CultureConflict
1927 FredericThrasherGangsandgangtypologies
1938 ThorstenSellinConductnorms,primaryconflict,secondaryconflict
1943 WilliamF.WhyteSubcultures
1955 AlbertCohenGangs,reactionformation
1957 Sykes&MatzaTechniquesofneutralization
1958 WalterB.MillerFocalconcerns
1960sCloward&OhlinIllegitimateopportunitystructure,delinquentsubcultures
1967 Ferracuti&WolfgangViolentsubcultures
StrainTheory
1938RobertMertonAnomie,conformity,innovation,ritualism,retreatism,rebellion
1982Blau&BlauRelativedeprivation,frustration,distributivejustice
1992RobertAgnewGeneralstraintheory
1994Messner&RosenfeldAmericanDream
SocialProcess&SocialDevelopmentTheories
SocialLearningTheory
1939EdwinSutherlandDifferentialassociation
1960DanielGlaserDifferentialidentificationtheory
1966Burgess&AkersDifferentialassociation-reinforcement
SocialControlTheory
1950sWalterRecklessContainmenttheory,innerandoutercontainment
1969 TravisHirschiSocialbondandself-control:attachment,commitment,belief,involvement
1970sHowardKaplanSelf-degradation
1990 Hirschi&GottfredsonSocialbondsandself-control,generaltheoryofcrime
1995 CharlesTittleControl-balance,controlsurplus,controldeficit
1995 Per-OlofH.WikströmSituationalactiontheory
LabelingTheory
1938FrankTannenbaumTagging,dramatizationofevil
1951EdwinLemertPrimarydeviance,secondarydeviance
1963HowardBeckerOutsiders,moralenterprise
1997JohnBraithwaiteReintegrativeshaming,stigmaticshaming
Dramaturgy
1960sErvingGoffmanDramaturgy,impressionmanagement,discreditinginformation,total institutions,disculturation
SocialDevelopment
1920sSheldon&EleanorGlueckFamilydynamicsanddelinquentcareers
1960sMarvinWolfgangChronicoffending
1980sDavidP.FarringtonDelinquentdevelopmenttheory
1987 TerrenceThornberryInteractionaltheory
1988 LawrenceE.CohenandRichardMachalekEvolutionaryecology
1993 RobertJ.SampsonandJohnH.LaubLifecoursecriminology
1993 TerrieMoffittLifecoursepersisters,adolescence-limitedoffenders
SocialConflictTheories
ConflictTheories
1848KarlMarxThe Communist Manifesto
1916WillemBongerClassstruggle
1938ThorstenSellinCultureconflict
RadicalCriminology
1958 GeorgeVoldPoliticalconflictbetweengroups,conflictisnormal
1959 RalfDahrendorfConflictisnormal,destructivechange
1969 AustinTurkSocialorder=patternofconflict,lawsservetocontrol
1970sWilliamChamblissPowergaps,crimereducessurpluslabor
1974 RichardQuinneyContradictionsofcapitalism,socialistprinciples
Left-realistCriminology
1991JockYoung&WalterDeKeseredyThenewcriminology
FeministCriminology
1975Adler&SimonGendersocialization
1977CarolSmartGenderbiasincriminology
1988Daly&Chesney-LindAndrocentricity,crimemaynotbenormal
1989JohnHaganPower-controltheory
PeacemakingCriminology
1986Pepinsky&QuinneyRestorativejustice,participatoryjustice
1989Lozoff&BraswellNewAgeprinciples
ConvictCriminology
2001JohnIrwin,IanRoss,K.C.Carceral,ThomasJ.Bernard,StephenRichardsInsights fromconvictedoffenders
TheoriesofVictimology
VictimPrecipitationTheory
1947BeniaminMendelssohnCoinedtheterm“victimology”
1948HansvonHentigThecriminalandhisvictim
1958MarvinWolfgangSomevictimsarepositiveprecipitatorsincrime
