Full download The oxford history of the archaic greek world: volume ii: athens and attica robin osbo
The Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World: Volume II: Athens and Attica Robin Osborne
Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://ebookmass.com/product/the-oxford-history-of-the-archaic-greek-world-volumeii-athens-and-attica-robin-osborne/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant download maybe you interests ...
The Oxford History of World War II 1st Edition Richard Overy https://ebookmass.com/product/the-oxford-history-of-world-warii-1st-edition-richard-overy/
The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires (2021) Peter Fibiger Bang
This landmark series comprises seven volumes containing 22 in-depth studies of key city-states, sanctuaries, and regions during the Archaic period (c. 750 to c. 480 bce). Ranging from Massalia in the west to Cyprus in the east and from Cyrene in the south to Lesbos in the north, and fully integrating the literary, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence, these studies present an authoritative and comprehensive portrait of a transformational era that witnessed the emergence of democracy, tragedy, temple architecture, and so many other features commonly associated with ancient Greece.
Volume I: Argos, Chalcis and Eretria, Chios-Lesbos-Samos, Corcyra
Paul Christesen, Sylvian Fachard, Hans-Joachim Gehrke, Jonathan Hall, Giuseppe Lentini, Sarah Murray, Philip Sapirstein, Matt Simonton, and Samuel Verdan
Volume II: Athens and Attica
Robin Osborne
Volume III: Cumae and Pithecusae, Cyclades, Cyprus
Erica Angliker, Grégory Bonnin, Paul Christesen, Matteo D’Acunto, Edward Henderson, Clayton Howard, Alex Karsten, Yannos Kourayos, Alexandra Sfyroera, and Anja Ulbrich
Zosia Archibald, Hélène Aurigny, Joseph Carter, Adolfo Domínguez, Gerry Schaus, and Michael Scott
Volume V: Miletus, Northwestern Greece, Olympia
Catherine Morgan, Reinard Senff, and Anja Slawisch
Volume VI: Rhodes, Sicyon, Syracuse, Thebes, Western Sicily
Franco De Angelis, Yannis Lolos, Valentina Mignosa, Thomas Heine Nielsen, Adam Schwartz, and Lone Wriedt Sørensen
Volume VII: Sparta
Paul Cartledge and Paul Christesen
The Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World
Athens and Attica
VOLUME II z
ROBIN OSBORNE
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries.
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2023940343
ISBN 978–0–19–764442–3
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197644423.001.0001
Printed by Integrated Books International, United States of America
List of Illustrations ix
List of Abbreviations xvii
A Note on Chronology xix
Spelling Divergences xxi
Acknowledgments xxvii
Note to the Reader xxix
Editors’ Preface xxxi
1. Introduction 1
2. Sources 11
2.1 Archaeological Evidence: A Brief History of Excavations in Athens and Attica 11
2.2 Textual Sources 14
2.2.1 Epigraphic Sources from Archaic Athens 14
2.2.2 Literary Sources 16
2.2.2.1 Literary Sources from Archaic Athens 16
2.2.2.2 Literary Sources about Archaic Athens 17
3. Natural Setting 22
3.1 Geography and Geology 22
3.2 Vegetation and Climate 24
4. Material Culture 26
4.1 Settlement Pattern 26
4.1.1 The Late Bronze Age through the End of the Eighth Century 26
4.1.1.1 The Literary Tradition 26
4.1.1.2 The Archaeological Evidence 29
4.1.1.3 Overview 33
4.1.2 The Seventh and Sixth Centuries 37
4.1.2.1 The Archaeological Evidence 37
4.1.2.2 The Evidence of the Kleisthenic Demes 37
4.1.2.3 Overview 39
