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contents MODERNISM...................................4-13 Modernism.....................4 Movments......................6
Dadaism..........................8
Artists...........................10
POSTMODERNISM..........................14-25
PostModernism............14 Deconstruction & PUNK.16 Artists...........................18
HELVETICA....................................26-27 THE GRID SYSTEM..........................28-29
MAGAZINE REASEARCH AND IDEAS.30-43 Layouts.........................32
Lay Out Ideas................34
Mastheads....................36
Masthead Designs........38 Covers...........................40 Cover Designs...............42
WHAT IS MODERNISM?
Modernism is the term given to a cultural movement, that started around 1860 and lasted until about 1970. During this time period lots of change occurred at this time. Modernism is all about what is happening in the present rather than what is happened in the past. This new form of art proposed themes appropriate to present occurrences.
Design and art at the time was surrounded by a world full of different influences, from industrialisation, war, new technologies and ideas. This lead artist and designers at this time to experiment, they started to emphasise not just on the subject but emphasise on the materials
they used for there work.
Due to a large social and political agendas taking place at the time, fueled a large proportion of the modernist movement. It challenged the beliefs and systems in place at the time. Modernism is full of different movements.
Immpressionism
Impressionism was a 19th century art movement that originated with artists based in paris. the term impressionist was fist used at a exhibition in response to the new style of paintings on show. A painting during this time would usually use the subject of landscapes. The main concept of impressionism was to represent the subject with quick rapid and short brush strokes, using bright and pure colours. Artists during this time include Monet, Renoir, Pissarro and Begas.
Post-impressioism Fauvism Post-impressionism includes a wide range of artistic styles which all share one thing in common inspiration and motivation to respond to the optimality of the impressionist movement. this movement moved away from the naturalistic approach and towards two other major art movement in the early 20th century. The main historic was the war in which Japan defeated Russia. Post-impressionism artist included Paul CĂŠzanne, Georges Seuatand and Paul Gauguin.
Moderism.
Fauvism was the moment in 20th century European art. Characteristics of this style includes a strong unrealistic colouring which is a contrast from post-impressionism. Fauvism first exhibited together in Paris during 1905. The subject to their art was a more mockery and abusive as it developed leading artist during this time included Andre Derain, Henri Matisse and Raoul Dufy.
Epressionism
This movement initially started in poetry and painting and originated in Germany in 1905. It is a style where an artist will attempt to depict a non objective reality but the subjective emotions that event arouse in the artist. They achieve this with there use of colour, texture and brush strokes. Artist at this time include Georges Rouault, Oskar Kokoschka and Egon Schiele.
Cubism
The cubism art gan around 190 was lead by the and Braque. Th style of paining a gether as it woul form the same were drawn a unlike all prev were. At this ti ment was cons way of represen this movement o split in to two d the Analytic ph from 1907 to aro then the synthe 1913 and all th the 1920s. Ke the cubism mov Gorege Braque, and Fernad Leg
t movement be07 in Paris. This e artist Picasso his was a new and design altold not be painted view point they different points vious paintings ime this movesidered ‘a new nting the world’. of cubism can be different phases, hase, which ran ound 1912, and etic phase from he way through ey artist during vement include, , Pablo Picasso ger.
De Stijl
The de stijl are an art movement that embraced a pure abstract aesthetic. It was founded in Amsterdam in 1917 lasted for around 10 years. There simplistic style was created by using primary colours and geometric shapes such as the rectangle. The De Stijl period was heavily influenced by the bauhaus. A key artist at this time included Piet Monarian.
Bauhaus
Bauhaus was founded in Germany during 1919. This style is characterised by it’s severely economic, geometric design and by it’s respect for materials. The Bauhaus schools was created as Walter Gropius was appointed head of two schools. The schools moved to Berlin Germany in 1932 and a year later was closed in 1933. The school concentrated on teaching basic design, colour theory and composition. Some key artists at this time are Walter Gropius, Lyonel Feininger and Johannes Itten.
Constructivism
Constructivism is a artistic and architectural philosophy that originates in Russia and began in 1919. Out side of the soviet union, Germany saw most of the constructivism movement. This movement was marked by a commitment to a total abstraction and whole hearted acceptance of modernity. Notable artists at this time included Vladimir Tatlin, Kasmar Malevich and Alexandra Exiter.
Surrealism
Surrealism began in the 1920 and lasted for around ten years. This movement was dedicated to expressing the immigration a bit like in a dream. Surrealism inherited a lot if its anti- rationalist sensibility from dada, but was seen as a lighter movement. Main artist during this movement were, Marcel Duchamp, Georgia D’keefffe and Max Ernst.
DADAISM, WHATS THAT? Dadaism emerged at the horrific time of the first world war. This movement was seen a rather revolutionary but subversive, and these ideas came from a small group of artists. This eventually forming in to a set of philosophies and strategies. Dadaist had no real unedifying style due to them being united in ideas. The dadaism group gained a lot of attention from a lot of artists including Raoul Hausmann, Hannah Hรถch, Johannes and manny more.
challenged and often offended every traditionalist still standing. This outrage would encourage dadaists, they flourished in the outrage and shock that came from the audiences viewing their work. Dadaism include a lot of techniques and a lot of these techniques were developed throughout this sub movement. Such as photomontage and collage. Though the use of collage Dadaism tried to portray average aspects of life, by using maps, plastic wrappers and tickets.
As Dadaism was born out of a negative reaction towards the horrific conflict during world war During 1924 Dada slowly mor1, they created a form of art that phed into surrealism. After the
war things looked brighter and seamed less damaging, so a lot a artist looked for other social conflicts and other ideological ideas.
Jan Tshichold was self proclaimed as one of the most powerful influences of the 20th century typography. He wrote a book called Die Neve Typography and during this he set rules for a standardisation of practise the related to modern type usage. For a large proportion of his career working with Penguin books and while there developed a standard practice for creating book covers.
JAN TSCHICHOLD.
Kurt Schwitters was a German paintings typography, sculpture, and writer. He works through quite a few medias and genres: Dada, Surrealism, constructivism, poetry and sound. Schwitters work was influenced by Cubism and Expressionism, but as the german political climate became more liberal and stable, his work end up not being a heavily influenced by those movements. Schwitters work did become increasing modernist, it became far less political and developed a clean style.
KURT SCHWITTERS.
Laszlo Moholy-Nagy was a Hungarian painter and photographer as well as a professor in the Bauhaus school. He was highly influenced by constructivism and a strong advocate of the integration of technology and industry into the arts.
MOHOLY-NAGY.
Josef Muller-Brockman was a Swiss graphic designer. He was of the Swiss International style, and as part of this he would have been more that likely to have been influenced by such movements as: Constructivism, De Stilj and Bauhaus. Possibly Muller-Brockmans most well known and decisive work was his series of poster advertisements produced for Zurich Town Hall. He was also a key person in developing the Grid system.
JOSEP MULLER-BROCKMANN
WHAT IS POST-MODERISM.
Postmodernism is the movement that followed modernism, and came into effect in the 1960. Postmodernism believed that less was more, and in using a variety of style and cultures, they achieved this through their use of repetition, collage and anarchy. This broke every rule that modernist believed in.
postmodernism were more ambiguous than the previous major movement.
This movement, postmodernism, is a lot more complex, it shows a range of colour rather than just a few. Designers in this modern era are able to do anything and express a message of them selves in a way that has Postmodernism is highlighted no rules or system and no exas a proportion of time, that of- pectation, as that is what they ten show quite extreme experi- challenged the most and best. mentation by a lot of designers. The artist at this time experimented with so much they were able to show different media types along with showing, that anything can be used to express their messages. Messages in
Deconstruction & From the beginning of the 1960s onwards there were designers who were not particularly classed as graphic designers, or any kind for that matter. These designers were self taught, they made things up as they went along. During the postmodern period all the rules were challenged by all types of people. It has also been taken in to question by theorist, the boundaries between cultures high and low and how the audiences/general public moved between two different forms. For example, changers with in music charts, pop to classical.
Deconstruction began during the 1980s and is still alive to this present day. This movement appears to show a lot of abstract forms. It is approach to building design to show architecture in bits and pieces, these buildings will often be seen to have no visual logic.
PUNK
imagery and themes the topics portrays.
