Cuprins Abrevieri ............................................................................................. XIII Cuvânt-ĂŽnainte ..................................................................................... XV &DSLWROXO , &RQVLGHUDÄ LL JHQHUDOH SULYLQG QRÄ LXQLOH GH HJDOLWDWH ĂşL QHGLVFULPLQDUH ...................................................................................... 1 6HFÄ LXQHD ,VWRULFXO QRÄ LXQLORU GH HJDOLWDWH ĂşL QHGLVFULPLQDUH ............ 1 † (JDOLWDWHD PRUDOă GH OD QDWXUă ................................................... 1 §2. Egalitatea Âą drept natural inalienabil .......................................... 5 §3. Inegalitatea Âą parte a contractului social .................................... 7 §4. Discriminarea Âą IRUPă GH QHJDUH D HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL .............................. 8 6HFÄ LXQHD D -D 3ULQFLSLXO HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL ĂşL GUHSWXO OD QHGLVFULPLQDUH ĂŽn dreptul comparat ............................................................................. 10 † 3ULQFLSLXO HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL vQ VLVWHPXO RQXVLDQ GH SURWHFÄ LH a drepturilor omului ........................................................................ 10 † 3ULQFLSLXO HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL vQ VLVWHPHOH UHJLRQDOH GH GUHSW SULYLWRDUH OD SURWHFÄ LD GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL ....................................... 14 2.1. Sistemul african de proteFÄ LH D GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL .............. 14 2.2. Sistemul inter-DPHULFDQ GH SURWHFÄ LH D GUHSWXULORU omului ........................................................................................ 14 6LVWHPXO HXURSHDQ GH SURWHFÄ LH D GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL .......... 15 Ă„6LVWHPXO DVLDWLF´ GH SURWHFÄ LH D GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL ........... 17 6HFÄ LXQHD D -D 3ULQFLSLXO HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL ĂşL GUHSWXO OD QHGLVFULPLQDUH ĂŽn dreptul român .................................................................................. 18 † 3ULQFLSLL DSOLFDELOH GUHSWXOXL QDÄ LRQDO....................................... 18 † 1DWXUD MXULGLFă ĂşL FRQÄ LQXWXO SULQFLSLXOXL HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL ................... 21 (JDOLWDWHD PRUDOă ................................................................ 21 (JDOLWDWHD IRUPDOă ............................................................... 22 (JDOLWDWHD VXEVWDQÄ LDOă ......................................................... 23 † &RQÄ LQXWXO GUHSWXOXL OD QHGLVFULPLQDUH ĂşL GRPHQLXO de aplicare al acestuia ..................................................................... 24 'LVFULPLQDUHD GLUHFWă .......................................................... 24 'LVFULPLQDUHD LQGLUHFWă ....................................................... 25
VIII
(IHFWHOH KRWăUkULORU &('2 úL &-8( vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ
&DSLWROXO ,, 3ULQFLSLXO HJDOLWăĠLL vQ FDGUXO VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW HXURSHDQ DO &RQYHQĠLHL .......................................................................... 26 6HFĠLXQHD &RQVLGHUDĠLL SUHOLPLQDUH ................................................. 26 6HFĠLXQHD D -a. Aspecte generale privind respectarea dreptului la nediscriminare ................................................................................. 28 6HPQLILFDĠLD LQWHUGLFĠLHL GLVFULPLQăULL vQVFULVH vQ DUW al &RQYHQĠLHL ...................................................................................... 