4.2 Settlement Organization of Major Sites in Attica Outside of Athens 40
4.3 Settlement Organization of Athens 41
4.4 Burial Practices and How Those Evolved over Time 52
4.4.1 Before 800 52
4.4.2 The Eighth Century 60
4.4.3 The Seventh Century 66
4.4.4 The Later Seventh and Sixth Centuries 69
4.5 The History of Pottery 75
4.5.1 Athenian Pottery Before the Eighth Century 75
4.5.2 The Eighth Century 76
4.5.3 The Seventh Century 89
4.5.4 The Late Seventh and Sixth Centuries 97
4.5.5 The Early Fifth Century 123
5. Political History 130
5.1 Introduction 130
5.2 Structure of the Political System and Change over Time 131
5.2.1 The Athenian Political System in the Seventh Century 131
5.2.2 Solon’s Reforms 138
5.2.3 The Peisistratids 145
5.2.4 The Kleisthenic Reforms 150
5.3 Subdivisions of the Citizen Body 155
6. Legal History 167
6.1 Drako 167
6.2 Solon 169
6.3 The Peisistratids 175
6.4 Kleisthenes and After 176
7. Diplomatic History and External Relations 177
7.1 Relationships with Other Polities 177
7.1.1 The Sixth Century to the Fall of the Peisistratids 177
7.1.2 From the Fall of the Tyranny to 480 183
7.1.3 The Second Persian Invasion 192
7.2 Military Organization and Military Conflicts 198
7.3 Colonies 202
8. Economic History 205
8.1 Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 205
8.2 Natural Resources 208
8.3 Craft Production and Trade 209
8.4 Coinage 213
8.5 Taxation 215
9. Familial and Demographic History (Including Education) 219
9.1 Demography 219
9.2 Familial History 223
9.3 Education 224
10. Social Customs and Institutions 231
11. Religious Customs and Institutions 242
11.1 The Eighth Century 242
11.2 The Seventh Century 249
11.3 The Sixth Century 254
11.4 Kleisthenes and After 262
11.5 Gods, Heroes, and Festivals 268
12. Cultural History 273
12.1 Sculpture 275
12.1.1 The Beginnings of Sculpture in Attica 275
12.1.2 Kouroi and Korai 277
12.1.3 Other Stone Sculpture 283
12.1.4 Bronze Sculpture 289
12.2 Minor Arts 291
12.3 Athenian Literature 293
13. Conclusion: The History of Archaic Athens, Uniformity, and Diversity 296
13.1 The Story of Archaic Athens 296
13.2 Typical or Extraordinary, Athens in the World of the Archaic Greek City 300
Table 1 Athenian Burial Practices, Submycenaean to c. 500. 55
Table 2 Physical Evidence for building on the Archaic Acropolis. 256
Figure 1 Late Geometric II oinochoe; c. 740; height: c. 23 cm; from a tomb in the Dipylon cemetery. This oinochoe features the earliest long inscription from Attica proclaiming this jug (full of wine?) to be a prize to be given to a dancer. Athens National Archaeological Museum 192. Photo by Durutomo. Reproduced under Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-ShareAlike. 4.0 license. https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dipylon_Inscription.JPG. 15
Figure 2 Plan of the southwest corner of the Agora in the last quarter of the sixth century, after L. Johnstone and Graff 2018: Figure 1B. 49
Figure 3 Plan of the Agora c. 500. Based partly on https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_Ag ora_of_Athens_Roman.svg 50
Figure 4a Changing numbers of burials in Early Iron Age and Archaic Athens and Attica. Based on I. Morris 1987, fig. 22. 61
Figure 4b Changing numbers of burials in Early Iron Age and Archaic Athens and Attica. Based on Rönnberg 2021, Diagramm 15. 61
Figure 5 Reconstruction of a seventh-century primary cremation and associated offering trench in the Athenian Kerameikos cemetery, in cross-section (Kerameikos VI:1, Analge XI.11).
