumping ground for waste from homes and businesses. Waste in rivers and creeks caused disease outbreaks and damage to the environment. As the water was not safe for drinking, people had to buy clean water from commercial water carters.

FUTURE HUMAN OCCUPATION

'Forecasts show by 2040, the number of people living in the City of Melbourne is expected to increase by almost 80 per cent and reach over 328,000. To accommodate this, the city will see over 56,000 new dwellings ' (City forecasts - City of Melbourne, 2022).

Today, urban development is more sustainable in its approach, and water sensitive urban design is being introduced into suburbs to protect water quality and river and creek health. Waterways are now also valued in the urban landscape.

'However, continuing urban growth has led to a decline in river health. As in the past, it will be a challenge to protect rivers and creeks as their lands change.' (History of our rivers and creeks | Melbourne Water, 2017)

1890

To provide water to Melbourne, a city of half a million people, water was diverted to Melbourne from the Watts River (near Healesville), via the Maroondah aqueduct 1891

Melbourne Water’s predecessor, the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW) was formed to take responsibility for both water supply and the treatment of sewage. Around the same time, approximately 157,000 hectares of forest in the Yarra Ranges was closed to the public to catch, store and filter rainwater. Melbourne is one of only five cities in the world with protected water catchments.

1934

Extreme storms caused widespread flooding. Port Phillip Bay experienced record high tides and the Yarra River reached 12 meters above normal height. It became clear that the city needed a better drainage system.

1924

Despite periodic floods in many parts of the city, very little had been done to develop a drainage system for Melbourne. The Metropolitan Drainage and Rivers Act was established to define the city's drainage requirements. Many wetlands were drained or filled in for development, and some creeks and rivers were altered for flood control.

1950

Rapid population growth after World War II in Melbourne meant that new supplies of water were urgently required.

1970

The introduction of the Environment Protection Act in 1970 ensured a major improvement in river health. Industrial waste had to be treated rather than being emptied directly into rivers and creeks. Many of Melbourne's outer suburbs and rural areas were connected to the sewerage system. 1974

Flash flooding in the Maribyrnong River, Moonee Ponds Creek and Merri Creek caused havoc.

In response to this disaster, the MMBW installed monitoring devices to measure flow levels and linked these to the Board's telemetry system to provide early 1977

The Drainage of Lands Act strengthened the MMBW's ability to prevent development of flood-prone land. This heralded a new approach to drainage in which engineers tried to mimic nature, by slowing down flood waters through retarding basins and flood plains, rather than trying to get rid of flood waters as fast as possible

1992

The MMBW merged with a number of smaller urban water authorities to form Melbourne Water. Melbourne Water and the CSIRO announced an $11 million study into the health of Port Phillip Bay. The study was the first of its kind and took five years. It recommended reduction in nitrogen to the bay. 1993

In September Melbourne Water's telemetry (flood warning) system was put to the test and proved a great success – providing early warning of the heaviest flooding in the Maribyrnong River since 1974.

1999

Melbourne Water announced the $130 million Healthy Bay Initiative, consisting of major works and environmental improvements at the Western Treatment Plant and the construction of 10 wetlands in Melbourne's south-east growth corridor, designed to improve the health of Port Phillip Bay by reducing nitrogen flows from the Western Treatment Plant and stormwater run-off.

2006

Melbourne's water storages received the lowest annual inflows on record. 2009

Devastating bushfires in February damaged about 30% of Melbourne's water supply catchments to some degree 2010

The major catchments received the highest annual rainfall since 1996

PLANNING & ENVIRONMENT ACT

The Planning and Environment Act (1987) (VIC establishes a framework for planning the use, development and protection of land in Victoria in the present and long-term interests of all Victorians.

• To provide for the protection of natural and man-made resources and the maintenance of ecological processes and genetic diversity;

• To secure a pleasant, efficient and safe living, working and recreational environment for all Victorians and visitors to Victoria;

• To conserve and enhance those buildings, areas or other places which are of scientific, aesthetic, architectural or historical interest, or otherwise of special cultural value.

