Romance Phonetics and Phonology Mark Gibson
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RomancePhonetics andPhonology Editedby MARKGIBSONANDJUANAGIL
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Contents Acknowledgments vii
ListofFiguresandTables ix
ListofAbbreviations xvii
TheContributors xxi
.Romancesounds:Newinsightsforoldissues
MarkGibsonandJuanaGil
PartI.AcousticStudies
.RhoticvariationinSpanishcodas:Acousticanalysisandeffectsof contextinspontaneousspeech
BeatrizBlecuaandJordiCicres
.ThephoneticsofItaliananaphonesis:Betweenproduction andperception
SilviaCalamai
.AcrosslinguisticstudyofvoicelessfricativesibilantsinGalicianand EuropeanPortuguese
XoséLuísRegueiraFernándezandMaríaJoséGinzo
.Acousticrealizationofvowelsasafunctionofsyllabicposition: AcrosslinguisticstudywithdatafromFrenchandSpanish
CédricGendrot,MartineAdda-Decker,andFabiánSantiago
PartII.ArticulatoryStudies
.AnarticulatoryaccountofrhoticvariationinTuscanItalian: SynchronizedUTIandEPGdata
ChiaraCelata,AlessandroVietti,andLorenzoSpreafico
.Vowelsanddiphthongs:Thearticulatoryandacousticstructure ofRomaniannuclei
IoanaChitoranandStefaniaMarin
.Temporalorganizationofthree-consonantonsetsinRomanian
StefaniaMarin
.Articulatorysetting,articulatorysymmetry,andproduction mechanismsforCatalanconsonantsequences
DanielRecasensandMeritxellMira
PartIII.StudiesinPerception .Perceptualcuesforindividualvoicequality
MarianelaFernándezTrinidadandJoséManuelRojoAbuin
.PerceptionoflexicalstressinSpanishL byFrenchspeakers
JoaquimLlisterriandSandraSchwab
.BrazilianPortugueserhoticsinpoemreciting:Perceptual,acoustic, andmeaning-relatedissues
SandraMadureira
.PerceivedphrasinginFrench:Asurveyofsomesentencestructures
CarolineL.Smith
PartIV.PhonologicalIssues .Modelingassimilation:ThecaseofsibilantvoicinginSpanish
RebekaCampos-Astorkiza
.Adjustingtothesyllablemargins:GlidesinCatalanandSpanish
JesúsJiménez,Maria-RosaLloret,andClàudiaPons-Moll
.Galicianmid-vowelreduction:AStratalOptimalityTheoryaccount
FernandoMartínez-Gil
PartV.StudiesinAcquisition .Languageproximityandspeechperceptioninyoungbilinguals: RevisitingthetrajectoryofinfantsfromSpanish–Catalancontexts
LauraBosch
.ProductionandperceptionintheacquisitionofSpanishandPortuguese
JaydeneElvin,PolinaVasiliev,andPaolaEscudero
.ProductionofFrenchcloseroundedvowelsbySpanishlearners: Acorpus-basedstudy
IsabelleRacineandSylvainDetey
.Phoneticbehaviorinproficientbilinguals:Insightsfromthe Catalan–Spanishcontactsituation
MiquelSimonet
References
Index
Acknowledgments Dozensofpeoplewereinvolvedintheproductionofthecurrentvolume.Authors, editors,andpublishersallplayedacrucialroleinthedevelopmentandexecutionof the finalproduct.Addinthefamilymembersandsupportteamsofallthose involved,andthenumberofdedicatedpeoplewhohaveinvestedtheirtimeinthis bookgrowsbythehundreds.However,ofallthepeopleinvolvedwhohavemadethis volumewhatitis,theeditorsareeternallyindebtedtothehardwork,perseverance, anddedicationofoneperson,styleandcopyeditorMaríaNuriaMartínezGarcía. Nuriahadthethanklessjobofdottingevery ‘i’ andcrossingevery ‘t’,andperforming otheroddtaskstoonumeroustomentionhere.Wewouldliketoformallythankher forheroutstandingandpainstakingwork.Itwastrulyinspiringtoworkwith someonesometiculousanddedicatedtoherwork.
ListofFiguresandTables Figures Spectrogramsofthesequences terce(ro), porlo,and corer,showing single-componentrhotics(occlusion,approximant,andfricative)
. Spectrogramsofthesequences porD(ios) and tard(e),showingrhoticsof twocomponents(approximant+vocalicelementandocclusion+vocalic element)
.
Spectrogramsofthesequences porte(ría) and (for)marla(zos),showing three-componentrhotics(approximant+vocalicelement+approximant, andocclusion+vocalicelement+occlusion)
Spectrogramofthesequence contarlo,showinganexampleofelision (indicatedbyØ)
. Spectrogramofthesequence (inten)tareh.Therhotichas fivecomponents (occlusion+vocalicelement+occlusion+vocalicelement+approximant)
Spectrogramsofthesequences (cual)quierco(sa), joder,and hacer, two-componentrhoticswithafricativecomponent(occlusion+fricative, approximant+fricative,andfricative+vocalicelement,respectively)
. Spectrogramofthesequence cerc(a),withathree-componentrhotic (occlusion+fricative+approximant)
Percentagesofthenumberofcomponentsaccordingtoposition
. Dispersiondiagramoftheanalysisofthecorrespondencebetweenthe numberofcomponentsandplaceofarticulationofthefollowingconsonant
. Dispersiondiagramoftheanalysisofthecorrespondencebetweenthe numberofcomponentsandmannerofarticulationofthefollowing consonant
Numbersoftokensofthedifferentcomponentvariantsaccordingto themannerofarticulationofthefollowingconsonant
. Percentagesofrealizationsofthe firstcomponentaccordingtothe positionandthenumberofcomponents
Percentagesofrealizationsofthethirdcomponentaccordingtoposition
. Percentagesofrealizationsofthesecondcomponentintherealizationswith anocclusive firstcomponentaccordingtotheirposition
Boxplotsofthedurationaccordingtothenumberofcomponentsand theposition
. Diagramoftheaveragedurationofrhotics(andofeachoftheircomponents) accordingtotheirnumberofcomponents,position,andacousticcharacteristics
ListofFiguresandTables
Averagespectraforfrontsibilants(S)infemaleGalician(GF,grey)andfemale Portuguese(PF,black)speakers