From Houby-Nielsen 1996, Figure 1; drawn by Bengt Pettersson. Reproduced with permission. 65
Figure 6 Reconstruction of a seventh-century primary cremation and associated offering trench in the Athenian Kerameikos cemetery, perspective drawing (Kerameikos VI:1, Analge XI.11). From Houby-Nielsen 1996, Figure 5; drawn by Bengt Pettersson. Reproduced with permission. 65
Figure 7 Naxian marble kouros (the Sacred Gate Kouros); c. 600; height: 2.10 m; excavated in the Kerameikos in 2002. Kerameikos Archaeological Museum Inv. 1700. Photo by Jeronimo Roure. Reproduced under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. 4.0 license. https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Categ ory:Sacred_ Gate_kouros_(Athens)#/media/File:Sacred_Gate_kouros_KAMA 01.jpg.
Figure 8 Athenian painted funerary plaque; c. 520–510; 26 x 36.2 x 0.9 cm. Metropolitan Museum New York 54.11.15. Image in the public domain. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/ search/254801.
Figure 9 Athenian MG I belly-handled amphora; second half of ninth century; height: 1.07 m; from the Kerameikos cemetery.
Figure 10 Athenian MG II krater; first quarter of eighth century; height: 99.1 cm; diameter: 94 cm; from the Kerameikos cemetery. Attributed to the Workshop of New York MMA 34.11.2. Metropolitan Museum New York 34.11.2. Image in the public domain. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/ search/253422.
Figure 11 Athenian MG II skyphos; c. 800; height: 6.4 cm; from Eleusis. Eleusis Archaeological Museum 910 (741).
Figure 12 Athenian LG IA krater ascribed to the Dipylon Master; height: 0.58 m (in present form); c. 750; from the Diplyon cemetery. Paris Louvre A517. Photo Hervé Lewandowski.
Figure 15 Athenian LG II kantharos; c. 720; height: 17 cm (including handles); from the Dipylon cemetery. Attributed to the Burly workshop. National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen NM 727. Photo by Nora Petersen. Reproduced under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. 4.0 license (license holder: National Museum of Denmark). 88
Figure 16 Early Protoattic krater; c. 690; height: 39 cm; found on Aegina. Attributed to the Analatos Painter. Munich, Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek 6077. Image in the public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Krater_ Analatos_Staatliche Antikensammlung en_6077.jpg. 90
Figure 18 Middle Protoattic amphora; third quarter of seventh century; height: 1.42 m; found in a tomb in Eleusis. Attributed to the Polyphemos Painter. Eleusis Archaeological Museum 2630. Photo by Sarah Murray. Reproduced under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License. https://en.wikipe dia.org/wiki/Polyphemos_Painter#/media/File:Funerar y_ proto-Attic_amphora_by_Polyphemos_painter_depicting_ Odysseus_and_his_men_blinding_the_cyclops_Polyphemus_ from_xxx_flickr_8706777442_b4db371a26_o.jpg. 95
Figure 22 Athenian black-figure globular aryballos signed by Nearchos; c. 570; height: 7.8 cm. Metropolitan Museum New York 26.49. Image in the public domain. https://www.metmuseum.org/ art/collection/search/252451.
