Kin redefining our connection to history
1
Copyright Š 2017 by Eitan Markus All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, please contact the author at eitanmarkus@gmail.com Printed in Canada First Printing, 2017
2
Contents Project Description The App The Experience The Value The Future Research Compilation
3
5 11 19 27 35 38
Preface This year has been fueled by a fascination with the many ways in which technology fundamentally transforms and enables human behaviour. This project serves as my attempt to respond to this intersection of emerging technology and behaviour by creating value through meaningful, impactful experiences. While the journey to get here has been challenging, I am forever grateful to my advisors for being so supportive throughout the entire process of this self-directed endeavour. This project has been an incredibly empowering learning opportunity, and I look forward to carrying the lessons I have learned with me into my future beyond OCAD University.
4
Unsplash Creative Commons Zero
Kin | Project Description 5
Kin Mission Statement 1. Facilitate meaningful connections, centred around storytelling, that deepens people’s relationship with their history, and by extension their identity. 2. Provide the tools to make connecting, discovering, preserving, and sharing family histories easy and accessible to the greatest number of people. 3. Create incentives that empower people to continue making ongoing connections and become even more engaged with their ancestry.
6
Kin Overview The experience is powered by stories - the kind of anecdotes that facilitate a deeper emotional connection with a person’s family history far beyond the usual number-centric data points like births, deaths, and marriages. The system is built to comb through a user’s family tree to identify missing moments, or stories, and then helps to facilitate connections between family members who might have a something to share. Users are presented with these kinds of ‘quests’ each time they open the application and are rewarded for their efforts upon completion. The more intimate the connection and the more layers of information collected about an ancestor, the higher the reward.
7
Kin Audience Kin is designed for people who are already interested in their family history. The value of this project is not to convince people who are apathetic to become engaged users, but to transform the experience for people that have engaged with this behavior space before. As an unintended consequence, people may develop an interest in becoming a user and engaging with their family history as they hear about others using the application (viral growth).
8
Kin Stakeholders 1. Users – people who are using the application (within their own family and with the global network as well) 2. Non-user Relatives – people whose relatives use the application but are not users themselves. Design considerations need to made in order to ensure that this group of stakeholders is not forgotten and accessible to the current users to contribute their stories 3. Kin Brand – the brand who produces, maintains, and develops new features based on 4. Consumer-facing communications providers, social media, online genealogy tools (Ancestry, My Heritage, etc.) – these companies will need to be partners, or at the very least licensers of data through custom APIs
9
Kin User Cohort Requirements Some specific considerations need to be made for each of the following groups: Younger Generation Based on the numerous trends I analyzed, it is very likely that younger generations will be more interested in the entertainment value of Kin, and in their ability to communicate their family histories with others. Products, like mine, that wish to be compelling to this younger cohort should consider the play value and look for ways to make discovering, preserving, and sharing history a pleasurable activity. Older Generations In general, this segment of consumers are the gate-keepers to the past and whose memories hold enormous amounts of valuable ‘moments’. With this in mind, Kin will need to master the art of encouraging these people to tell their stories while also developing trust and companionship. Additionally, this cohort may not be as familiar with the latest technology and will need to be engaged through multiple channels. Middle-Aged Adults I anticipate that this cohort will find the most value in reminiscing, discovering new stories, and being content generators. As a result, Kin needs to make sure it delivers a sufficiently pleasurable and entertaining experience - while properly facilitating content generation and capture.
10
Unsplash Creative Commons Zero
Kin | The App 11
Sign In and Sign Up Screen 12
Sign In and Sign Up Screen 13
Photos of People: Unsplash Sketch Plugin - Creative Commons Zero
Profile, Newsfeed, Activity History 14
Photos of People: Unsplash Sketch Plugin - Creative Commons Zero
Family Tree 15
Photos of People: Unsplash Sketch Plugin - Creative Commons Zero
Bio/Profile, Get Connected 16
Photos of People: Unsplash Sketch Plugin - Creative Commons Zero
Contact and Rewards 17
Photos of People: Unsplash Sketch Plugin - Creative Commons Zero
Messaging 18
Unsplash Creative Commons Zero
Kin | The Experience 19
Kin The Current Experience There are a number of very popular, consumer-facing family history platforms which enable people unprecedented access to billions of records, profiles, and family trees. These platforms empower people to build a family tree and discover unknowns about their ancestry. The popularity of such platforms to date shows just how much people want to discover about their history, and as a result themselves. Despite the many innovative features and benefits of these platforms, users are generally limited to factual, numerical data such as dates, locations, and the like. It is possible to discover who came before you, when they lived, and where they were during their lifetime. There is an incredible opportunity in this space to enable people to learn about their family history in a deeper, more meaningful way. It is through the stories and anecdotes that people share that one is able to learn what kind of person their relative truly was.
