MA Graphic Design Unit 1.1.2

Context

Eleanor Maclure Design Literacy Unit 1.1.2 Supporting Material 2

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Mountain Ranges – UK England Cheviot Hills (also in Scotland) Chilterns Cotswolds Dartmoor Exmoor Lake District Lincolnshire Wolds Malvern Hills Mendip Hills North Downs North York Moors Quantock Hills Peak District Pennines South Downs Yorkshire Wolds

Northern Ireland Mourne Mountains Glens of Antrim Sperrin Mountains

Types of Hill – UK Scotland Cairngorms Cheviot Hills (also in England) Cuillin Grampians Northwest Highlands Ochil Hills Scottish Highlands Southern Uplands

Wales Berwyn range Black Mountains Brecon Beacons Cambrian Mountains Carneddau Clwydian Hills Glyderau Moelwynion Pumlumon Preseli Hills Rhinogs Snowdonia

Munros Furths Murdos Corbetts Grahams Donalds Marilyns HuMPs Hewitts Nuttalls Deweys Wainwrights Birketts County Tops

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Types of Hill – UK The Munros The Munros are mountains in Scotland over 3,000 feet (914 m). The list was originally compiled by Sir Hugh Munro in 1891, and is modified from time to time by the Scottish Mountaineering Club (SMC). Unlike most other lists, the Munros do not depend on a rigid prominence criterion for entry; instead, those that satisfy the subjective measure of being a “separate mountain” are regarded as Munros, while subsidiary summits are given the status of tops. There are 283 Munros and 227 further tops, all of them in the Scottish Highlands.

Furths The Furths are mountains in Great Britain and Ireland which, but for their ill luck in being situated “furth” of Scotland, would be Munros. The SMC will record the claims of those Munroists who go on to complete the Furths.

Murdos The Murdos are an attempt to apply objective criteria to the Munros and their associated tops. They comprise all the summits in Scotland over 3,000 feet (914.4 m) with a relative height of at least 30 metres (98 ft). There are currently 445 Murdos, compared to 283 Munros or 510 Munros plus tops. The list was compiled and is maintained by Alan Dawson. All Murdos are also Munro Tops, but many Munro Tops fail to qualify as Murdos because of insufficient relative height.

The Corbetts The Corbetts are peaks in Scotland between 2,500 and 3,000 feet (762.0 and 914.4 m), with a relative height of at least 500 feet (152.4 m). The list was compiled in the 1920s by John Rooke Corbett, a Bristol-based climber and SMC member, and was published posthumously after his sister passed it to the SMC. 221 Corbetts, many of them in areas of Scotland with no Munros, include Moidart, Ardgour, the Southern Uplands and the islands of Arran, Jura, Rum and Harris.

The Grahams The Grahams are hills in Scotland between 2,000 and 2,499 feet (609.6 and 761.7 m), with a drop of at least 150 metres (490 ft). The list of hills fitting these criteria was first published by Alan Dawson in The Relative Hills of Britainas the Elsies (LCs,

short for Lesser Corbetts). They were later named Grahams after the late Fiona Torbet (née Graham) who had compiled a similar list around the same time.

Dawson continues to maintain the list, which contains 224 hills distributed as follows: Highlands south of the Great Glen 92, Highlands north of the Great Glen 84, Central and Southern Scotland 23, Skye 10, Mull 7, Harris 3, Jura 2, Arran 1, Rum 1, South Uist 1.

The Donalds The Donalds are hills in the Scottish Lowlands over 2,000 feet (609.6 m). The list was compiled by Percy Donald, and is maintained by the SMC. Whether a hill is a Donald is determined by a complicated formula. A hill with a prominence of at least 30 metres (98 ft) is automatically a Donald, but one with a relative height of 15 metres (49 ft) may be one if it is of sufficient topographic interest. There are 140 Donalds, comprising 89 hills and 51 tops.

The Marilyns The Marilyns are hills in the British Isles that have a relative height of at least 150 metres (490 ft), regardless of distance, absolute height or other merit. There are currently 1,554 Marilyns in Great Britain: 1,214 in Scotland, 179 in England, 156 in Wales and 5 on the Isle of Man. (Black Mountain is on the border between England and Wales, but counted in Wales.) There are a further 453 Marilyns in Ireland. The list was compiled and is maintained by Alan Dawson.

HuMPs Hills of any height with a drop of at least 100 metres or more on all sides. The name HuMP stands for Hundred Metre Prominence. As all Marilyns qualify as HuMPs, the classification code Hu is only used for non-Marilyns. A Twin HuMP is defined as a summit of equal height to another HuMP where the drop between the two summits is at least 30m but less than 100m. This definition was adopted after noting that the eight “official” Marilyn Twin Peaks all have more than 30m drop between the summits, but only two potential twins (Saugh Hill, Creag a’Chanuill) have >30m drop. Twin Marilyns are now defined similarly.

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Types of Hill – UK Hewitts The Hewitts are Hills in England, Wales and Ireland over 2000 feet (609.6 m), with a relative height of at least 30 metres (98 ft). The English and Welsh lists were compiled and are maintained by Alan Dawson; the Irish list is by Clem Clements.

The list addresses one of the criticisms of the Nuttalls by requiring hills to have a relative height of 30 metres (98 ft), thus excluding the 125 least prominent Nuttalls from the list. There are 526 Hewitts in total: 178 in England, 137 in Wales and 211 in Ireland. The current TACit booklets contain 525 hills, with Black Mountain being counted in both England and Wales. Since their publication in 1997, Birks Fell in England has been added and Black Mountain deemed to be in Wales only.

Scottish hills are, by definition, excluded. Those that meet the criteria are published in three parts: the Murdos, the Corbett Tops, and the Graham Tops Nuttalls The Nuttalls are hills in England and Wales over 2,000 feet (610 m) with a relative height of at least 15 metres (49 ft). There are 442 Nuttalls in total (253 in England and 189 in Wales). The list was compiled by John and Anne Nuttall and published in two volumes, The Mountains of England & Wales. By including hills that rise by as little as 15 metres (49 ft) above their surroundings, the list of Nuttalls is sometimes criticised for including too many insignificant minor tops. The Hewitts are one attempt to avoid this. With the exception of Pillar Rock, a rocky outcrop on Pillar in the Lake District, the peaks of all of the Nuttalls can be reached without resort to rock climbing. As of December 2008, 163 people are known to have completed the list, though this includes some who did not climb Pillar Rock, which the authors permit.

Deweys Hills in England, Wales and the Isle of Man at least 500m high with a drop of at least 30m on all sides. The list was published with no upper bound on height, but in practice the name is applied to hills below 609.6m (2000ft) high, as hills over 609.6m are usually called Hewitts. This convention is followed in the database.

Wainwrights The Wainwrights are hills (locally known as fells) in the English Lake District National Park that have a chapter in one of Alfred Wainwright’s Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells. There are 214 hills in the seven guides. There are no qualifications

for inclusion other than an implied requirement of being at least 1,000 feet (300 m) high, to which Castle Crag is the sole exception. A further 116 hills were included in the supplementary guide, The Outlying Fells of Lakeland.

Birketts Lake District hills over 1,000ft listed in Bill Birkett’s Complete Lakeland Fells.

County Tops The highest point within the boundary of each county. County boundaries change over time. There are different county lists, covering the traditional historic counties and the more recent mixtures of administrative areas. Twin peaks are listed for some County Tops.

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Highest Peaks Scotland

Highest Peaks England

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ben Nevis Ben Macdui Braeriach Cairn Toul Sgor an Lochain Uaine Cairn Gorm Aonach Beag Càrn Mor Dearg Aonach Mòr Ben Lawers

1344 m 1309 m 1296 m 1291 m 1258 m 1245 m 1234 m 1223 m 1221 m 1214 m

Highest Peaks Wales 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Snowdon Crib y Ddysgl Carnedd Llewelyn Carnedd Dafydd Glyder Fawr Glyder Fach Pen yr Ole Wen Foel Grach Yr Elen Y Garn

Scafell Pike Scafell Helvellyn Ill Crag Broad Crag Skiddaw Great End Bowfell Great Gable Cross Fell

978 m 964 m 950 m 935 m 934 m 931 m 910 m 902 m 899 m 893 m

Highest Peaks Northern Ireland 1085 m 1065 m 1064 m 1044 m 999 m 994 m 978 m 976 m 962 m 947 m

1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 9 10

Slieve Donard Slieve Commedagh Slieve Binnian Slieve Bearnagh Slieve Mael Beg Slieve Lamagan Slieve Mael Mor Sawel Mountain Slieve Muck Shan Slieve

849 m 767 m 747 m 727 m 704 m 704 m 682 m 678 m 674 m 671 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Ben Nevis

Scotland

1344 m

Geal-Chàrn

Scotland

1132 m

Sgurr a’ Mhàim

Scotland

1099 m

Ben Macdhui

Scotland

1309 m

Ben Lui

Scotland

1130 m

Sgurr Choinnich Mòr

Scotland

1094 m

Braeriach

Scotland

1296 m

Binnein Mòr

Scotland

1130 m

Sgurr nan Clach Geala

Scotland

1093 m

Cairn Toul

Scotland

1291 m

An Riabhachan

Scotland

1129 m

Bynack More

Scotland

1090 m

Sgor an Lochain Uaine

Scotland

1258 m

Creag Meagaidh

Scotland

1128 m

Stob Ghabhar

Scotland

1090 m

Cairn Gorm

Scotland

1244 m

Ben Cruachan

Scotland

1126 m

Beinn a’ Chlachair

Scotland

1087 m

Aonach Beag

Scotland

1234 m

Scotland

1121 m

Snowdon

Wales

1085 m

Aonach Mòr

Scotland

1221 m

Beinn a’ Ghlò – Càrn nan Gabhar

1083 m

Scotland

1120 m

Beinn a’ Chaorainn (Cairngorms)

Scotland

A’ Chràlaig An Stuc

Scotland

1118 m

Schiehallion

Scotland

1083 m

Meall Garbh

Scotland

1118 m

Sgurr a’ Choire Ghlais

Scotland

1083 m

Sgor Gaoith

Scotland

1118 m

Beinn a’ Chreachain

Scotland

1081 m

Aonach Beag

Scotland

1116 m

Beinn Heasgarnich

Scotland

1078 m

Stob Coire an Laoigh

Scotland

1116 m

Ben Starav

Scotland

1078 m

Stob Coire Easain

Scotland

1115 m

Beinn Dorain

Scotland

1076 m

Monadh Mòr

Scotland

1113 m

Stob Coire Sgreamhach

Scotland

1072 m

Tom a’ Choinich

Scotland

1112 m

Scotland

1070 m

Càrn a’ Coire Boidheach

Scotland

1110 m

Bràigh Coire Chruinnbhalgain An Socach

Scotland

1069 m

Meall Corranaich

Scotland

1069 m

Glas Maol

Scotland

1068 m

Sgurr Fhuaran

Scotland

1067 m

Garnedd Ugain

Wales

1065 m

Cairn of Claise

Scotland

1064 m

Carnedd Llewelyn

Wales

1064 m

An Teallach

Scotland

1060 m

Càrn Mòr Dearg

Scotland

1220 m

Ben Lawers

Scotland

1214 m

Beinn a’ Bhùird

Scotland

1197 m

Càrn Eige

Scotland

1183 m

Beinn Mheadhoin

Scotland

1182 m

Mam Sodhail

Scotland

1181 m

Stob Choire Claurigh

Scotland

1177 m

Ben More

Scotland

1174 m

Ben Avon – Leabaidh an Daimh Bhuidhe

Scotland

1171 m

Stob Binnein

Scotland

1165 m

Sgurr Mòr

Scotland

1110 m

Beinn Bhrotain

Scotland

1157 m

Sgurr nan Conbhairean

Scotland

1109 m

Derry Cairngorm

Scotland

1155 m

Meall a’ Bhuiridh

Scotland

1108 m

Lochnagar

Scotland

1155 m

Stob a’ Choire Mheadhoin

Scotland

1105 m

Sgurr nan Ceathreamhnan

Scotland

1151 m

Beinn Ghlas

Scotland

1103 m

Bidean nam Bian

Scotland

1150 m

Beinn Eibhinn

Scotland

1102 m

Sgurr na Lapaich

Scotland

1150 m

Mullach Fraoch-choire

Scotland

1102 m

Ben Alder

Scotland

1148 m

Creise

Scotland

1100 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Na Gruagaichean

Scotland

1056 m

Càrn a’ Mhàim

Scotland

1037 m

Sgurr Eilde Mòr

Scotland

1010 m

Liathach – Spidean a’ Choire Leith

Scotland

1055 m

Sgurr a’ Bhealaich Dheirg

Scotland

1036 m

The Saddle

Scotland

1010 m

Gleouraich

Scotland

1035 m

Beinn Eighe

Scotland

1010 m

Stob Poite Coire Ardair

Scotland

1054 m

Càrn Dearg

Scotland

1034 m

Beenkeragh

Ireland

1010 m

Toll Creagach

Scotland

1054 m

Am Bodach

Scotland

1032 m

Beinn Dearg

Scotland

1008 m

Sgurr a’ Chaorachain

Scotland

1053 m

Beinn Fhada

Scotland

1032 m

Maoile Lunndaidh

Scotland

1007 m

Beinn a’ Chaorainn (Glen Spean)

