ƣƔƚ 82-94 ƑƑƚ 84(2Ơƾǁ-Ơǃǁ)6-4 ƛ 64
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в в . . ƛưƲƺư ƷưƱNjǂNjDž ƲƵljƵƹ. ƐƲǂƾƱƸƾƳǀưDŽƸǏ : ǀƾƼưƽ / ơƵǀƳƵƹ ƛƸǂƲƸƽƾƲ. — Ɯ. : ƭƺǁƼƾ, 2013. — 256 ǁ. ISBN 978-5-699-63217-6 ƭǂƾ – ǁƾƻnjƽNjƹ ƿǀƾƵƺǂ ƸƷƲƵǁǂƽƵƹLjƵƳƾ ưƲǂƾǀư ƴƵǂƵƺǂƸƲƽNjDž ǀƾƼưƽƾƲ. ƭǂƾ – ǁưƼưǏ ƽƵƾƱNjLJƽưǏ ưƲǂƾƱƸƾƳǀưDŽƸǏ ƽư ǁƲƵǂƵ. ƭǂƾ ƶƸƷƽnj – ǃƲƸƴƵƽƽưǏ LJƵǀƵƷ ƿǀƸƷƼǃ ƲƵljƵƹ. ƢƵDž, ƺƾǂƾǀNjƵ ƱNjƻƸ LJưǁǂnjǎ ƿǀƾLjƻƾƹ ƶƸƷƽƸ Ƹ ƺƾǂƾǀNjDž ǂƵƿƵǀnj ƿǀƾǁǂƾ ƽƵ ǁǃljƵǁǂƲǃƵǂ. ƟƸƾƽƵǀǁƺƸƹ Ƴưƻǁǂǃƺ; ƺƻǎLJƸ ƽư ƱƵLJƵƲƺƵ; ǍƼƱƻƵƼNj ǁǂǀƾƹƾǂǀǏƴƾƲ; ƺưǂǃLjƵLJƽNjƹ ƼưƳƽƸǂƾDŽƾƽ… ƭǂƸ Ƹ ƴǀǃƳƸƵ ưǀǂƵDŽưƺǂNj ǃLjƵƴLjƵƹ ǍƿƾDžƸ ǁǂưƽƾƲǏǂǁǏ ƴƻǏ ưƲǂƾǀư ƽƵ ǂƾƻnjƺƾ ƾƱNJƵƺǂƾƼ ƽƾǁǂưƻnjƳƸƸ, ƽƾ ƿƾƲƾƴƾƼ, LJǂƾƱNj ǀưǁǁƺưƷưǂnj ǁƲǏƷưƽƽNjƵ ǁ ƽƸƼƸ ƸǁǂƾǀƸƸ: ƲƵǁƵƻNjƵ, ƿƵLJưƻnjƽNjƵ, ƺǀƸƼƸƽưƻnjƽNjƵ, ƼƸǁǂƸLJƵǁƺƸƵ... ƓƻưƲƽƾƵ – ƽƵ ƲNjƴǃƼưƽƽNjƵ Ƹ ƿƾǀƾƹ ƱƾƻƵƵ ƿǀưƲƴƸƲNjƵ, LJƵƼ ǁưƼư ƶƸƷƽnj. УД
ISBN 978-5-699-63217-6
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Предисловие ƞƳƻǏƴƵƲLjƸǁnj ƲƾƺǀǃƳ, Ǐ ǁ ǃƴƸƲƻƵƽƸƵƼ ƾƱƽưǀǃƶƸƻ, LJǂƾ ƼƽƾƳƸƵ ƲƵljƸ, ƾƺǀǃƶưƲLjƸƵ ƼƵƽǏ ǁ ƴƵǂǁǂƲư, ƸǁLJƵƷƻƸ. ƘDž ƷưƼƵƽƸƻƸ ǁƾƲǁƵƼ ƴǀǃƳƸƵ. Ɛ LJưljƵ ƴưƶƵ Ƹ ƽƵ ƷưƼƵƽƸƻƸ ǁƾƲǁƵƼ. ƜƵǁǂư, ƺƾǂƾǀNjƵ ƾƽƸ ƷưƽƸƼưƻƸ, ƾǁǂưƻƸǁnj ƿǃǁǂNjƼƸ. Ƨǂƾ Ǐ ƸƼƵǎ Ʋ ƲƸƴǃ? ƒƾǂ, ƴƾƿǃǁǂƸƼ, ƿƸƾƽƵǀǁƺƸƹ Ƴưƻǁǂǃƺ. ƓƴƵ ƾƽ? Ɛǃ? ƘǁLJƵƷ. ƠưǁǂƲƾǀƸƻǁǏ. ƞǁǂưƻǁǏ ǂƾƻnjƺƾ Ʋ ƿưƼǏǂƸ, ƽư DŽƾǂƾƳǀưDŽƸLJƵǁƺƸDž ǁƽƸƼƺưDž, ƽư ƳǀǃƴƸ ƴưƻƵƺƸDž ƿƸƾƽƵǀƾƲ Ʊǀưǂǁƺƾƹ ƚǃƱNj — ǀƾƴƽƵƽnjƺƸƵ! ƘƻƸ ƲƷǏǂnj ǁǂƵƺƻǏƽƽNjƵ ƱǃǂNjƻƺƸ ƴƻǏ Ƽƾƻƾƺư (ǁ ƶƵǁǂǏƽNjƼƸ ƺǀNjLjƵLJƺưƼƸ ƽư ƼưƺǃLjƺưDž). ƘƻƸ ƿưƺƵǂNj ƴƻǏ ǂƾƳƾ ƶƵ Ƽƾƻƾƺư — ƽƾ Ʋ ƲƸƴƵ ƿƸǀưƼƸƴƺƸ. Ɛ ƵljƵ, ǁƺưƶƵƼ, ưƲƾǁnjƺư. ƟǏǂƸƺƾƿƵƵLJƽưǏ ƼƾƽƵǂư (ƿǏǂưƺ). ƑǃƼưƶƽưǏ ǁƾƲƵǂǁƺưǏ ǂǀƵLjƺư, ƿǏǂƵǀƺư, ƴƵǁǏǂƺư ƸƻƸ ƴƲưƴdžưǂnj ƿǏǂnj ǀǃƱƻƵƹ. Ƙ — ǁLJƵǂNj (ư ǂưƺƶƵ ƻƾƳưǀƸDŽƼƸLJƵǁƺưǏ ƻƸƽƵƹƺư Ƹ ǂưƱƻƸdžNj ƑǀưƴƸǁư). Ɛ ƵljƵ ƲƵǁNj LJưLjƵLJƽNjƵ, ǁ ƳƸǀnjƺưƼƸ. Ƙ, ƺƾƽƵLJƽƾ, ƿưǀǂƱƸƻƵǂ. Ƙ — ƱƸƻƵǂ ƺƾƼǁƾƼƾƻnjǁƺƸƹ. Ƙ ƾƺǂǏƱǀǏǂǁƺưǏ ƷƲƵƷƴƾLJƺư. 7
Ñåðãåé Ëèòâèíîâ
ƚƾƵ-LJǂƾ, ƿǀưƲƴư, ƸƷ ƸǁLJƵƷƽǃƲLjƵƳƾ ǁƾƲƵǂǁƺƾƳƾ ƲƽƾƲnj ƿƾǏƲƻǏƵǂǁǏ. ƞƴƽưƺƾ Ǎǂƾ, ǁƺƾǀƵƵ, ƼưƺƵǂNj. ƜǃƻǏƶƸ. ƝưƿǀƸƼƵǀ, ưƲǂƾƼưǂNj ƴƻǏ ƳưƷƸǀƾƲưƽƽƾƹ ƲƾƴNj. ƘDž ǁƿƵdžƸưƻnjƽƾ ƽƾǁǂưƻnjƳƸLJƵǁƺƸƼƸ ƴƵƻưǎǂ. ƚƾƿƸǀǃǎǂ ƴƸƷưƹƽ ƿǀƵƶƽƸDž. Ɲƾ ǀưƽnjLjƵ ƼNj ƿƸƻƸ ƸƷ ƳǀưƽƵƽNjDž ǁǂưƺưƽƾƲ. ƜNjƻƸ ƸDž ǁưƼƾǁǂƾǏǂƵƻnjƽƾ. Ɨư ǂǀƸ ƺƾƿƵƹƺƸ — Ʋƾƴǃ ǁ ǁƸǀƾƿƾƼ, Ʒư ƾƴƽǃ — ƱƵƷ. Ƙ ƾLJƵƽnj ǁǂǀưƽƽƾ ƿƻưǂƸǂnj Ʒư ƳưƷƸǀƾƲưƽƽǃǎ Ʋƾƴǃ ǁƾǀƾƺ ǀǃƱƻƵƹ ƱưƽƺƽƾǂưƼƸ ƲƼƵǁǂƾ ǂǀƵDž ƺƾƿƵƵƺ. ƘƻƸ, ƺ ƿǀƸƼƵǀǃ, ƴƸǁƿƵƽǁƵǀNj (ǁǂƵƺƻǏƽƽNjƵ ƺƾƽǃǁNj ƴƻǏ ƿǀƾƴưƶƸ ǁƾƺƾƲ): ƸDž ƺǂƾ-ǂƾ ƲƷǏƻǁǏ ƿǀƾƴƲƸƳưǂnj, ƴƵƻưǂnj ǍƻƵƼƵƽǂưƼƸ ƳƻưƼǃǀư. Ɲƾ ǂƵ, ƸƷƽưLJưƻnjƽNjƵ, ƽưLjƸ ƺƾǀƵƽƽNjƵ, ƿƾLJƲƵƽƽNjƵ ƴƸǁƿƵƽǁƵǀNj — ƾƽƸǂƾ ƸǁLJƵƷƻƸ! Ƙ ǂưƺƸDž ƿƾǂƵǀǏƽƽNjDž ƲƵljƵƹ (Ǐ ǁ ƽƵƴưƲƽƸDž ƿƾǀ ƽưLJưƻ ǁƾƱƸǀưǂnj ƸDž), Ǐ ƽưǁLJƸǂưƻ ǃƶƵ ƺưƺ ƼƸƽƸƼǃƼ ƿǏǂnj ƴƵǁǏǂƺƾƲ. Ƙ ƺưƶƴNjƹ ƿǀƵƴƼƵǂ ƸƼƵƵǂ ǁƲƾǎ ƸǁǂƾǀƸǎ. Ƙ — ƷưǁƻǃƶƸƲưƵǂ ǁƲƾƵƹ ƸǁǂƾǀƸƸ. Ɛ ǀưƷƴƵƻ ƺƽƸƳƸ, ƺƾǂƾǀNjƹ ƲNj LJƸǂưƵǂƵ Ʋ ƴưƽƽNjƹ ƼƾƼƵƽǂ? Ƣƾ Ƶǁǂnj — ƿǀƵƴƸǁƻƾƲƸƵ? ƒ ǁƾƲƵǂǁƺƸƵ ƲǀƵƼƵƽư ƿǀƵƴƸǁƻƾƲƸƵ ǏƲƻǏƻƾǁnj Ʋưƶƽƾƹ ǁƾǁǂưƲƽƾƹ LJưǁǂnjǎ ƿǀưƺǂƸLJƵǁƺƸ ƻǎƱƾƹ ƺƽƸƳƸ. ƠƵƴƺƸƹ ǂưƻƼǃƴ ƾǁƼƵƻƸƲưƻƸǁnj ƲNjƿǃǁǂƸǂnj ƱƵƷ ƲƲƵƴƵƽƸǏ, Ʋ ƺƾǂƾǀƾƼ ƿƾǏǁƽǏƻƾǁnj, ƷưLJƵƼ ưƲǂƾǀ ƲƷǏƻǁǏ ƽưƿƸǁưǂnj, ư ƸƷƴưǂƵƻnjǁǂƲƾ — ƿǃƱƻƸƺƾƲưǂnj ƴưƽƽƾƵ ƿǀƾƸƷƲƵƴƵƽƸƵ. ƒ ƸƽNjDž ƿǀƵƴƸǁƻƾƲƸǏDž ƺƽƸƳǃ Ƹ ƵƵ ưƲǂƾǀư ƾƱNJǏǁƽǏƻƸ, Ʋ ƴǀǃƳƸDž — ƺǀƸǂƸƺƾƲưƻƸ, Ʋ ǂǀƵǂnjƸDž — ƿƾƴƽƸƼưƻƸ ƽư ljƸǂ. ƜưǁǂƸǂNjƹ ƿƸǁưǂƵƻnj ǀƵƺƾƼƵƽƴƾƲưƻ ƿƸǁnjƼƵƽƽƸƺư ƽưLJƸƽưǎljƵƳƾ; ƲƸƴƽNjƹ ƺǀƸǂƸƺ ƸǁǂƾƻƺƾƲNjƲưƻ ƷưƱƻǃƶƴƵƽƸǏ Ʋ džƵƻƾƼ ƿǀƾ8