. AverageofthethreespectrumtypesformaleGalician(GM)speakers:S (averageoffourspeakers),S (averageoftwospeakers),S (average oftwospeakers),comparedwithmalePortuguese[s](PM-S)
. AveragespectraofthefrontsibilantoffemaleGalician(GF)informants fromtheapical[s]areaandthelaminal[s]area
. Average finalsibilant(PSF)andsyllable-initial[ ʃ](PX)spectrainrealizations byPortuguesespeakers,female(F)andmale(M)groups
. Averagespectraof[s](GM–G–S),[ ʃ](GM–G–X),andthesibilantin codaposition(GM–G–SF),inthetwoGalicianspeakerswith lamino-dental seseo
Averagespectraforrealizationsof[s](GF–S),[ ʃ](GF–X),andword-final sibilant(GF–SF)infemaleGalicianspeakers(GF)
. Normalizedvowelformants(F andF)innormalizedHzforSpanish (left)andFrench(right)
Normalizedacousticdispersion(innormalizedHz)forSpanish(left) andFrench(right)
. Normalizedacousticdispersion(innormalizedHz),duration (innormalizedms),and f₀ (innormalizedHz)values(fromlefttoright)ofvowels ininitialand finalsyllablesinFrenchdisyllabicwords
Normalizedacousticdispersion(innormalizedHz),duration (innormalizedms),and f₀ (innormalizedHz)values(fromlefttoright)of vowelsininitialunstressedsyllablescomparedto finalstressedsyllables inSpanishdisyllabicwords
. Normalizedacousticdispersion(innormalizedHz),duration(innormalizedms), and f₀ (innormalizedHz)values(fromlefttoright)ofvowelsininitialstressed syllablescomparedto finalunstressedsyllablesinSpanishdisyllabicwords
. Normalizedformantsofvowels(innormalizedHz)forFrenchandSpanish accordingtothepresenceofpause(thelowerlinefor finalprepausal vowels,theupperlinefor finalnonprepausalvowels)
Distributionofthetense–laxfeatureforthreealveolarsonorantsincentral EuropeandtheItalo-Romancedomain
. Percentagesofrhoticvariantsinthecorpus(bysubject)
Wiringdiagram
. ResultsoftheMCAoftherhoticvariants:planerepresentation ofthecategorycloud
Constrictiondurationvalues,F andF valuesatconsonantonsetand offsetforthesingletonvs.geminatecontrastasafunctionofvowelcontext
. ConstrictionQp(left),CAa(middle),andCCa(right)forthesingletonvs. geminatecontrastasafunctionofvowelcontext
ListofFiguresandTables
Smoothingsplineestimatesand %Bayesianconfidenceintervalfor comparisonofthemeancurvesfor/r/in/ar(ː)ra/,/ur(ː)u/,and/ir(ː)i/for subjectsCHB(a)andCHC(b)
. Smoothingsplineestimatesand %Bayesianconfidenceintervalfor comparisonofthemeancurvesfor/r/in/ara/vs./arːa/(a),/iri/vs./irːi/(b), and/uru/vs./urːu/(c)forsubjectCHB(singletons:VRV;geminates:VRRV)
. Smoothingsplineestimatesand %Bayesianconfidenceintervalfor comparisonofthemeancurvesfor/r/in/ara/vs./arːa/(a),/iri/vs./irːi/(b), and/uru/vs./urːu/(c)forsubjectCHC(singletons:VRV;geminates:VRRV)
Dynamicmovementofthesingleton/r/(a)andthegeminate (b)inthe/i/contextforspeakerCHB
. Dynamicmovementofthesingleton/r/(a)andthegeminate(b)inthe/i/ contextforspeakerCHC
. Examplemeasurementofvowelarticulatorymovementforvowel/e/in diphthong/ea/inonerepetitionoftheword/ka.ˈfea/
Vowel-to-voweltiminglag,representingthelagbetweenmaximalconstriction ofthetwovowels
. Positionofthe firstvowel/glide(V)indiphthong/hiatussequences andpositionofvowel/e/
. Positionofthesecondvowel(V)indiphthong/hiatussequencesandposition ofvowel/a/
Differenceinpositionbetweenthetwovoweltargets(V–V)atthepoint ofmaximumconstrictionforeach
Top:Diphthong/ja/in[ˈ pja.trʌ].Bottom:Hiatus/i.a/in[pi.ˈ a.stru]
. Meanandonestandarddeviationforacousticduration(left)andF values atvowel-onsettimepoint(right)asafunctionofcategory
ScatterplotofmeandurationsbymeanF asafunctionofspeaker
Schematicrepresentationofthetimingchangespredictedbyac center organizationasafunctionofonsetcomplexityincrease
. Averagelagsofthevowel-adjacentconsonanttotheanchor
. Averagelagsofthevowel-adjacentconsonanttotheanchorasafunctionofset
Averagesofabsolute(top)andnormalized(bottom)intra-clustertiming forthreeconsonantclusters,betweenconsonants and (CC)and betweenconsonants and (CC)
MeanCOGvaluesandCOGrangesforfricativesandfricative+fricative sequences(left)andforaffricatesandaffricate+fricativesequences(right) inEastern,Western,andValencianCatalan
. Linguo-palatalcontactpatternsforfricativesandfricative+fricative sequencestakenatthemidpointofthefricationnoiseaccordingtothe EasternCatalanspeakersDR,JP,andJC
Linguo-palatalcontactpatternsforaffricatesandaffricate+fricative sequencestakenatthemidpointoftheclosureandfricationphasesaccording totheEasternCatalanspeakersDR,JP,andJC
. Discriminationratebyspeaker(indicatedby ‘S’)calculated usingthequotientofhitresponses
. Intra-andinterspeakervariationbyparametergroup(indicatedbyaletter)
. Inter-andintraspeakervariationbyspeakerandparametergroup (indicatedbyaletter)
. Changesinparametersperspeakerwhenshiftingregisters(modal–falsetto)
Averageutterancelengthperspeaker(indicatedby ‘S’ anditscorresponding number)andregister
. Spectrogramofasample(Dicadadiva)inmodalvoicebySpeaker
Spectrogramofasample(Dicadadiva)inmodalvoicebySpeaker
. PercentagesofcorrectidentificationratesforBasestimuliasafunctionof thestresspatternandthecompetenceofFrenchparticipantsinL Spanish(Advanced,Withnoknowledge)
PercentagesofcorrectidentificationratebyFrenchlistenersforManipulated stimuliasafunctionofthesevenmanipulationsandthecompetenceinL Spanish(Advanced,Withnoknowledge)