Scotland

1052 m

Ben Oss

Scotland

1029 m

An Sgarsoch

Scotland

1006 m

Glas Tulaichean

Scotland

1051 m

Càrn an Rìgh

Scotland

1029 m

Càrn Liath

Scotland

1006 m

Mullach Coire an Iubhair

Scotland

1049 m

Càrn Gorm

Scotland

1029 m

Beinn Fhionnlaidh

Scotland

1005 m

Sgurr Fhuar-thuill

Scotland

1049 m

Sgurr a’ Mhaoraich

Scotland

1027 m

Beinn an Dothaidh

Scotland

1004 m

Geal Chàrn

Scotland

1049 m

Sgurr na Ciste Duibhe

Scotland

1027 m

Sgurr an Lochain

Scotland

1004 m

Càrn an t-Sagairt Mòr

Scotland

1047 m

Ben Challum

Scotland

1025 m

The Devil’s Point

Scotland

1004 m

Creag Mhòr

Scotland

1047 m

Beinn a’ Bheithir – Sgorr Dhearg

Scotland

1024 m

Sgurr Mòr

Scotland

1003 m

Ben Wyvis

Scotland

1046 m

Sàil Chaorainn

Scotland

1002 m

Aonach air Chrith

Scotland

1021 m

Chno Dearg

Scotland

1046 m

Sgurr na Càrnach

Scotland

1002 m

Scotland

1021 m

Cruach Ardrain

Scotland

1046 m

Buachaille Etive Mòr – Stob Dearg

Aonach Meadhoin

Scotland

1001 m

Beinn Iutharn Mhòr

Scotland

1045 m

Ladhar Bheinn

Scotland

1020 m

Meall Greigh

Scotland

1001 m

Carnedd Dafydd

Wales

1044 m

Beinn Bheòil

Scotland

1019 m

Caher

Ireland

1001 m

Meall nan Tarmachan

Scotland

1044 m

Càrn an Tuirc

Scotland

1019 m

Glyder Fawr

Wales

999 m

Stob Coir’an Albannaich

Scotland

1044 m

Mullach Clach a’ Bhlàir

Scotland

1019 m

Sgurr Choinnich

Scotland

999 m

Càrn Mairg

Scotland

1041 m

Garbh Chìoch Mhòr

Scotland

1013 m

Stob Bàn

Scotland

999 m

Sgurr na Cìche

Scotland

1040 m

Cairn Bannoch

Scotland

1012 m

Broad Cairn

Scotland

998 m

Meall Ghaordaidh

Scotland

1039 m

Beinn Ìme

Scotland

1011 m

Stob Diamh

Scotland

998 m

Carrauntoohil

Ireland

1038 m

Beinn Udlamain

Scotland

1011 m

Glas Bheinn Mhòr

Scotland

997 m

Beinn Achaladair

Scotland

1038 m

Sgurr an Doire Leathain

Scotland

1010 m

Spidean Mialach

Scotland

996 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

An Caisteal

Scotland

995 m

Ciste Dhubh

Scotland

979 m

Meall Glas

Scotland

959 m

Càrn an Fhidhleir

Scotland

994 m

Stob Coire Sgriodain

Scotland

979 m

Buachaille Etive Beag

Scotland

958 m

Glyder Fach

Wales

994 m

Beinn Dubhchraig

Scotland

978 m

Tolmount

Scotland

958 m

Sgor na h-Ulaidh

Scotland

994 m

Pen yr Ole Wen

Wales

978 m

Càrn Ghluasaid

Scotland

957 m

Sgurr na Ruaidhe

Scotland

993 m

Scafell Pike

England

978 m

Tom Buidhe

Scotland

957 m

Càrn nan Gobhar (Mullardoch)

Scotland

992 m

Stob Bàn (Grey Corries)

Scotland

977 m

Sàileag

Scotland

956 m

Foel Grach

Wales

976 m

Sgurr nan Coireachan

Scotland

956 m

Càrn nan Gobhar (Strathfarrar)

Scotland

992 m

A’ Mharconaich

Scotland

975 m

Stob Gaibhre

Scotland

955 m

Sgurr Alasdair

Scotland

992 m

Càrn a’ Gheoidh

Scotland

975 m

Beinn Mhanach

Scotland

953 m

Sgairneach Mhòr

Scotland

991 m

Stùc a’ Chroin

Scotland

975 m

Meall Dearg

Scotland

953 m

Beinn Eunaich

Scotland

989 m

Beinn Sgritheall

Scotland

974 m

Sgurr nan Coireachan

Scotland

953 m

Creag Leacach

Scotland

987 m

Ben Lomond

Scotland

974 m

Brandon Mountain

Ireland

951 m

Druim Shionnach

Scotland

987 m

Meall Garbh

Scotland

968 m

Meall Chuaich

Scotland

951 m

Gaor Bheinn (Gulvain)

Scotland

987 m

Aonach Eagach

Scotland

967 m

Helvellyn

England

950 m

Beinn Alligin

Scotland

986 m

A’ Mhaighdean

Scotland

967 m

Beinn Bhuidhe

Scotland

948 m

Inaccessible Pinnacle

Scotland

986 m

Ben More (Mull)