ËÀÂÊÀ ÇÀÁÛÒÛÕ ÂÅÙÅÉ
ƳǀƵǁǁƸƲƽƾƳƾ, ƽƾ ƼǏǂǃljƵƳƾǁǏ ƷưƳǀưƽƸLJƽƾƳƾ ǁƾƲǀƵƼƵƽƽƸƺư (ƲǀƾƴƵ ƥƵƼƸƽƳǃǍǏ, ƠƵƼưǀƺư ƸƻƸ ƚưƼǎ); ƼưǀƺǁƸǁǂ-ƻƵƽƸƽƵdž (ǀưƽƳƾƼ ƽƵ ƽƸƶƵ ƴƾƺǂƾǀư ƽưǃƺ) ƾƱNJǏǁƽǏƻ ƾLjƸƱƺƸ Ƹ ƷưƱƻǃƶƴƵƽƸǏ ƿƾLJƸƲLjƵƳƾ ƿưǂǀƸưǀDžư. ƥƾǀƾLjưǏ Ljǂǃƺư — ƿǀƵƴƸǁƻƾƲƸƵ. ƒǁƵ ǂƵƱƵ ǀưƷƶǃǎǂ, ƽưǁǂǀƾǏǂ ƽư ƽǃƶƽNjƹ ƻưƴ. Ɛ ǁƺƾƻnjƺƾ ƿƾƻƵƷƽƾƳƾ ƱNjƻƾ Ʋ ƽƸDž ƴƻǏ LjƺƾƻnjƽNjDž ǁƾLJƸƽƵƽƸƹ! ƜNj ƿǀǏƼƾ ƾǂǂǃƴư ƿƵǀƵƴǃƲưƻƸ DŽƾǀƼǃƻƸǀƾƲƺƸ ǁƵƱƵ Ʋ ǂƵǂǀưƴƸ, Ʋ ƻǃLJLjƵƼ ǁƻǃLJưƵ ǁ ƼƸƽƸƼưƻnjƽNjƼƸ ƿǀưƲƺưƼƸ. ƢƵƿƵǀnj — ƲǁƵ ƽƵ ǂƾ. ƚƽƸƶƺƸ ƸƷƴưƵǂ ƺǂƾ DžƾLJƵǂ Ƹ ƺưƺ DžƾLJƵǂ. ƝƸƺưƺƾƳƾ ǃLJƵǂư Ƹ ƺƾƽǂǀƾƻǏ. Ƙ ƽƸƺǂƾ ƽƸLJƵƳƾ ƽƵ ƱƾƸǂǁǏ. Ƙ ƽƸLJƵƳƾ ƽƸƺƾƼǃ ƸƷ LJƸǂưǂƵƻƵƹ ƽƵ ƾƱNJǏǁƽǏƵǂ. Ƙƽƾƹ ƱNj ƺƽƸƳƾLJƵƹ Ƹ ǀưƴ, LJǂƾƱNj ƵƼǃ LJǂƾ-ǂƾ ǀưƷNJǏǁƽƸƻƸ, ưƽ ƽƵǂ — ƱƵǀƸ Ƹ ƺǃLjưƹ ƳƾƻǏƺƾƼ, ƱƵƷƾ ƲǁǏƺƸDž ƾƱƵǀǂƾƺ, ǁƿǀưƲƾƺ Ƹ ƿǀƸƿǀưƲ. ƟƾǍǂƾƼǃ Ʋ ƴưƽƽƾƹ ƺƽƸƳƵ ƿǀƵƴƸǁƻƾƲƸƵ — Ǎǂƾ, ǁƺƾǀƵƵ, ƿưƼǏǂƽƸƺ ƶưƽǀǃ, LJƵƼ ǁƾƱǁǂƲƵƽƽƾ ƿǀƵƴƸǁƻƾƲƸƵ. Ɲƾ ǀưƷ ǃƶ ƾƽƾ Ƶǁǂnj, ƿǃǁǂnj ƱǃƴƵǂ Ǎǂƾǂ «ƾǂƴƵƻ ƻƸǂƵǀưǂǃǀƽƾƳƾ ƸƻƸ ƽưǃLJƽƾƳƾ ƿǀƾƸƷƲƵƴƵƽƸǏ, ǁƾƴƵǀƶưljƸƹ ƿǀƵƴƲưǀƸǂƵƻnjƽNjƵ ǀưƷNJǏǁƽƵƽƸǏ Ƹ ƷưƼƵLJưƽƸǏ». (ƢƾƻƺƾƲNjƹ ǁƻƾƲưǀnj ƣLjưƺƾƲư.) ơƺưƶǃ ƸǁƺƻǎLJƸǂƵƻnjƽƾ Ʋ ƿƾǀǏƴƺƵ ƿǀƵƴƲưǀƸǂƵƻnjƽNjDž ǀưƷNJǏǁƽƵƽƸƹ Ƹ ƷưƼƵLJưƽƸƹ, LJǂƾ ƺƽƸƳư Ǎǂư Džƾǂnj Ƹ ƿƾǁƲǏljƵƽư ƽư ƿƵǀƲNjƹ ƲƷƳƻǏƴ ƲƵljưƼ — ƴư ƵljƵ ƸǁLJƵƷƽǃƲLjƸƼ! — ƽƾ ƽư ǁưƼƾƼ ƴƵƻƵ ƿƾƲƵǁǂƲǃƵǂ, ƺƾƽƵLJƽƾ, ƾ ƻǎƴǏDž. ƞƱƾ ƼƽƵ — ƼưƻnjLJƸƺƵ, ƿƾƴǀƾǁǂƺƵ Ƹ ǎƽƾLjƵ, ƽưǁǂƾƻnjƺƾ ƴưƻƵƺƾƼ ƾǂ ƼƵƽǏ ƽNjƽƵLjƽƵƳƾ, LJǂƾ, ƺưƶƵǂǁǏ, ƾƽ Ƹ ƽƵ Ǐ ƱNjƻ ƲƾƲǁƵ. ƞ ƼƾƸDž ǀƾƴƸǂƵƻǏDž, ƱưƱǃLjƺưDž Ƹ 9