20
Kin The Experience with Kin The Kin experience is powered by stories - the kind of anecdotes that facilitate a deeper emotional connection with a person’s family history far beyond the usual number-centric data points like births, deaths, and marriages. By facilitating and rewarding connections between family members, Kin empowers its users to transform their relationship to their history. By learning about the people who came before them and by continuing to engage with their expanding network, users derive personal satisfaction and moments of self-actualization. Through its integration with many different communication platforms, Kin makes it easy for anyone to discover, preserve, and share their histories with their relatives. In addition, Kin empowers its users to connect with their living relatives, thereby creating, fostering, and enhancing relationships among family members.
21
Attraction
someone exists
Entry
realizing you want to know more
re
don’t want it to get lost
Capab
Build Trees
Intentional Recording
22
Intentional Sharin
Engagement
esearching
Exit
interviews
archiving
asking recording
write
video
photo
bilities
ng
Numerical Info
Geographic Info
23
Basic Profiles
User Journ little known
have a tree
missing story
interested/curious
making connection family network being contacted
making a tree
Key Inter 1. Signing Up
1. Landing Screen
1. Inbox/Requests
2. Signing In
2. Profile/Stats
2. Contact Listings
3. Onboarding
3. Challenge/Quest
3. Chat Screen
4. Creating a Tree
4. Accept/Decline
24
ney - "Kin" collect
depositing stories
rewarding
film
sharing
tokens
photos
content
intimacy
text/writing
layers
conversation
depth
audio
ractions
s
1. Audio Record
1. Share
1. Progress
2. Video Record
2. Save
2. Reward
3. Camera/Photos
3. Content Gen.
3. Next Quest
4. Chat
4. Editing
5. TTS 6. STT
25
26
Unsplash Creative Commons Zero
Kin | The Value 27
Drivers of Behaviour
immortality
to be seen curiosity
continuity
to be heard
belonging
to leave a mark
knowledge
(media) family history platform
28
challenge
Kin Behaviour Space Kin aims to create value for its users by responding to the most basic drivers of behaviour. People inherently desire immortality, continuity, and belonging. This means that fundamentally, humans aspire to be seen, to be heard, and to leave a mark. Curiosity, knowledge, and intellectual challenges form the motivation to action in the context of Kin’s behaviour space. The activities and behaviours that Kin’s users engage with in this space are all in the service of these desires, goals, and motivations. It is through meaningful interaction and immersion that value is created, the cycle begins again, and an intimate relationship with the platform is formed.
29
Value Creation
Relationship
Satisfaction
immersive accessible participatory more in = more out
delight reward overcoming challenges discovery
transforming relationship with history
actualizing & enhancing the self
30
Kin Value Proposition Kin fundamentally transforms the nature of discovering, preserving, and sharing family histories. Kin facilitates and rewards meaningful connections, centred around storytelling, that deepens people’s relationship with their history, and by extension their identity. Kin empowers people to connect with each other and transform their connection to history.