28 1DWXUD MXULGLFă D GUHSWXOXL OD QHGLVFULPLQDUH vQ FDGUXO sistemului de drept eXURSHDQ DO &RQYHQĠLHL .................................... 31 'HSHQGHQĠD GUHSWXOXL OD QHGLVFULPLQDUH GH FODX]HOH QRUPDWLYH DOH &RQYHQĠLHL úL SURWRFRDOHORU DGLĠLRQDOH................. 32 $XWRQRPLD FODX]HL GH QHGLVFULPLQDUH UHJOHPHQWDWă de art. 14 .................................................................................... 33 &DUDFWHUXO VXEVLGLDU DO SURWHFĠLHL vPSRWULYD GLVFULPLQăULL ............................................................................... 36 3URWHFĠLD GUHSWXOXL OD QHGLVFULPLQDUH vQ OHJăWXUă FX H[HUFLWDUHD XQRU GUHSWXUL LQGLYLGXDOH HFRQRPLFH úL VRFLDOH .............................. 38 ,QWHU]LFHUHD JHQHUDOă D GLVFULPLQăULL vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX prevederile art. 1 al Protocolului nr. 12 .......................................... 43 6HFĠLXQHD D -a. Standarde minime privind respectarea dreptului la nediscriminare în cadrul sistemului european de drept DO &RQYHQĠLHL ....................................................................................... 47 *DUDQWDUHD GUHSWXOXL OD QHGLVFULPLQDUH vQ OHJăWXUă FX ÄH[HUFLĠLXO GUHSWXULORU úL OLEHUWăĠLORU UHFXQRVFXWH GH &RQYHQĠLH´ VDX GH ÄOHJH´................................................................................... 49 §2. ([LVWHQĠD GLIHUHQĠHL GH WUDWDPHQW vQ ED]D D FHO SXĠLQ XQXLD dintre motivele de discriminare interzise de art. 14 ........................ 53 ([LVWHQĠD XQHL GLIHUHQĠH GH WUDWDPHQW .................................. 53 2.2. Motive de discriminare interzise de textul art. 14 ............... 53 'LVWLQFĠLD YL]HD]ă VLWXDĠLL DQDORDJH úL FRPSDUDELOH .................. 58 6LWXDĠLL DQDORDJH úL FRPSDUDELOH ......................................... 58 2EOLJDĠLD VWDWHORU SăUĠL GH D WUDWa diferit persoane aflate vQ VLWXDĠLL GLIHULWH ........................................................................ 62 'LIHUHQĠD GH WUDWDPHQW DUH OD ED]ă R MXVWLILFDUH RELHFWLYă úL UH]RQDELOă ....................................................................................... 63 'LIHUHQĠD GH WUDWDPHQW XUPăUHúWH XQ VFRS OHJLWLP .............. 64 ([LVWHQĠD XQXL UDSRUW UH]RQDELO GH SURSRUĠLRQDOLWDWH vQWUH VFRSXO XUPăULW úL PLMORDFHOH IRORVLWH SHQWUX DWLQJHUHD acestuia ...................................................................................... 66
Cuprins
IX
6HFÄ LXQHD D -a. Aspecte particulare privitoare la garantarea HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL ĂşL D GUHSWXOXL OD QHGLVFULPLQDUH ............................................ 70 † 'LVFULPLQDUHD PRWLYDWă UDVLDO ................................................... 70 'LPHQVLXQHD VXELHFWLYă Âą responsabilitatea statului SHQWUX YLROHQÄ D UDVLDOă FRPLVă GH FăWUH UHSUH]HQWDQÄ L ai autorLWÄƒÄ LORU SXEOLFH ................................................................ 72 'LPHQVLXQHD SURFHGXUDOă Âą REOLJDÄ LD VXSOLPHQWDUă a statului de a investiga posibilele motive rasiste ...................... 73 † 'LVFULPLQDUHD LQGLUHFWă ............................................................ 76 §3. OEOLJDÄ LD SR]LWLYă D VWDWHORU GH D SURWHMD vPSRWULYD GLVFULPLQăULL vQ VHFWRUXO SULYDW........................................................ 77 Capitolul III. 3ULQFLSLXO HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL vQ FDGUXO VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW al Uniunii Europene............................................................................... 80 6HFÄ LXQHD (YROXÄ LD SURWHFÄ LHL GUHSWXULORU ĂşL D OLEHUWÄƒÄ LORU IXQGDPHQWDOH vQ FDGUXO VLVWHPXOXL 8QLXQLL (XURSHQH GH SURWHFÄ LH a drepturilor omului ............................................................................ 