1968StephenSchaferThevictimandhiscriminal
1970MenachemAmirVictimcontributiontovictimization
LifestyleTheory
1970MichaelJ.Hindelang&MichaelR.GottfredsonJamesGarofaloDemographicvariables influencelifestylesanddeterminevictimizationrisk
RoutineActivitiesTheory(RAT)
1970LawrenceCohenandMarcusFelsonMotivatedoffenderscombinewithsuitabletargetsin theabsenceofacapableguardian
DeviantPlacesTheory
1 Prefacexvii
1. Part1CriminologyExplained The Evil Men (and Women) Do
1. Chapter1WhatIsCriminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals 1
1 WhatIsCrime?2
1 Crime,Deviance,andDelinquency3
2. WhatShouldBeCriminal?3
1. DifferingPerspectivesonCriminality4
3. WhatDoCriminologistsDo?5
1 WhatIsCriminology?6
4. TheoreticalCriminology7
1. TheSocialContextofCrime9
2. Criminology’sInterdisciplinaryNature9
5 HowMuchCrimeIsThere?10
1. TheNationalCrimeVictimizationSurvey(NCVS)10
2. CritiqueoftheNCVS11
3. TheUniformCrimeReporting(UCR)Program11
4 NIBRS:AnEvolvingDataFormat12
6 ChangingCrimePatterns13
1. UnreportedCrime14
7. CriminologyandSocialPolicy15
1 TheCase:RossUlbricht TheNewFaceofCrime?17
2 SummaryandKeyConcepts18
2. Part2CrimeCausation What We Do and Why We Do It
1. Chapter2ClassicalandNeoclassicalCriminology Choice and Consequences 20
1. PrinciplesofClassicalandNeoclassicalCriminology21
2 TheRootsofClassicalCriminology22
1. CesareBeccaria(1738–1794):PunishmentasDeterrence22
2 JeremyBentham(1748–1832):ThePainversusPleasureBalance23
3. NeoclassicalCriminology24
1. RationalChoiceTheory25
2. TheSeductionsofCrime26
3 SituationalCrime-ControlPolicy26
4 PunishmentandNeoclassicalThought28
1. JustDeserts28
2. Deterrence28
5 TheDeathPenalty29
1 CapitalPunishmentandEthnicity31
2. AFlawedSystem?32
6. PolicyImplicationsoftheClassicalSchool33
7. ACritiqueofClassicalandNeoclassicalTheories34
1 ACritiqueofNeoclassicalThought34
2. ACritiqueofRationalChoiceTheory36
1. TheCase:GaryStephenKrist37
2. SummaryandKeyConcepts39
2 Chapter3EarlyBiologicalPerspectivesonCriminalBehavior It’s What We Are 42
1 TraditionalBiologicalversusModernBiosocialTheories44
2. PrinciplesofBiologicalTheories44
3. EarlyBiologicalTheories44
1 PhysicalFeaturesandCrime44
2 TheItalianSchool45
3. ConstitutionalTheories47
4. CriminalFamilies47
5. TheXYYSupermale48
6 TwinStudiesandHeredity49
4. Sociobiology50
1 TheBiologicalRootsofHumanAggression50
2. TheNewSynthesis50
5. CritiqueofEarlyBiologicalTheoriesofCriminalBehavior51
1. TheCase:RichardSpeck “BorntoRaiseHell”53
2 SummaryandKeyConcepts54
3 Chapter4BiosocialandOtherContemporaryPerspectives Interaction Is Key 57
1. TheHumanGenomeProject58
2. GeneticsandHeritability59
1 FutureDirectionsintheStudyofGenesandCrime60
3 TheDysfunctionalBrain61
4. BodyChemistryandCriminality63
1. IngestedSubstancesandBloodSugarLevels63
2. EnvironmentalPollution64
3 Psychobiotics65
4. LowRestingHeartRateandCrime65
5. HormonesandCriminality66
5. BiosocialCriminology68
1 GenderDifferencesinCriminality69
2 EvolutionaryTheory71
6. PolicyImplicationsofBiologicalTheories71
7. CritiquesofBiologicalandBiosocialTheories72
1 TheCase:JodiArias73
2 SummaryandKeyConcepts74