31
Benefits
Experience
reconnecting people to their history through stories providing tools to capture best quality information
reconnecting people to their history through stories
making connections easy
fun, game-like experience with rewards providing inherent value by reconnecting people to their history in a deeper way
identifying potential connections through network rewarding level of connection daily quests
Features
Product: Kin Application Ideal Customers: Hobbyist Genealogists + Family 10|
32
Wants to know oneself to connect to discover to solve puzzles
security of information cost
identifying missing info
learning curve
making connection Fears empowerment to discover Needs
Substitutes
Photos
Videos
Web Services
Desktop SW Genealogists
33
Conversation Writing
11|
Business Model Sketch Key Partners google facebook twitter myheritage ancestry
Key Activities content creation discovery preservation sharing connection
Key Resources
Value Prop. transforming nature of discovery, preservation, and sharing transforming relationship to history
Customer Relationships communities app services
Customer Segment post- demographic consumers consider: 1. older gen 2. younger gen 3. middle-age
Channels mobile app email phone messaging in-person visit video chat
servers network developers users expert advisors
Cost Structure
Revenue Streams
infrastructure costs maintainance costs paid services - free services costs content creators
paid services advertising in-app sales percentage sales
strategyzer.com
34
Unsplash Creative Commons Zero
Kin | The Future 35
Photograph by Oculus Rift
Kin
+VR
"Kin +VR" Imagine if you could binge-watch your family history. Imagine if you could experience events as if they were happening right before you eyes. This is the promise of Kin’s future venture, Kin+VR. After the launch of Kin’s mobile app and a dedicated user base has been established, the next phase in Kin’s strategic plan can roll out. People will have become comfortable, even addicted, to discovering, preserving and sharing their family histories. Kin+VR offers creatives, content creators, and users a marketplace for immersive experiences custom tailored to a user’s own history.
36
Unsplash Creative Commons Zero
explore
Kin "Kin Explore" Imagine if you could explore the sentimental places mentioned in the stories you have captured on Kin. With Kin Explore, users can purchase customized travel itinteraries that promise to take participants to the places their family used to live in, the vacation spots they used to visit, and even the park bench great-grandma used to sit on when she fed the pigeons. With Kin Explore, go on an adventure and immerse yourself in your history!
37
Unsplash Creative Commons Zero
Kin | Research 38
Drivers Fear Fades On average, millennials spend one day per week on their phones. Increased trust in technology is breaking barriers in terms of who we talk to, what we do online, and what we share about ourselves. 2016 has seen an increase in consumer-facing autonomous services which will bring with them a new expectation of efficiency, value, convenience, and delight. Consumers’ concerns around new technology will melt away when they experience the benefits of a cheaper, faster, and easier autonomous life. Always building connections Humans are fundamentally social animals. Humans seek any opportunity to create new connections or strengthen existing ones. There is always an opportunity for technology to cater to this desire. On Demand Increasingly, consumers are coming to expect instant results. We want what we want, and we want it now. Research and Rapid Development Enormous amounts of money have been invested in recent years in the area of artificial intelligence. Many industry partnerships with leading research universities and high-paid competitions are driving the progress of the field of artificial intelligence. Talent is being highly compensated for their contribution to the field and helping their employers stay ahead of competition. Brave Bureaucrats In recent years, there has been an observable loosening of authority at the governmental level around the integration/development of emerging technology. The government is even providing financial incentives and seeks to be in the headlines about their respective contribution to the advancement of technology.
39
ChatBots Messaging has become its own unique platform for instant interactions. An increased use of chatbots has shown an ability to fulfill consumer needs through simple interactions and instant actions. In the case of DONOTPAY, a robot lawyer helps people identify whether they have grounds to contest a parking ticket by asking simple questions and then helps people through the process of appeal. Trulia is another example which provides people straight and honest answers about real estate listings and the respective neighbourhood in the form of a simple back and forth messaging interface. @DOMTHEPIZZA lets users order pizza by simply sending the word pizza, and then takes care of all the logistics behind the scenes. Impact A list of concepts that demonstrates the importance and impact of chatbots on the near future: 1. Reciprocity Conversations are about give and take, so chatbots can be a great conversation tool. What they do is an important consideration, but more crucial for any brand is how the chatbot facilitates this give and take. At any point, people should be given the right to ask for human support. Brands will be investing in making people comfortable with chatbots, which will drive a new form of interacting with their customers. 2.Human + Machine By 2020, 80% of customer interactions will be handled without requiring a human to facilitate the interactions. Robots won’t replace humans entirely, but will rather accommodate recurring or complex tasks, thereby freeing up time for humans to deal with the interactions requiringa human touch. AI will require human support to truly understand compassion, intuition, common sense, and other emotions/feelings.