Deconstructionism is primarily a moment in architecture, it did though give its name to a major typographic movement in graphic design. A lot of designers began to experiment with there approach to type in a non-linear, non-spatial This movement of Decon- process. It abandoned structionism rejected a lot the process of a grid. of modern criticism. They Readers were able to liked an appreciated a lot feel the page and not just read it. of different things from: semiotics, feminism and Punk during the 70s and anthropology focusing on the linguistics system 80s became assisted in that forms the production art and design. Punk acts out of the polite, order of text, rather than the
and routine. It became a popular trend very quickly and assimilated it self in to the hearts of 70s and 80s imagery through postmodernism. The punk movement was mainly established through the music industry and developed in to design from the record cover. Punk was an extreme subversive street culture that originated in good old London. The sex pistons were one or if not the band that started this movement. It was embraced by so much of the creative arts, not just music, but fashion art and more. They often
dep visu ic b des tive eve es o ach coll cha sho ran
picted very aggressive uals with strong archabehaviour. Graphic signers and often creae types, sort to capture erything in the essencof punk culture. They hieved this through lage, their layouts are aotic, their slogans ocking and have a very ndom note to design.
NEVILLE BRODY
Neville Brody is an English, graphic design typographer and art directer. He is best known for his work on The face magazine and Area Magazine. He has also worked for Cabaret Voltaire and Depeche Mode creating record covers for them. Brody pushed the bounders of visual communication and other media platforms. His experiment with design continue to extent the boundaries of visual language.
EMIL RUDER. Emil Ruder was a swiss typographer and graphic design. He is well distinguished through out typography, by developing a holistic approach to the design
JAMIE REID
Jamie Reid is a artist and anarchist ha has a strong connection to the situations and is considered infamous for acerbic rand of visual anarchy. He is became a key figure during the punk movement. His signature style of news paper-cuttings graphics became a synonymous for the spirit of the punk movement. This is due to his work appearing on sex pistons records during the 1970s. Just like a lot of artist and designers. When creating his work he uses a variation of different methods, but prefect safety runs over printing, photo copping, collage and painting. I hint the punk movement design its self was hugely influenced by Reids work.
DAVID CARSON David Carson is possibly one of the most influial graphic designers of the 1990s. He is possibly best known best known for, emotive magazine designating with experimental with typography and created a widely imitated aesthetics style defined by grunge typography era. Carsons approach to magazines design can be considered playful, each magazine is not consistent although the style is. His design work was different was different than everything around at the time, he abandoned the basic rules, creating his own unique signature style.
HELVETICA Helvetica is one of the most famous typefaces in the world. The design of helvetica works so well it has become ubiquitous. It clearly conveys the concept that a type face needs to support the reading process, this is one of the primary goals of typography. The type face it self Helvetica was designed and developed in Switzerland during 1957 by designer Man Mindinge, and had an input from Edourado Hoffman. This typeface is one of the largest widely used sons serifs. It has been a popular choice for a lot of corporate logos, inducing: American
Apparel, jeep and American differences between the. air lines. It is also used wide- Helvetica primarily uses ly by the U.S government. vertical and horizontal lines where as Ariel uses diagoIn 2007 Gary Histwit direct- nal strokes. ed a film all about this type face, it was released to com- To me helvetica is a classic memorate 50 years since type face that has become a the release of Helvetica. default throughout its histoThe film shares the same ry,it has been over used. All name as the historic type- though all that cast a shadface. It features a lot of well ow on this famous font famiknown graphic designers, ly it is still a clear an constant they compliment it but they type face. also critic it. It’s wide spread use can lead to quite a lot boringly similar design. This type face often referred to looking very similar to another type face, Ariel. The are however there are key
Understan
nding THE GRID SYSTEM. The grid system is simply is a structure that compromises of vertical and horizontal lines that intersect and are used in the production of arranging content.
This system is a long running feature of print and publication, it was later introduced in to web design. These grid frames work, and have become a standard, in practically all aspects of structured design.
The grid system is only there as a guide and can be broken if your design needs to. Just remember that in all rule aspects of design it is there to be broken.
The grid system was made popular by the international style moveUsing a grid system is a way to achieve a level of ment, it was pioneered by consistency which would Josef MĂźller-Brookmann who summed it up best be hard/extremely difficult to portray correctly, if by saying “ The grid systhis system did not exist. tem is an aid, not a guarWhen creating a publica- antee. It permits a numtion to print or even a web ber of possible uses and page, uniformity is key to each designer can look create a easy to navigate for a solution appropriate and is easy to view, this is to his personal style. But also an indispensable fact one must learn how to when it come to the audi- use the grid; it is an art that requires practice. â€?. ence understanding.
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