. Percentagesofdifferent(Diff)responsesbyFrenchlistenersasafunction ofthepairmember(PP>PpairedwithPP,PP>PpairedwithP; PP=proparoxytone;P=paroxytone)andthecompetenceinL Spanish (Advanced,Noknowledge)forthesevenpossiblemanipulations
Percentagesofdifferent(Diff)responsesbyFrenchlistenersasafunction ofthepairmember(P>OpairedwithP,P>OpairedwithO;P=paroxytone; O=oxytone)andthecompetenceinL Spanish(Advanced,Noknowledge) forthesevenpossiblemanipulations
Percentagesofcorrectresponsesinthetrainingsessionasafunction ofthegroups(NativesandNon-natives)andofthe fivetrainingblocks
. Estimatedprobabilityofcorrectresponsesinthepost-testasafunctionofthe percentagesofcorrectresponsesinthetrainingsession(inNon-nativesonly)
Avoicelessglottalfricativeproducedinsyllablecodapositionofthe word mar (‘ sea ’)
. Anapproximantproducedinsyllablecodapositionoftheword mar (‘ sea ’)
Avoicedalveolartapproducedatthesyllablecodapositionoftheword mar (‘ sea ’)
. Avoicelessfricativetrillproducedatthesyllablecodaposition oftheword mar (‘ sea ’)
Avoicedtrillproducedatthesyllableonsetpositionoftheword arranca (‘rip’)
Dendrogramshowingthegroupingofthestanzasinclusters
. ThedistributionofthegroupsofvariablesGq (VPAS),Gc (ExpressionEvaluator),andtheperceptualevaluationofactivation (ZAP,Gc)intwodimensions(Dim andDim )ofthevectorspace
Theprojectionontotwodimensionsofthequantitativefactorvariables
. Comparisonofb-scoresandp-scoresforreadandspontaneousdislocations
. Asentence(‘ShereadanovelinArabic.’)producedinbroad-focus conditionbyafemalespeaker,showingthewaveform(above)and f₀ trace
. Asentenceproducedinnarrow-focusconditionbyamalespeaker,showing thewaveform(above)and f₀ trace
. Comparisonofscoresforwordsindifferentpositionsbeforeandduringthe focusphrases,underbroadandnarrowfocus
Scoresforwordsendingfocusphrases,comparingthosethatare sentence-medialtothosethataresentence-final
. Comparisonofthescoresforthe finalwordinlong-orshort-subjectnoun phrases(NPs)
Spectrogramandwaveformillustratingthethreeacousticmeasurements, i.e.,vowelduration,voicingduringthefricative,andfricativedurationfor theword/atisˈbe/
. Distributionofthepercentvoicingfortokenswithvoicelesssequences, i.e.,/s/followedbyavoicelessconsonant(Experiment )
Distributionofthevoicingcategoriesof/s/beforeavoicedobstruentforeach speaker
. Close(toppanel)andopen(bottompanel)approximantrealizations ofthevoicedobstruentintheword/atisˈbe/
. Histogramforthedistributionofpercentvoicingintheintonational phraseboundarycondition
Distributionofthepercentvoicingfortokenswithvoicelesssequences (Experiment )
. Histogramforthedistributionofpercentvoicingbeforeavoicedobstruent inthevoicingconditioninExperiment (left)andExperiment (right)
Distributionofthevoicingcategoriesbyspeakerforthevoicingcondition inExperiment (left)andExperiment (right)
. Realizationof/w/in huelo and cacahuete inCastilianSpanish
Realizationof/j/in yugo,(el) yerno,and mayo inCastilianSpanish
. Realizationof/w/in diuen inMajorcanCatalan
Realizationof/j/in deia inMajorcan
. Praatscreenshotofasound fileandaTextGrid file
Tables . Numberofrhoticconsonantsbeforeaconsonantandbeforeapause perspeaker
. Acousticcharacteristicsusedinthedefinitionofthecomponents
. Factorsandvariants
. Compositionoftherhoticconsonantsaccordingtothecharacteristics ofeachoftheircomponents,andthenumberofrealizationsfound inthecorpus
Percentageofrealizationsinspontaneousandreadspeech,accordingto numberofcomponents
. Scaleofacceptabilityofvelarclusters
PercentageoftheanswersaccordingtothefactorsPlaceandVowelbefore thevelarcluster
. PercentageoftheanswersaccordingtothefactorsPlace,Vowel,and Postnasalconsonant
Confusionmatrixforthealveolarclusters–highvowels(control items–percentagevalues)
. Confusionmatrixforthevelarclusters–highvowels(control items–percentagevalues)
Confusionmatrixforthealveolarclusters–mid-highvowels (testitems–percentagevalues)
. Confusionmatrixforthevelarclusters–mid-highvowels(test items–percentagevalues)
. DevelopmentofthesibilantsystemfrommedievalGalician-Portuguese tomodernstandardPortugueseandGalician
Spectralmeanandstandarddeviation(allinformants)foreachsibilant (inonsetposition)separatedbysex
. Spectralmeans,standarddeviationsforalveolarandpostalveolar fricativesinGalicianandPortuguesemaleandfemalegroups
Spectralmean,kurtosis,andskewnessforGalicianmale(GM)groups S,S,andS
. CorrelationsbetweenfricativesforspectralmeaninGalicianspeakersbysex
CorrelationsbetweenfricativesforspectralmeaninPortuguesespeakers bysex
. Frequencyofrhoticvariantsinthecorpus(bysubject)
Listofvariablesandcorrespondingvaluesassociatedwiththe/r/ tokensintheMCA
. Averagevalues(inHz)andstandarddeviationofF andF attheacoustic onsetandoffsetoftheconstrictionphase(single-constrictionrhotics)
Effectsoflength(singletonvs.geminate),vowelcontext(/i/vs./a/vs./u/), andlengthbyvowelcontextonconstrictionduration,andF andF constrictiononsetandoffsetvalues
. Effectsoflength(singletonvs.geminate),vowelcontext(/i/vs./a/vs./u/), andlengthbyvowelcontextonconstrictionQp(left),CAa(mid), andCCa(right)
. Targetstimuliforthearticulatorystudy,withintervalsofinterest showninboldface
Targetstimulifortheacousticstudy,withintervalsofinterestshownin boldface
. Stimuli
Sentencelistwiththeconsonantsandconsonantsequencesunderanalysis underlined,andthesyllablebearingsentencestressinboldface
. Mean,highest,andlowestCOGvalues,andCOGranges,plottedin Figure .