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ƴƵƴǃLjƺưDž. ƞ ƼƾƵƹ ǁƵǁǂǀƵƽƺƵ. Ƙ ƺƾƽƵLJƽƾ, ƾ ƴǀǃƷnjǏDž. ƞƱ ƾƴƽƾƺƻưǁǁƽƸƺưDž, ǃLJƸǂƵƻǏDž Ƹ ƿǀƾǁǂƾ ƲǁǂǀƵLJƽNjDž. ơƻƾƲƾƼ, ƾ ƱNjƻNjDž ƲǀƵƼƵƽưDž. ƞ ƴƵǂǁǂƲƵ, ƾǂǀƾLJƵǁǂƲƵ, ǎƽƾǁǂƸ. ƒ ƺƾƽdžƵ ƺƾƽdžƾƲ, ƲǁƵ, LJǂƾ ǁ ǂƾƱƾƹ ƿǀƾƸǁDžƾƴƸǂ, ƺƾƳƴư ǂNj ǀƵƱƵƽƾƺ ƸƻƸ ƿƾƴǀƾǁǂƾƺ, ǁƻǃLJưƵǂǁǏ ƲƿƵǀƲNjƵ. ƟƾǍǂƾƼǃ ǂNj ƾǁƾƱƵƽƽƾ ƾǁǂǀƾ ƲƾǁƿǀƸƽƸƼưƵLjnj ƲǁƵ LJǃƲǁǂƲư: ǀưƴƾǁǂnj, ƳƾǀƵLJnj, ƴǀǃƶƱǃ, ƻǎƱƾƲnj, ƴƾǁǂƸƶƵƽƸƵ, ƾǂƺǀNjǂƸƵ. ƒǁƵ, LJǂƾ ƱNjƲưƵǂ ƿƾǂƾƼ, Ǎǂƾ ƿǀƾǁǂƾƵ ƿƾƲǂƾǀƵƽƸƵ.
РАЗРУШКА ơƵƹLJưǁ ƴƾƲƾƻnjƽƾ ǂǀǃƴƽƾ ƿǀƵƴǁǂưƲƸǂnj, ƽƾ, ƺƾƳƴư Ǐ ƱNjƻ ƼưƻƵƽnjƺƸƼ, Ʋ ǁƾƲƵǂǁƺƸDž ƳƾǀƾƴưDž Ƹ ƿƾǁƵƻƺưDž ƵljƵ ƲǁǂǀƵLJưƻƸǁnj ǀǃƸƽNj ƲƾƵƽƽNjDž ƲǀƵƼƵƽ. ƝƵ ǁƿƵdžƸưƻnjƽƾ ƾǁǂưƲƻƵƽƽNjƵ Ʋ ƽưƷƸƴưƽƸƵ ƿƾǂƾƼƺưƼ ǀưƷƲưƻƸƽNj — ƺưƺ ƽƵ ǂǀƾƽǃǂ ǀưƷƱƾƼƱƻƵƽƽNjƹ ưƼƵǀƸƺưƽdžưƼƸ ƺƲưǀǂưƻ Ʋ ƔǀƵƷƴƵƽƵ, ƸƻƸ ƴƾ ǁƸDž ƿƾǀ ƷƸǏƵǂ ƷƴưƽƸƵ ǍƻƵƲưǂƾǀư Ʋ ƝƾƲƾǀƾǁǁƸƹǁƺƵ. ƝƵǂ, Ʋ ƼƾƵƼ ƴƵǂǁǂƲƵ ƾǁǂưƽƺƸ ƴƾƼƾƲ ǂƾǀLJưƻƸ ƿƾǂƾƼǃ, LJǂƾ ƿǀƾǁǂƾ ǀǃƺƸ ƽƵ ƴƾLjƻƸ ǁƽƵǁǂƸ, ǃƱǀưǂnj, ƲƾƷƲƵǁǂƸ ƽư ƸDž ƼƵǁǂƵ LJǂƾ-ǂƾ ƽƾƲƾƵ. ƨǃǂƺư ƻƸ, ǁƾ ƲǀƵƼƵƽ ƒƵƻƸƺƾƹ ƞǂƵLJƵǁǂƲƵƽƽƾƹ ƲƾƹƽNj ƼƸƽǃƻƾ ǂƾƳƴư ƲǁƵƳƾ ƿǏǂƽưƴdžưǂnj-ƴƲưƴdžưǂnj ƻƵǂ. Ɛ ǁǀưƷǃ ƿƾǁƻƵ ǁƾǀƾƺ ƿǏǂƾƳƾ Ʋ ǀǃƸƽưDž ƿǀƵƱNjƲưƻư ƲǁǏ ƽƵƺƾƳƴư ƾƺƺǃƿƸǀƾƲưƽƽưǏ DŽưLjƸǁǂưƼƸ ǂƵǀǀƸǂƾǀƸǏ, ƾǂ ơǂưƻƸƽƳǀưƴư ƴƾ ƑǀƵǁǂư. ƒǁƵ ƽưƴƾ ƱNjƻƾ ƲƾǁǁǂưƽưƲƻƸƲưǂnj. ƕǁǂƵǁǂƲƵƽƽƾ, ƴƾ LJƵƳƾ-ǂƾ ƽƵ ƴƾDžƾƴƸƻƸ ǀǃƺƸ. ƟǀƸƼƵǀƽƾ ƺưƺ ǁƵƳƾƴƽǏ — ƴƾ ǁƸDž ƿƾǀ ƲƵƴnj ƲǁǂǀƵLJưǎǂǁǏ ƽƵƴƾǁǂǀƾƵƽƽNjƵ ƷƴưƽƸǏ, LJǂƾ ƽưLJƸƽưƻƸ ƲƾƷƲƾƴƸǂnj Ʋ ƿƾǁƻƵƴƽƸƵ ƳƾƴNj ǁƾƲƵǂǁƺƾƹ ƲƻưǁǂƸ, ƴư ƷưƱǀƾǁƸƻƸ. Ɛ ƲƵƴnj ǃƶƵ ƴƲưƴdžưǂnj ƻƵǂ ƿǀƾLjƻƾ ǁƾ ƲǀƵƼƵƽ, ƺưƺ ƲƻưǁǂƸ Ǎǂƾƹ ƽƵ ǁǂưƻƾ. ƒ ƼƵǁǂƵ, ƳƴƵ Ǐ ƶƸƻ ƼưƻnjLJƸƺƾƼ, ǂƾƶƵ ƸƼƵƻƸǁnj ƲƾƵƽƽNjƵ ǀǃƸƽNj. ƜNj, ƴƵǂƸ, ƸDž ƽưƷNjƲưƻƸ «ǀưƷǀǃLjƺƾƹ». 11