Scotland

966 m

Creag a’ Mhaim

Scotland

947 m

Lurg Mhòr

Scotland

986 m

Sgurr nan Gillean

Scotland

964 m

Driesh

Scotland

947 m

Ben Vorlich

Scotland

985 m

Càrn a’ Chlamain

Scotland

963 m

Y Garn

Wales

947 m

An Gearanach

Scotland

982 m

Sca Fell

England

963 m

Beinn Tulaichean

Scotland

946 m

Mullach na Dheiragain

Scotland

982 m

Sgurr Thuilm

Scotland

963 m

Càrn Bhac

Scotland

946 m

Slioch

Scotland

981 m

Yr Elen

Wales

962 m

Meall Buidhe

Scotland

946 m

Maol Chinn-dearg

Scotland

981 m

Sgorr Ruadh

Scotland

962 m

Sgurr na Sgine

Scotland

946 m

Meall na Aighean

Scotland

981 m

Beinn nan Aighenan

Scotland

960 m

Bidein a’ Choire Sheasgaich

Scotland

945 m

Stob Coire a’ Chairn

Scotland

981 m

Stuchd an Lochain

Scotland

960 m

Càrn Dearg

Scotland

945 m

Beinn a’Chochuill

Scotland

980 m

Beinn Fhionnlaidh

Scotland

959 m

Stob a’ Choire Odhair

Scotland

945 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

An Socach

Scotland

944 m

Blaven

Scotland

928 m

Geal Chàrn

Scotland

917 m

Ben Vorlich

Scotland

943 m

Mayar

Scotland

928 m

Beinn a’ Chleibh

Scotland

916 m

Binnein Beag

Scotland

943 m

Meall nan Eun

Scotland

928 m

Beinn Teallach

Scotland

915 m

Foel-fras

Wales

942 m

Moruisg

Scotland

928 m

Ben Vane

Scotland

915 m

Càrn Dearg

Scotland

941 m

Ben Hope

Scotland

927 m

Tryfan

Wales

915 m

Càrn na Caim

Scotland

941 m

Beinn Narnain

Scotland

926 m

Beinn Dearg

Scotland

914 m

Beinn a’ Chroin

Scotland

940 m

Geal Chàrn

Scotland

926 m

Foinaven

Scotland

914 m

Luinne Bheinn

Scotland

939 m

Meall a’ Choire Leith

Scotland

926 m

Sgurr nan Ceannaichean

Scotland

913 m

Mount Keen

Scotland

939 m

Garnedd Uchaf

Wales

926 m

Sgurr a’ Choire-bheithe

Scotland

913 m

Mullach nan Coirean

Scotland

939 m

Beinn Liath Mhòr

Scotland

926 m

Beinn Bhreac

Scotland

912 m

Beinn na Lap

Scotland

937 m

Lugnaquilla

Ireland

924 m

Leathad an Taobhain

Scotland

912 m

Beinn Sgulaird

Scotland

937 m

Creag Pitridh

Scotland

924 m

The Fara

Scotland

911 m

Beinn Tarsuinn

Scotland

937 m

Elidir Fawr

Wales

924 m

Beinn Dearg Mòr

Scotland

910 m

Sron a’ Choire Ghairbh

Scotland

937 m

Crib Goch

Wales

923 m

Meall Buidhe

Scotland

910 m

A’ Bhuidheanach Bheag

Scotland

936 m

Sgurr nan Each

Scotland

923 m

Great End

England

910 m

Ill Crag

England

935 m

An Socach

Scotland

921 m

Beinn nan Oighreag

Scotland

909 m

Meall a’ Chrasgaidh

Scotland

934 m

Sgiath Chuil

Scotland

921 m

Leum Uilleim

Scotland

909 m

Broad Crag

England

934 m

Càrn Sgulain

Scotland

920 m

Streap

Scotland

909 m

Beinn Chabhair

Scotland

933 m

Gairich

Scotland

919 m

Beinn Maol Chaluim

Scotland

907 m

The Cairnwell

Scotland

933 m

A’ Ghlas-bheinn

Scotland

918 m

Fuar Tholl

Scotland

907 m

Meall Buidhe

Scotland

932 m

Creag nan Damh

Scotland

918 m

Aran Fawddwy

Wales

905 m

Beinn Bhreac

Scotland

931 m

Meall na Teanga

Scotland

918 m

Ben Tee

Scotland

904 m

Ben Chonzie

Scotland

931 m

Ruadh Stac Mor

Scotland

918 m

Beinn Damh

Scotland

903 m

Skiddaw

England

931 m

Galtymore

Ireland

917 m

Ben Vuirich

Scotland

903 m

A’ Chailleach

Scotland

930 m

Càrn Aosda

Scotland

917 m

Bowfell

England

902 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Beinn an Lochain

Scotland

901 m

Sgurr Dhomhnuill

Scotland

888 m

Maol Creag an Loch

Scotland

875 m

Beinn Mheadhonach

Scotland

901 m

Ben Aden

Scotland

887 m

Sgurr na Ba Glaise

Scotland

874 m

Beinn Odhar

Scotland

901 m

Meall a’ Ghiubhais

Scotland

887 m

Goat Fell

Scotland

874 m

Sgurr an Fhuarain

Scotland

901 m

Beinn a’ Chaisteil

Scotland

886 m

Corn Du

Wales

873m

Culardoch

Scotland

900 m

Pen y Fan

Wales

886 m

Fairfield

England

873 m

Aonach Buidhe

Scotland

899 m

Aran Benllyn

Wales

885 m

Ben Hee

Scotland

873 m

Great Gable

England

899 m

Esk Pike

England

885 m

Morven

Scotland

872 m

Y Lliwedd

Wales

898 m

Buidhe Bheinn

Scotland

885 m

Erw y Ddafad-ddu

Wales

872 m

Beinn a’ Bhuiridh

Scotland

897 m

Cam Chreag

Scotland

885 m

Moel Siabod

Wales

872 m

Beinn Bhan

Scotland

896 m

Garbh Bheinn

Scotland

885 m

Sgorr nan Lochan Uaine

Scotland

871 m

Ben Tirran

Scotland

896 m

Sgurr a’ Bhac Chaolais

Scotland

885 m

Stob a’ Choin

Scotland

869 m

Gairbeinn

Scotland

896 m

The Cobbler

Scotland

884 m

Faochaig

Scotland

868 m

Ruadh-stac Beag

Scotland

896 m

Raise

England

883 m

Scotland

868 m

Creag Mhòr

Scotland

895 m

Beinn Ceitlein – Stob Dubh

Scotland

883 m

Ben Pharlagain – Meall na Meoig

Sgurr nan Eugallt

Scotland

894 m

Beinn Odhar Bheag

Scotland

882 m

Blencathra

England

868 m

Cadair Idris

Wales

893 m

Rois-Bheinn

Scotland

882 m

Bidein a’ Chabair

Scotland

867 m

Cross Fell

England

893 m

Beinn Chùirn

Scotland

880 m

Garbh Bheinn

Scotland

867 m

Pillar

England

892 m

Sgurr Mhurlagain

Scotland

880 m

Càrn a’ Choire Ghairbh

Scotland

865 m

An Ruadh-stac

Scotland

892 m

Creag Uchdag

Scotland

879 m

Conachcraig

Scotland

865 m

Beinn a’ Chuallaich

Scotland

892 m

Fraochaidh

Scotland

879 m

Beinn Mhic Chasgaig

Scotland

864 m

Beinn Enaiglair

Scotland

890 m

Sguman Coinntich

Scotland

879 m

Mynydd Moel

Wales

863 m

Catstye Cam

England

890 m

Sgurr a’ Mhuilinn

Scotland

879 m

White Side

England

863 m

Nethermost Pike

England

890 m

Ben Ledi

Scotland

879 m

Beinn Tharsuinn

Scotland

863 m

Aonach Shasuinn

Scotland

888 m

Càrn na Fheiceadain

Scotland

878 m

Beinn a’ Bha’ach Ard

Scotland

862 m

Creagan na Beinne

Scotland

888 m

Baosbheinn

Scotland

875 m

Cam Chreag

Scotland

862 m

Càrn Liath

Scotland

862 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Meall na h-Aisre

Scotland

862 m

Cùl Mòr

Scotland

849 m

Càrn Dearg

Scotland

834 m

Sgurr na Feartaig

Scotland

862 m

Sgurr Ghiubhsachain

Scotland

849 m

Creag nan Gabhar

Scotland

834 m

Beinn Lair

Scotland

859 m

Ben Donich

Scotland

847 m

Pen yr Helgi Du

Wales

833 m

Crinkle Crags

England

859 m

Caisteal Abhail

Scotland

847 m

Foel-goch

Wales

831 m

Morrone

Scotland

859 m

Canisp

Scotland

847 m

Cadair Berwyn

Wales

830 m

Beinn Luibhean

Scotland

858 m

Beinn Resipol

Scotland

845 m

Beinn Dearg

Scotland

830 m

Fraoch Bheinn

Scotland

858 m

Stybarrow Dodd

England

843 m

Brown Cow Hill

Scotland

829 m

Dollywaggon Pike

England

858 m

Merrick

Scotland

842 m

Càrn Mòr

Scotland

829 m

Beinn a’ Chrulaiste

Scotland

857 m

Càrn Ban

Scotland

842 m

High Street

England

828 m

Càrn Dearg Mòr

Scotland

857 m

Beinn Mholach

Scotland

841 m

Moel Sych

Wales

827 m

Cruach Innse

Scotland

857 m

Ben Vrackie

Scotland

841 m

An Dun

Scotland

827 m

Beinn a’ Chaisgein Mòr

Scotland

856 m

Sgurr an Airgid

Scotland

841 m

Beinn Tarsuinn

Scotland

826 m

Beinn an Eoin

Scotland

855 m

St Sunday Crag

England

841 m

Red Pike

England

826 m

Beinn Bhuidhe

Scotland

855 m

Scoat Fell

England

841 m

Geal-chàrn Mòr

Scotland

824 m

Stob an Aonaich Mhòir

Scotland

855 m

Beinn Trilleachan

Scotland

840 m

Carnedd y Filiast

Wales

822 m

Great Dodd

England

855 m

Beinn Udlaidh

Scotland

840 m

Benvane

Scotland

821 m

Arenig Fawr

Wales

854 m

Ben Rinnes

Scotland

840 m

Càrn Ealasaid

Scotland

821 m

Creach Bheinn

Scotland

853 m

Broad Law

Scotland

840 m

Geal Chàrn

Scotland

821 m

Meall an t-Seallaidh

Scotland

852 m

Crag Hill

England

839 m

White Coomb

Scotland

821 m

Grasmoor

England

852 m

Sgurr Gaorsaic

Scotland

839 m

Beinn Dearg Bheag

Scotland

820 m

Baurtregaum

Ireland

851 m

Càrn Chuinneag

Scotland

838 m

Steeple

England

819 m

Slieve Donard

Northern Ireland

850 m

Meall na h-Eilde

Scotland

838 m

Beinn Chaorach

Scotland

818 m

Llwytmor

Wales

849 m

Meallan nan Uan

Scotland

838 m

Càrn na Drochaide

Scotland

818 m

Bac an Eich

Scotland

849 m

Sron a’ Choire Chnapanaich

Scotland

837 m

Sgorr na Diollaid

Scotland

818 m

Beinn nan Imirean

Scotland

849 m

Sgurr Cos na Breachd-laoigh

Scotland

835 m

Binnein an Fhidhleir – Stob Coire Creagach

Scotland

817 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Càrn Dearg

Scotland

817 m

Monamenach

Scotland

807 m

Beinn Bhàn

Scotland

796 m

Stob Coire Creagach

Scotland

817 m

High Stile

England

807 m

Beinn Mhic-Mhonaidh

Scotland

796 m

Càrn a’ Chuilinn

Scotland

816 m

Nephin

Ireland

806 m

Mam na Gualainn

Scotland

796 m

Breabag

Scotland

815 m

Beinn nam Fuaran

Scotland

806 m

Sgurr an Utha

Scotland

796 m

The Cheviot

England

815 m

Ben Gulabin

Scotland

806 m

Sgurr Coire Choinnichean

Scotland

796 m

Mweelrea

Ireland

814 m

Meall nan Subh

Scotland

806 m

Cribyn

Wales

795 m

An Sidhean

Scotland

814 m

Beinn na h-Eaglaise

Scotland

805 m

Mount Leinster

Ireland

795 m

An Stac

Scotland

814 m

Y Foel Goch

Wales

805 m

Knockmealdown

Ireland

794 m

Corserine

Scotland

814 m

Càrn Mòr

Scotland

804 m

Bera Mawr

Wales

794 m

Beinn Each

Scotland

813 m

Geal Chàrn

Scotland

804 m

Beinn Leoid

Scotland

792 m

Sgor Mòr

Scotland

813 m

The Sow of Atholl

Scotland

803 m

Glas Bheinn

Scotland

792 m

Askival

Scotland

812 m

Old Man of Coniston

England

803 m

Sgurr a’ Chaorachain

Scotland

792 m

Mynydd Perfedd

Wales

812 m

Kirk Fell

England

802 m

Over Fascoum

Ireland

792 m

Càrn na Saobhaidhe

Scotland

811 m

Fan Brycheiniog

Wales

802 m

Dove Crag

England

792 m

Cyfrwy

Wales

811 m

Beinn Bhreac-liath

Scotland

802 m

Grisedale Pike

England

791 m

Waun Fach

Wales

811 m

Scotland

801 m

Craig Cwm Amarch

Wales

791 m

Creach Bheinn

Scotland

810 m

Meallan Liath Coire Mhic Dhughaill

Beinn Àirigh Charr

Scotland

791 m

Beinn Iaruinn

Scotland

800 m

Beinn Loinne

Scotland

790 m

Cranstackie

Scotland

800 m

Auchnafree Hill

Scotland

789 m

Pen y Gadair Fawr

Wales

800 m

Meall Dubh

Scotland

788 m

Pen Llithrig y Wrach

Wales

799 m

Mickle Fell

England

788 m

Cìr Mhòr

Scotland

799 m

Arkle

Scotland

787 m

Clisham

Scotland

799 m

Beinn a’ Chaisteil

Scotland

787 m

Am Bathach

Scotland

798 m

Meall Tairneachan

Scotland

787 m

Beinn Dronaig

Scotland

797 m

The Brack

Scotland

787 m

Cairnsmore of Carsphairn

Scotland

797 m

Càrn na Nathrach

Scotland

786 m

Meall a’ Bhuachaille Creag Mac Ranaich Meall na Fearna Sgurr Innse Garbh-bheinn Hart Fell Quinag – Sàil Gharbh Bera Bach Creag Rainich

Scotland Scotland Scotland Scotland Scotland Scotland Scotland Wales Scotland

810 m 809 m 809 m 809 m 808 m 808 m 808 m 807 m 807 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Beinn an Òir

Scotland

785 m

Beinn Spionnaidh

Scotland

772 m

Stony Cove Pike

England

763 m

Beinn na Caillich

Scotland

785 m

Meall Lighiche

Scotland

772 m

Gallt yr Ogof

Wales

763 m

Dun da Ghaoithe

Scotland

785 m

Barrclashcame

Ireland

772 m

Little Wyvis

Scotland

763 m

Cadair Bronwen

Wales

785 m

Wandope

England

772 m

Beinn na h-Uamha

Scotland

762 m

Moel Hebog

Wales

783 m

Stob Coire a’ Chearcaill

Scotland

771 m

High Raise

England

762 m

Beinn Mhic Cedidh

Scotland

783 m

Stob Fear-tomhais

Scotland

771 m

Fan Hir

Wales

761 m

Farragon Hill

Scotland

783 m

Beinn a’ Choin

Scotland

770 m

Drosgl

Wales

758 m

Sgurr Dubh

Scotland

782 m

Scotland

770 m

Y Llethr

Wales

756 m

Ainshval

Scotland

781 m

Stob a’ Bhealach an Sgriodain

Red Pike

England

755 m

Drum

Wales

770 m

Dale Head

England

753 m

Moelwyn Mawr

Wales

770 m

Plynlimon

Wales

752 m

Hopegill Head

England

770 m

Moel Llyfnant

Wales

751 m

Waun Rydd

Wales

769 m

Diffwys

Wales

750 m

Cùl Beag

Scotland

769 m

Errigal Mountain

Ireland

749 m

Meallach Mhòr

Scotland

769 m

Bannau Sir Gaer

Wales

749 m

Càrn Dearg

Scotland

768 m

Yr Aran

Wales

747 m

Sàil Mhòr

Scotland

767 m

Slieve Binnian

Northern Ireland

747 m

Slieve Commedagh

Northern Ireland

767 m

High Crag

England

744 m

Scotland

766 m

Robinson

England

737 m

Corryhabbie Hill Glasgwm Beinn Bheula Meall nam Maigheach Sgurr Mhic Bharraich Mount Battock Harter Fell Meall Horn Glas Bheinn