Mean,standarddeviation,standarderrorofthemean,andconfidence intervalsfor d-prime(fifty-sevenlisteners)
. Numberofglottalparameters(ingroups)thateachspeakervaried significantly(p< .*)whenshiftingregisters(modal–falsetto)
Poemparts,theirthemes,andpercentageofrhoticvarietiesproducedin syllableonsetposition
. Poemparts,theirthemes,andpercentageofrhoticvarietiesproduced insyllablecodaposition
Factorvariablesandtheircorrelationcoefficientsandp-values
. Positionsofwordsidentifiedforanalysis,withnumberofwordsanalyzed ineachpositionandabbreviationcodes
. Means(ms)forprecedingvowelduration,fricativeduration,andpercent voicing,withstandarddeviationsinparentheses
Distributionofvoicingcategoriesdependingonthevoicingofthefollowing obstruent
. Distributionoffollowingconsonantmannerasafunctionofstress
Meanandstandarddeviation(inparentheses)forthepercentvoicingas afunctionofstressandmannerofthefollowingconsonant
. Distributionofvoicingcategoriesbyfollowingapproximanttype
Meanvowelandfricativeduration(ms)andpercentvoicing foreachboundarytype
. Distributionofvoicingcategoriesbyprosodicboundarytype
Samplestimuliforthestress-patterncondition(c)
. Distributionofvoicingcategoriesof/s/followingconsonantmanner
Meanvowelduration(ms)accordingtostresspattern
. Meanfricativeduration(ms)bystresspatternandfollowing consonantmanner
Meanpercentvoicingbystresspatternandfollowingconsonantmanner
. Distributionofvoicingcategoriesaccordingtostresspatternwitha followingobstruent(top)andafollowingsonorant(bottom)
. SLM,PAMandPAM-L,andLLPmodels’ focusandpredictions forL success
ListofAbbreviations AFCtwo-alternativeforced-choiceexperiment
Aapproximant
AAAArticulateAssistantAdvancedsoftware
AEAmericanEnglish
ALE AtlasLinguarumEuropae
ALeCMan AtlaslingüísticoetnográficodeCastilla-LaMancha
ALiR AtlasLinguistiqueRoman
ALPI AtlasLingüísticodelaPenínsulaIbérica
ALPSAlpineLaboratoryofPhoneticSciences
ANOVAAnalysisofVariance
APaccentualphrase
ATRAdvancedTongueRoot
AusEAustralianEnglish
AVaudiovisual
BFLAbilingual firstlanguageacquisition
BPBrazilianPortuguese
Cconsonant
C
secondconsonant
CAHContrastiveAnalysisHypothesis
CCAcontactcentralityintheanteriorpalate
CECalifornianEnglish
CEFRLCommonEuropeanFrameworkofReferenceforLanguages
CETENFolha CorpusdeExtractosdeTextosEletrônicos ofthe FolhadeSãoPaulo newspaper
CGCategoryGoodness
CGalConservativeGalician
COGcenter-of-gravity
CSLComputerizedSpeechLab(dataacquisitionsystem)
EDEuclideanDistances
EMAelectromagneticarticulography
EPGelectropalatography
ERPevent-relatedbrainpotential
ETRURiaSElectropalatographicandUltrasoundtongueimagingRhoticsSynchronized corpus
Ffricative
f₀ fundamentalfrequency
FFTfastFouriertransform
FOLERPAFerramentaOnlinedeExperimentaciónPerceptiva
GFGalicianfemale
GMGalicianmale
HSDhonestsignificantdifference
HzHertz
IGalInnovativeGalician
IPIntonationalPhrase
ipintermediatephrase
ISIberianSpanish
IPFC InterPhonologieduFrançaisContemporain
L firstlanguage
L secondlanguage
LLPSecondLanguageLinguisticPerception
LDleftdislocation/leftdislocated
LIMSILaboratoired’InformatiquepourlaMécaniqueetlesSciencesdel’Ingénieur
LMEDSLanguageMarkupandExperimentalDesignSoftware
LPClinearpredictivecoding
LSCLax-to-StressCondition
LTlaryngealtenseness
MCAmultiplecorrespondenceanalysis;multiple-categoryassimilation
MFAmultiplefactoranalysis
MRImagneticresonanceimaging
MVRmid-vowelreduction
Nnasal
NCCFNijmegenCorpusofCasualFrench
NPnounphrase
Ooxytone
OCPobligatorycontourprinciple
OOoutput-to-output
OTOptimalityTheory
Pparoxytone
PAMPerceptualAssimilationModel
PCAPrincipalComponentAnalysis
PFPortuguesefemale
PFC PhonologieduFrançaisContemporain
PMPortuguesemale
PPproparoxytone
PRIMIRProcessingRichInformationfromMultidimensionalInteractive Representations
PWprosodicword
PXPortuguesefricative(aformusedsimplyforcodinginthisresearch)
QMUQueenMargaret’sUniversity
Rrhotic
R rowofelectrodes
RDrightdislocation/rightdislocated
RPTRapidProsodyTranscription
SCASingle-CategoryAssimilation
SFsibilantsproducedbyfemales(aformusedsimplyforcodinginthisresearch)
SLMSpeechLearningModel
SNSScuolaNormaleSuperiore(Pisa,Italy)
Ttap
TBtonguebody
TCATwo-CategoryAssimilation
Trtrill
TVthemevowel
TVTvocaltracttenseness
UTIultrasoundtongueimaging
Vvowel
VLvariationofloudness
VOTvoiceonsettime
VPASVoiceProfileAnalysisScheme
VRRV vowel-rhotic-rhotic-vowel
VRV vowel-rhotic-vowel
VVvoweltovowel
XABreferstoatypeofperceptiontestwithtwooptions(A,B)forstimuli
ZAPperceptualevaluationofactivation ListofAbbreviations
TheContributors M ARTINE A DDA -D ECKER holdsanMDinAppliedMathematicsandaPhDinComputer SciencefromtheUniversityParis-Sud(Orsay),France.ShehasbeenaCNRSresearchersince .ShejoinedtheLaboratoryofPhoneticsandPhonology(LPP,UMR )in ,after herpreviouspositiondealingwiththeSpokenLanguageProcessinggroupatLIMSI-CNRS (Orsay),wheresheremainsanassociateresearcher.Herresearchinterestsfocusonmanmachinecommunication,languageandaccentidentification,multilingualspeechrecognition, acoustic-phoneticandlexicalmodeling,pronunciationvariants,phonetics,phonology,and largecorpus-basedstudies.Shehasauthoredorco-authoredover peer-reviewedarticlesin the field.Sheisregularlyreviewingpapersinthemajorspeech-relatedjournalsandconferences.ShecollaboratesasanexpertinFrenchnational,Belgian,Canadian,Luxembourgish, Swiss,andEuropeanresearchfundingagencies.