40
3. Context People are increasingly using speech to facilitate interactions and exist more on a mobile platform. This behaviour will become more popular through the adoption of voice recognition technology. The future of search will manifest in conversational assistants, which will let people focus on what really matters. A truly intelligent assistant understands the world at large, your world, you, and your current context. 4. Trust is the Ultimate Challenge Reach is only achievable through vitality, social presence, and discover. The tone in which a chatbot interacts with customers should match the nature of interactions in other channels. People should have the choice to opt out if they feel their trust has been compromised in any way. 5. Humanizing Tech Technology is getting much better at removing factors that fragment our digital experiences. Digital solutions are becoming more accessible, and by extension more human. The voice is similar to the touch screen in that it signals a behavioural shift in the way people will come to interact with their devices. An audible interface removes the friction between people and their tools and facilitates more natural interactions. By naturalizing experiences and reshaping behaviours, people are given more time to spend on the meaningful moments in their lives (personal or commercial).
Resources Della Dora, Luca. "We Are Socialâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Curiosity Stop #16 : Chatbot Special." We Are Social UK. We Are Social, 05 Dec. 2016. Web. Dec. 2016. <https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2016/12/we-are-socials-curiosity-stop-16-chatbotspecial> "5 Consumer Trends for 2017." TrendWatching. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec. 2016. <http://trendwatching.com/trends/5trends-for-2017/> We Are Social Follow. "Think Forward 2017." LinkedIn SlideShare. N.p., 14 Nov. 2016. Web. Dec. 2016. <https://www. slideshare.net/wearesocial/think-forward-2017?next_slideshow=1>
41
Facilitating Intimacy Technology reinforces social bonds and continues to satisfy the human need for intimacy and closeness. Companies are leveraging this trend already to facilitate new levels of closeness and intimacy between people. Skol Beats designed a digital mask that helps its users identify potential suitors by glowing green when their synchronized Facebook profiles show signs of compatibility. Pillowtalk is another example of this trend being responded to by technology. The company has developed a sleep wristband that shares your heartbeat with a partner somewhere else. The main take-away from this trend is that more and more companies will be looking for ways in which to facilitate connections, nurture relationships, and increase closeness offline. A Living Legacy Society encourages personal fulfillment but also fuels a desire to make a meaningful contribution and ensure that our impact will be remembered long after we die. In the future, our social footprint will play an increasing role in how we leave a legacy. The idea that we could very well live on as data is triggering people to consider how they want to be remembered. Luca AI’s @Roman is one instance where a company built a chatbot based on the online footprint of a deceased friend as a way to memorialize them. SafeBeyond allows its users to leave a virtual legacy after passing away and facilitates communication with loved ones. Eterni.me seeks to preserve a person’s most important thoughts, stories, and memories to create an interactive avatar that matches the memory and mannerisms of the deceased individual. Digital Equilibrium People are beginning to seek a halfway point between digital dependancy and analog bliss. In other words, people want to remain connected but don’t want this digital connection to take away from their experience of life around them. In one example, Villa Stephanie is creating spaces for people to do a digital detox by blocking 96% of all cell signals in its space. Guests have a kill switch which they can use to turn their digital access back on if they wish to reconnect too. The Light Phone is a credit-card sized phone that connects to a person’s phone but is designed to be used as little as possible by only forwarding the most important notifications to you. This trend is important to follow as it will dictate how emerging technology should straddle the gap between ubiquity and detox to facilitate a healthier, more holistic relationship between people and the technology in their lives. 42
Internet of Social Things 2.0 Every product is increasingly becoming a part of the sharing economy. With this comes an increased trust between people of their online peers and an acceptance of the internet of social things in more niche areas of life than ever before. ZUM is a company that demonstrates this trend well. It offers safe, on-demand rides to children in cars driven by certified, trusted drivers. UBERpool signals an acceptance of the behaviour of travelling with strangers every day. StrataJet offers an Uber-like service that connects private jets to wealthy people and services routes to places like Paris and Geneva. The take-away here is that literally everything is becoming a part of the sharing economy, which will have a profound influence on the meaning of ownership and trust, the world at large, your world, you, and your current context. Behaviour as a Currency More and more, our behaviour is becoming more accountable wherever we are. In the future, many products and services will rely on our reputation more than ever. People is a recommendation application that enables people to recommend others and be recommended by the people one interacts with every day. The Art Series Hotel developed a new system of recommendation where the roles are reversed and hotel staff can review guests. Some coffee stores even offer discounts on your order depending on how polite you are when you make the order. Socially Smart Money Companies and startups are replacing the traditional meetings with financial advisors with conversations. The management and saving of money is become social. Air Canada introduced a new service which lets people crowd fund their travel adventures. ABSA features a conversational banking chatbot. Lastly, Cleo is a services that talks to you about your personal finances through a messaging interface and helps you achieve your goals.