Figure 24 Athenian black-figure kylix; c. 540; height: 12.4 cm. Attributed to the Amasis Painter. Metropolitan Museum New York 1989.281.62. Image in the public domain. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/col lection/search/255939. 113
Figure 28 Athenian black-figure lekythos; early fifth century; height: 14.6 cm. Attributed to the Marathon Painter. Metropolitan Museum New York 75.2.21. Image in the public domain. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/244827. 120
Figure 30 Athenian red-figure neck-amphora; first quarter of fifth century; height: 46.6 cm. Attributed to the Kleophrades Painter. Harrow School Museum 55 (formerly 1864.55). Reproduced by permission of the Keepers and Governors of Harrow School. 124
Figure 32 Athenian red-figure kylix signed by Douris as painter, and Python as potter; c. 480; diameter 31.2 cm; acquired from private collector. Malibu, Getty Museum 86.AE.290. Image in public domain. https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/ 103W7E. 128
Figure 34 Plans of the Peiraieus and the Long Walls. Plan of the Peiraeus based on plan by Tomisti. Reproduced under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. 4.0 license. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_Pira eus.svg 212
Figure 37 Athenian red-figure kylix signed by Peithinos as painter; c. 500; diameter: 34 cm; from Vulci. Berlin Staaliche Museum Antikensammlung 2279. Photo by ArchaiOptix. Reproduced under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialShareAlike. 4.0 license. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Peithinos_ARV_115_2 Peleus_and_Thetis_- youths_ and_boys_- youths and women_(06).jpg. 240
Figure 40 Naxian marble kouros from the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Sounion; c. 600: height: 3.05 m. Athens National Archaeological Museum 2720. Photo by Sharon Mollerus. Reproduced under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Sounion_Kouros_(3409308816).jpg.
263
278
Figure 41 Parian marble korē from the cemetery at Merenda; c. 550–540; height: 2.11 m. Inscriptions on the statue identify it as a marker on the tomb of Phrasikleia and as the work of the sculptor Ariston. Athens National Archaeological Museum 4889. Photo by Zde. Reproduced under Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-ShareAlike. 4.0 license. https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kore,_Phrasikleia,_Ariston_of_Pa ros,_550-540 BC,_Mirhinous,_NAMA_4889,_102537.jpg. 281
Figure 43 Marble figure of Athena fighting the giants from a pedimental group; c. 510–500; height: 2.00 m; found on the Acropolis. Athens, Acropolis Museum 631A. Photo by Fcgsccac. Reproduced under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. 4.0 license. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Athenaathena-polias.jpg.
Figure 44 Drawing of marble stēlē of Lyseas, from Velanideza in Attica; c. 500; height: 1.96 m. Shaft is Hymettian marble, base is Pentelic marble. Athens, National Archaeological Museum 30. Fom K. Müller 1922: Beilage 1. In public domain.
Figure 45 Pentelic marble stēlē of Aristion, from Velanideza in Attica; c. 510; height: 2.02 m. Athens National Archaeological Museum 29. Photo by Jebulon. Reproduced under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication license. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_ stele Hoplite NAMA29.jpg.
284
285
287
288
Figure 46 Pentelic marble kouros base recovered from the Themistoklean wall; c. 510; height: 30 cm. Athens National Archaeological Museum 3476. Photo by Zde. Creative Commons AttributionShare Alike 3.0 Unported license. https://commons.wikime dia.org/wiki/File:Relief_pentelic_marble_%22Ball_Play ers%22_510-500 BC,_NAMA_3476 102585.jpg.
Figure 47 Bronze statue of Apollo; height 1.92 m; found in the Peiraieus. Peiraieus Museum 4645. Photo by George E. Koronaios. Reproduced under Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-ShareAlike. 4.0 license. https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Piraeus_Apollo_(2)._Late_6 th_- early_5th_cent._B.C.jpg.
FGrH Jacoby, F. 1923–1958. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. 3 vols. in 14 vols. Berlin: Weidmann.
IG Inscriptiones Graecae. 1873–. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
LG Late Geometric
LH Late Helladic
LPG Late Protogeometric
MG Middle Geometric
PG Protogeometric
SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. 1923–. Leiden: Brill.
A Note on Chronology
Greeks did not think in terms of centuries as we do. Nor did they have any single chronological system: when Thucydides wants to date the start of the Peloponnesian War he does so with reference to the priestess at Argos, the eponymous ephor at Sparta, and the eponymous archon in Athens (Thuc. 2.2.1). In his account of earlier history in 1.3–19, Thucydides indicates dates by reference to individuals (e.g., Minos) or events (e.g., the Trojan War). Herodotos similarly dates Homer and Hesiod in relation to his own time (2.53). How Thucydides and Herodotos estimated the length of time that had elapsed since past events is unclear, and when, in Book 6, Thucydides produces a series of dates for Greek settlements in Sicily and South Italy with reference to the foundation of Syracuse (6.3–5) the basis for his doing so is again obscure. Later Greek writers attempted to match events of the Archaic period to a unified chronological framework, but there is no reason to believe that they had any secure foundation for their claims.