81 † (YROXÄ LD SURWHFÄ LHL GUHSWXULORU ĂşL D OLEHUWÄƒÄ LORU fundamentale .................................................................................. 82 5HVSLQJHUHD SULQFLSLXOXL UHVSHFWăULL GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL GH FăWUH &XUWHD GH -XVWLÄ LH D &RPXQLWÄƒÄ LORU (XURSHQH ................ 82 ,QWHUSUHWDUHD OHJLVODÄ LHL SULPDUH vQ VFRSXO FUHăULL de drepturi individuale, acceptarea recXQRDĂşWHULL GUHSWXULORU fundamentale ca fiind respectate ĂŽn cadrul ordinii juridice FRPXQLWDUH ĂşL SURWHMDUHD DFHVWRU GUHSWXUL ................................... 84 /HJLIHUDUHD ĂşL PRQLWRUL]DUHD UHVSHFWăULL GUHSWXULORU fundamentale ĂŽn cadrul Uniunii Europene ................................. 88 6HFÄ LXQHD D -D &RQVLGHUDÄ LL SUHOLPLQDUH SULYLWRDUH OD JDUDQWDUHD dreptului la nediscriminare ................................................................. 94 † /HJLVODÄ LD SULPDUă UHIHULWRDUH OD JDUDQWDUHD SULQFLSLXOXL HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL .......................................................................................... 96 §2. Carta Drepturilor Fundamentale a Uniunii Europene ............... 98 † /HJLVODÄ LD VHFXQGDUă UHIHULWRDUH OD JDUDQWDUHD SULQFLSLXOXL HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL ........................................................................................ 101 6HFÄ LXQHD D -D ,QWHUSUHWDUHD ĂşL DSOLFDUHD GUHStului la nediscriminare GH FăWUH &XUWHD GH -XVWLÄ LH D 8QLXQLL (XURSHQH ................................ 106 † 3ULQFLSLXO JHQHUDO DO HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL vQWUH HXURSHQL SH PRWLY GH QDÄ LRQDOLWDWH VDX FHWÄƒÄ HQLH ............................................................. 108
X
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† (JDOLWDWHD GHULYDWă GLQ WUDGLÄ LLOH FRQVWLWXÄ LRQDOH FRPXQH VWDWHORU PHPEUH ĂşL DFRUGXULOH LQWHUQDÄ LRQDOH SULYLQG drepturile omului .......................................................................... 111 † ,QWHU]LFHUHD GLVFULPLQăULL OD ORFXO GH PXQFă SH PRWLY GH JHQ FRQIRUP DUW 7)8( ĂşL GLUHFWLYHORU FDUH-l LPSOHPHQWHD]ă ...... 113 † 1RXD DULH GH QHGLVFULPLQDUH UHJOHPHQWDWă GH DUW 7)8( ĂşL OHJLVODÄ LD GH LPSOHPHQWDUH D DFHVWXLD SUHYHGHULOH &DUWHL Drepturilor Fundamentale ............................................................ 116 6HFÄ LXQHD D -a. Standarde minime privind respectarea dreptului OD QHGLVFULPLQDUH vQ FDGUXO VLVWHPXOXL 8QLXQLL GH SURWHFÄ LH D drepturilor omului ............................................................................. 118 §1. Respectarea standardelor minime stabilite de CEDO, IăUă D DIHFWD vQ PRG QHJDWLY DXWRQRPLD 8QLXQLL ĂşL SH FHD D &XUÄ LL GH -XVWLÄ LH ......................................................................... 119 1.1. Standardul minim aplicabil ĂŽn prezent .............................. 119 6WDQGDUGXO PLQLP DSOLFDELO GXSă DGHUDUHD 8QLXQLL OD &RQYHQÄ LD HXURSHDQă D GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL ........................... 124 † 6WDQGDUGXO LQYHUVăULL VDUFLQLL SUREHL UHJOHPHQWDW de dreptul Uniunii Europene ........................................................ 128 Capitolul IV. ,QWHUSUHWDUHD ĂşL DSOLFDUHD VWDQGDUGHORU HXURSHQH PLQLPH GH JDUDQWDUH D SULQFLSLXOXL HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL vQ VLVWemului QDÄ LRQDO GH GUHSW .................................................................................. 133 6HFÄ LXQHD &RQVLGHUDÄ LL SUHOLPLQDUH DVXSUD FDGUXOXL OHJDO QDÄ LRQDO DO SULQFLSLXOXL HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL ....................................................... 