• Land use and development controls contained in each Planning Scheme support the objectives from the Act

Others Acts that have a bearing on future water management are

• YARRA RIVER PROTECTION ACT

• SUBDIVISION ACT

• HERITAGE RIVERS ACT

• CATCHMENT & LAND PROTECTION ACT

Disclaimer: This information is sourced from Victoria Unearthed purposes only to help Victorians to make their own further not conduct checks on the accuracy of this information. provided in or omitted from Victoria Unearthed

Existing research documents like the Healthy waterways strategery 2018 determine ecosystems and human occupation as quantitative components creating a list of priorities and suitable sites. Identifying that some waterways cannot be maintained for one or all values without an unreasonable and inequitable investment, due predominantly to urban growth and climate change pressures.

Local priorities have been determined based on each waterway's social and environmental values, including the presence of rare or endangered species, current condition, formal recognition of its biodiversity or cultural importance, naturalness or rarity, cost-effectiveness rankings, feasibility and scale of effort.

0 1 2

Kilometres

Map Projection: GDA 1994 VICGRID94

Print Date: 3/5/2022

Kilometres

While the Environmental Infreasutre Inquiry submission from November 2020 first states, "We are the second largest public landowner in Victoria - 9% of open space within the urban boundary is on Melbourne Water land, used for delivering core water supply, sewerage and drainage services". It then identifies the current discord between the implementation of Planning '' While there are opportunities to align and connect water (including blue, green infrastructure) and land use planning at various scales.. continues to be a challenge. Strategic planning for blue-green infrastructure needs to be better integrated early into the land use planning process, enabling a better understanding of the benefit and investment distribution.''

Map Projection: GDA 1994 VICGRID94 Print Date: 3/5/2022

It goes further to identify the current discord between legislation, planning and physical achievement of goals 'we have set ambitious stormwater targets in the Healthy Waterways Strategy.... To deliver on this target will require extensive stormwater solutions that can manage flows as well as water quality.'

REACH AND MUNICIPAL BOUNDARIES

OUTLINING CITY MATRIX

Through the Draft City River Strategy 2019, the complex city matrix is broken down into themes.

• Culture

• Ecology

• Movement

• Place

With this identification, the tangle of influences is used to help strategise context. Building on this knowledge, the Yarra Strategic Plan 2022 starts to identify the city matrix into the larger landscape and current context at a suburban level.

INNER CITY REACH CONTEXT

(Yarra Strategic Plan (Burndap Birrarung burndap umarkoo) | Melbourne Water, 2022)

(Yarra Strategic Plan (Burndap Birrarung burndap umarkoo) | Melbourne Water, 2022)

‘The demand for improved quality of green spaces and hence watering is anticipated to increase in coming years. In addition, the impact of climate change suggests the likelihood of less rainfall and the need for more artificial watering of grass and vegetation in order to maintain its heath’

(Drainage Asset Management Plan, 2018)

STORM WATER DRAINS

The drainage system directs it into rivers and creeks — and eventually into the bay. Stormwater enters house gutters and downpipes and flows into residential drains:

• Residential drains connect to Council drains along streets and roads

• Council drains connect to Melbourne Water's regional drains

• Regional drains direct stormwater into the nearest river or creek or directly to the bay via piped beach outlets

• Rivers and creeks flow into Port Phillip or Western Port Bay

Drainage pipe data showing the underground network of drainage infrastructure DRAINPIPES

(Drainage Asset Management Plan, 2018) (Drainpipes,

FUTURE CLIMATIC STATUSES.

(Waterways | Melbourne Water, 2021)

timeline of events

1839 – Yarra River: The first recorded flood caused by the Yarra River bursting its banks. Though the first European explorers noted evidence of previous floodwaters.

1860 – Yarra River: A deluge of rain, that continued unabated for almost 24 hours, hits the central business district of Melbourne, with water swamping Bourke Street, Collins Street, Elizabeth Street and Flinders Street.

1863 – Yarra River: The Yarra River burst its banks again, with flooding the largest on record at the time.

1870 – Campaspe, Goulburn, Murray and Ovens Rivers: A year of floods for Victoria, impacting particularly on Echuca, Rochester, Shepparton, Wangaratta and Yarrawonga with some regions experiencing record-breaking flooding events.