Ancient material culture is dated by establishing the sequence of artifact styles, above all styles of pottery, preferably on the basis of archaeological stratigraphy. That sequence is then linked to a relatively small number of “fixed points,” i.e., archaeological events whose absolute date is established with reference to what seem to be reliable textual evidence, largely Egyptian.
Although the absolute length of time for which a particular artifact style persists is not without interest, what is most important in archaeological dating is sequence and synchrony—that is, the order in which artifacts were made or deposited and the company that those artifacts kept during their lifetime (to use the language of “object biography”) or on their journey (to use the language of object itineraries). But as soon as one writes archaeological history, as here, relating historical events to artifact sequences becomes important. To do that directly (“Solon was an early black-figure poet”) would give a misleading impression of what it is that we know about Solon’s date and how we know it. It is therefore convenient to refer to artifacts and historical events and figures in terms of absolute dates.
The question of which precise absolute dates are appropriate continues to be much debated. My approach here no doubt simplifies realities, but because we think in centuries and half- and quarter-centuries, and because important changes happen to occur at something like whole century intervals, I have taken advantage of that. The consequences of Late Geometric pottery ceasing production in 680 rather than 700 for our understanding is more or less nil unless this later dating changes its relation to other elements of material culture (e.g., early Protocorinthian pottery)—and scholars who move the one also move the other (Rönnberg 2021a: 271–7).
Spelling Divergences
The spellings used for some places and people in this volume diverge from those used in parts of the Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World (OHAGW). Those divergences are listed below to facilitate searches across the entirety of the digital version of OHAGW.
spelling used in this volume
Acharnai
Aglauros
Aigisthos
Aineias Tacticus
Alkaios
Alkmaionidai
Alkman
Amphiaraos
amphictyonic
Aristogeiton
Artemision
Boiotia
Chalkis
Cheiron
Constitution of the Athenians
Dekeleia
Demaratos
Demetrios
Diodoros
spelling used elsewhere in the OHAGW
Acharnae
Aglaurus
Aegisthus
Aeneas Tacticus
Alcaeus
Alcmaeonidae
Alcman
Amphiaraus
amphictionic
Aristogiton
Artemisium
Boeotia
Chalcis
Chiron
Ath. Pol.
Decelea
Demeratus
Demetrius
Diodorus
spelling used in this volume
Diogenes Laertios
spelling used elsewhere in the OHAGW
Diogenes Laertius
Dionysos Dionysus
Diphilos Diphilus
Drako Draco
Enyalios Enyalius
Ephesos Ephesus
Ephoros Ephorus
Erechtheion Erechtheum
Erichthonios Erichthonius
Eridanos Eridanus
Euboia Euboea
Harmodios Harmodius
Harpocration Harpokration
Hellanikos Hellanicus
Hephaistos Hephaestus
Herakles Heracles
Hermippos Hermippus
Hermokrates Hermocrates
Herodotos Herodotus
Hipparchos Hipparchus
Hippodamos Hippodamus
Hymettos Hymettus
Hysiai Hysiae
Iolkos Iolcus
Iphikrates Iphicrates
Kallias Callias
Karia Caria
Karystos Carystus
Kekrops
Cecrops
Keos Ceos
Kephissos
Cephisus
Kimon Cimon
Klazomenai Clazomenae
spelling used in this volume
spelling used elsewhere in the OHAGW
Kleidemos Cleidemus
Kleisthenes Cleisthenes
Kleomenes Cleomenes
klerouch cleruch
Klytemnestra Clytemnestra
Knossos Cnossus
Korax Corax
krater kratēr
Kratinos Cratinus
Kroisos Croesus
Kronos Cronus