133 † $VSHFWH JHQHUDOH SULYLWRDUH OD UHJOHPHQWăULOH FRQVWLWXÄ LRQDOH vQ PDWHULD JDUDQWăULL SULQFLSLXOXL HJDOLWÄƒÄ LL ................................... 133 §2. Dreptul la nediscriminare garantat de alte prevederi legale QDÄ LRQDOH ....................................................................................... 135 2UGRQDQÄ D SULYLQG SUHYHQLUHD ĂşL VDQFÄ LRQDUHD WXWXURU formelor de discriminare .......................................................... 135 2UGRQDQÄ D GH XUJHQÄ Äƒ SULYLQG LQWHU]LFHUHD RUJDQL]DÄ LLORU ĂşL VLPEROXULORU FX FDUDFWHU IDVFLVW UDVLVW VDX [HQRIRE .............. 140 † /HJHD SULYLQG HJDOLWDWHD GH ĂşDQVH ĂşL GH WUDWDPHQt ĂŽntre IHPHL ĂşL EăUEDÄ L ............................................................................. 141 §4 3UREHOH ĂşL SDUWDMDUHD VDUFLQLL SUREHL vQ PDWHULD QHGLVFULPLQăULL .............................................................................. 142 6HFÄ LXQHD D -D 3UDFWLFD MXGLFLDUă QDÄ LRQDOă UHOHYDQWă SHQWUX garantarea dreptului la nediscriminare ĂŽn raport cu respectarea unor drepturi patrimoniale sau personal-nepatrimoniale ................. 143
Cuprins
XI
3UDFWLFD MXGLFLDUă QDĠLRQDOă UHOHYDQWă SHQWUX JDUDQWDUHD SULQFLSLXOXL HJDOLWăĠLL vQ UDSRUW FX XQHOH GUHSWXUL IXQGDPHQWDOH patrimoniale .................................................................................. 144 3UDFWLFD MXGLFLDUă QDĠLRQDOă UHOHYDQWă SHQWUX JDUDQWDUHD SULQFLSLXOXL HJDOLWăĠLL vQ UDSRUW FX XQHOH GUHSWXUL IXQGDPHQWDOH personal-nepatrimoniale ............................................................... 147 -XULVSUXGHQĠD &XUĠLL &RQVWLWXĠLRQDOH D 5RPkQLHL .............. 147 $VSHFWH GLQ SUDFWLFD UHOHYDQWă D &RQVLOLXOXL 1DĠLRQDO SHQWUX &RPEDWHUHD 'LVFULPLQăULL ............................................. 150 2EOLJDWLYLWDWHD LQVWDQĠHORU QDĠLRQDOH GH D UHVSHFWD GHFL]LLOH &XUĠLL &RQVWLWXĠLRQDOH ............................................................... 151 $QDOL]D FDQWLWDWLYă D FDX]HORU UHIHULWRDUH OD DSOLFDUHD VWDQGDUGHORU PLQLPH GH JDUDQWDUH D SULQFLSLXOXL HJDOLWăĠLL vQ UDSRUW FX XQHOH GUHSWXUL SDWULPRQLDOH úL personal-nepatrimoniale ........................................................... 153 Capitolul V. 5DSRUWXO GLQWUH RUGLQHD MXULGLFă QDĠLRQDOă úL VLVWHPHOH HXURSHQH GH GUHSW ............................................................ 165 6HFĠLXQHD 2EOLJDWLYLWDWHD UHVSHFWăULL GUHSWXOXL 8QLXQLL (XURSHQH GH FăWUH LQVWDQĠHOH QDĠLRQDOH .............................................................. 167 3ULQFLSLXO VXSUHPDĠLHL GUHSWXOXL 8QLXQLL (XURSHQH ................ 167 $SOLFDUHD LPHGLDWă úL GLUHFWă D GUHSWXOXL 8QLXQLL (XURSHQH .. 168 &DUDFWHUXO XQLWDU úL DSOLFDUHD XQLIRUPă D GUHSWului Uniunii ... 171 6HFĠLXQHD D -D 2EOLJDWLYLWDWHD UHVSHFWăULL DXWRULWăĠLL GH OXFUX LQWHUSUHWDW D KRWăUkULORU &XUĠLORU HXURSHQH ........................................ 174 $XWRULWDWHD GH OXFUX LQWHUSUHWDW D KRWăUkULORU LQVWDQĠHORU Uniunii Europene ......................................................................... 174 $XWRULWDWHD GH OXFUX LQWHUSUHWDW D KRWăUkULORU &XUĠLL (XURSHQH a Drepturilor Omului .................................................................... 177 Capitolul VI. Propuneri de lege ferenda úL FRQFOX]LL JHQHUDOH ......... 181 6HFĠLXQHD 3URSXQHUL de lege ferenda ............................................. 181 3URSXQHUL GH PRGLILFDUH D &RQVWLWXĠLHL 5RPkQLHL .................. 181 3URSXQHUL GH PRGLILFDUH D OHJLVODĠLHL RUJDQLFH úL RUGLQDUH în materia nediscriPLQăULL ............................................................. 183 6HFĠLXQHD D -a. Concluzii generale .................................................. 185 Bibliografie ........................................................................................... 195