INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEM MAINTENANCE AND TESTING

In all industrial electrical applications and circumstances, electrical test equipment is used. Transformers, circuit breakers, relays, fuses, starters, motors, generators, capacitors, as well as low and medium voltage cables, among other components, are tested by experts in industrial power system maintenance and testing. These tools are used to test cable ampacity, electrical insulation, and short circuits. Devices of other types include power analyzers, multimeters, ground continuity testers, hipot testers, continuity testers, and current clamps.

During electrical construction, maintenance, and repair work, a lot of attention is paid to safe work practises. The use of the necessary tools and equipment for electrified and de-energized work, as well as wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for each workplace circumstance, are safety issues that are frequently covered in industry electrical publications. In safety articles, electrical test instruments are rarely, if ever, discussed. As an illustration, utilising the wrong test instruments or using them incorrectly can have disastrous effects. Some of the most frequently used test devices include noncontact voltage testers, multimeters, insulation testers, and groundresistance testers. The problem with utilising a non-contact or proximity device is that the circuit must be tested phaseto-phase and phase-to-ground in order to guarantee that it is de-energized, which cannot be done with this sort of tester.

Electricity risks

Workplace hazards associated with electricity include electrical shock, electrocution, burns, flames, and explosions. Electricity-related fires and explosions have left employees dead or injured. Extremely high-energy arcs can damage equipment and send metal fragments flying in all directions in addition to the electrical dangers of arc flash and arc blast. Even low-energy arcs can result in violent explosions in atmospheres that have explosive gases, vapours, or flammable dusts. In certain situations, the electric arc can serve as the spark that starts a much larger explosion and fire.

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Selection of test instruments

Whether you are performing voltage measurements, electrical installation work, equipment maintenance, troubleshooting, electrical installation work, or other diagnostic work, it is critical to gather accurate and consistent data from these tests. The proper test instruments must be chosen and used in accordance with the application in order to adhere to the rules and regulations of the electrical industry. Even seasoned electricians are capable of overlooking the essentials of electrical safety. For both experienced and inexperienced electricians, it is important to examine the following safety advice:

• Use a metre that satisfies recognised safety requirements for the setting in which it will be used. • Before measuring current, use a metre with fused current inputs and be sure to check the fuses. • Before taking a measurement, check test leads for physical damage. • Check the test leads’ continuity using the metre. • Use test leads with finger protection and shrouded connections. • Use metres with input jacks that are recessed. • Choose the appropriate range and function for your measurement. • Make that the metre is in good working order. • Observe all equipment safety instructions. • Always unplug the red “hot” test lead first. • Don’t work alone. • Use a metre with ohms function overload protection. • Before connecting to the circuit to measure current without a current clamp, turn off the power. • Use the proper tools, such as high-voltage probes and high-current clamps, and be mindful of high-current and high-voltage conditions.’

Electrical Measuring Instrument Classification

An electrical measuring device is categorised depending on its mode of operation, purpose, usage, and a variety of other factors. It is typically divided into two groups:

Measuring Instrument Comparison for Direct Measurements

By reading and deflection, a direct measuring device determines the electrical unit’s size. Direct measuring instruments come in the form of ammeters, voltmeters, and wattmeters. Specifically in the electrical and electronics stream, it is mostly employed in engineering practical studies. Compared to the comparison instrument, it is straightforward and affordable. A common kind of electrical measuring tool is the multimeter. It measures current, voltage, and resistance similar to an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter, as indicated by its name. The multimeter comes in two different configurations, including: • Digital Multimeter • Multimeter of the digital type • Both sorts of metres are required by this cutting-edge technology. A signal multimeter may perform all common measurement units or functions for AC and DC in analogue and digital metres. A multimeter of the analogue variety displays a continuous signal. It uses the moving cursor to find and show the electrical reading. In contrast, a digital multimeter displays a distinct signal. Additionally, it measures and shows the value or numeric measuring unit.

Uses or Need for Electrical Measuring Devices

The basic duties of the measurement system are to test, detect, indicate, record, record, and detect electrical units.

In addition, there are a few crucial uses listed below.