43
Business Bots This trend extends well beyond chatbots and promises to impact the way businesses function altogether. Business bots refer to modular, automated systems that can contract services and launch businesses with minimal human input to achieve a desired goal. This concept, if executed properly, will enable entrepreneurs to scale their businesses faster and more precisely, and will change the role of employees. Another concept that is attempting to enable a similar benefit is the DAO, or distributed autonomous organization. In its essence, the DAO is a fully automated, full service company but without the office and without full-time employees. Virtual Reality Therapy As VR technology continues to advance and become more accessible to the everyday user, companies are looking for ways to leverage this technology to design multi-sensory environments with the capacity to trick biological responses as a form of therapy. Initially set to address psychological things, the technology promises to move to neurorehabilitation of physical problems too. VR will become a critical component of treatment in the near future. As the technology becomes even more prevalent, people will experiment with the idea of expanding the way our brains function. Hearable Interfaces The next logical step in user experience and user interface is already being commercialized in hearables. Audible interactions are capable of augmenting reality through sound and delivering new types of experience through Audible User Interfaces (AUI). It is not entirely crazy to imagine a future where screen-based interactions become obsolesced by other sensory interfaces such as an AUI, naturalizing interaction and experience. VR On-Demand Live entertainment is becoming displaced with low cost, high engagement opportunities that are accessible to a very large audience from the comfort of their own homes. Eventually, venues will sell tickets to virtual events and allow people to subscribe for access to a catalog of events from the past. Micro experiences will temporarily transport people to moments of escape that refresh the mind - like an inexpensive vacation. Content creators will shift to delivering low-cost, high-quality experiences that can be traded in an open marketplace. People without VR can access these offerings in public or community spaces through rental programs or â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;destination roomsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. 44
Autonomy > Monotony Consumers are embracing brands that free them from tedious tasks and allow them to focus on what really matters. People want to outsource the no-fun aspects of life to these products and services. Intelligent products and services are helping to eradicate lifestyle monotony.Affordability of certain products or technologies are creating new pressure on the market to outsource monotony in every realm of life. Motivated Mindlessness Self improvement is universal human desire. Self-actualization is the status symbol for many consumers in the current market. Despite this, willpower isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t any more abundant than it was before. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s where this trend fits in. People are looking for opportunities to outsource the challenge of coaching themselves to a better self and committing to themselves. When people see results or notice a difference, they become accepting of this behaviour as part of life. In some cases, people felt they were more accountable to online/ cognitive applications when they missed a goal. Soci-AI-l Skills Artificial intelligence promises to help people become kinder, more considerate, and bring us closer to other humans. While connectivity is instantaneous in our world, the constant buzzing and glowing of notifications is distracting and distancing people from deeper, inthe-moment connections. AI will help facilitate human connection. Ultimately it seems that people need help making, managing, and optimizing their choices. The real impact of any technology is measured by its invisibility, and AI can exist in the background. VR Experience Economy There is a noticeable shift taking place from the internet of information to an economy of experiences. Virtual experiences will come to carry a status weight equal to or more sought after than real experiences. The usual physical limitations of our environment no longer apply to experiences in the virtual experience economy. Chosen experiences will come to define a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s identity or status even more than their material possessions do now. VR experiences will create lasting memories with a much greater shareable value than physical experiences.
45
Worlds Apart This trend highlights that the impact of globalization is currently in decline. Consumers will look to brands to renew opportunities to help people understand their changing relationship to home - be it a nation, city, or neighbourhood. Two types of people emerge from this trend: global citizens and nation nurturers. Global citizens represent those who believe in an open and interconnected world. Nation nurturers take solace in the familiar and are more inwardly focused. Companies like Momondo are showing people just how genetically-related people are - in an effort to break down the divisive stereotypical barriers between people and encourage unconditional respect for diversity. Global citizens will embrace brands like this one that foster understanding and build bridged between culture and people.