1891: Referred to at the time as the "Great Flood": More than 3000 people were forced to abandon their homes. Lasting two days and two nights the flood predominantly effected people in Richmond, Collingwood and Prahran.

1906 – Maribyrnong River: The 1906 flood hit Footscray and Kensington hard and was among the largest on record with the Maribyrnong gauge measuring waters at 5.18 metres.

1909 – Avoca, Barwon, Hopkins, Loddon, Merri and Richardson Rivers: Many towns in western Victoria were severely impacted by this flood. The towns of Kyneton, Maryborough and Inglewood all recorded their highest ever monthly rainfall. Residents of Halls Gap and Stawell were evacuated and four deaths were recorded at Winchelsea.

1923 – Yarra River: Severe flooding hits large parts of Melbourne, including Hawthorn, Abbotsford, Belgrave and Fern Tree Gully. The deluge washes away bridges, rips up rail, and damage from landslides impacts the supply of water from the Yan Yean reservoir.

1934: Over 48 hours, more than 140mm of rain fell over Melbourne and 350mm fell in South Gippsland. More than 400 buildings were damaged, 6000 people made homeless and 36 people died. A single lake formed from South Yarra to Warrandyte.

1946 – Glenelg River: Referred to at the time as the "Big Flood", the Sandford and Casterton areas were hit with over 220mm of rain over four days. The Glenelg River at one point was rising at the rate of 300mm per hour.

1972: Over a short period of time 75mm of rain pummels Melbourne, sending waves of water down Elizabeth St. Age photographer Neville Bowler is on the scene taking an iconic photo of the Melbourne deluge.

2010 - Victoria: Widespread floods hit Victoria. Heavy rains over five days hits many of the state's major rivers. A state of emergency is called, and crews from Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania arrive to help with the carnage.

2011 - Victoria: More severe than the 2010 flooding, over 51 communities in western and central Victoria are impacted. More than 1730 properties experience damage in one of Victoria's worst floods on record. Areas already experiencing major flooding were hit by follow-up rainfall events, including Tropical Low Yasi.

2016 – Avoca, Loddon and Wimmera Rivers: Towns throughout Western Victoria and along the Great Ocean Road are pummelled with heavy rainfall. The Great Ocean Road was closed after floods trigger more than 150 landslides and rockfalls. A farmer dies in the storm.

APPENDIX TWO: PRECEDENT STUDIES

PRECEDENT ONE

Project: From Redundancy to Renewal: Reclaiming a cultural identity

Designer : Yannick Scott

Year: 2014

Map Title: Initial Response Subheading: An initial response to the masterplan agenda, exploring the concept of liminality as an intrinsic element towards the reciprocality of spatial territories.

This map is one of a series of mappings from the Redundancy to Renewal project from 2014, located on the South Coast of Devon, England. The project "works towards reclaiming an identity relevant to Ivybridge through the implied recognition of the cultural value of the everyday object"(Interactive, 2014)

The town Ivybridge and its industrial exploitation of River Erne date back to the 16th Century when the Stowford Paper Mill became a hub for local industry and livelihood. Part of the project looks to reimagine the Mill and its focus onto the township after being marginalised and decommissioned in the 19th Century.

The map consists of multiple layers at different scales and orientations, utilising a grid to help spatialise and link the mapping, using perspective views to draw out linkages of human occupation and site use.

GRID USE AND ARIEL MAPPING

Project: Traces and Trajectories

Designer : Amanda Gann

Year: Unknown

Map Title: Traces and Trajectories

Subheading: a study of the temporal

Stemming from a quote by Smout Allen from the Augmented Landscapes Edition 28

“Man continues to mark the land relentlessly shaping the surface from wilderness to cultivation. Strategies of mechanization, the necessity of irrigation, and the demands of inhabitation introduce a new order. So the “countryside”, which has evolved over centuries, can be described as under the influence of nature but under the CONTROL of man. The ‘natural’ landscape has taken on an artificial patination. Alien materials interrupt the process of growth and decay.”

The project, through various mappings and techniques, looks to question “symbiotic relationship between man and nature as it relates to the industry in the urban environment” while introducing an evolving link to two water bodies, Lake Erie and Cuyahoga River, that run through and border on the Northern side of the design.