Scotland Wales Scotland Scotland Scotland Scotland Scotland Scotland Scotland

781 m 780 m 779 m 779 m 779 m 778 m 778 m 777 m 776 m

Red Screes

England

776 m

Beinn Liath Mhòr a’ Ghiubhais Li

Glamaig

Scotland

775 m

Fuar Bheinn

Scotland

766 m

Whernside

England

736 m

Meall na Leitreach

Scotland

775 m

Bràigh nan Uamhachan

Scotland

765 m

Seat Sandal

England

736 m

Sgorr Craobh a’ Chaorainn

Scotland

775 m

Ben Loyal

Scotland

764 m

Craig Cwm Silyn

Wales

734 m

Shalloch on Minnoch

Scotland

775 m

Meall an Fhudair

Scotland

764 m

Rhobell Fawr

Wales

734 m

Beinn nan Caorach

Scotland

774 m

Quinag — Spidean Coinich

Scotland

764 m

Fan Fawr

Wales

734 m

Meall a’ Phubuill

Scotland

774 m

Croagh Patrick

Ireland

764 m

Suilven

Scotland

731 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Slieve Bearnagh

Northern Ireland

730 m

Slieve Meelbeg

Northern Ireland

708 m

Seatallan

England

692 m

Benbaun

Ireland

729 m

Whiteside

England

707 m

Foel Wen

Wales

691 m

Hindscarth

England

727 m

Morven, Caithness

Scotland

706 m

Twmpa

Wales

690 m

Clough Head

England

726 m

Knockboy

Ireland

706 m

Arenig Fach

Wales

689 m

Moel Eilio

Wales

726 m

Yoke

England

706 m

Cnicht

Wales

689 m

Djouce

Ireland

725 m

Pike of Blisco

England

705 m

Foel Hafod-fynydd

Wales

689 m

Fan Gyhirych

Wales

725 m

Great Whernside

England

704 m

Slieve Binnian

Northern Ireland

685 m

Pap of Glencoe

Scotland

724 m

Slieve Mael Beg

Northern Ireland

704 m

Gwaun y Llwyni

Wales

685 m

Ingleborough

England

724 m

Slievelamagan

Northern Ireland

704m

Pen y Brynfforchog

Wales

685 m

Slieve Cor

Ireland

721 m

Black Mountain

England/Wales

703 m

Y Garn

Wales

684 m

Slievenamon

Ireland

721 m

Slieve Lamagan

Northern Ireland

703 m

Gau Graig

Wales

683 m

Ben Stack

Scotland

721 m

Barrslievenaroy

Ireland

702 m

Loft Crag

England

682 m

Rhinog Fawr

Wales

720 m

Pen Cerrig-calch

Wales

701 m

Crag Hill

England

682 m

Fan y Big

Wales

719 m

Cold Pike

England

701 m

Slieve Mael Mor

Northern Ireland

682 m

The Storr

Scotland

719 m

Pavey Ark

England

700 m

Maumtrasna

Ireland

682 m

Pen Allt-mawr

Wales

719 m

Ben Gorm

Ireland

700 m

Mynydd Tarw

Wales

681 m

Great Shunner Fell

England

716 m

Garnedd Goch

Wales

700 m

Chwarel y Fan

Wales

679 m

Rhinog Fach

Wales

712 m

Meall Fuar-mhonaidh

Scotland

699 m

Sawel Mountain

Northern Ireland

678 m

Moelwyn Bach

Wales

711 m

Gray Crag

England

699 m

Creigiau Gleision

Wales

678 m

Cairnsmore of Fleet

Scotland

711 m

Mynydd Mawr

Wales

698 m

Moel Druman

Wales

676 m

Tinto

Scotland

711 m

Allt-fawr

Wales

698 m

Lovely Seat

England

675 m

Knott

England

710 m

Queensberry

Scotland

697 m

Moel Cynghorion

Wales

674 m

High Seat, Yorkshire Dales

England

709 m

Grey Knotts

England

697 m

Maesglase

Wales

674 m

Trum y Ddysgl

Wales

709 m

Mynydd Drws-y-coed

Wales

695 m

Bakestall

England

673 m

Pike of Stickle

England

709 m

Pen-y-ghent

England

694 m

Ysgafell Wen

Wales

672 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Scar Crags

England

672 m

Black Mixen

Wales

650 m

Moel y Cerrig Duon

Wales

625 m

Esgeiriau Gwynion

Wales

671 m

Harter Fell, Eskdale

England

649 m

Moel Penamnen

Wales

623 m

Sliabh Mór

Ireland

671 m

Foel Cwm Sian Llwyd

Wales

648 m

Moel Ysgyfarnogod

Wales

623 m

Shan Slieve

Northern Ireland

671 m

Moel-yr-hydd

Wales

648 m

Craig-y-llyn

Wales

622 m

Waun-oer

Wales

670 m

Pen y Boncyn Trefeilw

Wales

646 m

Moel yr Henfaes

Wales

621 m

Carnedd y Filiast

Wales

669 m

Drygarn Fawr

Wales

641 m

High Willhays

England

621 m

Slieve Muck

Northern Ireland

668 m

Moel Lefn

Wales

638 m

Snaefell

Isle of Man

621 m

Cyrniau Nod

Wales

667 m

Eagle Mountain

Northern Ireland

638 m

Pen yr Allt Uchaf

Wales

620 m

Tarren y Gesail

Wales

667 m

Causey Pike

England

637 m

Yes Tor

England

619 m

Muckish

Ireland

666 m

Little Hart Crag

England

637 m

Gallt y Daren

Wales

619 m

Post Gwyn

Wales

665 m

Kinder Scout

England

636 m

Garreg Lwyd

Wales

619 m

Croaghaun

Ireland

664 m

Garreg Las

Wales

635 m

Cefn yr Ystrad

Wales

617 m

Fan Nedd

Wales

663 m

Mullaghclogha

Northern Ireland

635 m

Llechwedd Du

Wales

614 m

Mynydd Llysiau

Wales

663 m

Tarrenhendre

Wales

634 m

Gorllwyn

Wales

613 m

Dduallt

Wales

662 m

Bleaklow

England

633 m

Stac Pollaidh

Scotland

612 m

Manod Mawr

Wales

661 m

Fan Llia

Wales

632 m

Heron Pike

England

612 m

Tyrrau Mawr

Wales

661 m

White Hill

Ireland

630 m

Foel Goch

Wales

611 m

Great Rhos

Wales

660 m

Moel Fferna

Wales

630 m

Bache Hill

Wales

610 m

Whiteless Pike

England

660 m

Craig Cerrig-gleisiad

Wales

629 m

Tal y Fan

Wales

610 m

Cribin Fawr

Wales

659 m

Fan Frynych

Wales

629 m

Pen y Garn

Wales

610 m

Place Fell

England

657 m

Foel Gron

Wales

629 m

Mynydd Troed

Wales

609 m

High Pike (Scandale)

England

656 m

Y Garn

Wales

629 m

Illgill Head

England

609 m

Moel yr Ogof

Wales

655 m

Gylchedd

Wales

628 m

High Seat, Lake District

England

608 m

Mynydd Tal-y-mignedd

Wales

653 m

Mullaghaneany

Northern Ireland

627 m

Craig y Llyn

Wales

600 m

High Spy

England

653 m

Foel y Geifr

Wales

626 m

Haystacks

England

597 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Sugar Loaf Mountain

Wales

596 m

Moel Famau

Wales

554 m

Slieve Gallion

Northern Ireland

528 m

Y Ro Wen

Wales

594 m

Moel-ddu

Wales

553 m

Wolfhole Crag

England

527 m

Llan Ddu Fawr

Wales

593 m

Tor y Foel

Wales

551 m

Lammer Law

Scotland

527 m

Bleaberry Fell

England

590 m

Drosgol

Wales

550 m

Gyrn Moelfre

Wales

523 m

Clachnaben

Scotland

589 m

Mynydd Carn-y-cefn

Wales

550 m

Carnedd Wen

Wales

523 m

Moelfre

Wales

589 m

Mullaghmore

Northern Ireland

550 m

West Lomond

Scotland

522 m

Shipman Knotts

England

587 m

Trostan

Northern Ireland

550 m

Hill of Stake

Scotland

522 m

Pegwn Mawr

Wales

586 m

Hard Knott

England

549 m

Gyrn Ddu

Wales

522 m

Black Hill

England

582 m

Beacon Hill

Wales

547 m

Eagle Crag

England

521 m

Ard Crags

England

581 m

Moel Eilio (Carneddau)

Wales

546 m

Fair Snape Fell

England

520 m

Coity Mountain

Wales

578 m

Beinn-y-Phott

Isle of Man

544 m

Dunkery Beacon

England

519 m

Moel y Gamelin

Wales

577 m

White Hill

England

544 m

Mam Tor

England

517 m

The Nab

England

576 m

Gwaunceste Hill

Wales

542 m

Long Mynd

England

516 m

Maiden Moor

England

576 m

Mullaghcarn

Northern Ireland

542 m

Mynydd Llangorse

Wales

515 m

Whitfell

England

573 m

Brown Clee Hill

England

540 m

Knocklayd

Northern Ireland

514 m

Slieve Gullion

Northern Ireland

573 m

Rhialgwm

Wales

540 m

Corndon Hill

Wales

513 m

Outerside

England

568 m

Mynydd Nodol

Wales

539 m

Bwlch Mawr

Wales

509 m

Cyrn-y-Brain

Wales

565 m

Derwent Edge (Back Tor)

England

538 m

Foel Fenlli

Wales

511 m

Yr Eifl

Wales

564 m

Foel Cwmcerwyn

Wales

536 m

Slieveanorra

Northern Ireland

508 m

Carnanelly

Northern Ireland

562 m

Stiperstones

England

536 m

Low Pike

England

508 m

Ward’s Stone

England

561 m

Meikle Says Law

Scotland

535 m

Disgwylfa Fawr

Wales

507 m

Banc Llechwedd-mawr

Wales

560 m

Slieve Croob

Northern Ireland

534 m

Thorpe Fell Top

England

506 m

Shining Tor

England

559 m

Titterstone Clee Hill

England

533 m

Little Mell Fell

England

505 m

Slievemoughanmore

Northern Ireland

559 m

Mwdwl-eithin

Wales

532 m

The Roaches

England

505 m

Pendle Hill

England

557 m

Bennachie

Scotland

528 m

Dodd (Lake District)

England

502 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Kisdon

England

499 m

Grit Fell

England

468 m

Parlick

England

432 m

Garreg Lwyd

Wales

499 m

Moel Seisiog

Wales

468 m

Conachair, St Kilda

Scotland

430 m

Grayrigg Forest

England

494 m

Moel Gyw

Wales

467 m

Hergest Ridge

England

426 m

Red Lion Hill

Wales

493 m

Carn Gafallt

Wales

466 m

Worcestershire Beacon

England

425 m

Slieau Freoaghane

Isle of Man

488 m

Benbradagh

Northern Ireland

465 m

Rubers Law

Scotland

424 m

Bryn Amlwg

Wales

488 m

Esgair Ddu

Wales

464 m

Buckbarrow

England

423 m

Pen y Garn-goch

Wales

487 m

Crugiau Merched

Wales

462 m

Graig Syfyrddin

Wales

423 m

Calver Hill

England

487 m

Win Hill

England

462 m

Camlough Mountain

Northern Ireland

423 m

Ysgyryd Fawr

Wales

486 m

Cefn Cenarth

Wales

460 m

Eildon Mid Hill

Scotland

422 m

Garreg-hir

Wales

485 m

Winter Hill, Lancashire

England

456 m

Brown Willy

England

420 m

Slievemartin

Northern Ireland

485 m

Craigowl Hill

Scotland

455 m

Bessy Bell

Northern Ireland

420 m

South Barrule

Isle of Man

483 m

Barrow (Lake District)

England

455 m

Mynydd Marchywel

Wales

418 m

Bryn y Fan

Wales

482 m

Peatrig Hill

Scotland

454 m

Curraghchosaly Mountain

Northern Ireland

416 m

Hirfynydd

Wales

481 m

Aberedw Hill

Wales

451 m

Grange Fell

England

415 m

Mullaghash

Northern Ireland

480 m

Catbells

England

451 m

The Begwns

Wales

415 m

Hawthornthwaite Fell

England

479 m

Scarba

Scotland

449 m

Trichrug

Wales

415 m

Mynydd Eppynt

Wales

478 m

Binsey

England

447 m

Hound Tor

England

414 m

Divis

Northern Ireland

478 m

Carneddau

Wales

445 m

Clougha Pike

England

413 m

Gwastedyn Hill

Wales

477 m

Slievenaglogh

Northern Ireland

445 m

Great Hameldon

England

409 m

Lose Hill

England

476 m

Mid Hill

Northern Ireland

444 m

Long Mountain

Wales

408 m

Agnew’s Hill

Northern Ireland

474 m

Rhiw Gwraidd

Wales

442 m

The Wrekin

England

407 m

Fremington Edge

England

473 m

Great Crag

England

440 m

Owenreagh Hill

Northern Ireland

407 m

Mynydd Twyn-glas

Wales

472 m

Penycloddiau

Wales

440 m

Foel Offrwm

Wales

405 m

Eldon Hill

England

470 m

Fox Tor

England

438 m

Moel y Golfa

Wales

403 m

Mynydd Cwmcelli

Wales

469 m

Slemish

Northern Ireland

437 m

Balix Hill

Northern Ireland

403 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Ilkley Moor

England

402 m

Slieve Beagh

Northern Ireland

380 m

Dooish

Northern Ireland

341 m

Mynydd Fforest

Wales

400m

Mynydd y Glyn

Wales

377 m

Mynydd Allt-y-grug

Wales

338 m

Wild Bank

England

399 m

Mynydd y Betws

Wales

373 m

Mynydd Llanelian

Wales

336 m

Donald’s Hill

Northern Ireland

399 m

Carn Fadryn

Wales

371 m

Loughrigg Fell

England

335 m

Hameldon Hill

England

399 m

Foel Fynyddau

Wales

370 m

Crocknamoghil

Northern Ireland

335 m

Belmore Mountain

Northern Ireland

398 m

Slievekirk

Northern Ireland

370 m

Kirkby Moor

England

334 m

Moel y Parc

Wales

398 m

Butterdon Hill

England

367 m

Kit Hill

England

334 m

Moelfre Uchaf

Wales

396 m

Troutbeck Tongue

England

364 m

Hope Mountain

Wales

330 m

Loughermore

Northern Ireland

396 m

Craigatuke

Northern Ireland

364 m

Cleeve Hill

England

330 m

Harridge Pike

England

395 m

Mynydd Machen

Wales

362 m

Bunster Hill

England

329 m

Frenni Fawr

Wales

395 m

Hafod Ithel

Wales

361 m

Mynydd Cynros

Wales

329 m

Allt yr Esgair

Wales

393 m

Stingwern Hill

Wales

358 m

Rhos Ymryson

Wales

327 m

Mynydd Rhyd ddu

Wales

389 m

Burrow (Shropshire)