B EATRIZ B LECUA isaProfessorinSpanishPhoneticsandPhonologyattheUniversityof Girona.SheobtainedherPhDinLinguisticsin fromtheAutonomousUniversity ofBarcelona(UAB),doingherdissertationonrhoticsoundsinSpanish,whichcontinuesto beoneofhermainresearchinterests.HerareasofspecializationincludeSpanishphonetics, acousticphonetics,phoneticvariationinspeakingstyles,anditsrelationwithsoundchange, andpronunciationproblemsinsecond-languageacquisition.Hercurrentresearchfocuseson theperceptualeffectsofphoneticvariation,aswellasoninterspeakervariationrelatedto forensicphonetics.
L AURA B OSCH isProfessorinPsychologyattheUniversityofBarcelona(UB)andmemberof theInstituteforResearchonBrain,CognitionandBehavior(IRC)ofthisinstitution.Her researchinterestsarefocusedonearlyspeechperception,languagelearning,andphonological development,inbothmonolingualandbilingualpopulations.Shecoordinatestheinfancy researchlabattheUniversityofBarcelona(APAL,Attention,PerceptionandAcquisitionof Language)andhercurrentresearchalsoincludespopulationsatriskofneurocognitiveand language-baseddisorders.
S ILVIA C ALAMAI receivedherPhDinLinguisticsfromtheUniversityofPerugiain .Sheis nowAssociateProfessorinLinguisticsattheUniversityofSiena.Herareasofresearchinclude experimentalphonetics,sociolinguistics,dialectology,andIntangibleCulturalHeritage.At present,sheisthescientificco-coordinatoroftheProject Grammo-foni.Lesoffittedellavoce (Gra.fo)attheUniversityofSiena(http://grafo.sns.it),andsheisAssociateMemberofthe IntellectualPropertyIssuesinCulturalHeritage(IPinCH) InternationalProject(http://www. sfu.ca/ipinch/).Listofpublicationsathttps://sites.google.com/a/unisi.it/silviacalamai/home.
R EBEKA C AMPOS -A STORKIZA worksonphoneticsandphonology,frombothatheoreticaland anexperimentalperspective.Herworkillustrateshowphoneticdatacanhelpusdevelop theoreticalmodelstoexplainsoundpatterns.Inaddition,sheisinterestedinsecond-language acquisitionofphonology,withafocusonnewmethodologiesandinstructionalimplications.
Hermentoringexperiencehasalsoallowedhertodevelopexpertiseinsociophonetics, especiallyonhowphoneticanalysisandunderstandingcanshedlightonphoneticvariation andviceversa.
C HIARA C ELATA isaresearcherinLinguisticsattheScuolaNormaleSuperiore(SNS)inPisa, Italy,wheresheteachesgraduate-levelcoursesinexperimentalphoneticsandphonology.She alsocoordinatestheresearchactivitiesinSpeechProductionandPerceptionattheSNS LinguisticsLaboratory.Sheiscurrentlyrunningtworesearchprojects,onelookingatrhotic variationinselectedItalianvarietiesasafunctionofphonologicalandsocio-communicative variables,andtheother,fundedbytheESFandFrenchANRincollaborationwithother Europeanuniversities,seekingtodevelopapsycho-computationalaccountofthephonotactic–morphologyinterfaceinseveralRomanceandGermaniclanguages.
I OANA C HITORAN isProfessorofLinguisticsattheUniversitéParisDiderot,Clillac-ARP,and CNRS LaboratoiredePhonétiqueetPhonologie(UMR ).Herresearchfocusesonthe phonetics–phonologyinterface,andtherelationbetweentemporalvariabilityandphonologicalstructure,particularlyinCaucasianandRomancelanguages.
J ORDI C ICRES isaLecturerinlanguagedidacticsandforensicphoneticsattheUniversityof Girona.HeholdsanMAinForensicLinguisticsandaPhDinAppliedLinguistics(University PompeuFabra).Hismainresearchinterestsdealwithdescriptivephoneticsbothatthe segmentalandatthesuprasegmentallevels,forensiclinguistics(especiallywithapplications tospeakeridentification,transcriptionofdisputedrecordings,andtheconstructionoflinguisticprofiles),languagevariation,andgenerallanguagedidactics.Hisrecentworkhasfocusedon theanalysisofSpanishrhoticsand filledpauseswithbothdescriptiveandappliedpurposes relatedtospeakeridentification.
S YLVAIN D ETEY isAssociateProfessorofAppliedLinguisticsandFrenchStudiesatWaseda University(Japan),formerly MaîtredeConférences (AssistantProfessor)intheDepartmentof LanguageSciencesandCommunicationattheUniversityofRouen(France).Hiscurrent researchinterestslieintheuseoforalcorporaforlanguageeducationandtheroleofvariation andmultimodalityinsecond-languagephonologyacquisition.Heisoneofthecoordinatorsof the (Inter)PhonologieduFrançaisContemporain (IPFC)project,andco-edited Lesvariétésdu françaisparlédansl’espacefrancophone.Ressourcespourl’enseignement (,Ophrys)and VarietiesofSpokenFrench (,OxfordUniversityPress).
J AYDENE E LVIN receivedherPhDfromTheMARCSInstitute,WesternSydneyUniversity.Her researchfocusesonsecond-languagespeechperception,wordrecognitionandproduction, withaparticularfocusonAustralianEnglishandIberianSpanishlearnersofBrazilian Portuguese.
P AOLA E SCUDERO isAssociateProfessorattheMARCSInstitute,WesternSydneyUniversity. Herresearchfocusesonspeechandvisualdevelopmentindiversepopulations,including humaninfants,childrenandadults,andzebra finches.
M ARIANELA F ERNÁNDEZ T RINIDAD holdsaMaster’sdegreeinPhoneticsandPhonologyfrom theSpanishNationalResearchCouncil(CSIC)–theMenéndezPelayoInternationalUniversity inMadrid,Spain.SheiscurrentlyaresearcherattheCSICPhoneticsLaboratory,wheresheis
developingherdoctoralthesisandperformsresearch,bothfocusingontheperceptionand productionofvoiceinthe fieldsofPhonicScienceandForensicPhonetics.Shehasbeenand continuestobeamemberofvariousresearchteams financedbytheSpanishgovernment.In Uruguay,shehasparticipatedinprojects financedbytheSectorialCommissionforScientific Research(CSIC)andhasbeenaresearcherwiththeNationalResearchandInnovationAgency (ANII).SheisauthorofseveralarticlespublishedinbothSpanishandinternationaljournals.