The map uses various techniques to form a coherent map while layers of information are added to demonstrate the design further. Both old calligraphy mapping and modern aerial imagery help composite the image.

Text is also used to demonstrate the designer’s questioning while radius markers help spatialise the mapping to the viewer; a fact call out is used to help build an understanding of the site while Image hierarchy and opacity also help with transferring subliminal information.

RADIUS MARKERS COLOUR ARIEL

GREY SCALE

Project: The Naked City

Designer : Guy Debord and Asger Jorn

Year: 1957

Map Title: The Naked City

Subheading: A psychogeographical map

‘These maps, derived from Debord’s psychogeographic studies, were produced through the process of ‘détournement’ (‘the integration of past or present artistic production into a superior environmental construction’) in which fragments of existing works are taken and rearranged or juxtaposed to produce new meanings’ (“The Naked City”)

The project was chosen as precedent three to demonstrate the use of fractured information to create a mapping that reveals linkages and journeys through image placement. At first, placing these more minor map cuts outs looks random; however, they resemble snapshots of a more comprehensive mapping upon closer inspection. The use of negative space between these images creates distance and aids in the translation of the journey. The arrow indicates a not so subtle sign where each image leads.

I would take from this precedent the select use of information and the user of negative space while emphasising the correspondence between each smaller map cutout.

CUTOUTS NEGATIVE SPACE INDICATIONS

(Kyriacou)

PRECEDENT FOUR

Project: Milky Way Transit Authority

Designer : Samuel Arbesman

Year: 2009

Map Title: Milky Way Transit Authority

Subheading: An attempt to make our galaxy more familiar.

“SUBWAY MAPS are abstractions that show a city’s transit links and the connections among stations. They pay little attention to actual distances or geography to present information as simply as possible. Now Samuel Arbesman, a computational sociology fellow at Harvard Medical School, has applied that concept to the part of the universe we call home by creating a subway map of the Milky Way. The map is an attempt to make our galaxy more familiar, he says, and to “get people thinking about long-term possibilities in space.” (SHAW 2022)

The final precedent project used to guide the development of the projective mapping ideation process is the project Milky way transit authority from 2009. It is chosen for its use of translating large distances into an understandable format while providing visual connections and linkages to hubs of information. Based on the tube maps of London, the disregard for spatial qualities in this instance aids in the translation of connection rather than the delivery of spatial dynamics. In simplifying these dynamics, a deeper understanding of complex systems is achieved while keeping the mapping itself simple through colour and selective information content.

BROOKS, A. A brief history of Victorian floods (Brooks, 2017)

Brooks, A., 2017. A brief history of Victorian floods. [online] Theage.com.au. Available at: <https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/a-brief-history-of-victorian-floods-20171202-gzxcem. html> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

CITY FORECASTS - CITY OF MELBOURNE City forecasts - City of Melbourne, 2022)

Melbourne.vic.gov.au. 2022. City forecasts - City of Melbourne. [online] Available at: <https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/about-melbourne/research-and-statistics/Pages/city-forecasts.aspx> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

DRAINAGE ASSET MANAGEMENT PLAN (Drainage Asset Management Plan, 2018) 2018. Drainage Asset Management Plan. 1st ed. Hobsons Bay Council: Hobsons Bay City Council –, pp.8,24.

DRAINPIPES (Drainpipes, 2022) Data.melbourne.vic.gov.au. 2022. Drainpipes. [online] Available at: <https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/City-Council/Drainpipes/3bff-vaa5> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

HISTORY OF MELBOURNE

(History of Melbourne, 1997)

Onlymelbourne.com.au. 1997. History of Melbourne. [online] Available at: <https://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/history-of-melbourne-581> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

HISTORY OF OUR RIVERS AND CREEKS | MELBOURNE WATER

(History of our rivers and creeks | Melbourne Water, 2017)

Melbournewater.com.au. 2017. History of our rivers and creeks | Melbourne Water. [online] Available at: <https://www.melbournewater.com.au/water-data-and-education/water-facts-andhistory/history-and-heritage/history-our-rivers-and-creeks> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