England

358 m

Pen-crug-melyn

Wales

326 m

Hallin Fell

England

388 m

High Rigg

England

357 m

Beacon Batch

England

325 m

Reyfad

Northern Ireland

386 m

Mynydd Uchaf

Wales

357 m

Gummer’s How

England

321 m

Binevenagh

Northern Ireland

385 m

Sharp Haw

England

357 m

Craig y Castell

Wales

321 m

Bryn Arw

Wales

384 m

Allt y Main

Wales

356 m

Crockdooish

Northern Ireland

321 m

Crook Hill

England

382 m

Caeliber Isaf

Wales

355 m

Roseberry Topping

England

320 m

Moel y Dyniewyd

Wales

382 m

Big Collin

Northern Ireland

353 m

Tobernaveen Hill

Northern Ireland

319 m

Cefn Eglwysilan

Wales

382 m

Dent

England

352 m

Holme Fell

England

317 m

Craignamaddy

Northern Ireland

382 m

Upper Park

Wales

352 m

Moelfre Isaf

Wales

317 m

Gruggandoo

Northern Ireland

382 m

Mynydd Carningli

Wales

346 m

Brougher Mountain

Northern Ireland

316 m

Oughtmore

Northern Ireland

382 m

Bloaght Mountain

Northern Ireland

345 m

Walton Hill

England

316 m

Mynydd y Lan

Wales

381 m

Mynydd-y-briw

Wales

341 m

Clent Hills

England

315 m

Foel Cae’rberllan

Wales

380 m

Y Golfa

Wales

341 m

Staple Hill, Somerset

England

315 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Slievemore

Northern Ireland

314 m

Lewesdon Hill

England

279 m

Kockiveagh

Northern Ireland

237 m

Ffridd Cocyn

Wales

313 m

Bardon Hill

England

278 m

Carneddol

Wales

235 m

Cairnpapple Hill

Scotland

312 m

Pilsdon Pen

England

277 m

Bradda Hill

Isle of Man

230 m

Dunsinane Hill

Scotland

310 m

Hutton Roof Crags

England

274 m

Crickley Hill

England

228 m

Carn Hill

Northern Ireland

310 m

Craig yr Allt

Wales

273 m

Dundry Down

England

223 m

Wentwood

Wales

309 m

Mynydd Drummau

Wales

272 m

Barr Beacon

England

227 m

Croslieve

Northern Ireland

308 m

Butser Hill

England

270 m

Arbury Hill

England

225 m

Garth Hill

Wales

307 m

Turners Hill

England

269m

Rampisham Down

England

221 m

Pen Hill

England

305 m

Haddington Hill

England

267 m

Corrody Hill

Northern Ireland

221 m

Knockchree

Northern Ireland

305 m

Tievecrom

Northern Ireland

264 m

Traprain Law

Scotland

221 m

Mynydd Rhiw

Wales

304 m

Moel-y-gest

Wales

263 m

Holyhead Mountain

Wales

220 m

Bredon Hill

England

299 m

Mynydd Llangyndeyrn

Wales

262 m

Gortmonly Hill

Northern Ireland

218 m

Pollnalaght

Northern Ireland

298 m

England

261 m

Whitbarrow

England

215 m

Walbury Hill

England

297 m

Beacon Hill, Burghclere, Hampshire

Cairngaver

Northern Ireland

214 m

England

260 m

Swyre Head

England

208 m

May Hill

England

296 m

Coombe Hill, Buckinghamshire

Leith Hill

England

295 m

Holywell Hill

Northern Ireland

260 m

Great Orme

Wales

207 m

Myarth

Wales

292 m

Mynydd Dinas

Wales

258 m

Cross Slieve

Northern Ireland

206 m

Ruardean Hill

England

290 m

Watch Hill

England

254 m

Brandy Hill

Wales

205 m

Gamallt

Wales

288 m

Arthur’s Seat

Scotland

251 m

Cefn yr Ogof

Wales

204 m

Thorpe Cloud

England

287 m

Beacon Hill, Leicestershire

England

248 m

Detling Hill

England

200 m

Pilot Hill

England

286 m

Bishop Wilton Wold

England

246 m

Nine Barrow Down

England

199 m

Mynydd Sylen

Wales

284 m

Castle Ring

England

244 m

Robinswood Hill

England

198 m

Blackdown

England

280 m

Chanctonbury Ring

England

242 m

Coombe Hill, East Sussex

England

194 m

Tullynasoo Mountain

Northern Ireland

280 m

Crowborough

England

242 m

Cheriton Hill

England

188 m

Garn Boduan

Wales

279 m

Forster’s Mountain

Northern Ireland

242 m

North Berwick Law

Scotland

187 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Hills and Mountains – UK by Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Mountain

Country

Height

Cissbury Ring

England

184 m

Ham Hill

England

125 m

Hydon’s Ball

England

179 m

Bangor Mountain

Wales

117 m

Billinge Hill

England

178 m

Rivey Hill

England

112 m

Mynydd Bodafon

Wales

178 m

Beacon Hill, Norfolk

England

105 m

Doon Hill

Scotland

177 m

Parliament Hill

England

95 m

Dundee Law

Scotland

174 m

Cadbury Hill

England

81 m

Box Hill

England

172 m

Little Trees Hill

England

74 m

Craig y Forwyn

Wales

170 m

Wandlebury Hill

England

74 m

Mull Hill

Isle of Man

169 m

Puffin Island

Wales

58 m

Therfield Heath

England

168 m

Cardigan Island

Wales

52 m

Bardsey Island

Wales

167 m

Rowley’s Hill

England

50 m

Cliffe Hill

England

164 m

Ynys Gifftan

Wales

39 m

Kinver Edge

England

164 m

Ballard Down

England

162 m

Blue Bell Hill

England

160 m

Glastonbury Tor

England

158 m

Haughmond Hill

England

153 m

Shelf Bank

England

145 m

Twyford Down

England

144 m

Hod Hill

England

143 m

Little Orme

Wales

141 m

Ramsey Island

Wales

136 m

Bryn Euryn

Wales

131 m

Portsdown Hill

England

131 m

Great Wood Hill

England

128 m

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Richard Long Text Works

Contextual Research

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Richard Long Heaven and Earth Exhibition – Tate Britain 2009

Contextual Research

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Origins of Names of Peaks in the Lake District Allen Crags Allen is a personal name common in England soon after the Norman Conquest. It is of Breton origin and its early form was Mein. The particular ‘Alein’ after whom this crag took its name is unknown.

Arnison Crag Arni was a Norse personal name and so ‘Arnison’ would be ‘Arni’s son’ who gave his name to the crag.

A possible alternative derivation might be from the O.E. earn + O.E. stan meaning ‘the eagle’s rock’.

Barf This was formerly known as Barrugh Fell (1821), indicating a derivation from O.N. berg, a mountain.

Barugh is a northern surname and is correctly pronounced Barf.

Basebrown This is an example of an Inversion Compound and is probably derived from the O.N. personal name Bruni and O.N. bass - ‘Bruni’s cowshed’. The surname Basbroun appears in the 16th century Cumberland Subsidy Rolls. Basebrun 1216.

Birkett Fell Named in honour of Lord Birkett who in 1962 played a decisive part in preventing, temporarily at least, the exploitation of Ullswater by the Manchester Water Authority.

Black Combe The dark crested mountain. O.E. blaec + O.E. camb.

One of the features of Black Combe is the dark heather which grows there.

Blencathra The first element here is the Welsh word ‘blaen’, a summit. The second element is more difficult, but a likely explanation is that it comes from the Welsh ‘cateir’, a chair, as in Cader Idris. This would be an apt descripton of the summit’s shape as seen from many angles. The name ‘Saddleback’ by which this fell is often known does not appear until 1769. Blenkarthure 1589.

Bowfell The usual explanation of this name - the bow-shaped fell - is not consistent with the early (1242) form which was ‘Bowesfel’, clearly indicating the use of a personal name. The surname Bowe appears in a Cumberland deed of 1333. It is also significant that the pass below Bowfell, now known as Three Tarns, was formerly called ‘Bowesscard’ or ‘Bowe’s scarth’.

O.N. skarth.

Brandreth The O.N. words ‘brand-reith’, a fire-place or grate, came to mean more specifically a grid-iron or trivet. A reference of 1805 which refers to this fell as ‘the threefooted Brandreth’ seems to be consistent with this derivation and suggests that a beacon once burned on the summit.

Branstree The steep path. This is a reference to the track from Longsleddale to Haweswater which passes below the slopes of this fell. O.N. brant + stigr. Bransty 1578.

Buckbarrow The hill of the buck or goat. The name may be derived from either O.E. bucc (O.N. bokkr), a buck, or

from O.E. bucca (O.N. bokki), a he-goat. The second element is O.E. beorg (O.N. berg), a hill. Bokkeberge c.1400.

Calva The hill where calves are pastured. O.E. calf (O.N. kalfr) + O.N. haugr.

Carling Knott The hill where the old woman lives. O.N. kerling + O.N. knu’tr.

Carrock Fell The rocky fell. Old Welsh carrec + O.N. fjall.

Cat Bells The den of the wild cat. The wild cat was common in the area until the early 19th century. O.E. catt + M.E. belde.

Catstycam The crest or ridge with a steep, wild-cat’s path. O.E. camb (O.N. kambr) + O.E. stig (O.N. stigr) + O.E. catt (O.N. kattr).

Causey Pike The peak above the causeway. The reference is probably to the Roman road which ran across the low-lying land between Crosthwaite and Braithwaite and which appears in 1280 as ‘le chaucey’, the causeway. O.E. plc (O.N. pik).

Caw Fell The hill where calves are pastured. O.E. calf (O.N. kalfr) + O.N. fjall.

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Origins of Names of Peaks in the Lake District Clough Head The hill above the ravine. The deep ravines of Sandbed Gill and Fisher’s Wife Rake lie on the St John’s Vale side of this fell. O.E. cleugh + O.E. heafod.

Cofa Pike Cofa is a variant of Calva and Caw Fell; it also lies at the head of Caw Cove. Its origin is almost certainly the same: the hill where calves are pastured. The ‘a’ of Cofa is an abbreviated form of ‘how’, a hill. O.E. calf (O.N. kalfr) + O.N. haugr + O.E. píc (O.N. pík).

Crinkle Crags This name is generally supposed to be a reference to the serrated or wrinkled appearance of the crags which form the summit line of the fell. O.E. cringol = wrinkled, twisted.

Dodd (Great, Little) A rounded hill, usually grassy or bare. M.E. dodde which survives in Lakeland dialect and has the same mean- ing.

Dollywagon Pike The origin of this unusual name is not known, but it seems improbable that it is derived from an early name bearing any resemblance to it.

Dove Crag The crag frequented by doves or pigeons. This is probably a modern name.

Dow Crag The early forms of this name, ‘Dove Crag’ and ‘Doe Crag’, suggest that at one time the fell was frequented by doves or deer or both.

Eel Crag The steep or precipitous crag. O.N. illr.

Esk Pike Formerly known as ‘Tongue Fell’ (O.N. tunga) this fell was renamed after the River Esk by the Reverend Clifton Ward in modern times. The ‘tongue’ referred to in the original name lies between Angle Tarn and Allen Crags Gill.

Fairfield This fell was formerly, and more precisely, known as Rydal Head. Its present name is self-explanatory - ‘the fair or pleasant fell’. (Field = fell).

Fleetwith Pike No early forms of this name are known, but it may be associated with the northern dialect word ‘fleet’ used to indicate ‘a flat area or bog in the hills from which water flows’. The high plateau on Fleetwith is the source of both Gatescarth Beck and Warnscale Beck.

The remaining elements in the name are probably the O.N. vithr, a wood, and O.E. plc (O.N. pik). A possible meaning could, therefore, be ‘the peak on the wooded fleet’.

Froswick The normal meaning of ‘wick’ (O.E. wic) is ‘a dairy farm’ This would seem rather inappropriate here and the name at present remains obscure. The first element may be the remnant of a personal name such as Frosti. Possibly ‘Frosthwaite’ - a frosty clearing.

Gimmer Crag ‘Gimmer’ is the Cumbrian term for a yearling sheep (O.N. gymbr), and there may have been some local history concerning this particular crag and a crag-fast sheep.

Glaramara The 1210 version of this name was ‘Hovedgleuermerhe’, a compound word which can be analysed as follows: ‘hoved’- O.N. hofuth, signifying the mass of the fell; ‘gleurm’ = the dative plural ‘gliufrum’ of O.N. gliufr, meaning ‘by the ravines’; ‘erhe’ = O.N. erg, a shieling or mountain hut.

The whole name, therefore, means ‘the mountain with the shieling by the ravines’.

Gowbarrow The windy hill. O.N. gol + O.N. berg Golbery c.1 150.

Grasmoor The grassy upland. O.E. grass + O.E. mor.

Great Borne A bourne is a boundary and a 13th century record indicates that the summit of this fell marked the limit of the Loweswater forest, although its name was then given as Hardecnut. The very large cairn is a prominent feature visible for great distances, an appropriate boundary mark. Fr. borne - a boundary.

Great Cockup The valley where the woodcock are found. ‘Cock’ in place-names usually refers to the woodcock; ‘up’ = O.E. hôp.

Great Gable The 14th century form, Mykelgavel, is derived from O.N. mikill, great, and O.N. gafi, gable. The description almost certainly refers to the shape of the fell which from several viewpoints resembles the gable of a house.

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Origins of Names of Peaks in the Lake District Green Gable The ‘green’ is in contrast to the bare rock of the crags of Great Gable towering over this smaller neighbour.

Grike ‘Grike’ is a Cumbrian dialect word for a cleft or narrow ravine such as may be found on the north face of this fell. This must be the origin of the name.

Grisedale Pike The peak above the valley of the pigs.

O.N. griss + O.N. dalr + O.E. plc (O.N. pik). Hardknott The rough, craggy fell. O.N. harthr + O.N. knu’tr.