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Ư ƲǁƼưǂǀƸƲưǎǁnj Ʋ ǂƾ ƴưƻƵƺƾƵ ƿǀƾLjƻƾƵ Ƹ ƿNjǂưǎǁnj ǃƲƸƴƵǂnj ǁƵƱǏ. ƚưƶƵǂǁǏ, ƽƸLJƵƳƾ Ʋƾ ƼƽƵ ƾǂ ƽƵƳƾ ƽƵ ƾǁǂưƻƾǁnj. ƑƾƻnjLjƵƳƾƻƾƲNjƹ ƼưƻnjLJƸƺ ǁ ƲNjƳƾǀƵƲLjƸƼƸ ƽư ǁƾƻƽdžƵ ƲƾƻƾǁưƼƸ Ƹ ǃƴƸƲƻƵƽƽNjƼƸ ƳƻưƷưƼƸ. ƣ ƽƵƳƾ ƴưƶƵ DŽưƼƸƻƸǏ ƱNjƻư ƽƵ ǂưƺưǏ, ƺưƺ ǃ ƼƵƽǏ ǁƵƹLJưǁ, ƽƵ ƛƸǂƲƸƽƾƲ. ƒ ƴƵǂǁǂƲƵ Ǐ ƽƾǁƸƻ DŽưƼƸƻƸǎ ƿƾ ƾǂdžǃ: ơƵǀƳƵƹ ƖƸƻư. ƚưƺ ƖƸƻư Ǐ ƿǀƾǁǃljƵǁǂƲƾƲưƻ ƴƾƲƾƻnjƽƾ ƴƾƻƳƾ, Ʋƿƻƾǂnj ƴƾ ƾƺƾƽLJưƽƸǏ LjƺƾƻNj — ƺƾƳƴư ƼưƼư ǁ ǁƾƳƻưǁƸǏ Ƹ ƾƴƾƱǀƵƽƸǏ ƿưƿNj ƴƻǏ ǃƻǃLJLjƵƽƸǏ ƱƻưƳƾƷƲǃLJƽƾǁǂƸ ǁƼƵƽƸƻư ƸƼǏ ǂǀƾƸƼ ƸƷ ƽưǁ: ǁƵƱƵ, ƼƽƵ Ƹ ƼƾƵƹ ƼƻưƴLjƵƹ ǁƵǁǂǀƵƽƺƵ ƐƽƵ (ƱǃƴǃljƵƹ ƿƸǁưǂƵƻnjƽƸdžƵ Ƹ ƼƾƵƼǃ ǁƾưƲǂƾǀǃ). ƚ ǁƻƾƲǃ ǁƺưƷưǂnj, Ʋ ǀưƽƽƵƼ ƴƵǂǁǂƲƵ Ǐ ƽƸǁƺƾƻnjƺƾ ƽƵ ƺƾƼƿƻƵƺǁƾƲưƻ ƿƾ ƿƾƲƾƴǃ ǂƾƳƾ, LJǂƾ DŽưƼƸƻƸǏ ƼƾǏ ǁƺƾǀƵƵ ƽư ƺƻƸLJƺǃ ƿƾDžƾƶư. ƖƸƻư Ƹ ƖƸƻư, ƿƾƴǃƼưƵLjnj. ƝƸƺǂƾ ƲƾƺǀǃƳ ƴưƶƵ ƽƵ ǁƼƵǏƻǁǏ. Ɛ ƿưdžưƽNj Ʋƾ ƴƲƾǀƵ ƽưƷNjƲưƻƸ ƼƵƽǏ ƖƸƻƸƺƾƼ ƸƻƸ ƖƸƻƺƸƽNjƼ. ƞƽƸ, ƿǀƵƴǁǂưƲnjǂƵ, ƽƵ DŽưƼƸƻƸǎ Ƽƾǎ ƿƵǀƵƴƵƻNjƲưƻƸ Ʋ ƾƱƸƴƽǃǎ ƺƻƸLJƺǃ (LJǂƾ LJưǁǂƾ ǃ ƴƵǂƵƹ ƱNjƲưƵǂ). ƜưƻnjLJƸLjƺƸ, ƽưƾƱƾǀƾǂ, ƼƾƵ ǀƾƴƾƲƾƵ ƸƼǏ, ƷƲǃLJưƲLjƵƵ ƸƷƽưLJưƻnjƽƾ, ƺưƺ ƾǁƺƾǀƱƻƵƽƸƵ, ƿǀƵƾƱǀưƷƾƲNjƲưƻƸ Ʋ ƽƵLJǂƾ ƿǀƸǁǂƾƹƽƾƵ. ƔƵǂƸ ƲƾƾƱljƵ ǁǃljƵǁǂƲư ƶƵǁǂƾƺƸƵ, ƽƾ ǁƿǀưƲƵƴƻƸƲNjƵ. ƚƾƳƾ-ǂƾ ƾƽƸ ƿǀƾƷƲƸljưƼƸ ǃƽƸƶưǎǂ: ƒƾǀƾƽƾƲư, ƺ ƿǀƸƼƵǀǃ, ƽưǀƵƺưǎǂ ƒƾǀƾƽƾƹ — Ƹ ǁƻǃLJưƵǂǁǏ, ǃƼƵǁǂƽƾ. Ɲƾ ƸƽNjDž, ƽưƿǀƾǂƸƲ, ƲƾƷƲƵƻƸLJƸƲưǎǂ. ƘƷ ǂƾƳƾ, LJǂƾ ƷƲưƻƸ ƼƵƽǏ Ʋ ƐƲƸưƳƾǀƾƴƺƵ ǁƺƾǀƵƵ ƻưǁƺưǂƵƻnjƽƾ, LJƵƼ ƾƱƸƴƽƾ, Ƽƾƶƽƾ ƷưƺƻǎLJƸǂnj, LJǂƾ ǀƵƱǏǂư ƴƲƾǀƾƲNjƵ ƼƵƽǏ ƻǎƱƸƻƸ. Ư ƶƵ ǁLJƸǂưƻ, LJǂƾ ǃ ƼƵƽǏ ƽƾǀƼưƻnjƽưǏ ǃƺǀưƸƽǁƺưǏ DŽưƼƸƻƸǏ. ƔưƶƵ ƳƾǀƴƸƻǁǏ, LJǂƾ ƾƽư ǁǂƾƻnj ƽƵ12