Resources: "Tech Trends 2017." Frog. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec. 2016. <https://www.frogdesign.com/techtrends2017> Della Dora, Luca. "We Are Socialâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Curiosity Stop #16 : Chatbot Special." We Are Social UK. We Are Social, 05 Dec. 2016. Web. Dec. 2016. <https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2016/12/we-are-socials-curiosity-stop-16-chatbotspecial> "Post Demographic Imperatives." TrendWatching. TrendWatching, 2015. Web. Dec. 2016. <http://trendwatching. com/trends/post-demographic-imperatives/> "Post Demographic Consumerism." TrendWatching. TrendWatching, Web. Dec. 2016. <http://trendwatching. com/trends/post-demographic-consumerism/> "Autonomania." TrendWatching. TrendWatching. Web. Dec. 2016. <http://trendwatching.com/trends/ autonomania/> "Five Trends for 2017." TrendWatching. TrendWatching. Web. Dec. 2016. <"Autonomania." TrendWatching. TrendWatching. Web. Dec. 2016. <http://trendwatching.com/trends/autonomania/> We Are Social Follow. "Think Forward 2017." LinkedIn SlideShare. N.p., 14 Nov. 2016. Web. Dec. 2016. <https://www. slideshare.net/wearesocial/think-forward-2017?next_slideshow=1>
46
Family History Why are people interested? The psychological mechanisms that motivate people to engage with their family history can be divided into three roles: the teller, the researcher, and the listener. The Teller The older generation might share family stories to bridge the gap between generations and foster connections with their children and grandchildren. In addition, people have an inherent desire to foster, nurture, and engage future generations. The concept, called generativity, has two phases: creating a product of the self - be it a book or an idea and handing over this product of the self to future generations. By passing on their stories, people get satisfaction from the knowledge that they have actively contributed to the lives of their future generations. In addition, telling stories immortalizes the person telling the story for future generations. In many cases, people feel a sense of moral obligation to preserve their memories. The Researcher At the heart of why people are increasingly motivated to engage with their family history is the fundamental human desire to make sense of things. Every family has its unique quirks. There is a sense of pleasure in delving deeper and understanding where these quirks come from. Moreover, there are people in every family who enjoy being the designated family historian. They get satisfaction from knowing that they are the link between the past and the future, ensuring nothings gets lost along the way. Lastly, by researching family history people gain a unique perspective on historical events. The act of research contextualizes the familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role in history and highlights how the family experienced different periods of history.
47
The Listener Listening to family stories provides people with an initial sense of identity. In one way, family stories are a means to establish family rules or policies that guide a person’s everyday behaviour. Even when a person’s family history is tainted with disgrace or disaster, the stories themselves can offer a valuable perspective on life. This new perspective often motivates a person in new ways or enhances their sense of self. The knowledge of a family’s stories is what distinguishes one family from another. The stories are a large part of what binds the group together. When someone wants to become a part of that group, absorbing the family’s stories is often what establishes greater intimacy and exemplifies acceptance. Other Motivators One forum I discovered records how individuals describe their motivation to engage with family history. For some, the activity is about leaving a mark. For others, being engaged prompts further conversations between people and fosters connection. In a way, by engaging with their own history, people tap into a source of hyper personal entertainment. Others responded that they thoroughly enjoy the challenge that genealogical research presents. People get a lot of satisfaction and please from solving these kinds of complex puzzles. Lastly, people discussed how their engagement with history feeds their soul and puts their life into perspective. It aids them in coming to terms with their own morality. Resources: Welankiwar, Rasika. "The Ancestor Allure: Exploring Why We Look Back." Big Think. Big Think, 26 Apr. 2014. Web. Dec. 2016. <http://bigthink.com/experts-corner/the-ancestor-allure-exploring-why-we-look-back> ""Why Do You Do Genealogy?"" Ancestry Forums. Ancestry, n.d. Web. Dec. 2016. <http://homepages.rootsweb. ancestry.com/~merklee/why.html>
48