Hardecnut c.1210.

Harrison Stickle This is almost certainly an O.N. personal name which by the Middle Ages had become a local family name. The original name is uncertain. The final element is O.E. sticele (O.N. stikill) = a steep place.

Harter Fell The hart’s fell. O.N. hjartar = of the hart (genitive of O.N. hjortr) + O.N. fjall. Herterfel 1210.

Haycock This may be a descriptive name suggested by the idea of similarity between the shape of the fell and that of a large haycock. A linguistic explanation may be more likely since the term ‘haycock’ meaning a heap of hay was not used until the late Middle Ages.

O.N. har + O.N. kokkr = ‘a high lump or heap’.

Haystacks As with Haycock this name is also often regarded as purely descriptive and in his Guide to the Lakes (1778), Thomas West commented that it ‘is by the dalesmen from its form called Hayrick’. It is probably more accurate to explain the name in linguistic terms and it would appear to be derived from O.N. har + O.N. stakkr = ‘high rocks’, an equally descriptive origin.

Helm Crag The O.N. word ‘hjalmr’ may mean either ‘a helmet’ or ‘a cattleshed’. The fell does bear resemblance to a helmet from certain viewpoints and this seems more likely to have been the original inspiration. So - ‘the crag which looks like a helmet’.

Helvellyn This - perhaps the best known of all the Lakeland fells - has not yet yielded up the secret of its name.

Many suggestions have been made, but none is so far acceptable to the linguistic experts. No very early forms exist. Helvillon 1577.

Heron Pike This may be derived from O.E. earn, an eagle, or from M.E. heroun, a heron. The former seems more likely O.E. earn (O.N. orur) + O.E. píc (O.N. pík): ‘the eagle’s peak’.

High Spy An obscure name. It may mean simply ‘a look-out post’, referring to some lost fort.

High Street This is a modern name referring to the Roman road which runs over the fell close to the line of the summit ridge. There was a highroad here long before the Romans came known as Bretesstrete, the Britons’ road.

Hindscarth The pass used by the red deer. O.N. hind + O.N. skarth.

Hopegill Head The headland by the narrow ravine (at the end of the valley). O.E. hop + O.N. gil + O.E. hêafod.

Humphrey Head Hunfrith’s headland. O.E. personal name Hunfrith + O.E. heafod. The transition to the modern name Humphrey is easy to understand. Hunfridesheved 1199.

Ill Bell The bell-shaped hill. O.E. hyll + O.N. bjalli.

IlIgill Head The headland on the hill with a narrow ravine. O.E. hyll + O.N. gil + O.E. hêafod. It is also possible that the first element may be derived from O.N. illr meaning steep or precipitous, which as one looks down to Wastwater seems a very apt description.

Kidsty Pike The peak by the steep path for young goats. M.E. kide (O.N. kith) + O.N. stigr + O.E. píc (O.N. pík). Kirk Fell The fell above the church. O.N. kirkja + O.N. fjall. The tiny church at Wasdale Head stands in the fields at the foot of Kirk Fell.

Latrigg Early forms of this name do not include the element ‘rigg’ (O.N. hryggr) which usually indicates a ridge with steep falls on each side. This scarcely applies to Latrigg and its early name Laterhayheved (c.1210) has no such descriptive term. This form may be analysed into O.N. látr + O.E. haeg + O.E. hêafod. ‘The hill where animals had a lair and where there was a hunting enclosure.’

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Origins of Names of Peaks in the Lake District Latterbarrow The hill where animals had their lair. O.N. látr + O.N. berg. A Norwegian dialect word, letre, meaning a shelter for farm animals, and cognate with O.N. látr, may indicate a more precise explanation of this name.

Ling Mell The heather-covered hill. O.N. lyng + Welsh moel.

Loadpot Hill The hill with the deep hole where ore was worked.

O.E. lâd = a vein of ore (a load) + M .E . potte. A vein of haematite was found near the summit and was worked for some years. Remains of these workings may still be seen there.

Loughrigg The ridge above the lake. Gael. loch + O.N. hryggr.

Loghrigg 1274.

Maiden Moor The name ‘Maiden’ is given to many prehistoric hillforts, but no satisfactory reason for this has yet been forthcoming. It may refer to a fortress which has never been taken (e.g. Peronne in France was known as La Pucelle, the Virgin) but there is no evidence so far to suggest that a fort may have existed on Maiden Moor. It may be a name corrupted beyond analysis or we may speculate that the moor may have been associated with some long-lost tradition concerning maidens. The many ‘Maiden’ place-names might indicate sites associated with games or rituals in which maidens took part, drawing a parallel with the place-name ‘Julian Bower’, which is found in Cumbria and in three other English counties, with its echoes of the Julian Games referred to in Virgil’s Aeneid. The

Swedish place-name Trôjemala has quite specific associations with such games but no evidence is so far forthcoming for the English sites.

Mellbreak An obscure name. A possible derivation might be from Welsh moel, a bare hill + O.N. brekka, a hillslope (often referring to a hill which falls to a water’s edge as Mellbreak does). Mellbreack 1778.

Mell Fell This is the Welsh ‘moel’, a bare hill, with O.N. fjall added at a later date.

Nab Scar The projecting ridge with a steep crag. O.N. nabbi + O.N. sker.

Old Man of Coniston ‘Man’ is a northern dialect word meaning a large cairn such as that which marks the summit of this fell.

See Coniston.

Orrest Head The hill where a battle took place. O.N. orrusta + O.N. hofuth/O.E. heafod. The nature and date of such a battle are unknown.

Outerside Uhtred’s shieling. This was a fairly common personal name in the district. O.N. personal name + saetr.

Uchtredstede 1260.

Pavey Ark A deed of the 13th century refers to ‘Pavia filia Willelmi’, Pavia the daughter of William. This suggests that ‘Pavey’ may be derived from this feminine name.

‘Ark’ is probably a corruption of O.N. erg, a shieling.

‘Pavia’s shieling.’

Pike 0’ Blisco This name is unexplained. Pike 0’ Stickle The peak with the sharp summit. O.E. píc (O.N. pík) + O.N. stikill.

Pillar This is a modern name given to the mountain by virtue of its association with the famous rock. Its earlier name is uncertain.

Place Fell The 1266 version of this name - Plescefel - suggests that it may have originated with the O.E. plaesce, an open, marshy place. The wide plateau of the summit area of Place Fell may once have been such a spot: + O.N. fjall.

Rainsborrow Crag An obscure name. It may be derived from O.N. hrafn + O.N. berg with M.E. cragge added later; this would give the not inappropriate meaning ‘the crag on the hill where ravens live’.

Raise A cairn . Probably a reference to the prominent outcrop of rough rocks at and near the summit. O.N. hreysi. Rase 1589.

Rampsgill Head Two meanings are possible here: (a) the hill with the ravine where wild garlic grows. O.N. hramsa + O.N. gil + O.N. hofuth/O.E. hëafod; (b) the hill with the ravine where ravens live. O.N. hrafn + O.N. gil + O.N. hofuth/ O.E. hëafod. (Hrafn could also be a personal name.)

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Mountains

Origins of Names of Peaks in the Lake District Rest Dodd Obscure. A possible derivation might be from O.N. hrjóstr + M.E. dodde. ‘The rough round hill.’ Robinson A Richard Robinson purchased land in this area in the reign of Henry VIII and the fell is named after him.

Rossett Pike This may be a contraction of Rosthwaite Pike meaning ‘the peak above the clearing with the heap of stones’. O.N. hreysi + O.N. thveit + O.E. píc (O.N. pík).

It might also be derived from O.N. hross + O.N. saetr, ‘the peak by the high pastures where horses were kept’.

Sail The swampy hill. O.N. seyla.

St. Sunday Crag St. Dominic’s crag. St. Dominic was often referred to as St. Sunday from the Latin ‘dies Dominica’, the Lord’s Day. Why this crag should have acquired St. Dominic’s name is not clear.

Scafell, Scafell Pike The origin of these names is a little obscure, but the most likely explanations are those given by Ekwall and the English Place-name Society as follows: Ekwall: O.N. skali + O.N. fjall = the fell with the shieling. E.P.N.S.: O.N. skalli + O.N. fjall = the fell with the bare summit. ‘Skalli’ might also be a nickname, ‘Baldy’. Skallfield 1578.

Scoat Fell The fell with the rocky projecting ridge. O.N. skuti or O.N. skót + O.N. fjall. Le Scote 1338.

Skiddaw There has been much speculation concerning the origin of this name. The second element is probably O.N. haugr, a hill, but the first element ‘Skidd’ is elusive. Early forms of the name - Skythou (1260), Skythowe (1343), and Skythow (1450) - all have a ‘y’ which has suggested a derivation from O.N. skyti, an archer. The same O.N. word is also a by-form of O.N. skuti, a craggy ridge, which may not seem entirely appropriate when applied to Skiddaw. Neither of these explanations accounts fully for the ‘th’ in all the early forms and an alternative suggestion is that the name is derived from O.N. skith (Icelandic skitha) meaning ‘fire wood’ or ‘chopped billets of wood.’

Three meanings, then, are suggested: ‘the archer’s hill’; ‘the hill with a craggy ridge’; and ‘the hill where firewood is found.’

Slight Side The mountain shieling with the level pastures. O.N. sletta + O.N. saetr.

Souther Fell The shoemaker’s fell. O.N. sutari + O.N. fjall. Souterfell 1323.

Starling Dodd This is an Inversion Compound. The first element is O.N. stigr and the second is a Breton name Mein.

‘Dodd’ was added later. The meaning is, therefore, ‘the bare, round hill by Mein’s path’, an explanation supported by medieval records which refer to a boundary path running from Blea Tarn ‘to the path of Styalein’. Styalein 1230.

Steel Fell The fell with a steep path. O.E. stigel + O.N. fjall.

Swirl How Obscure. A Norwegian dialect word ‘svirle’, to swirl or whirl around, suggests that there may have been an O.N. word of similar meaning. This fell could appropriately be described as ‘the hill where the wind swirls round’. How = O.N. haugr.

Thunacar Knot Doubtful. O.N. knótr for the second feature seems clear, but ‘thunacar’ may be derived with less certainty from two O.N. words - ‘thunr’, thin, and O.N. ‘karr’, a man. A probable explanation therefore could be ‘the craggy hill of the thin man’.

Ullock Pike The peak where the wolves play. O.N. úlfr + O.N. leikr + O.E. píc (O.N. pík). Ulvelaik 1279.

Ullscarf The wolf’s pass. O.N. úlfr + O.N. skarth. Ulvescarth 1203.

Walla Crag Probably derived from the dialect word ‘walla’ meaning dull or insipid, descriptions not easy to apply to Walla Crag with its modern covering of woodland.

The geological formation here may once have given the crag a dull, dun-coloured appearance. The name is first given in Thomas Gray’s Journal of 1769.

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Origins of Names of Peaks in the Lake District Wandhope The valley where osiers grow. O.N. vandr + O.N. hóp.

The name of the valley was transferred to the fell.

Wansfell Obscure. The first element may be a personal name.

The nearest parallel may be in the famous earthwork, the Wansdyke, named after the Norse god, Woden.

Could Wansfell be Woden’s fell?

Wether Hill, Wetherlam Both names appear to refer to the wether or castrated ram (from O.N. vethr).

Whin Fell, Whinlatter, Whin Rigg The common element here is the O.N. word ‘hvin’, (M.E. whinne), furze or gorse, with O.N. fjall, Gaelic lettir, and O.N. hryggr added. ‘The furze-covered fell, slope, ridge.’

Yewbarrow The hill where ewes are pastured. O.E. eowu + O.E. beorg. Yowberg 1322.

Yoke This name is probably derived from O.E. geoc with a meaning similar to the German joch, a mountain ridge. Yoke is part of the long ridge leading up to the High Street from the Garburn Road. The Yoak 1778.

Mountains

Triangulation

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulation

Triangulation In trigonometry and geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known points at either end of a fixed baseline, rather than measuring distances to the point directly. The point can then be fixed as the third point of a triangle with one known side and two known angles.

Triangulation can also refer to the accurate surveying of systems of very large triangles, called triangulation networks. This followed from the work of Willebrord Snell in 1615-17, who showed how a point could be located from the angles subtended from three known points, but measured at the new unknown point rather than the previously fixed points, a problem called resectioning. Surveying error is minimised if a mesh of triangles at the largest appropriate scale is established first, that points inside the triangles can all then be accurately located with reference to.

Such triangulation methods dominated accurate large-scale land surveying until the rise of Global navigation satellite systems in the 1980s.

Optical 3d measuring systems use this principle as well in order to determine the spatial dimensions and the geometry of an item. Basically, the configuration consists of two sensors observing the item. One of the sensors is typically a digital camera device, and the other one can also be a camera or a light projector. The projection centers of the sensors and the considered point on the object’s surface define a (spatial) triangle. Within this triangle, the distance between the sensors is the base b and must be known. By determining the angles between the projection rays of the sensors and the basis, the intersection point, and thus the 3d coordinate, is calculated from the triangular relations.