LOCAL FLOOD GUIDE SAFE CITY OF MELBOURNE

(Local Flood Guide Safe City of Melbourne, 2022)

Ses.vic.gov.au. 2022. Local Flood Guide Safe City of Melbourne. [online] Available at: <https://www.ses.vic.gov.au/documents/8655930/9320133/City+of+Melbourne+Local+Flood+Guide-pdf.pdf/ efaff855-b97c-7ffe-97df-50b249ec7fbe?t=1620195523228> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

POST 2000 FLOODS - FLOOD VICTORIA

(Post 2000 floods - Flood Victoria, 2022)

Floodvictoria.vic.gov.au. 2022. Post 2000 floods - Flood Victoria. [online] Available at: <https://www.floodvictoria.vic.gov.au/learn-about-flooding/flood-history/post-2000-floods> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

THE HISTORY OF THE CITY OF MELBOURNE

The History of the City of Melbourne, 1997) 1997. The History of the City of Melbourne. 1st ed. [ebook] Melbourne: Records and Archives of the City of Melbourne, pp.10,11,12. Available at: <https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ SiteCollectionDocuments/history-city-of-melbourne.pdf> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

TIMELINE OF OUR HISTORY | MELBOURNE WATER (Timeline of our history | Melbourne Water, 2021) Melbournewater.com.au. 2021. Timeline of our history | Melbourne Water. [online] Available at: <https://www.melbournewater.com.au/water-data-and-education/water-facts-and-history/ history-and-heritage/timeline-our-history> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

VICTORIAN WATERWAY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM (Victorian Waterway Management Program, 2016) Water and catchments. 2016. Victorian Waterway Management Program. [online] Available at: <https://www.water.vic.gov.au/waterways-and-catchments/rivers-estuaries-and-waterways/ victorian-waterway-management-program> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

WATERWAYS MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGIC PLANS - CITY OF MELBOURNE Waterways management and strategic plans - City of Melbourne, 2022) Melbourne.vic.gov.au. 2022. Waterways management and strategic plans - City of Melbourne. [online] Available at: <https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/community/boating-waterways/Pages/ docklands-waterways-strategic-plan.aspx> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

WATERWAYS | MELBOURNE WATER (Waterways | Melbourne Water, 2021) Melbournewater.com.au. 2021. Waterways | Melbourne Water. [online] Available at: <https://www.melbournewater.com.au/building-and-works/developer-guides-and-resources/standards-and-specifications/waterways> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

YARRA STRATEGIC PLAN (BURNDAP BIRRARUNG BURNDAP UMARKOO) | MELBOURNE WATER (Yarra Strategic Plan (Burndap Birrarung burndap umarkoo) | Melbourne Water, 2022) Melbournewater.com.au. 2022. Yarra Strategic Plan (Burndap Birrarung burndap umarkoo) | Melbourne Water. [online] Available at: <https://www.melbournewater.com.au/about/strategies-and-reports/yarra-strategic-plan-burndap-birrarung-burndap-umarkoo> [Accessed 8 March 2022].

ALLEN, S.

Augmented Landscapes (Allen, 2007)

Allen, S., 2007. Augmented Landscapes. [online] Siteations.com. Available at: <https://www.siteations.com/courses/edgeops2014/readings/precedents/PA_AugmentedLandscapes.pdf> Accessed 8 March 2

GUNN, A.

traces and trajectories: a study of the temporal | Amanda Gann | Archinect (Gunn, n.d.)

Gunn, A., n.d. traces and trajectories: a study of the temporal | Amanda Gann | Archinect. [online Archinect. Available at: <https://archinect.com/people/project/15639140/traces-and-trajectories-a-study-of-the-temporal/39213525> Accessed 8 March 2022

INTERACTIVE, W.

Presidents Medals: From Redundancy to Renewal: Reclaiming a cultural identity (Interactive, 2014)

Interactive, W., 2014. Presidents Medals: From Redundancy to Renewal: Reclaiming a cultural identity. [online] Presidentsmedals.com. Available at: <http://www.presidentsmedals.com/Entry-36691> Accessed 8 March 2022