4. Chapter5PsychologicalandPsychiatricFoundationsofCriminalBehavior It's How we Think 77
1. PrinciplesofPsychologicalandPsychiatricTheories78
2 HistoryofPsychologicalTheories79
3. PersonalityDisturbances79
1 ThePsychopath79
2. AntisocialPersonalityDisorder81
3. TraitTheory81
4. CognitiveTheories82
1 MoralDevelopmentTheory82
2 CognitiveInformation-ProcessingTheory83
3. TheCriminalMindset84
5. ThePsychoanalyticPerspective Criminal Behavior as Maladaptation 85
1 ThePsychoticOffender86
2 Frustration–AggressionTheory87
3. CrimeasAdaptation87
4. CriminogenicNeeds88
5. AttachmentTheory88
6 BehaviorTheory90
1. BehavioralConditioning90
2. SocialCognitionandtheRoleofModeling91
7. PolicyandTreatmentImplicationsofPsychologicalandPsychiatricApproaches92
8 CritiqueofPsychologicalandPsychiatricTheoriesofCrime92
9 CriminalPsychologicalProfiling94
1. ThePsychologicalAutopsy95
1. TheCase:AndreaYates96
2 SummaryandKeyConcepts97
5 Chapter6SocialStructure It's How We Live 101
1. MajorPrinciplesofSociologicalTheories102
2. SocialStructureTheories103
3. TypesofSocialStructureTheories103
1 SocialStructureTheories From Past to Present 103
4. StrainTheory108
1 RelativeDeprivation108
2. GeneralStrainTheory(GST)109
3. CritiqueofStrainTheory110
5. CultureConflictTheory111
1 SubculturalTheory112
2 DelinquencyandDrift112
3. DifferentialOpportunityTheory113
4. ReactionFormation114
5 TheCodeoftheStreet115
6 GangsToday115
7. CritiqueofCultureConflictTheories116
6. PolicyImplicationsofSocialStructureTheories116
1. TheCase:SanyikaShakur,akaMonsterKodyScott117
2 SummaryandKeyConcepts118
6. Chapter7SocialProcessandSocialDevelopment It's What we Learn 121
1. ThePerspectiveofSocialInteraction122
2. SocialLearningTheoryandDifferentialAssociation122
1 DifferentialAssociation122
2 CritiqueofDifferentialAssociation123
3. SocialProcess:SocialControlTheories123
1. ContainmentTheory124
2 CritiqueofReckless’sContainmentTheory124
3 DelinquencyandSelf-Esteem125
4. SocialBondTheory125
5. TheGeneralTheoryofCrime125
6. CritiqueoftheGeneralTheoryofCrimeandSocialBondTheory126
7 Control-BalanceTheory126
8. CritiqueofSocialControlTheories128
4 LabelingTheory128
1. CritiqueofLabelingTheory131
5. PolicyImplicationsofSocialProcessTheories132
6. TheSocialDevelopmentPerspective133
1 TheLife-CoursePerspective133
2 CritiqueofLife-CourseTheory135
3. LaubandSampson’sAge-GradedTheory136
4. CritiqueofAge-GradedTheory136
5 Moffitt’sDualTaxonomicTheory136
6 CritiqueofMoffitt’sDualTaxonomicTheory137
7. Farrington’sDelinquentDevelopmentTheory137
8. CritiqueofFarrington’sDelinquentDevelopmentTheory138
9. EvolutionaryEcology138
10 CritiqueofEvolutionaryEcology139
11. Thornberry’sInteractionalTheory139
12. CritiqueofThornberry’sInteractionalTheory139
13. DevelopmentalPathways139
14 CritiqueofDevelopmentalPathways141
15 TheChicagoHumanDevelopmentProject141
7. PolicyImplicationsofSocialDevelopmentTheories142
1. TheCase:Seung-HuiCho144
2 SummaryandKeyConcepts146
3 Part3TheCrimePicture It’s Not Pretty
1. Chapter8SocialConflict It’s How We Relate 149
1. PrinciplesoftheSocialConflictPerspective150
2. AHistoryofSocialConflictTheoryinCriminology151
1 Marx:SocialConflictasClassStruggle151
2. Vold:CrimeasPoliticalConflict152
3 Crime,SocialClass,Power,andConflict152
3. ModernRadical-CriticalandMarxistCriminology153
1. Chambliss:CrimeandEconomicStratification153
2. Quinney:CapitalismandCrime154
3 CritiqueofRadical-CriticalandMarxistCriminology154
4 TheEvolutionofRadical-CriticalCriminology155
4. PeacemakingCriminology155
1. CritiqueofPeacemakingCriminology156
5 FeministCriminology157
1 FeministThoughtandCriminologicalTheory157
2. CritiqueofFeministCriminology158
6. ConvictCriminology160
1. CritiqueofConvictCriminology161
2 NewIssuesinRadical/CriticalThought161
7. PostmodernCriminology161
1. HenryandMilovanovic:ConstitutiveCriminology161
2. CritiqueofPostmodernCriminology162
8 PolicyImplicationsofConflictCriminology162
1 ParticipatoryandRestorativeJustice163
2. TheBalancedandRestorativeJustice(BARJ)Model165
1. TheCase:TheodoreJohn“Ted”Kaczynski(TheUnabomber)166
2 SummaryandKeyConcepts168
2 Chapter9CriminalVictimization It’s Personal 171
1. HiddenVictims172
2. VictimizationbytheNumbers173
3. DemographicCorrelatesofVictimization174
1 RevictimizationandPolyvictimization175
2. TheDevelopmentalVictimizationSurvey(DVS)175
4 TheSocio-emotionalImpactofCriminalVictimization176
1. ThePsychologicalImpactofVictimization176
2. ThePhysicalImpactofVictimization178
3. TheEconomicImpactofVictimization178
4 SecondaryVictimization178
5 VictimizationasaRiskFactorforCrime179
5. Victimology179
1. BlamingtheVictim:EarlyTheoriesofVictimPrecipitation179
2 VictimizationandLifestyle181
6 Victims’Rights185
1. AHistoryoftheVictim185
2. Victims’RightsLegislation186
7. RestorativeJustice:MakingtheVictimWholeAgain188
1 VictimRestitution189
1. TheCase:OmarMateen,AmericanMonster190
2. SummaryandKeyConcepts192
3. Chapter10CrimesagainstPersons What We Fear 195
1 ViolentCrimes196
2 Murder196
1. TheSubcultureofViolenceThesis198
3. Homicide:ACloserLook199
1 PrimaryandNonprimaryHomicide199
2 VictimPrecipitation199
3. WeaponUse200
4. SerialMurder201
1. FemaleSerialKillers201
2 ApprehendingSerialKillers201
5. MassMurder201
6 Rape203
1. TheoreticalPerspectivesonRape203
2. TypologiesofRapists204
3. ChangingUnderstandingsofRape206
7 Rape:ACloserLook206
1 AcquaintanceRape206
2. SpousalRape206
3. PrisonRape207
4 TheSexualVictimizationofMen207
8 ChildSexualAbuse(CSA)208
1. TypesofChildSexAbusers208
9. Robbery210
1. TheLethalPotentialofRobbery210
2 TheMotivationofRobbers210
3. TheGenderedNatureofRobbery211
10. AggravatedAssault211
1. StrangerAssault212
2 AssaultwithinFamilies212
3 IntimatePartnerViolence212
11. OtherFormsofInterpersonalViolence213
1. WorkplaceViolence213
2 HateCrimes214
3 Stalking214
1. TheCase:DennisRader(TheBTKKiller)216
2. SummaryandKeyConcepts218
4. Chapter11CrimesagainstProperty It’s What We Lose 222
1 TypesofPropertyCrime223
2. Burglary223
1 TheSocialEcologyofBurglary225
2. ResidentialBurglary225
3. TheCostsofBurglary225
3. Larceny-Theft226
1 ShopliftingandEmployeeTheft226
2 FlashMobsandLarceny227
4. IdentityTheft227
1. TheIncidenceofIdentityTheft228