C ÉDRIC G ENDROT is MaitredeConferences (AssistantProfessor)attheUniversitySorbonne Nouvelle Paris .Hisearlyworkfocusedonarticulatoryprosody:thesynchronousphysiologicalandacousticanalysisofphonemesaccordingtotheirprosodicposition.Recently,hehas specializedinlargecorporaanalysesofseverallanguages,tryingtorelatepreviousresultsfrom thephysiologicaldatafromsmallcorporawithlargeacousticdatainordertoevaluate tendenciesandindividualstrategiesinspeech.Overthepasttwoyears,hehascoordinateda numberofresearchprojects includinganANRJCJCprojectinvolvingacomparisonbetween physiologicalandacousticdata.
M ARK G IBSON isProfessorofLinguisticsandDirectoroftheSpeechLaboratoryatthe UniversityofNavarra.HisresearchfocusesonarticulatorytiminginsyllablesfromaLaboratoryPhonologyapproach.Hisworkmainlyfocusesonthetimingofarticulatorygesturesin syllablesusingelectromagneticarticulography,ultrasoundimaging,andaerodynamics.
J UANA G IL iscurrentlyDirectoroftheInstitutoCervantesinLyon,havingpreviouslyheld positionsattheUniversidadAutónomadeMadridandatUNED,theSpanishopenuniversity. ShealsofoundedthePostgraduatePrograminSpeechSciencesorganizedbytheSpanish NationalResearchCouncil(CSIC).Sheismainlyinterestedinthephonetics–phonology interfaceandinsomeapplicationsofphonetics,suchasforensicphoneticsandsecondlanguagepronunciationlearningandteaching.Sheistheco-editor,withRicardoMairal,of LinguisticUniversals (CambridgeUniversityPress, ).
M ARÍA J OSÉ G INZO isResearcherandStatisticalConsultantinStatisticalConsultingServices (SCS)attheUniversityofSantiagodeCompostela(USC).Herresearchisconcernedmainly withstatisticaltechniquesinGeolinguisticsandOnomasticsModeling.Sheisco-authorof severalpaperswithSpanishresearchersondifferenttopicsconnectedwithherworkas StatisticalConsultantandthisexperienceisreflectedinmanycontractswithgovernment bodiesand/orprivatecompanies.Shehasbeenamemberoforganizingcommitteesforseveral internationalconferencesandscientificgatherings.
J ESÚS J IMÉNEZ isAssociateProfessorintheDepartmentofCatalanPhilologyattheUniversitat deValència,wherehecompletedhisPhDin withastudyonthesyllablestructureof Catalan.HeisalsoamemberoftheresearchcenterInstitutInteruniversitarideFilologia Valenciana.Hiscurrentresearchfocusesonphonology,phonetics,andlinguisticvariationin Catalan,Spanish,andotherRomancelanguages.Heistheauthorofthebook L’estructura sil·labicadelcatalà ()andacontributingauthorinthe Gramàticadelcatalàcontemporani, vols.(,co-directedbyJoanSolà,Maria-RosaLloret,JoanMascaró,andManuelPérez Saldanya).Hisworkhasappearedinjournalssuchas Caplletra, EstudiosdeFonéticaExperimental, EstudisRomànics, RevistadeFilologíaRománica, RivistadiLinguistica,and Verba Since ,heisamemberofaresearchgrouponthestudyofdialectvariationledby
Maria-RosaLloret,fromtheUniversitatdeBarcelona(Grupd’EstudidelaVariacióDialectal (GEVaD),ww.ub.edu/GEVAD).
J OAQUIM L LISTERRI receivedaPhDinRomancePhilologyfromtheUniversitatAutònomade Barcelona(UAB)in ,andhewasappointedfull-timelecturerinGeneralLinguisticsat thesameuniversityin .HeteachescoursesinGeneralLinguistics,GeneralandApplied Phonetics,AppliedLinguistics,andSpeechTechnologies.Hisresearch,publications,and participationinnationalandinternationalprojectshavebeenconcernedwiththeapplicationofexperimentalphoneticstospeechtechnology especiallyintheareaoftext-to-speech synthesis andwiththestudyofphonetictransferinsecond-andthird-languageacquisition.Hehasworkedontheevaluationofsynthesizedspeechandonthecreationand annotationofspokendatabasesandcorpora,particularlyinthedomainofprosody.He hasalsobeeninvolvedintheuseofcommunicationandinformationtechnologiesfor languageteachingandforlinguisticresearch.
MARIA-ROSA LLORET isProfessorintheDepartmentofCatalanPhilologyattheUniversitatde Barcelona.ShecompletedherPhDinLinguisticsatIndianaUniversityin ,withastudy onthemorphophonologyofOromo(Cushitic).Hercurrentresearchfocusesonphonology, morphology,andlinguisticvariationinCatalan,Spanish,andotherRomancelanguages.She istheauthorofthebook Lafonologiadecatalà ()andco-authorof Manualde transcripciófonètica (,withEulàliaBonetandJoanMascaró)and Fonologiacatalana (,withEulàliaBonet).Sheco-directedthe Gramàticadelcatalàcontemporani, vols. (,withJoanSolà,JoanMascaró,andManuelPérezSaldanya).Herworkhasappearedin journalssuchas Language, Lingua, LinguisticInquiry, Phonology, Probus, Dialectologiaet Geolinguistica, RevistadeFilologíaRománica, CatalanJournalofLinguistics, Caplletra, EstudiosdeFonéticaExperimental,and Verba. Since ,shehasledaresearchgroupon thestudyofdialectvariation(Grupd’EstudidelaVariacióDialectal(GEVaD),ww.ub.edu/ GEVAD).
S ANDRA M ADUREIRA hasaPhDinAppliedLinguisticsfromPontifíciaUniversidadeCatólica deSãoPaulo(PUC-SP),andperformedpost-doctoralworkattheLAFAPE-IEL-(Laboratory ofPhoneticsandPsycholinguistics–InstituteofLanguageStudies)UNICAMP.SheisFull ProfessorintheDepartmentofLinguisticsatPUC-SP,lectureratPEPG(GraduateStudies Program)inLanguageScienceStudies,andaresearcherattheLIAAC(IntegratedLaboratory ofAcousticAnalyses).SheisheadoftheResearchGrouponSpeechStudiesandtheeditorof theJournal Intercâmbio atPUC-SPandofthe JournalofSpeechSciences maintainedbyLBASS (Luso-BrazilianAssociationofSpeechSciences).HermainlineofresearchisinExperimental Phonetics.Hermainareasofinterestare:SpeechExpressivity,VoiceQuality,AcquisitionofL SoundsandProsody.