• Controlling and keeping an eye on an

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electrical system’s performance is helpful. • With the use of standard values, you may determine the measuring unit’s inaccuracy. • Instruments are used in generating power plants for a variety of purposes, including data recording, value measurement, defect detection, and more. • It aids with the detection of dangers and provides protection from them. • An electrical system uses a measuring device to analyse experimental data. • It is necessary for showing precise numerical numbers. One of them is a digital multimeter. • It is mostly used in laboratory testing, industrial settings, science, engineering research, building electrical and electronic projects, etc. Common Testing & Measuring Instruments

Ammeter: Numerous different electrical measuring tools are based on the ammeter. In essence, you are measuring current inside the device whether you are measuring volts or ohms. All of the electrical energy that has to be measured must flow through the metre, making it difficult to measure current in a circuit without first cutting it open and then re-terminating it. Another issue is that conventional ammeters, like those found in the common multimeter, are unable to dissipate heat from currents greater than a few amps. A workaround is the clamp-on ammeter. By measuring the magnetic field that surrounds any current-carrying conductor, it finds solutions to both issues. The device is set up to read amps. A current-carrying conductor that is insulated is encircled by the user’s closed jaws. The conductor can pass through the jaws at any angle and doesn’t need to be centred. The conductor may be wound in many turns and fed through the jaws in the same direction to measure low amps; the total reading is then divided by the number of turns. Voltmeter: The voltmeter is positioned across a component, conductor, circuit, or power source in parallel, as opposed to the ammeter, which is a series instrument. Only a small portion of the current flows through the device, not the entire amount. The precise figure relies on the voltage being measured and the voltmeter’s impedance. The instrument’s input impedance rating is crucial since it dictates how accurately a particular circuit can be measured. A low-impedance metre puts a lot of strain on the circuit that is being studied. The significant voltage drop can harm the circuit if it is used above its rated capacity or when coupled with a high-impedance circuit. The circuit under inquiry is (relatively) blind to a high-impedance voltmeter. It should not, however, be used at voltages above its rated range. It is necessary to respect CAT ratings, which change in clearly specified electrical settings. Typically, these ratings are written next to the inputs.

Ohmmeter: The digital multimeter includes the sort of ohmmeter that is most frequently used for ordinary application. Old timers sometimes favour analogue metres because they have moving needles rather than digital readouts. They benefit from being more precise in cold conditions when used outside. By aiding straight-on alignment, a reflective surface behind the needle contributes to the elimination of inaccuracy. Digital multimeters are far more widely used. The four-wire (Kelvin) option, which is necessary for accurate low-resistance measurements, is included in bench-type multimeters. The resistance under evaluation is attached to four distinct probes with alligator clip attachments that plug into four separate ports. Due to measurement leads, contact resistances, and electrical channels inside the metre, the four-wire configuration significantly lessens the influence of accumulated resistance. While the other pair gauges the voltage drop across the resistance under inquiry, the first pair of leads carries the test current from the metre. This configuration eliminates the undesirable cumulative resistance. Oscilloscope: With the possible exception of the multimeter, the oscilloscope is by far the most useful and often used of our many electrical instruments. Although it has a current probe, which can read amps in addition to reading volts, it functions largely as a voltmeter and can be set up to graph power. The oscilloscope shows a graph of amplitude in volts along its vertical Y-axis and time in seconds along its horizontal X-axis

An ISO 9001:2015 Company SINGLE PHASE / THREE PHASE HIGHLY INSULATED FRP EARTH / DISCHARGE ROD

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THINK

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— Rods : Single Rod (1 Phase); 3Nos. Rod (3Phase) — Material : FRP Pultruded. — Process : Automatic Pultrusion Plant. — Surface : Smooth and Glossy. — Design : Telescopic Type. — Locking : Push Button type Locking System. — Total Section : 03 Section — Assembled Length : 15 feet Length. (11KV, 11-33KV) 16 feet Length (33-66KV) 18 feet Length (66-132KV, 400KV) 21 feet Length (220KV-400KV) — H.V.Test : 110 KV , 400 KV(132-220KV) — Glass Content : 65 %. — Top Section Dia : 25 mm. — Bottom Section Dia : 45 mm.

They are used to discharge Electrical Systems having limited fault levels.