2 IdentityThieves:WhoTheyAre229
5 MotorVehicleTheft229
1. TheftofCarParts230
2. Joyriders:CarTheftforFun230
3. ProfessionalCarTheft230
6 Arson230
1. FireSetters231
7. PersistentandProfessionalThieves231
1. TheCriminalCareersofPropertyOffenders232
2 PropertyOffendersandRationalChoice232
8 TypesofBurglars232
1. BurglaryLocales233
2. TargetSelection233
9 TheMotivationofBurglars234
1 TheBurglary–DrugConnection234
10. WorkersinStolenProperty234
1. TheRoleofCriminalReceivers235
1. TheCase:ColtonHarris-Moore(TheBarefootBandit)236
2 SummaryandKeyConcepts238
5. Chapter12White-CollarandOrganizedCrime Crime as a Job 241
1 White-CollarCrime242
1. DefinitionalEvolutionofWhite-CollarCrime242
2. CorporateCrime243
1. FinancialCrime245
2 EnvironmentalCrimes248
3 TerrorismandWhite-CollarCrime248
3. CausesofWhite-CollarCrime249
4. CurtailingWhite-CollarandCorporateCrime251
5 OrganizedCrime252
1 ProhibitionandOfficialCorruption253
2. ActivitiesofOrganizedCrime254
6. OtherOrganizedCriminalGroups254
1. EurasianCriminalEnterprises255
2 BalkanCriminalEnterprises256
3. AsianCriminalEnterprises256
4. AfricanCriminalEnterprises256
5. MiddleEasternCriminalEnterprises257
7 TransnationalOrganizedCrime257
8 OrganizedCrimeandtheLaw258
9. PolicyIssues:TheControlofOrganizedCrime258
1. TheCase:BernieMadoff260
2 SummaryandKeyConcepts262
6 Chapter13DrugandSexCrimes Recreational Offenses 265
1. HistoryandExtentofDrugAbuseintheUnitedStates266
1. ExtentofDrugAbuseToday266
2. CostsofDrugAbuse268
2 TypesofIllegalDrugs269
3. DrugTrafficking270
1 PharmaceuticalDiversionandDesignerDrugs272
2. DrugsandCrime272
4. SocialPolicyandDrugAbuse272
1. RecentLegislation273
2 DrugControlStrategies273
5 TheDrugLegalization/DecriminalizationDebate274
1. AlternativeDrugPolicies274
6. Prostitution275
1 Prostitution:AChangingBusiness276
2 ATypologyofProstitutes276
3. ExitingtheSexTrade276
4. FeministPerspectivesonProstitution277
7. TheProstitutionLegalization/DecriminalizationDebate277
1 TheCase:HeidiLynneFleiss278
2. SummaryandKeyConcepts279
4. Part4CrimeIntheModernWorld Today’s Headlines
1. Chapter14TechnologyandCrime It’s a Double-Edged Sword 281
1 HighTechnologyandCriminalOpportunity282
2 TheExtentofCybercrime283
3. CybercrimeandtheLaw285
4. AProfileofCybercriminals287
1 TheHistoryandNatureofHacking288
5 TechnologyintheFightAgainstCrime288
1. DNATechnology288
2. ComputersasCrime-FightingTools289
6. CombattingCybercrime289
1 PoliceInvestigationofComputerCrime290
7. PolicyIssues:PersonalFreedomsintheInformationAge290
1 TheCase:KevinMitnick292
2. SummaryandKeyConcepts294
2. Chapter15GlobalizationandTerrorism Our Small World 296
1. ComparativeCriminology297
1 Ethnocentrism297
2 DefinitionalIssuesinReporting298
2. Globalization298
1. TransnationalCrimes299
2 HumanSmugglingandTrafficking299
3 HumanTrafficking The Numbers 300
4. FederalImmigrationandTraffickingLegislation300
3. Terrorism302
1. DomesticTerrorism303
2 InternationalTerrorism305
1. TheCase:TheTsarnaevBrothers307
2. SummaryandKeyConcepts309
1. Glossary311
2 References321
3 NameIndex343
4. SubjectIndex351