S TEFANIA M ARIN wasbornandraisedinRomania,wheresheobtainedaBA(Englishand PortuguesePhilology)andMA(AppliedLinguistics)fromtheUniversityofBucharest.She receivedherPhDinLinguisticsin fromYaleUniversity,USA,andsincethenshehas beenworkingattheInstituteofPhoneticsandSpeechProcessingatLudwigMaximilian UniversityinMunich.Herresearchinvestigateshowlinguisticallyrelevantstructuressuch assyllablesarerealizedtemporallyatthespeech-productionlevel.Theparticularfocusofher workisonRomanianvowelsandconsonantclusters.
FERNANDO MARTÍNEZ -GIL receivedhisBAinAnglo-GermanicPhilologyfromtheUniversityof Salamanca,Spain,andhisMAandPhDfromtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.Heisan AssociateProfessorofSpanishLinguisticsintheDepartmentofSpanishandPortugueseatOhio StateUniversityinColumbus,Ohio.HetaughtpreviouslyatGeorgetownUniversity.Hehas (co-)editedseveralvolumesonSpanishandHispano-Romancephonology,including Issuesin thePhonologyandMorphologyoftheMajorIberianLanguages (,withAlfonsoMorales-Front) and Optimality-TheoreticalStudiesonSpanishPhonology (,withSoniaColina).Hismain researchinterestsareSpanishandGalicianphonology,phonologicaltheory,andthehistorical evolutionofSpanishandtheHispano-Romancelanguages.
MERITXELL MIRA studiedChemicalEngineeringattheUniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya.She beganherprofessionalcareerasanengineerworkinginthe fieldofbigdataprocessingbefore movingtotheUniversitatAutònomadeBellaterraasaresearchtechnician.There,she collaboratedwithDr.DanielRecasensinthephoneticslaboratoryoftheInstitutd’Estudis Catalans,performingexperimentalstudiesinphoneticsandsoundchange.Shecurrently worksasanengineerinthepharmaceuticalindustry.
C LÀUDIA P ONS -M OLL isaTenuredProfessorintheDepartmentofCatalanPhilologyatthe UniversitatdeBarcelona,whereshecompletedherPhDinCatalanPhilologyin witha descriptiveandformalstudyonBalearicCatalanphonotactics.Hercurrentresearchfocuseson thephonology,themorphophonology,andthelinguisticvariationofCatalanandother Romancelanguagesfromatheoreticalperspective.Herworkhasappearedinjournalsand editedseriessuchas ActaLinguisticaHungarica, LinguisticInquiry, Phonology, Probus, ProceedingsofNELS,StudiesinLanguage, CurrentIssuesinLinguisticTheory, CatalanJournal ofLinguistics, Caplletra,etc.Sheistheauthorofthebook Lateoriadel’optimitat.Una introduccióaplicadaalcatalàdelesIllesBalears (),andsheisco-directing,alongwith JosefinaCarrera,theproject “Elssonsdelcatalà” (http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/).Sheisa memberofthe Grupd’EstudidelaVariacióDialectal(GEVaD) (UB,PI:Maria-RosaLloret) andoftheCenterforTheoreticalLinguistics(UAB).
I SABELLE R ACINE isProfessorofFrenchasaForeignLanguageattheUniversityofGeneva, Switzerland.HerresearchfocusesonL phonologicalacquisitionandontheimplicationsof phoneticandphonologicalvariationatapedagogicallevel.Shehasalsopublishedseveral papers,bookchapters,andconferencepapersonSwissFrench.Sheisoneofthecoordinators ofthe (Inter)PhonologieduFrançaisContemporain (IPFC)project,andco-editorof L’apprentissagedelaliaisonenfrançaispardeslocuteursnonnatifs:éclairagedescorpusoraux (, VALS-ASLA).
D ANIEL R ECASENS isFullProfessorofCatalanPhilologyattheUniversitatAutònomade BarcelonaanddirectorofthePhoneticsLaboratoryoftheInstitutd’EstudisCatalans.He holdsaPhDinLinguisticsfromtheUniversityofConnecticutandhascarriedoutdoctoraland postdoctoralresearchatHaskinsLaboratories(NewHaven,CT,USA).Hehaspublished numerousscientificarticlesinhighlyrankedinternationaljournals,severalbooksandbook chapters,andiscurrentlyAssociateEditorof Phonetica andmemberoftheEditorialBoardof the JournaloftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation.HehasservedasChairofthe th InternationalCongressofthePhoneticSciences()andasVice-PresidentoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation(–).Hisresearchinterestsincludetheinterarticulatory
mechanismsinspeechproduction,thephoneticcausesofsoundchange,andthephonetics–phonologyinterface.
XOSÉ LUÍS REGUEIRA FERNÁNDEZ isProfessorofGalicianandPortugueseLanguageandLiterature attheUniversityofSantiagodeCompostela.HisresearchinterestsfocusmainlyonGalician phoneticsandsociolinguistics(standardization,variation,andchange).Hehasauthored Dicionariodepronunciadalinguagalega [DictionaryofGalicianPronunciation](ACoruña, ),co-authored Gramáticagalega [GalicianGrammar](Vigo, ),directedandcoauthored Ossonsdalingua [TheSoundsofLanguage](Vigo, ],amongotherbooks.He haspublishednumerousarticlesonthesetopicsinjournalssuchas JIPA, RevistaInternacional deLingüísticaIberoamericana,EstudosdeLingüísticaGalega, EstudiosdeFonéticaExperimental, Verba, RevistadeFilologíaRománica,aswellasmanybookchapters.Heisaresearchfellow attheInstitutodaLinguaGalega[GalicianLanguageInstitute]andamemberoftheReal AcademiaGalega[RoyalGalicianAcademy].