Kylon Cylon
Kypselos Cypselus
Kythnos Cythnos
Kyzikos Cyzicus
Lampsakos Lampsacus
Laurion Laurium
lebes lebēs
lebetes lebētes
lekane lekanē
Lenaia Lenaea
Leukas Leucas
Lindos Lindus
Lokris Locris
louterion loutērion
Lykeion
Lyceum
Mardonios Mardonius
Megakles
Megara Hyblaia
Menelaos
Messina
Miletos
Mounychia
Megacles
Megara Hyblaea
Menelaus
Messana
Miletus
Munichia
spelling used in this volume
spelling used elsewhere in the OHAGW
Naukratis Naucratis
Nearchos Nearchus
Nisaia Nisaea
Oikonomika Oeconomica
oinochoe oinochoē
Oropos Oropus
palaistra palaestra
Panathenaia Panathenaea
Patroklos Patrolcus
Peiraieus Peiraeus
Peisistratos Pisistratus
pelike pelikē
pentekonter pentecontor
Perikles Pericles
Phanodemos Phanodemus
Pharsalos Pharsalus
Pheidias Phidias
Pherekydes Pherecydes
Philochoros Philochorus
Phokaia Phocaea
Phrynichos Phrynichus
Pithekoussai Pithecusae
Pittakos Pittacus
Plataia Plataea
Polykrates Polycrates
Polyphemos
Polyphemus
Poteidaia Potidaea
Prokonessos
Propylaia
Rhamnous
Sigeion
Sikyon
Skymnos
Proconnesus
Propylaea
Rhamnus
Sigeum
Sicyon
Scymnus
spelling used in this volume
Sophilos
spelling used elsewhere in the OHAGW
Sophilus
Sounion Sunium
symposion symposium
Themistocles
Thermopylai
Thespiai
Thorikos
Triptolemos
Troilos
Troizen
Tyrtaios
Xanthippos
Xanthos
Themistokles
Thermopylae
Thespiae
Thoricus
Triptolemus
Troilus
Troezen
Tyrtaeus
Xanthippus
Xanthus
Acknowledgments
But for the flattery of Paul Cartledge and Paul Christesen I would never have written this volume. I am grateful to them for the invitation and encouragement and, in particular, to Paul Christesen, who put a truly enormous amount of work into turning this into the text and book that he wanted (and put up with me turning some of it back into the text I wanted). I am equally grateful to Sylvian Fachard for reading the whole text and providing a mass of critical insights and relevant references. The development of my thinking on Archaic Attica has been further shaped by various conference invitations which gave me opportunities to discuss aspects of the account that follows; in particular, I am indebted to Attila Gyucha, Naoise Mac Sweeney, Maximilian Rönnberg and Veronika Sossau, and Bela Dimova and Margareta Gleba and to audiences in SUNY Buffalo, Leicester, Tübingen, and Cambridge.
Note to the Reader
This volume represents one component of the Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World (OHAGW). All of the 22 studies in OHAGW are organized around an identical set of 11 rubrics: (1) sources, (2) natural setting, (3) material culture, (4) political history, (5) legal history, (6) diplomatic history (including warfare), (7) economic history, (8) familial/demographic history (including education), (9) social customs and institutions, (10) religious customs and institutions, and (11) cultural history. Each study begins with an Introduction and ends with a Conclusion.
If you wish to read a specific part of a given study, rather than the entire study from start to finish, we would strongly advise that you first read the Introduction to the study in question—the Introductions in OHAGW are designed to provide basic background information that set the stage for the discussion that follows.
The Series Editors’ Preface that appears at the beginning of each volume of OHAGW offers an overview of the project as a whole and information on transliteration and the spelling of names, places, and titles of literary works. The latter is likely to be helpful if you are accessing OHAGW in digital form and wish to search across one or more studies.