— Earthing : Die cast Alu. Earthing instrument for 30mm Dia (11KV, 11-33KV) Die cast Alu. Earthing instrument for 50mm Dia (33-66KV, 66-132KV, 132-220KV) — Cable : 4sq. mm copper cable 06 mtr. long. (11KV) 6sq. mm copper cable 06 mtr. long. (11-33KV) 10sq. mm copper cable 07 mtr. long. (33-66KV) 16sq. mm copper cable 08 mtr. long. (66-132KV) 25sq. mm copper cable 10 mtr. long. (132-220KV) 16sq. mm copper cable 10 mtr. long. (220KV) 35sq. mm copper cable 10 mtr. long. (400KV) — Clamp : Crocodile grounding clamp.(11KV, 11-33KV) Aluminium “C” grounding clamp. (33-66KV, 66-132KV, 132-220KV, 220KV, 400KV) — Cover : including.

TYPE TESTED

SINGLE PHASE THREE PHASE

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HIGH VOLTAGE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

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Shop No.18, 1st Floor, CIDCO Shopping Complex, Plot # 9, Sector-7, Rajiv Gandhi Marg, Sanpada, Navi Mumbai-705. Tel : (022) 27754546, 27750662, 27750292 E-mail : sales@kusam-meco.co.in

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when it is operating in its most popular mode, the time domain. When necessary, fractional units like milli- and micro-volts and seconds automatically display. A fast oscillating periodic signal can be shown as a single stable waveform thanks to the wonder of triggered sweep. In the Math mode, two externally or internally generated signals can be displayed in separate channels and added to, subtracted from, multiplied by, and divided. Aside from these, single waveforms can also benefit from square root, integration, differentiation, and logarithmic displays. Spectrum analyzer: The main distinctions between the oscilloscope and the spectrum analyzer are as follows: The spectrum analyzer is substantially more expensive when compared model for model. While the oscilloscope shows waveforms in both the time domain and the frequency domain, the spectrum analyzer typically only shows waveforms in the frequency domain. The spectrum analyzer offers additional features, larger analytic capabilities and potentially higher bandwidth and sophisticated specs compared to the oscilloscope. For the most complex job, seasoned technicians and engineers frequently find themselves eschewing the oscilloscope in favour of the spectrum analyzer. The front panel of the spectrum analyzer contains a number of controls that are less obvious and intuitive than those on the oscilloscope, but many of the early problems may be solved by reviewing the user manuals, which are available for free download at the websites of the manufacturers.

Getting a meaningful display is the first problem, much like with the oscilloscope. For the oscilloscope, the answer is to press Default Setup and Autoset. It is important to first display the Frequency/Span drop-down menu in the spectrum analyzer in order to display a non-sinusoidal signal in the frequency domain and see the entire range of harmonics. Center Frequency, Span, Start Frequency, and Stop Frequency are common menu entries. Instead of displaying the broader spectral context, the vector signal analyzer is a version of the spectrum analyzer that displays the amplitude and phase of a signal at a single frequency. Superheterodyne techniques are used as the main application to evaluate modulation quality in design prototypes. There are no gaps and no short-term events are missed since the real-time spectrum analyzer creates overlapping spectra by using Fast Fourier Transform algorithms to sample the whole incoming RF spectrum in the time domain.

Testing & Measuring Instrument Industry

The use of connected electronic devices across industrial verticals is anticipated to be fueled by megatrends like digital transformation, the internet of things, industry 4.0, and others, which will also boost demand for electronic test and measurement equipment. New testing equipment will be required across industry verticals due to rising demand for connectivity, autonomous driving, and electric automobiles. According to a report titled “IoT and Hi-speed Communication Powering the Global Electronic Test and Measurement Market, 2020,” the adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technology and the development of 5G will help the market reach $18.94 billion by 2025, despite a 0.7% decline because of the pandemic.

Thanks to the digital revolution, the Internet of Things (IoT), Industry 4.0, and other megatrends as well as the demand for electronic test and measurement equipment, it is projected that the use of connected electronic devices would rise across all industries.

aggressively track the progress of EVs and other cutting-edge mobility technologies to create solutions that meet their real-world testing requirements. Develop creative approaches to give design engineers improved noise performance, greater accuracy, and the capacity to detect quick, minute, and unpredictable signals. To comprehend the various testing requirements and develop equipment that is affordable and needs the least amount of customization. Next-generation data centres, to collaborate with customers, comprehend their needs, and create goods to aid in such research and development. EM