J OSÉ M ANUEL R OJO A BUIN holdsabachelor’sdegreeinStatisticsandaMaster’sdegree inScienceandTechnologyStatisticsfromtheUniversidadComplutenseofMadrid.Heis theheadoftheStatisticalAnalysisUnitoftheCenterforHumanandSocialSciencesatthe SpanishNationalResearchCouncil(UAE,CCHS,CSIC),Madrid,Spain.Heparticipatesin thestatisticaldesignandanalysisofresearchprojectsthatareexecutedwithintheInstitutes andResearchGroupsintheCCHS.Inthiscontext,heisco-authorofseveralbooks,chapters, andpaperspublishedinnationalandinternationaljournals.HeisamemberoftheSpanish SocietyofStatisticsandOperationsResearch(SEIO).
F ABIÁN S ANTIAGO completedaPhDinDescriptive,Theoretic,andAutomaticLinguisticsat theUniversityofParisDiderot(SorbonneParisCité)in .Hisresearchandpublications aremainlyconcernedwithsentencephonologyinbothFrenchandSpanishandtheacquisition ofprosody(intonationalandmetricalaspects)ofFrenchasaforeignlanguage.Recently,hehas workedontheapplicationsofsyntax–prosodymappingtoautomaticspeechrecognition errors,hybridphoneticannotationsofmultilingualsyntheticvoices,andtheuseofphysiologicaldata(ultrasound)formodelingthearticulationofthephoneme/r/inFrench.Heis currentlyapostdoctoralresearchfellowattheLaboratoryofPhoneticsandPhonologyatthe UniversitéSorbonneNouvelle.
S ANDRA S CHWAB isaLecturerinFrenchphoneticsattheUniversityofGeneva.Atthesame time,sheisworkingonaSNFAmbizioneprojectatthePhoneticsLaboratoryattheUniversity ofZurich.HerresearchfocusesmainlyonprosodyinL andL.Morespecifically,shehas publishedexperimentalstudiesonspeechrateinL andL,onregionalprosodicvariationin French,andontheperceptionofSpanishlexicalstressbyFrenchspeakers.
M IQUEL S IMONET isAssociateProfessorofSpanishLinguisticsattheUniversityofArizona.At Arizona,heisamemberofthefacultyintheDepartmentofSpanishandPortuguese,andheis affiliatedwiththeDepartmentofLinguistics,thePrograminCognitiveScience,andthe PrograminSecondLanguageAcquisition.Heisanexperimentalphonologistandphonetician whosemaingoalistocomprehendtheeffectsoflanguageuseonthementalrepresentationsof sounds,theshapeofsoundpatterns,andthestructureofsoundsystems.Muchofhisresearch hasbeenfocusedonbilingualism,secondlanguagespeech,andsoundchange.
C AROLINE L.S MITH isAssociateProfessorofLinguisticsattheUniversityofNewMexico. ShereceivedherPhDfromYaleUniversity;whileastudentsheworkedasaresearchassistant atHaskinsLaboratories.BesidesNewMexico,shehasalsotaughtatUCLA,theUniversityof Ottawa,andtheUniversitéLumièreLyon .Herresearchhasfocusedonprosody,particularly timingandrhythm,inavarietyoflanguages,especiallyFrench.Thisworkhasinvestigated durationalvariation,voweldevoicing,andintonationalpatternsasevidenceofFrenchprosodicstructure,andalsoconsiderslisteners’ understandingofthisstructure.
L ORENZO S PREAFICO isaresearcherattheFreeUniversityofBozen-Bolzano.Hiscurrent researchinterestsincludemonolingual,bilingual,andL phonologicalacquisition,withspecial emphasisonarticulatoryphonetics.Hehasco-editedthevolume Rhotics.Newdataand perspectives (BUP).
P OLINA V ASILIEV isaVisitingAssistantProfessorintheDepartmentofSpanishandPortugueseatUCLA.Hermainareaofresearchissecond-languagespeechperception,witha particularinterestinEnglish-speakinglearnersofSpanishandPortuguese.
A LESSANDRO V IETTI isatenuredresearcherinLinguisticsattheFreeUniversityofBozenBolzanoandDirectoroftheALPS(AlpineLaboratoryofPhoneticsSciences).Hisresearch fieldsarelaboratoryphonologyandsociophonetics.Hehaswrittenonphoneticvariationin bilingualspeakers,combiningsociolinguistic,articulatory,andacousticdata.Hehasrecently co-editedthevolume Rhotics.Newdataandperspectives ().
Romancesounds Newinsightsforoldissues MARKGIBSONANDJUANAGIL WhyRomance,whynow? ThestudyofRomancesounds,andtheirstructure,hasforcenturiesoccupieda foundationalpositionincorephoneticandphonologicalresearch.Andforgood reason.Byexaminingthetypologicalsymmetriesandasymmetriesamongthe Romancelanguageswehavelearnedmuchabouttheuniversalpropertiesoflanguage andtheproduction/perceptionmechanismsthatunderliesoundchangeanddevelopment.Additionally,theerrorsanddirectionoferrors,aswellasnonstandard pronunciations,whichspeakersproducesynchronicallyinonelanguagegivea glimpseintotheimpetusfordiachronicchangesinthesoundsystemofotherrelated languageswithinthesamefamily,inourcase,thefamilyofRomancelanguages.All ofthesefactorsconspiretoprovidearichterraininwhichtoformulateandtestnew hypothesesrelatedtosoundsystemsandinwhichtogroundnewareasofspeech motorresearch.
Itis,therefore,ofutmostinteresttoobtainanoverviewofthedifferentprocesses thathaveconspiredtoshapethedifferentRomancesoundsystemsinordertotest howdifferentyetinterconnectedtendenciesinasinglephonologicalenvironment mayemerge.Toexemplifytherelationbetweensynchronyanddiachronyinthe Romancelanguages,considerthesynchronicprocessof finalconsonantlenitionin AndalusianSpanish,aswellasincertainSpanishdialectsofHispanicAmericaand EquatorialNewGuinea.Inthesedialects,word-final/n/mayoftenbecomevelarized (Canfield , ;LópezMorales ;Lipski , ;DariasConcepción, RuisánchezRegalado,andDohotaru ;Wireback ),/s/and/θ/areroutinely aspiratedand/ordeletedinallcodacontexts(Alonso ;Salvador , ; AlarcosLlorach ;Mondéjar ;ContrerasJurado ;Terrell ;Lipski , , ;Romero ;Penny ;Gerfen ;O’Neill ;Kochetov andColantoni ),and/ɾ/and/d/areoftenprecludedaltogether(Chela-Flores ;Alvar[] ;Lipski ),asareotherword-finalconsonants.Although
RomancePhoneticsandPhonology.Firstedition.MarkGibsonandJuanaGil(eds.) Thischapter©MarkGibsonandJuanaGil .Firstpublished byOxfordUniversityPress.