ËÀÂÊÀ ÇÀÁÛÒÛÕ ÂÅÙÅÉ
ƾƱNjLJƽư, ƽƵ LJƵǂư ƲǁǏƺƸƼ ƟƵǂǀƾƲNjƼ Ƹ ơƵǀƳƵƵƲNjƼ. Ƙ ƲƾƾƱljƵ DŽưƼƸƻƸǏ ƽƸƺưƺƾƳƾ ƷƽưLJƵƽƸǏ ƽƵ ƸƼƵƻư, ƿƾƻưƳưƻ Ǐ, ƿƾǂƾƼǃ LJǂƾ ƼNj ƶƸƲƵƼ Ʋ ƲƵƻƸƺƾƼ Ƹ ǁƿǀưƲƵƴƻƸƲƾƼ ơƾƲƵǂǁƺƾƼ ơƾǎƷƵ, ƳƴƵ ǀưƲƽNj ƲǁƵ ƽưdžƸƸ Ƹ ƽưǀƾƴƽƾǁǂƸ. ƓƵƾƳǀưDŽƸLJƵǁƺƸ ƼNj ƿǀƾƶƸƲưƻƸ ƽư ǎƳƵ ơơơƠ: ƾǂ ƣƺǀưƸƽǁƺƾƹ ơơƠ Ʋ ƿưǀƵ ǁƾǂƵƽ ƺƸƻƾƼƵǂǀƾƲ Ƹ ƾǂ ơƵƲƵǀƽƾƳƾ ƚưƲƺưƷư Ʋ ƿǏǂƸǁǂưDž. ƗƴƵǁnj ƸǁǂƾǀƸLJƵǁƺƸ ǁƻƾƶƸƻƾǁnj, LJǂƾ ƼƽƾƶƵǁǂƲƾ ǁưƼNjDž ǀưƷƽNjDž ƽưǀƾƴƾƲ Ʋ ƾƴƽƾƼ ƺƾǂƻƵ ƲưǀƸƻƾǁnj. ơƾ Ƽƽƾƹ Ʋ ƾƴƽƾƼ ƴƾƼƵ ƶƸƻ, ƺ ƿǀƸƼƵǀǃ, ƼưƻnjLJƸƺ ƿƾ DŽưƼƸƻƸƸ ƑǀƵǃǁ. Ɛ Ʋ ƺƻưǁǁƵ ǃLJƸƻǁǏ ƴǀǃƳƾƹ: ƚƾƻǏ ƕƲǁǂưDŽƸưƴƸ. ƝƵ ƳƾƲƾǀǏ ǃƶ ƾƱ ƾƳǀƾƼƽƾƼ ƺƾƻƸLJƵǁǂƲƵ ƘƲưƽƵƽƺƾ, ƐƽƴǀǎljƵƽƺƾ, ƜưǂƲƸƵƽƺƾ, ƺƾǂƾǀNjDž Ʋ ƾƱljƵƹ ƼưǁǁƵ ƲƾƺǀǃƳ ƱNjƻƾ ƱƾƻnjLjƵ, LJƵƼ ƘƲưƽƾƲNjDž, ƜưǂƲƵƵƲNjDž Ƹ ƐƽƴǀƵƵƲNjDž. Ƙǂưƺ, ƼƵƽǏ ƷƾƲǃǂ ơƵǀƵƶư ƖƸƻư, Ǐ ƿǀƾƶƸƲưǎ ǁ ƼưƼƾƹ Ƹ ƿưƿƾƹ ƽƵƿƾƴưƻƵƺǃ ƾǂ Ƴƾǀƾƴư ƠƾǁǂƾƲư-ƽưƔƾƽǃ Ʋ ƲƾƵƽƽƾƼ ƳƾǀƾƴƺƵ Ʒư ƱƵǂƾƽƽNjƼ ƷưƱƾǀƾƼ, ƺƾǂƾǀNjƹ ƽưƷNjƲưƵǂǁǏ ƐƲƸưƳƾǀƾƴƾƺ. Ƙ Ƽƾƹ ƿƾLJǂƾƲNjƹ ưƴǀƵǁ (ǁƲƾƵ ƼƵǁǂƾƶƸǂƵƻnjǁǂƲƾ ƴƾƻƶƽNj ƱNjƻƸ Ʒƽưǂnj ƲǁƵ ƴƵǂƸ) ƷƲǃLJƸǂ ǂưƺ: ƐƲƸưƳƾǀƾƴƾƺ, Ɣƞơ ƽƾƼƵǀ ƿǏǂƽưƴdžưǂnj, ƺƲưǀǂƸǀư ƴƵƲǏǂƽưƴdžưǂnj. ƣƻƸdž ǃ ƽưǁ Ʋ ƐƲƸưƳƾǀƾƴƺƵ ƽƵ ƱNjƻƾ. Ƙ Ɣƞơ Ʋ ưƴǀƵǁƵ Ǎǂƾ ƽƵ ƾLjƸƱƺư. ƘƼƵƽƽƾ ƽƵ ƴƾƼ, ư Ɣƞơ, LJǂƾ ƾƷƽưLJưƻƾ: «ƴƾƼ ƾDŽƸdžƵǀǁƺƾƳƾ ǁƾǁǂưƲư». ƑNjƻƸ Ƹ ƴǀǃƳƸƵ ƔƞơNj. ƟƾƼƽǎ, ƽưƿǀƸƼƵǀ, ƴƻƸƽƽNjƹ ƿƾƻǃǂƵƼƽNjƹ ƺƾǀƸƴƾǀ. Ƙ ƿƾ ƾƱƵ ƵƳƾ ǁǂƾǀƾƽNj — ƴƲƵǀƸ. Ƙ ƿưDžƽƵǂ ƺƵǀƾǁƸƽƾƼ. ƭǂƾ ǂƾƶƵ Ɣƞơ, ǁƾǁƵƴƽƸƹ, ǂƾƻnjƺƾ ǂưƼ ƺƲưǀǂƸǀNj ƺƾƼƼǃƽưƻnjƽNjƵ. ƜNj ǀưƽnjLjƵ ǂƾƶƵ ƶƸƻƸ Ʋ ƽƵƼ, ƽƾ ƿƾǂƾƼ ƲƾƸƽǁƺưǏ LJưǁǂnj ƴưƻư ƽưƼ ƺƲưǀǂƸǀǃ ƾǂƴƵƻnjƽǃǎ. 13
Ñåðãåé Ëèòâèíîâ
ƒƾƾƱljƵ ƲǁƵ, LJǂƾ ƱNjƻƾ ǁƲǏƷưƽƾ ǁ ưǀƼƸƵƹ: LJưǁǂnj, ƺƾƼưƽƴƾƲưƽƸƵ, ƿƾƳƾƽNj, ƷƲƵƷƴƾLJƺƸ — ƿƾƻnjƷƾƲưƻƾǁnj ǃ ƽưǁ, ƿưdžưƽƾƲ, ƾƳǀƾƼƽƾƹ ƿƾƿǃƻǏǀƽƾǁǂnjǎ. ƟƾƼƽǎ ǁƿƾǀ ƴƲǃDž ƼưƻnjLJƸLjƵƺ — ƽƵ ǁƺưƶǃ ǂƾLJƽƾ, ƽƾ, ƲƾƷƼƾƶƽƾ, ƾƴƽƸƼ ƸƷ ƽƸDž ƱNjƻ Ǐ: — Ɛ Ǐ ǂƵƱǏ — ǁǂưǀLjƵ! — ƥư! Ɛ Ǐ ƲƾƾƱljƵ ǁǂưǀLjƸƽư! — ơǂưǀLjƸƽư! ƟƾƴǃƼưƵLjnj! Ư ƻƵƹǂƵƽưƽǂ! — ƛƵƹǂƵƽưƽǂ? ƟDŽǃ! Ɛ Ǐ Ƽưƹƾǀ! — Ɛ Ǐ — ƿƾƻƺƾƲƽƸƺ! — Ɛ Ǐ — ƳƵƽƵǀưƻ! — Ƨǂƾ ǂƲƾƹ ƳƵƽƵǀưƻ?! Ư — ƼưǀLjưƻ! — Ɛ Ǐ! Ư!.. Ư — ƼưǀLjưƻ ƜưƻƸƽƾƲǁƺƸƹ!1 ƟƾǁƻƵ ǍǂƾƳƾ ƺǀNjǂnj ǃƶƵ ƱNjƻƾ ƽƵLJƵƼ, ƻƵƷǂnj ƲNjLjƵ ƽƵƺǃƴư: ƼưǀLjưƻ ƜưƻƸƽƾƲǁƺƸƹ Ʋ ǂǃ ƿƾǀǃ ƱNjƻ ƼƸƽƸǁǂǀƾƼ ƾƱƾǀƾƽNj ơơơƠ. Ɲƾ Ǐ ǂƾƳƴư, ƿƾƼƽƸǂǁǏ, ƲƾǁƿǀƸƽƸƼưƻ «ƜưƻƸƽƾƲǁƺƸƹ» ƽƵ ƺưƺ DŽưƼƸƻƸǎ, ư ƺưƺ ƿǀƾƴƾƻƶƵƽƸƵ ƷƲưƽƸǏ: . Ƣƾ Ƶǁǂnj ƺưƺ ƱNj ǁǂưǀLjƸƹ ƼưǀLjưƻ. ƘƻƸ ǁưƼNjƹ ƳƻưƲƽNjƹ ƜưǀLjưƻ ơƾƲƵǂǁƺƾƳƾ ơƾǎƷư. ƣ ƲǁƵDž ƿưdžưƽƾƲ, ƺǂƾ ƱNj ƽƸ ƶƸƻ ƲƾƺǀǃƳ, ƾǂdžNj ƱNjƻƸ ƾDŽƸdžƵǀưƼƸ. Ƙ Ǐ ǂƾƶƵ ƳƾǀƴƸƻǁǏ, LJǂƾ Ƽƾƹ ƿưƿư ƲƾƵƽƽNjƹ Ƹ DžƾƴƸǂ Ʋ ƻƵǂLJƸdžƺƾƹ DŽƾǀƼƵ, Ƹ Ʋ ƿƵǂƻƸdžưDž ǃ ƽƵƳƾ ƺǀNjƻNjLjƺƸ, ư ǃ DŽǃǀưƶƺƸ ƳƾƻǃƱƾƹ ƾƺƾƻNjLj. ƢƾLJƽƾ ǂưƺưǏ ƶƵ DŽƾǀƼư ǃ ǁƾƲƵǂǁƺƸDž ƺƾǁƼƾƽưƲǂƾƲ — ƽƾ ƿưƿư, ƺ ǁƾƶưƻƵƽƸǎ, ƽƵ ƺƾǁƼƾƽưƲǂ Ƹ ƴưƶƵ ƽƵ ƻƵǂLJƸƺ. ƞƽ ǁƻǃƶƸǂ Ʋ ƲƾƸƽǁƺƾƹ LJưǁǂƸ ƿǀƸ ưǍǀƾ1 ƠƾƴƸƾƽ ƯƺƾƲƻƵƲƸLJ ƜưƻƸƽƾƲǁƺƸƹ (10 (22) ƽƾǏƱǀǏ 1898, ƞƴƵǁǁư — 31 Ƽưǀǂư 1967, ƜƾǁƺƲư) — ǁƾƲƵǂǁƺƸƹ ƲƾƵƽưLJưƻnjƽƸƺ Ƹ ƳƾǁǃƴưǀǁǂƲƵƽƽNjƹ ƴƵǏǂƵƻnj. ƟƾƻƺƾƲƾƴƵdž ƒƵƻƸƺƾƹ ƞǂƵLJƵǁǂƲƵƽƽƾƹ ƲƾƹƽNj, ƜưǀLjưƻ ơƾƲƵǂǁƺƾƳƾ ơƾǎƷư, ǁ 1957 ƿƾ 1967 Ƴƾƴ — ƼƸƽƸǁǂǀ ƾƱƾǀƾƽNj ơơơƠ.
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ËÀÂÊÀ ÇÀÁÛÒÛÕ ÂÅÙÅÉ
ƴǀƾƼƵ. Ɛ ƼưƼư — ǀưƱƾǂưƵǂ ƸƽƶƵƽƵǀƾƼ ƽư ƷưƲƾƴƵ. Ƣưƺ ƽưƼ, ƴƵǂǏƼ, ƲǁƵ ǀƾƴƸǂƵƻƸ ƳƾƲƾǀƸƻƸ. Ƣưƺ ƼNj ƴƾƻƶƽNj ƱNjƻƸ ǀưƿƾǀǂƾƲưǂnj Ʋ LjƺƾƻƵ Ƹ ǀưǁǁƺưƷNjƲưǂnj ƿƾǁǂƾǀƾƽƽƸƼ. Ƣƾƻnjƺƾ ƻƵǂ LJƵǀƵƷ ǂǀƸƴdžưǂnj Ǐ ǃƷƽưƻ, LJǂƾ ƿưƿƸƽư «ƲƾƸƽǁƺưǏ LJưǁǂnj ƿǀƸ ưǍǀƾƴǀƾƼƵ» Ƹ ƼưƼƸƽ ƷưƲƾƴ ƱNjƻƸ ƾƴƽƸƼ Ƹ ǂƵƼ ƶƵ ƿǀƵƴƿǀƸǏǂƸƵƼ: ƿƾLJǂƾƲNjƼ ǏljƸƺƾƼ ƽƾƼƵǀ ǂưƺƾƹ-ǂƾ, ƶǃǂƺƾ ǁƵƺǀƵǂƽNjƼ ƷưƲƾƴƾƼ ƿƾ ǀƵƼƾƽǂǃ ƶǃǂƺƾ ǁƵƺǀƵǂƽNjDž ǀưƺƵǂ. ƘDž, ƾƺưƷNjƲưƵǂǁǏ, ƿǀƸƲƾƷƸƻƸ ƽư ǂƾ ƿǀƵƴƿǀƸǏǂƸƵ Ʋ ƐƲƸưƳƾǀƾƴƺƵ ƽƾLJnjǎ, ƿƾƴ ƿƾƺǀƾƲƾƼ ǂnjƼNj, ƽư ǁƿƵdžƸưƻnjƽƾ ƷưƼưǁƺƸǀƾƲưƽƽNjDž ƿƻưǂDŽƾǀƼưDž. ƠưƷƳǀǃƶưƻƸ, Ʋ džƵDžǃ ƽƾƼƵǀ ƾƴƸƽ LJƸƽƸƻƸ, ư ƿƾǂƾƼ, ǂƾƶƵ Ʋ ǂƵƼƽƾǂƵ, ǃƲƾƷƸƻƸ. ƥƾǂnj ƼNj, ƼưƻnjLJƸLjƺƸ, ƾ ǁƵƺǀƵǂƽNjDž ƷưƽǏǂƸǏDž ƽưLjƸDž ǀƾƴƸǂƵƻƵƹ Ʒƽưǂnj ƽƵ ƷƽưƻƸ, ƸƼƵƻƾǁnj ƾljǃljƵƽƸƵ, LJǂƾ ƾƽƸ, ư ƷƽưLJƸǂ, Ƹ ƼNj ƽưDžƾƴƸƼǁǏ, ƺưƺ ƳƾƲƾǀƸƻƾǁnj ǂƾƳƴư ƿƾ ǀưƴƸƾ Ƹ ƿƸǁưƻƾǁnj Ʋ ƳưƷƵǂưDž, «ƽư ƿƵǀƵƴƽƵƼ ƺǀưƵ». ƭǂƾ LJǃƲǁǂƲƾ ƱNjƻƾ ǀưƷƻƸǂƾ Ʋ ƲƾƷƴǃDžƵ. ƝƵƴưǀƾƼ ƶƵ ƽưLjƸ ƾǂdžNj DžƾƴƸƻƸ ǂƾLJƽƾ Ʋ ǂưƺƾƹ ƶƵ DŽƾǀƼƵ, ƺưƺ ƮǀƸƹ ƓưƳưǀƸƽ, ƓƵǀƼưƽ ƢƸǂƾƲ ƸƻƸ ƐƻƵƺǁƵƹ ƛƵƾƽƾƲ. Ɛ Ƴƾǀƾƴƾƺ ƽưƷNjƲưƻǁǏ ưƲƸư-, Ƹ ƾƺƾƻƾ ƽƵƳƾ, ƺǀƾƼƵ ǁƵƺǀƵǂƽƾƳƾ ƷưƲƾƴư, Ƹ ƲƿǀǏƼnj ƽưDžƾƴƸƻǁǏ ưǍǀƾƴǀƾƼ. ƞƴƽưƶƴNj Ǐ ǃƲǏƷưƻǁǏ ǂǃƴư Ʒư ƿưdžưƽưƼƸ ƿƾǁǂưǀLjƵ. ƜNj ƿǀƸǂưƸƻƸǁnj Ʒư ƴƵǀƵƲnjǏƼƸ ƽư ƿǀƸƳƾǀƺƵ Ƹ ƽưƱƻǎƴưƻƸ, ƺưƺ ǁƾƲǁƵƼ ǀǏƴƾƼ ǁ ƽưƼƸ, Ʒư ƱƵǂƾƽƽNjƼ ƷưƱƾǀƾƼ ǁ ƺƾƻǎLJƵƹ ƿǀƾƲƾƻƾƺƾƹ ƿƾƲƵǀDžǃ, ƲƷƻƵǂưǎǂ ƽƵƱƾƻnjLjƸƵ ǀƵưƺǂƸƲƽNjƵ ǁưƼƾƻƵǂNj. ƣ ƽƸDž ƽưǁǂƾǏljƵƵ ƿƻưƼǏ ƸƷ ǁƾƿƻư ƲNjƱƸƲưƻƾǁnj! Ƙ ƵljƵ ƼƽƵ ƽǀưƲƸƻƾǁnj, 15