The coordinates and distance to a point can be found by calculating the length of one side of a triangle, given measurements of angles and sides of the triangle formed by that point and two other known reference points.

The following formulas apply in flat or Euclidean geometry. They become inaccurate if distances become appreciable compared to the curvature of the Earth, but can be replaced with more complicated results derived using spherical trigonometry.

From this, it is easy to determine the distance of the unknown point from either observation point, its north/south and east/west offsets from the observation point, and finally its full coordinates.

Measuring Height of a Sea Island

Triangulation today is used for many purposes, including surveying, navigation, metrology, astrometry, binocular vision, model rocketry and gun direction of weapons.

Triangulation

Nineteenth Century Triangulation Network

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulation

Triangulation Points A trigonometrical station/point, triangulation pillar, trig beacon or trig point is a fixed surveying station for the geodetic surveying and other surveying projects on nearby areas. They are generally known as Trigonometrical stations in North America, trig points in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia and trig beacons in South Africa; triangulation pillar is the more formal term for the concrete columns found in the UK. The station is usually set up by a government with known coordinate and elevation published. Many stations are located on the peaks of hills for the ease of being spotted from many directions. A graved metal plate is on the top of a pillar for securing a theodolite or reflector. Trigonometrical stations are grouped together to form a network of triangulation.

Positions of all land boundaries, roads, railways, bridges and many other infrastructures can be accurately located by the network. Trigonometrical stations are essential to the construction of modern infrastructure. Apart from the known stations set up by government, some temporary trigonometrical stations are set up near construction sites for monitoring the precision and progress of construction. Some trigonometrical stations are equipped with Global Positioning Systems which greatly improve their accuracy. Although many stations are no longer required for surveying purposes, they remain useful to hikers as navigational aids when hill-walking.

In this country, trig points are typically concrete pillars, and were erected by the Ordnance Survey. The process of placing trig points on top of prominent hills and mountains began in 1935 to assist in the accurate retriangulation of Great Britain. In low lying or flat areas some trig points may be only a few metres above sea-level. When all the trig points were

in place, it was possible, in clear weather, to see at least two other trig points from any one trig point.

Careful measurements of the angles between the lines-of-sight of the other trig points then allowed the construction of a system of triangles which could then be referenced back to a single baseline to construct a highly accurate measurement system that covered the entire country.

In most of the United Kingdom, trig points are truncated square concrete (occasionally stone) pyramids or obelisks tapering towards the top. On the top a brass plate with three arms and a central depression is fixed. A benchmark is set on the side, marked with the letters “O S B M� (Ordnance Survey Bench Mark) and the reference number of the trig point. Within the trig point, there are concealed mountings for a specialised theodolite, which was temporarily mounted on the trig point while measurements were taken. Many of them are now disappearing from the countryside as their function has largely been superseded by aerial photography and digital mapping using lasers and GPS measurements.

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulation

Triangulation Points – The Retriangulation of Great Britain The retriangulation of Great Britain was a triangulation project which involved erecting concrete pillars (trig points) on prominent hilltops throughout Great Britain.

The aim was to replace the original triangulation of Britain, known as the Principal Triangulation, which had been performed between 1783 and 1853, with a more modern and accurate triangulation.

Erecting new trig points and making measurements frequently required materials and instruments to be carried on foot, up hills and mountains and to isolated islands, in all weathers. The network of trig points was built and measured between 1936 and 1962, starting with a set of several hundred primary trig points, most of which were placed on high hills so as to be able to link to one another across long distances. In addition, a larger set of roughly six thousand secondary trig points were added to allow the construction of a finer mesh which would extend the reference frame of the primary mesh over shorter distances.

The results of the retriangulation were then used to create the British national grid reference system which would be the basis of the Ordnance Survey’s new maps. The retriangulation generated a co-ordinate system which is still used today, and which allows accurate plotting of the entire country, achieving a relative accuracy from twenty metres over the scale of the whole country, down to less than a metre over distances of a few tens of kilometres[1] (the more local the area covered by the map, the smaller the possible relative distortions). It represented a triumph of the available technology at the time.

However, the triangulation method of surveying has now been rendered obsolete by satellite-based GPS measurements, which can obtain a precision of 15 m from end-to-end, with re-measurements taking hours rather than years. As a result of this, the trig point network is no longer actively maintained, except for a few trig points that have been reused as part of the Ordnance Survey’s National GPS Network.

Triangulation itself only shows you the shape of the land, not the scale. The scale of the mapping was determined in 1784 by laying a series of glass rods along Hounslow Heath. Using this single measurement, plus the network of triangulation pillars, the size and shape of the country was determined to within about 20m.

In order to determine heights, a different type of surveying was required. Around 200 “fundamental bench marks” (or FBMs) were located across the country. These consist of an underground chamber topped by a small pillar. Between these 200 FBMs, around 750,000 “lower order benchmarks” were scratched into walls etc. Precise levelling built up a picture of the profile of the land, giving rise to the spot heights and contour lines you see on today’s maps.

Just as the triangulation pillars determined the shape of the land, but not its size, the FBMs determine the profile, but not the absolute height. In order to define a zero height, the sea level, measured by a tide gauge in Newlyn, Cornwall was averaged over a period of 6 years from 1915 to 1921. This gave “Mean Sea Level” (MSL) and all heights on OS maps are quoted as height above mean sea level.

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Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulation

Types of Trigpoint Pillar A concrete pillar about 4’ high, with a flush bracket near the base and a circular plate on top with groves for mounting a theodolite. There are 6578 pillars listed in the T:UK database. Whilst most of them have fallen into disuse, about 184 of them are currently used in the Passive Station network.

FBM - Fundamental Benchmark An underground chamber topped with a short granite pillar. The pillar contains an easily accessible height reference point, but the accurately measured level is underground where it is less likely to be disturbed. There are approximately 200 FBMs across the country and whilst many have fallen into disuse, about 80 have been incorporated into the National GPS Network as Passive Stations.

Surface Block Surface blocks are part of the network of Passive Stations. There are 192 surface blocks in the T:UK database.

Rivet Rivets are part of the network of Passive Stations. There are 126 rivets in the T:UK database.

Berntsen Berntsens are part of the network of Passive Stations.

There are 99 Berntsens in the T:UK database.

Bolt Bolts are part of the network of Passive Stations. There are 73 bolts in the T:UK database.

Block Blocks are part of the network of Passive Stations.

There are 6 blocks in the T:UK database.

Buried Block Buried blocks are part of the network of Passive Stations. There are 3 buried blocks in the T:UK database.

Centre Centres are part of the network of Passive Stations.

There is 1 centre in the T:UK database.

Active Station There are 48 active stations in the T:UK database, (including those which are no longer used), which are sited at about 30 locations around the country.

These are GPS receivers which constantly log their readings (known as Rinex data) on the Ordnance Survey website. This allows a very high level of positional accuracy to be achieved, without the need to physically occupy one of the Passive Stations.

Flush Bracket Flush brackets were fixed to walls at 1 mile intervals between FBMs. They consist of a metal plate with a unique number. There is also a horizontal mark with three vertical marks pointing towards it from below (the same mark as was carved into walls for lower order benchmarks). Flush brackets which are fixed to walls are not included in the database. However, triangulation pillars also boast a flush bracket near their base. Of the 6578 pillars in our database, we only know the FB numbers of 6511 of them! Please help us fill in the gaps.

Trig Points in the UK

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Design Literacy

Triangulation

Types of Trigpoint

Trig Pointing

Type

Current Use None

6491

Passive Station

762

Unknown

239

Active station

42

Historic Use

Pillar

6549

Unknown - user added

239

FBM

200

Surface Block

191

Rivet

126

Berntsen

99

Bolt

72

Active Station

48

Block

6

Buried Block

3

Centre

1

Secondary

6222

None

542

Primary

299

Good

5970

Unknown - user added

239

Slightly Damaged

610

Definitely Missing

501

Fundamental Benchmark

197

Damaged

215

Toppled or Moved

83

Project Emily

17

Possibly Missing

47

Great Glen Project

11

Unreachable but Visible

46

Active Station

6

Unknown

44

Unknown

1

Unknown

18

Condition

Trigpointing is a recreational activity analogous to benchmarking. Searching for trig points is more popular than hunting benchmarks in the UK, but there is a considerable overlap in participation. Trig points are the common name for “triangulation pillars”. These are concrete pillars, about 4’ tall, which were used by the Ordnance Survey in order to determine the exact shape of the country in a project known as the retriangulation of Great Britain, which was carried out from 1936 to 1962. They are generally located on the highest bit of ground in the area, so that there is a direct line of sight from one to the next. By setting a theodolite on the top of the pillar, accurate bearings to nearby trig points could be taken. This process is called “triangulation”.

There are 6550 such pillars listed in the T:UK database.

While most of them have fallen into disuse, about 184 of them are currently used in the Passive Station network. These are maintained so they can be used as accurately located anchor points for differential GPS comparisons, being re-surveyed every five years to calibrate for any geological movements of the ground.

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulation

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Lovebytes Digital Arts Festival Identity 2006 – Universal Everything

Contextural Research

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Grid Tiles for OS PANORMA Landform Maps The British national grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references commonly used in Great Britain, different from using latitude and longitude.

The Ordnance Survey (OS) devised the national grid reference system, and it is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps (whether published by the Ordnance Survey or commercial map producers) based on those surveys. Grid references are also commonly quoted in other publications and data sources, such as guide books or government planning documents.

Two such systems exist for the British Isles: this article describes the one used for Great Britain and its outlying islands (including the Isle of Man); a similar system, used throughout Ireland (including Northern Ireland), is the Irish grid reference system (used jointly by the Ordnance Survey of Ireland and the former Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland).

The grid is based on the OSGB36 datum (Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936, based on the Airy 1830 ellipsoid), and was introduced after the retriangulation of 1936–1962.

Contours

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Contours

Grid Tiles for OS PANORMA Landform Maps For the first letter, the grid is divided into squares of size 500 km by 500 km, outlined in dark grey on the map to the right. There are four of these which contain significant land area within Great Britain: S, T, N and H. The O square contains a tiny area of North Yorkshire, almost all of which lies below mean high tide.[3] For the second letter, each 500 km square is subdivided into 25 squares of size 100 km by 100 km, each with a letter code from A to Z (omitting I) starting with A in the north-west corner to Z in the south-east corner. These squares are outlined in light grey on the map, with those containing land lettered.

The central (2째 W) meridian is shown in red.

It would be possible to extend the grid system over Ireland, completing the S and N squares and introducing what would become the R and M squares (with the arrangement of first letters following the same pattern as for the second letter). However, there is no motion for this at the moment, and the accuracy of the projection would start to diminish in the west of Ireland, more than 8 degrees from the central meridian. Theoretically, the system extends far over the Atlantic Ocean and well into Western Europe with square AA near Iceland and square ZZ in northern Italy. In fact, Rockall is mapped by the Ordnance Survey, but is usually shown as an inset without gridlines on a mainland sheet.

Within each square, eastings and northings from the origin (south west corner) of the square are given numerically. For example, NH0325 means a 1 km square whose south-west corner is 3 km east and 25 km north from the south-west corner of square NH. A location can be indicated to varying resolutions numerically, usually from two digits in each coordinate (for a 1 km square) through to five (for a

1 m square); in each case the first half of the digits is for the first coordinate and the second half for the other. The most common usage is the six figure grid reference, employing three digits in each coordinate to determine a 100 m square. For example, the grid reference of the 100 m square containing the summit of Ben Nevis is NN 166 712. (Grid references may be written with or without spaces, e.g. also NN166712.)

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Contour Maps OS Tile SN42 – Wales

Contours

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Contour Maps OS Tile SN40 – Wales

Contours

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Contour Maps OS Tile SN22 – Wales

Contours

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Contour Maps OS Tile TM04 – Norfolk

Contours

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Contour Maps OS Tile SN00 – Wales

Contours

Contour Maps OS Tile NG24 – Isle of Skye

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Contour Maps OS Tile SC26 Isle of Man

Contours

Contour Maps OS Tile SN20 – Wales

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Contour Maps OS Tile SW62 – Cornwall

Contours

Contour Maps OS Tile SN24 – Wales

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Contour Maps OS Tile TM02 – Norfolk

Contours

Contour Maps OS Tile TM08 – Norfolk

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulated Area Networks

Triangulated Area Networks A triangulated irregular network (TIN) is a digital data structure used in a geographic information system (GIS) for the representation of a surface. A TIN is a vector based representation of the physical land surface or sea bottom, made up of irregularly distributed nodes and lines with three dimensional coordinates (x,y, and z) that are arranged in a network of nonoverlapping triangles. TINs are often derived from the elevation data of a rasterized digital elevation model (DEM). An advantage of using a TIN over a raster DEM in mapping and analysis is that the points of a TIN are distributed variably based on an algorithm that determines which points are most necessary to an accurate representation of the terrain. Data input is therefore flexible and fewer points need to be stored than in a raster DEM, with regularly distributed points. A TIN may be less suited than a raster DEM for certain kinds of GIS applications, such as analysis of a surface’s slope and aspect.

A TIN comprises a triangular network of vertices, known as mass points, with associated coordinates in three dimensions connected by edges to form a triangular tessellation. Three-dimensional visualizations are readily created by rendering of the triangular facets. In regions where there is little variation in surface height, the points may be widely spaced whereas in areas of more intense variation in height the point density is increased.

A TIN is typically based on a Delaunay triangulation but its utility will be limited by the selection of input data points: well-chosen points will be located so as to capture significant changes in surface form, such as topographical summits, breaks of slope, ridges, valley floors, pits and cols.

Example of Delaunay Triangulation

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulated Area Networks

Triangulated Area Networks

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Graphic and Information Design Using Triangulated Irregular Networks From Data Flow 2

Contextual Research

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Decode Exhibition Identity – Karsten Schmidt

Contextual Research

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Decode Exhibition Identity – Karsten Schmidt

Contextual Research

3D Terrain Modelling

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Learning Process – Generating Triangulated Irregular Networks

3D Models

Design Literacy

Learning Process – Trial 3D Model

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

3D Models

Design Literacy

Learning Process – Trial 3D Model

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

3D Models

Design Literacy

Learning Process – Trial 3D Mountain 1

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

3D Models

Design Literacy

Learning Process – Trial 3D Mountain 1

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

3D Models

Design Literacy

Learning Process – Trial 3D Mountain 2

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

3D Models

Design Literacy

Learning Process – Trial 3D Mountain 2

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

3D Models

Design Literacy

Learning Process – Trial 3D Terrain 1

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

3D Terrains

Design Literacy

Learning Process – Trial 3D Terrain 2

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

3D Terrains

Design Literacy

Learning Process – Trial 3D Terrain 3

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

3D Terrains

Design Literacy

Learning Process – Trial 3D Terrain 4

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

3D Terrains

Design Literacy

Learning Process – Trial 3D Terrain 5

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

3D Terrains

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Learning Process – Trial 3D Terrain 5 Axonometric View

3D Terrains

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Design Literacy

Fractal Geometry A fractal is a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called self-similarity. Roots of mathematically rigorous treatment of fractals can be traced back to functions studied by Karl Weierstrass, Georg Cantor and Felix Hausdorff in studying functions that were analytic but not differentiable; however, the term fractal was coined by Benoît Mandelbrot in 1975 and was derived from the Latin fractus meaning “broken” or “fractured.” A mathematical fractal is based on an equation that undergoes iteration, a form of feedback based on recursion.

A fractal has the following features: • It has a fine structure at arbitrarily small scales.

• It is too irregular to be easily described in traditional Euclidean geometric language.

• It is self-similar • It has a Hausdorff dimension which is greaterthan its topological dimension (although this requirement is not met by space-filling curves such as the Hilbert curve).

• It has a simple and recursive definition.

Images of Fractal Geometry (Orange Onion, Flickr.com)

Contextual Research

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Fractal Geometry in Nature Approximate fractals are easily found in nature.

These objects display self-similar structure over an extended, but finite, scale range. Because they appear similar at all levels of magnification, fractals are often considered to be infinitely complex. Natural objects that are approximated by fractals to a degree include clouds, mountain ranges, lightning bolts, coastlines, snow flakes, various vegetables (cauliflower and broccoli), and animal coloration patterns.

Contextual Research

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Illustration of Fractal Geometry

Mountains

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulated Letterforms

Triangulated Letterforms

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulated 3D Alphabet

Triangulated Letterforms

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulated 3D Alphabet

Triangulated Letterforms

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulated 3D Alphabet

Triangulated Letterforms

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Wireframe Triangulated 3D Alphabet

Triangulated Letterforms

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulated 3D Alphabet

Triangulated Letterforms

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulated Irregular Network Trial 1 Perspective View

Triangulated Irregular Networks

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulated Irregular Network Trial 1 View from Above

Triangulated Irregular Networks

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulated Irregular Network Trial 2 View from Above

Triangulated Irregular Networks

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulated Irregular Network Trial 3 Perspective View

Triangulated Irregular Networks

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Triangulated Irregular Network Trial 3 View from Above

Triangulated Irregular Networks

Summary

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Input: Context Summary

Summary

Mountain Ranges

Initial Research

Hazard Symbols

3 way Relationships– People, Places, Concepts

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Input: Context Summary

Summary

Related to the Number 3

Further Research

Related to the Shape

Related to Geometry

Input: Context Summary

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Design Literacy

Summary

Elevation Pascal’s Triangle

Mountain Ranges

Height

Matterhorn Mountain

Information Design Food

Spot Heights

Mapping

Relief

Triangulation Points

Triangulation

Earth Mother

In Work Society Education

Chain Biomass Pyramid

Toblerone

Mountains

Contours

Terrain

Greek Goddess Hunting

Orgnisational Hierarchy

Food Group Pyramid

Cake, Pizza, Pie, Melon, Oranges

Lines Graphs

Negative Correlations

Peaks & Vallies

River Deltas

Letter of Dementer

Pronunced Delta ‘th’ From Roman Phonecian Letter ‘D’ ‘Darleth

Means ‘Door’

Hierarchy

Food

Pie Charts

Pyramid

Wedge

Circles

4th Greek Letter

Shape

Segments

Positive Correlations

Stock Market

From the Latin Economic for Wedge Motivation Shaped Cuniform Developed Developed by the written Writing Babylonians Language

Globe Architecture

Surveying

Waves

Bucky Ball

Buckminster Fuller

Polygons

Octohedron

Geometry

The Pyramids

Platonic Solids Plato Theory of Everything

Inverted Delta From the Road Directional Represents Colour called Greek for Signs ‘4’ Wheel Nabla Also Harp Hazard Delta called Opposing Indicating Signs Particle Anadelta Forces Defendant Legal Shorthand

Margaret Calvert

Triangle Village Pink Triangle

3

Movement

Jock Kinneir

Attract/ Repel

Highway Code

Magnetism

Travel

Electromag -netic Spectrum

Journeys Bermuda Triangle Places

3 Points

3 Way Relationships

3 Lines

Concepts List of 3

Fast Forward

Physics Religion

Mapping

People

Left/ Right

Press Play

Maths

Family Trees

Love Triangles

Forward/ Backward

Geography

A to B to C

Golden Triangle

Push/ Pull

Up/ Down

Language

Family Relationships

Graphic Design

3’s a Crowd

Biology Architecture Holy Trinity

Group of 3 Triad

Sociology Philosophy Other

Bibliography

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Bibliography

Bibliography Books FAWCETT-TANG, R. (ed), (2005). Mapping: An illustrated guide to graphical navigational systems. Hove : Rotovision Klanten, R. et al (eds), (2008). Data Flow. Berlin : Gestalten Klanten, R. et al (eds), (2010). Data Flow 2. Berlin : Gestalten NOBLE, I. & BESTLEY, R. (2005). Visual Research: An introduction to research methodologies in graphic design. Lausanne : AVA Publishing

Journals ANON., (2006) Peak Time. Grafik. No 139 (April). p.22 EDWARDS, S., (2006) Art Attack. Grafik. No 137 (February). p.52-53 LEWIS, A., (2006) Universal Everything Profile. Grafik. No 145 (October). p.42-53 WALTERS, J. L., (2009) Reputations. Eye. Vol 19 (WInter, No. 74). p.19-25

Exhibitions LONG, R., (2009) Heaven and Earth (Solo Show). London : Tate Britain Schmidt, K., (2010) Decode: Digital Design Sensations (Group Show). London : V&A Museum WINSTON, S., (2007) Volume (Solo Show). London : National Poetry Library

Maps ANON., (1983) South Pennines. Outdoor Leisure Map 21, 1:25 000. Southampton : Ordnance Survey.

Websites Hazard Signs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_symbol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards_organization http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_sign

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Bibliography

Bibliography http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/TravelAndTransport/Highwaycode/DG_069889 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_United_Kingdom http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Calvert Triads http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity http://www.google.co.uk/images?hl=en&q=Holy%20trinity&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia) http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/food_and_drink/real_food/article1358524.ece http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhubarb_Triangle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_Designation_of_Origin http://rhubarbfool.co.uk/2010/03/12/visit-to-the-heart-of-yorkshires-rhubarb-triangle/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymaxion_map http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope http://www.google.co.uk/images?hl=en&q=kaleidoscopes&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(optics) Triangle Village http://maps.google.co.uk/ Google Earth http://www.ukvillages.co.uk/Place/28525/Triangle-West+Yorkshire http://www.trigpointinguk.com/trigs/view-trigs.php?q=1386224 http://www.trigpointinguk.com/trigs/trig-details.php?t=5142 http://www.ukcampsitesearch.co.uk/northeast-england/west-yorkshire/rough-hey-wood-campsite-triangle.php http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&q=Triangle+West+Yorkshire&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=Triangle,+Sowerby+Bridge&gl=uk&ei=-YYfTKvmNaay0gT_8qmmDQ&sa= X&oi=geocode_result&ct=title&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ8gEwAA http://www.ckcricketheritage.org.uk/calderdale/triangle/clubhome.htm http://www.calderdale.gov.uk/education/schools/calderdale-schools/findschools/result.jsp?id=63&postal=HX6 http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~calderdalecompanion/mmt76.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ryburn http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/195098 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_railway_station

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Bibliography

Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_%26_Yorkshire_Railway http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishworth_Branch http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson%27s_Crossing_Halt_railway_station http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldervale_Line http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripponden_and_Barkisland_railway_station http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishworth_railway_station http://www.lostrailwayswestyorkshire.co.uk/Railway%20Ramblers%20Calderdale.htm http://www.npemap.org.uk/tiles/map.html#403,419,1 http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~calderdalecompanion/p200_t.html Mountains http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhorn http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_types http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homework/mountains/types.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_mountains http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_the_Rocky_Mountains http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_Alps http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Summits http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seven%2BSummits%2BElevation%2BWorld%2BMap.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconcagua http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest http://www.biber.fsnet.co.uk/database_notes.html#defs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_of_the_United_Kingdom http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_lists_in_the_British_Isles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_of_the_United_Kingdom http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_of_the_British_Isles_by_height

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Bibliography

Bibliography http://web.ukonline.co.uk/sw.rae/fells.htm http://www.walkthelakes.co.uk/lakedistrict.htm http://www.richardlong.org/ http://www.google.co.uk/images?hl=en&rlz=1W1GPEA_en&q=Richard%20Long&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi Triangulation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_station http://www.trigpointinguk.com/info/trigpoints.php http://www.trigpointinguk.com/info/types.php http://www.haroldstreet.org.uk/trigpoints/ http://www.haroldstreet.org.uk/map-detail.php?g=SE0549421438 Waves http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum Contours http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/ http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/opendata/ https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/opendatadownload/products.html http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/gps/docs/A_Guide_to_Coordinate_Systems_in_Great_Britain.pdf Triangle Geometry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle Sketch Up http://www.pushpullbar.com/forums/showthread.php?1316-2-tutorials-for-SU-video-and-terrain http://chrisfullmer.com/tutorials/sudem/index.html TIN Data http://www.landscapemodeling.org/html/ch2/ch2text.htm http://edc2.usgs.gov/geodata/index.php http://www.mapmart.com/Products/DigitalElevationModel.aspx http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/dem3.html#alps

Design Literacy

Unit 1.1.2 Input: Context

Bibliography

Bibliography http://eros.usgs.gov/#/Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/Elevation_Products http://seamless.usgs.gov/ http://seamless.usgs.gov/website/seamless/viewer.htm?startbottom=5.0&starttop=85.0&startleft=-170&startright=-60.0&limitbottom=-85.0&limittop=85.0&limitleft=179.5&limitright=179.5 http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/ http://www.atdi-us.com/ http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/find.do?produit=cded http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/browse.do?produit=cded&decoupage=50k&map=canada http://topomaps.usgs.gov/ Maths & Geometry http://www.johnrausch.com/PuzzlingWorld/chap01c.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_geometry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportion_(architecture) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry http://www.scientificpsychic.com/graphics/ http://home.earthlink.net/~toddwolly/vision/triangle.html http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/acute-square/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_rectangle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polygon http://www.transum.org/Software/SW/Starter_of_the_day/starter_September23.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Mandelbrot http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helge_von_Koch http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski_triangle http://expandyourmind.com/logicproblems/logic_puzzles.shtml http://www.cut-the-knot.org/Curriculum/Algebra/NSquared.shtml http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra