Schwing Stetter

‘TECHNOVATiON 2022’

elease r Press

• A successful Experiential Platform for Customers and Vendors • The event witnessed the order booking and key handovers for 96 machines and generated new leads for 449 equipment • Signs MoU with HPCL & Gulf Oil

Schwing Stetter India, one of India’s largest manufacturers of concreting and construction equipment’s, conducted the much-awaited, “Technovation 2022” which spanned from February 7th till 13th 2022 at the company’s Global Manufacturing Hub, located in Cheyyar, Tamil Nadu. Maintaining the Covid protocol and safety measures in mind, this event had around 2000 customers over the course of 1 week. Some prominent customers who visited were State Trading Organization plc, Godrej RMC, Ultra Tech Cement, ACC, and so on. Members of key trade Associations like the Builders Association of India (BAI), Construction Equipment Rental Association (CERA), also attended this event. During this event, Schwing signed two MoUs with Gulf Oil and HPCL to launch a range of genuine oils for construction equipment. This trailblazer of a partnership aims to bring to the market a range of products that include high technology & high-quality lubricants like premium hydraulic oil, engine oil, axle oil, gear oil & high-end synthetic gear oil for their concrete pump, batching plant, concrete mixture & self-loading mixer and the entire range of Construction equipment.

The event featured a display of 70+ technologydriven products and brought in an experience zone for customers, vendors and new-age entrepreneurs. Visitors were able to experience the product, understand new technology and understand the business impact. Schwing had signed deals with customers across 20 product categories. The seminars were presented by over 20 speakers from different segments of the industry with 18 topics and a lively exchange of knowledge-sharing sessions by impressive technical experts from renowned research institutions and tech industries. Also during a exclusive event on day 1 along with presence of Press personnel, Schwing Stetter awarded to 40 candidates with Operator certifications , getting trained in the Global manufacturing Hub and 15 Trainees were offered JOB opportunities within Schwing Stetter and also with the Customers of Schwing Stetter. Speaking about the success of the event, Mr. V.G. Sakthikumar, Managing Director of Schwing Stetter India said, “Keeping in line with our vision ‘Customerfirst approach’, Technovation 2022 was a successful platform that helped us to bring our customers and vendors closer to us and have an opportunity to experience our R&D and technology expertise, especially in our Global Manufacturing Hub facility. We do hope to have this event more frequently to have a perfect knowledge-sharing platform and bring technology closer to our customers & vendors.” CM

Cover Story

Smart Cities

Smart CitieS:

FeatureS, importanCe & role oF teChnology

Smart cities, being both a technological infrastructure and a conceptual framework, can, nonetheless, be used to effect change. Their data collection and dissemination not only predicts consumption, movement, and engagement patterns, but also reshapes mobilities and meanings through tools, applications, and games that encourage play and participation in urban planning processes. They are influencing and moderating our actions, as well as how we connect with and experience the city and each other. Simultaneously, issues such as access, involvement, sustainability, the environment, and the inclusion and marginalisation of particular groups continue to serve as lenses for determining what our future cities should look like and what steps we should take now to address these concerns. Tracing the origins of the phrase "smart" in the label "smart city" will help you understand how the term "smart" is used. Smartness is a marketing term that refers to a user's point of view. Smart is preferable to the more elitist adjective intelligent since it appeals to a broader group of community members. Intelligent is confined to having a fast thinking and being attentive to criticism, whereas smart is more user-friendly. The smart city must adapt to the needs of its users and provide customizable interfaces.

Smart city growth is a recurring characteristic of urban life, and it does not look to be slowing down any time soon. A variety of digital devices are being used to both mediate and monitor our lives. Some of these technology, such as smartphones, have become so commonplace that they are no

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longer considered innovative. Others, such as Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and Mixed Reality (MR), are still in their infancy or are constantly being reinvented (MR). In a similar way, digital media is becoming increasingly ingrained in the urban fabric. This blending of the physical and digital is frequently portrayed as liberating, allowing for a more detailed understanding of the various flows of daily life. These technologies, however, are not only used to monitor and recreate urban rhythms; they are also used to reshape, reimagine, and regulate the rhythms, interactions, and practises of daily life. The Smart City Mission's goal is to use technology and data to improve cities' infrastructure and services. Its goal is to develop reproducible models that will encourage other cities to become "smart." Smart metres for electricity and water, intelligent traffic-management systems, e-governance, and citizen services are among the policies it pushes, as are more established alternatives like waste-to-compost or waste-toenergy, recycling, and waste reduction. Requirement and Demand of Smart Cities More than half of the world's population now lives in cities. According to projections, by 2050, that figure will have risen to two-thirds. This drastic change is owing to the numerous chances people are given in cities to construct their own lives. Rising urbanisation, on the other hand, brings with it new challenges: as cities expand, people's wants and aspirations must be satisfied in environmentally friendly ways. One of the most important concerns we are now dealing with is climate change. CO2 emissions must be reduced in the coming decades, as well as efforts to prevent global warming, floods, and prolonged heat waves. Cities are responsible for over three-quarters of global greenhouse gas emissions. They are also expected to supply remedies because they are large pollutants. Cities are affected by the global networking of labour forces, institutions, and information. Economic and social systems are shifting, and city politicians must adjust their methods to meet these new challenges. It entails putting cities in a position where they can cooperate and compete on a global scale. The remedies made must not be solely cosmetic in nature, but must also address internal social, economic, geographical, and structural issues. Education, qualification, research, and entrepreneurial spirit, as well as innovation, productivity, and flexibility, are all actively supported in smart economies. The fundamental ingredients for creative production are continuous information acquisition and transfer, as well as local and global networks. Businesses that provide IT, environmental, and energy services, in particular, are seen as the engine of smart economies.

One of a city's main issues is reducing energy and raw material use, as well as planning ahead for resource management. For energy, mobility, infrastructure, and buildings, smart supply and disposal systems are equally as crucial as process-driven improvements, technology innovations, and networks. Smart grids, for that matter, are a step toward smart energy consumption: energy generation, storage, and consumption are all managed by intelligent networks and monitoring systems. To make actual energy consumption more transparent, smart metres are implemented. Smart Cities Development India The government of India began the Smart City Mission in 2015. The goal was to develop infrastructure and spur economic growth in 100 of the country's largest cities. This

project also intends to establish repeatable city models that can be used to inspire other cities around the country to become "Smart." The Smart City mission assists communities in addressing socioeconomic and environmental issues in metropolitan regions. The first list of 20 cities was presented in 2016, with the goal of completing their development by 2022. Ahmedabad, Bhubaneswar, Pune, Coimbatore, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Surat, Guwahati, Chennai, Kochi, Visakhapatnam, Indore, Bhopal, Udaipur, Ludhiana, Kakinada, Belgaum, Solapur, Bhuvanagiri, and the NDMC region in New Delhi were among the 20 cities. More cities were added in following rounds. The government has contributed a total of Rs 7,20,000 crore. Over the next five years, each city will receive an average of Rs 100 crore. The scheme would be run as a 50:50 Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS), with the centre contributing Rs 50 crore and the state governments or union territories contributing Rs 50 crore. This has also become one of the obstacles for India's smart city initiative, as the Centre only released Rs 27,282 crore until November 2021, while states only released Rs 20,124 crore. The Mission also recognises the importance of bridging gaps in fundamental infrastructure such as water and sewerage pipes, sanitation facilities, and other government programmes such as Amrut and Swachh Bharat to make the city really smart. The only area that hasn't been thoroughly explained is e-governance and information and communication technology (ICT) enabled solutions, which are essential for any smart city implementation. While the scheme paper mentions a variety of e-governance/ICT solutions such as water quality monitoring, leakage detection, public information, and grievance redress, the implementation mechanisms are not specified. The business sector's involvement in the mission's implementation has been emphasised through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). The smart city proposals reflected the desires of citizens (SCPs). Each smart city has its own Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), which is jointly sponsored by the State/UT and the Urban Local Body, with a 50:50 equity shareholding. The SPV will use Project Management Consultants (PMCs) to turn the SCPs into projects, which it will then implement. The Swiss challenge approach has been used by certain state governments to finalise tenders.

The Indian government intends to build up command and control centres in all 100 smart cities by August 15, according to Urban Affairs Minister Hardeep Singh Puri. The smart cities mission's implementation has been extended until June 2023, and all projects, including Thiruvananthapuram, will be completed on time. Role of Technology in Smart Cities To provide connected solutions for the public, smart cities use a variety of software, user interfaces, and communication networks,

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as well as the Internet of Things (IoT). The Internet of Things is the most important of these. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected devices that communicate and share data. Vehicles, home appliances, and on-street sensors are all examples of this. Data acquired from these devices is kept in the cloud or on servers, allowing both public and private sector efficiencies to be improved, resulting in economic advantages and improvements to individuals' lives.

Edge computing is used by many IoT devices to ensure that only the most relevant and important data is sent through the communication network. A security system is also in place to safeguard, monitor, and regulate data transfer from the smart city network, as well as to prevent unauthorised access to the city's data platform's IoT network. The deployment of technology is critical in a smart city. Smart city technologies are made up of various combinations of technical infrastructure that combine to generate an array of smart city technologies with differing levels of human-technology interaction. ICT and IOT (Internet of Things) deployment exist in the implementation of the following integrated features of smart cities: citizen participation, economy and employment, health, education, open spaces, housing and inclusion, transportation and mobility, providing all facilities within walking distance, parking spaces, IT connectivity, intelligent government services, energy supply, water supply, wastewater management, and ensuring water/air quality. Ever since the government's ambitious project has been announced and cities have been shortlisted, many countries across the globe have shown keen interest to help specific shortlisted cities in building the smart cities and are willing to invest financially. Countries like Sweden, Malaysia, UAE, USA, etc. have agreed to partner with India for the mission. For example, UK has partnered with the Government to develop three India cities-Pune, Amravati and Indore. Israel's start-up city Tel Aviv also entered into an agreement to help with urban transformation in the Indian cities of Pune, Nagpur and Nashik to foster innovation and share its technical know-how. France has piqued interest for Nagpur and Puducherry, while the United States is interested in Ajmer, Vizag and Allahabad. Also, Spain's Barcelona Regional Agency has expressed interest in exchanging technology with the Delhi. Apart from foreign government, many organizations and multilateral agencies are also keen to partner with the Indian government and have offered financial assistance by way of loans. Features of the Smart Cities A smart city's main purpose is to develop an urban environment that provides citizens with a high quality of life while simultaneously creating

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overall economic growth. As a result, one of the most significant advantages of smart cities is their capacity to permit increased service delivery to inhabitants with less infrastructure and cost. As the population of cities grows, it becomes vital for these cities to make better use of existing infrastructure and assets in order to handle the growing population. Smart city applications can help to make these improvements, as well as improve city operations and citizens' quality of life. Cities may use smart city apps to discover and develop new value from their existing infrastructure. The enhancements help governments and citizens save money by facilitating new revenue streams and operational savings. Smart cities use a web of connected IoT devices and other technology to fulfil their aims of bettering people's lives and growing their economies. A smart healthcare system, governance, transit system, greater security surveillance, smart infrastructure, better job prospects, and all other facilities and amenities that make life comfortable are all included in smart cities.

• The society's needs for well-developed health care, education, housing, and infrastructure.

• Deliver improved core services to the community in a consistent and cost-effective

manner.

• Housing that is better. • Improve the society's economic growth. • Resource management that is effective in reducing depletion.

• Increase the number of work opportunities. • A well-thought-out strategy for data analysis and community participation in broadening the local economy. coping strategies for population expansion and climate change.

• The application of smart technology to meet the demands of the community

• The transportation system has been streamlined.

Smart utility meters A top IoT device among utility companies is the smart meter. These devices attach to buildings and connect to a smart energy grid, allowing the utility companies to manage energy flow more effectively. Smart meters also allow users to track their energy consumption—leaving a significant financial impact. Insider Intelligence expects utility companies to save $157 billion by 2035 due to smart meter adoption and implementation. Smart transportation Connected vehicles have risen to the forefront of public transportation, and their efforts are already bearing dividends. Drivers are attracted to smart transit because of voice search and location data capabilities, and as smart apps expand and grow, so will the use of smart transport. Smart grids Smart grids are arguably the best example of smart architecture and infrastructure, as they greatly aid resource conservation. For example, in Amsterdam, home energy storage units and solar panels are being offered to residents who are connected to the city's smart grid. By allowing residents to store energy during off-peak hours, these batteries assist reduce grid stress during peak hours. Residents can also sell any excess energy generated by the solar panels back to the grid. Smart waste management solutions Waste management is both expensive and

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inefficient, and it can result in traffic congestion. Smart waste management solutions can help ease some of these issues by tracking how full trash cans are at any one time and sending that information to waste management businesses, which can then provide the optimal waste collection routes. Some smart waste bins, can notify consumers which items should be composted or recycled, and can even display messages that demonstrate how much money can be saved by recycling. Smart air quality monitors Air particles, dust, grime, and cleaning chemicals are continually floating around in the air of one's office building or home. These particles can be detected by smart air quality sensors, which can then alert users to the presence of contaminants. The use of an indicator light or push notifications to one's smartphone or tablet to monitor indoor air quality (IAQ) can better inform people of dangerous pollutant levels. Some Smart Cities of India Bhubaneshwar is the state capital of Odisha. It is classified as a Smart City in the "Social" category. Bhubaneshwar has a well-managed education system, making it a socially intelligent city. For managing the city and resolving community issues, a unified municipal site is a huge accomplishment. For traffic management, there is a well-functioning traffic control room and a functional adaptive traffic light system. The local community's children may now enjoy

the Sensory Park and Splash Park. Bhubaneswar Town Centre District has been chosen as a 985-acre area-based development. Pune is becoming one of the most popular alternatives for both residential and commercial uses, thanks to advancements in the IT sector, improved connectivity, and public transit. There are around 500 IT and non-IT enterprises in and around Baner, Pune. Some of the city's most prominent neighbourhoods include DhayariNarhe-Ambegaon BK, Hadapsar, Wakad, DhanoriLohegaon, Pimple Saudagar, and Wagholi. Commercial spaces and housing complexes are geared toward middle-income and low-cost home purchasers. The smart city project in Pune includes buses from Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited (PMPML) and the planned Metro train.

The Pink City, Jaipur, is the capital of the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is one of India's most popular tourist sites, with a rich history and tradition. In Jaipur, innovative and inclusive solutions make life easier. The 600-acre walled city area is being revitalised and reused to boost local economic growth. Multimodal integration at two UG Metro stations, Intelligent IPT (auto and taxi) stands, Digital displays and information kiosks at heritage gates, Waste Water Recycling for Select Public Buildings and Monuments, Automated online water quality Monitoring System for the distribution network, and more are some of the city's most recent developments. The Dehradun Smart City project aims to improve the city's infrastructure, electricity and water supply, transit facilities, and a variety of other amenities to make life easier and more comfortable for residents. The delivery of public services has improved as a result of this project. Electric buses will be purchased as part of the reconstruction plan to ensure smooth transit. The initiative also includes the establishment of a number of smart schools. Tourists will benefit from the introduction of the city e-pass, which allows them to pay their taxes online without fuss.

New Delhi is the country's capital city. Within a 5-kilometer radius of the city centre, there are numerous schools and colleges, hospitals, leisure clubs, and offices. Better connectivity between different parts of the city is provided via metro rail and motorways. There are many IT and non-IT private enterprises that offer career opportunities in addition to government departments. The city's well-developed infrastructure makes for a pleasant living environment. The city's improved water supply system, electrical distribution, and sanitation have increased the value of living in New Delhi.

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The Smart City Welfare Society exists to meet the needs of cities that want to be smart.

These are some of the smart cities that have been established and are still being developed in various aspects to meet all of the smart city criteria. Need For Smart Cities Conserve resources: By the end of 2022, India is expected to have built 11 crore dwellings at a cost of $2300 billion. With the current cities, it would need the utilisation of scarce resources in the country. All constructions in smart cities, on the other hand, would be developed to conserve ecological resources like power and water by utilising renewable energy sources like solar energy. This would assist to save 30% of water and nearly 40% of energy, while also lowering maintenance expenses by 10% to 30%. Environmentally friendly: Every Indian person has the right to decent hygiene and cleanliness. Providing sanitation to every home with waste water and solid waste management will help to reduce unhygienic conditions in the country and create an eco-friendly environment. India accounts for 50% of global open defecation; providing sanitation to every home with waste water and solid waste management will help to reduce unhygienic conditions in the country and create an eco-friendly environment. Better transportation: Every smart city created in India must give easy access to residents living within 800 metres of the built-up region, with workplaces no more than 30 minutes distant in small towns and 45 minutes in metros. In the next decade, these cities plan to provide electric and hybrid automobiles with charge stations, as well as high-speed railroads, metro trains, and monorail. Improved Communications and Information Technology: The introduction of smart cities will make use of technology that will partially replace manpower in cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and others. You may expect improved internet access that will seamlessly connect these cities.

Other needs will be met: At least 95 percent of the population in every smart city will have suitable access to workplaces, adequate public transportation, and biking and pedestrian paths. Shops, parks, and schools will be within 400 metres of dwellings in Transit Development zones, where the poor will make up at least 20% of the population. CM

Compactors

CompaCtorS: need For CompaCtion and diFFerent typeS oF CompaCtorS

In road construction, airport or port foundation work, landfills, or agricultural, a road roller or compactor is a type of engineering vehicle that compacts soil, gravel, concrete, asphalt, or other materials. Compactors are self-propelled vehicles that are used to compact soil and roadways, as well as seal and smooth asphalt. Compaction has been applied in ways that include pressure, kneading, impact and vibration. Sites for road building require firm ground to work on. The dirt must be compacted to ensure that there are no pockets of air beneath the surface that could interrupt the process. The road roller is one of the most prevalent pieces of equipment used for this purpose. It's used to build large-scale foundations that are compact. The primary function of a road roller is to apply direct pressure on loose materials in order to crush, knead, or vibrate them. Manufacturers are now focused on road roller engine performance for fuel efficiency in order to satisfy the National Motorways Authority of India's ambitious aim of building new highways. The correct road construction equipment must be chosen carefully. The road roller is one such piece of equipment that is crucial in the construction of roads. It's most commonly utilised for road building or to build large-scale foundations. The use of autonomous and semi-autonomous technologies in conjunction with fuel-efficient road roller equipment is becoming more common. Additionally, operator friendliness is a prime focus. A cab design can help make operators comfortable and machine loading easy. Need for Compaction

Compaction is a crucial aspect of any construction project, whether it's a road or a building. By applying pressure on the surface, the air and water particles in the soil are decreased to some extent. The air is removed from the soil particles during this process, but the amount of water in the soil does not vary significantly. This procedure is critical because it creates the essential level basis that supports the road, building, and other construction foundations. The compaction process increases the soil's resistance and stability. Soil is usually classified into two types:

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cohesive and non-cohesive. Compaction is carried out using a variety of compaction equipment, depending on the requirements. The correct roller for each compaction project is determined by a number of factors. The first factor to consider is whether you're compacting soil or asphalt. The breadth of the area to be compacted, the final density necessary, the gradient of the area to be compacted, the type of asphalt mix, soil type, and the sort of materials that lie beneath the lift to be compacted are all aspects to consider. There are other weight, frequency, amplitude, and centrifugal force factors to consider when calculating final density. Soil compaction is a technique for densifying a soil by lowering the quantity of void space, or air between soil particles. To put it another way, soil compaction happens when soil particles are forced together to close the gap between them. The resulting heavily compacted soils have a larger unit weight than non-compacted soils because there are fewer gaps. After a structure, roadway, runway, or parking lot is built, compaction reduces the possibility of settlement, which could lead to early pavement failure, costly maintenance, or repairs. Compaction of the soil is an important aspect of the construction process because it provides a stable working surface. All other aspects of the project rely on the strength and performance of the soil basis, both during construction and once completed. When it comes to choosing the right compaction equipment for soil compaction, the type of soil you're seeking to compact plays a big part. Organic soils, coarse-grained soils, and fine-grained soils are the three types of soils. Organic soils cannot be compacted or used for construction, hence they will not be discussed further. Gravel and sand are the two subcategories of coarse-grained soils, which are fundamentally granular. They are generally gritty to the touch and do not hold water. Fine-grained soils have a cohesive structure and are divided into two types: silt and clay. When wet, clay and silt have a smooth texture and hold a lot of water. Types of Compactors used

Single Drum Roller: A single drum roller is a powerful piece of equipment. The front features a massive drum, and the back has unique tyres. These tyres are more durable and can avoid most flats. When working on construction sites and roads, you'll need these heavy-duty tyres. The driver sits in the central portion of the single drum roller. Modern models come in three different configurations to satisfy the needs of every surface compaction application. The use of top-of-the-line components provides outstanding performance and dependability. The front scraper is reinforced, the drum is 32 mm thick, and the turbocharger has a pre-cleaner. These are only a few examples of the design-for-quality philosophy.

Double Drum Roller: The modern double drum asphalt roller line includes everything from small machines for small operations to large machines for massive projects. Vibrationdampening platforms, swivel seats for enhanced visibility, logically organised controls, and Roll Over Protective Structures (ROPS) all help with manoeuvrability, operator ergonomics, and safety.

Vibratory Roller: Vibratory Rollers are generally used in road and highway construction to compact loose soil or asphalt. These devices are frequently used on building sites for ground compaction and stabilisation. Companies now make 10 to 12 tonne soil compactors, as well as 3.5 to 9 tonne tandem compactors with innovative features. They are generally used for road and highway building to crush loose soil or asphalt. These devices are frequently used on building sites for ground compaction and stabilisation. We can now get 3.5 tons and 9 tons tandem compactors with advanced features.

Pneumatic Roller: On job sites, pneumatic tyred rollers offer the kneading and sealing effect that is so important. The tyred rollers work on both asphalt and aggregates, which necessitates flexibility in the equipment. They most certainly are, with air pressure adjustments being made without the operator ever having to leave the cab. Ballast packages can be simply added or withdrawn to ensure that the equipment and process are as efficient as possible. These rollers have tyres on them that allow for better static penetration into the materials. The weight of the machines and the air pressure in the tyres can both be adjusted to reach the exact pressure required for a given work. In this case. The use of a pneumatic roller, particularly in the construction of roads, is critical in order to reduce road damage, potholes, and road breaking caused by inadequate road construction.

Sheepfoot Rollers: These rollers have larger lugs than sheepsfoot rollers and are similar to sheepsfoot rollers. Static pad foot rollers, also known as tamping rollers, have static weights ranging from 15 to 12 40 tonnes and static linear drum loads ranging from 30 to 80 kg/cm. They are replacing sheepsfoot rollers due to their higher production capacity. The degree of compaction obtained is higher, and density homogeneity is higher. They are capable of shattering huge lumps and operate at rapid rates. The levelling blades on the rollers have the ability to disperse the material. Self-propelled pad foot rollers with a linear load of 30 kg/cm to 50 kg/cm are also available, weighing roughly 11.0 tonne or more.

Choosing the right type of roller for your construction project is important, as the wrong one can result in poor workmanship, pockets of air that’ll sink the structure or uneven spaces that can be dangerous. Figuring out the right type of roller depends on a few factors. The first of which would be the length of the project. Depending on the length, sometimes it’ll be more cost-efficient to rent a roller than outright buying one. You’re also going to have to figure out the type of soil that’s going to be compacted. Fine-grain sand will need a different roller than clay. Plus, if you’re laying asphalt, you’re going to have to figure out if it’ll be better to have a static or a vibratory roller. Figuring out whether you need a smooth vs padfoot roller for your project might seem difficult at a glance, but learning about the two rollers (and others) can definitely help you pick the right type of roller for your construction project. Rollers are great at improving and repairing surfaces, making them some of the most trustworthy heavy equipment you can use on a project. Understanding the benefits of each roller can make choosing the right one for your project simpler. Single vs Double Drum Rollers

A single drum roller is a large piece of equipment. The front features a massive drum, and the back has unique tyres. These tyres are more durable

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and can avoid most flats. When working on construction sites and roads, you'll need these heavy-duty tyres. The driver sits in the central portion of the single drum roller. The cab is the name for this section. It is situated high, providing the driver with a panoramic view of the surrounding area. The worker can observe the areas where the roller will be used. The fundamental difference between the double drum roller and the single drum roller is that the double drum roller does not have tyres. Depending on your profession, this is either a good or a negative thing. A twin drum roller can simultaneously smooth things in front of and behind the driver. The drums move the roller in exchange for flattening stuff in the surrounding region. As a result, double drum rollers lack the traction of single drum rollers. These trucks will not be used for specialist work. They operate best on flat services or ones with gradual grading. Advantages of Single and Double Drum Rollers The single drum roller is ideal for a couple of applications. It's not as big as a double-drum roller. The single drum type can work in tighter locations because to its compact size. For prep work, the single drum roller is ideal. For a walkway or driveway, you may easily level the ground. These machines are also useful for paving highways and laying building foundations. The front of single drum rollers is heavier than the back, where the drum is. Due to the additional weight, it will not roll over various ground surfaces. The roller has exceptional manoeuvrability for a vehicle of its size thanks to the back wheels. The twin drum roller's advantages include pure power and efficiency. You are in charge of steering two drums across a space. As a result, you've flattened and prepped twice as much space. This improves the efficiency of your project. Double drum rollers work well with asphalt because they provide more coverage. Pavers can swiftly and correctly smooth vast sections of highway. Workers will also be levelling parking lots and building new roads. Before paving, the double drum roller flattens the surface. The roller levels the pavement after the pouring step to make it even. The twin drum roller's strength comes from its two steel drums. These machines are at least a tonne in weight and can drive over most materials. Drum rollers are excellent for surface preparation and improvement. All you have to do now is choose the appropriate one. For heavy-duty asphalt applications, the double drum roller is the optimum option. For most other jobs, the single drum roller is preferable. CM

Construction Cranes

diFFerent typeS oF ConStruCtion CraneS and diFFerenCe Between them

Construction cranes are responsible for the existence of your favourite high-rise structure. Consider what your city's skyline might look like if these industry powerhouses didn't exist. The entire world would be much closer to the earth than it is now. That's probably why these machines have garnered a reputation as the building industry's backbone. Cranes dot the horizons of metropolitan areas, permanent fixtures in downtowns as structures rise higher and higher. Building skyscrapers would be difficult without construction cranes, but with cranes, we can erect massive structures with relative ease. Cranes can move incredibly massive objects into place, allowing construction processes that were inconceivable only a few hundred years ago. On construction projects, cranes of various varieties can be used to lift and move materials and other building parts from one location to another. Cranes can range in size from a basic rope pulley to a skyscrapermounted tower crane. The fundamentals that all crane construction personnel follow are the same. Each lift entails a number of fundamental movements that enable them to transfer a variety of materials across a construction site. Construction cranes, on the other hand, aren't all-powerful. They can only raise a certain amount of weight before toppling over, bending, or breaking, depending on their size. These figures may fluctuate depending on a variety of circumstances. However, one constant is that the amount of weight a construction crane can safely lift is proportionate to the distance between the mast and the cargo. To put it another way, the closer the load is to the tower, the greater weight the crane can handle. To prevent overloading, most cranes include two limit switches that display the maximum load and load movement. The crane that is most suited for a certain job will

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be determined by a variety of considerations, including: • The nature of the loads that must be lifted. • The horizontal and vertical distances that must be covered. • The swing's radius is measured in metres. • The length of time that the lifting operations took place. • The element of utilisation (the ratio of time spent in use compared to the total time it could be in use). • The level of motion that is required. • The type of plant that will be utilised in tandem with the crane, for example, a concrete plant. Cranes are divided into two types: static cranes and mobile cranes. A static crane is a permanent/semi-permanent structure that lifts and transports items along a fixed path and is fixed to the ground or building. A mobile crane is a crane that can be transported from job site to job site and is mounted on treads or wheels. Mobile cranes, unlike static cranes, are not bound to a defined path. Some mobile cranes can perform a "pick and carry" operation, in which they literally pick up a cargo and transport it to a new site using their treads or wheels. Outriggers, counterweights, and even on-site assembly are required by some mobile cranes. The Different Types of Static Cranes A static crane is a fixed-path structure that is permanently or semi-permanently attached to the ground or a building. The main components of an overhead crane are an overhead bridge that swings back and forth along a runway while the hoist moves side to side along the bridge beam. The vertical foundation (the tower) and a rotating horizontal jib along which the trolley and hoist travel are the essential components of a tower crane. The movement of an overhead crane is limited to a rectangular bay, but the movement of a tower crane is limited to the radius of the jib. A level-luffing crane is similar to a tower crane in that it has a vertical base with a connected jib, but it has more jib movement and hook levelling capabilities. Tower Crane Tower cranes are the cranes that you see along city skylines, and they're utilised to construct towering constructions like skyscrapers. A vertical tower, sometimes known as a mast, and an outstretched jib are the essential components of a tower crane. The trolley and hook block travel around the mast on the jib, which can spin 360 degrees (this motion is called slewing). Smaller, mobile cranes are frequently used to erect these cranes. The jib on a hammerhead tower crane revolves horizontally 360 degrees around the mast at a fixed level, like an upside-down "L." Racking is a function peculiar to this type of tower crane, in which the trolley transfers the load horizontally along the jib without changing its level. Hammerhead tower cranes are also known as "A-frame" tower cranes and, in some situations, topless/flat top tower cranes. The presence of metal work (in the shape of a "A") above the crane linking the jib to the counter jib distinguishes an A-frame from a topless tower crane.

A luffing-jib crane is another name for a luffing tower crane. Its design is similar to that of a hammerhead tower crane, however the jib is latticed and can be lifted and lowered in a motion known as "luffing." These cranes can do more with their enhanced jib mobility: • Heavy-duty cranes are more expensive than hammerhead cranes. • Are especially applicable for work in congested areas and/or with multiple cranes because of their reduced slewing radius Parts of a Tower Crane The base, the mast or tower, and the slewing unit are the three primary components of a tower crane. The Base: The crane's major support is the base. It is supported by a huge concrete foundation that bears the full weight of the structure. Mast or Tower: The crane's height is determined by the supporting structure that connects the mast to the base. The crane's strength comes from a huge triangulated lattice structure on the mast. Slewing Unit: The slewing unit, which is attached to the top of the mast and allows the crane to spin around its axis, comprises of a gear and motor. The slewing unit, on the other hand, is made up of three parts: • A horizontal device that carries the load and has a trolley along the length of it to move the weight in and out. • The load-lifting motor is held by the machinery arm, which is a shorter horizontal piece. To maintain balance, it also has electronic controls, a cable drum, and concrete counterweights. • Operator's cabin: This is the area where the crane operator controls all of the crane's functions. Climbing Tower Crane Climbing tower cranes are ideal for taller structures. During the construction process, the tower is erected within the structure and raised as the structure itself rises. The crane is usually mounted on a foundation and raised two stories at a time, or after the floors have been cast and hardened. After the first four floors are in place, self-adjusting wedges and collars are fastened to the floor around the tower to help with stability by transferring the tower's load to the floors. The crane is removed in sections once the job is finished. Tower cranes have made it possible to transport the steel and concrete required for skyscraper building in a safe and efficient manner, resulting in iconic skylines. It's feasible to drive about and see cranes with a fresh appreciation for their outstanding engineering if you have a thorough grasp of construction cranes. Different Types of Mobile Cranes Carry deck cranes and mobile cranes can be used for smaller construction works using the same basic concepts that underpin tower cranes. Movable cranes are made out of an extending boom (also known as a lattice or telescopic boom) attached to a truck or other mobile structure that moves on treads or tyres. Depending on the type and size of the crane, the boom can spin 360 degrees and extend to various lengths. Cranes of this sort do not

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have to follow a set path and can travel across a building site or between sites. The crane may or may not be road legal, depending on the type of mobile crane. Some sources define a mobile crane as this, whereas others define a mobile crane as any crane mounted to a movable vehicle with an engine. The latter explanation is referred to as a mobile crane for the sake of this article. Crawler Cranes Crawler cranes are the largest of the mobile cranes. They are also known as lattice cranes, boom lattice cranes, lattice crawlers, telescopic crawlers, and so on. These are large cranes that move around a construction site on "tank-like" treads and can lift more than 2500 tonnes. Crawler cranes, out of all the mobile cranes, can hoist the biggest weights and require the most on-site setup. Outriggers aren't needed with crawler cranes because the treads give enough stability. Crawler cranes are not road legal due to their considerable on-site installation, enormous size, and treads. A lattice boom or a telescopic boom can be used by crawler cranes. Those who use a lattice boom can raise bigger loads at higher heights and over greater distances than those who use a telescopic boom. Rough Terrain Crane Rough terrain cranes, often known as "RT" cranes, are a type of mobile crane built for "off-roading" in difficult settings such as mud, snow, and other obstacles. Rough terrain cranes are four-wheeled and have a telescoping boom for picking and carrying up to 165 tonnes. They are ideal for manoeuvring and lifting in limited spaces because to their tiny design. When a crawler crane would be more appropriate, but

a smaller load capacity or navigation in limited locations is required, RT cranes are frequently used. RT cranes are easy to set up and carry from site to site because they are mounted on an undercarriage with tyres, but they are not road legal. These cranes are controlled by a cab that swivels over the undercarriage in sync with the movement of the boom. Their on-site assembly needs include using outriggers to stabilise the crane for hoisting. All-Terrain Cranes An all-terrain crane is a type of mobile truck crane that can go on both the road and most off-road surfaces (at high speeds on the highway). These cranes, like large trucks, have anywhere from 4 to 18 tyres, depending on the crane's size. To lift and transfer cargo, a telescoping boom installed on the truck's bed is employed. All terrain cranes can lift far more than rough terrain cranes (up to 1200 tonnes), but they are less adept of travelling in harsh situations or limited spaces. All-terrain cranes are controlled from a cab that swivels over the truck bed to follow the movement of the boom. Because it is stabilised by outriggers and requires some on-site assembly, the crane requires some on-site installation. Truck Cranes Truck crane, boom truck, and truck mounted crane (TMC) are all phrases that are interchangeable. Truck cranes are a form of mobile crane with a boom mounted to the bed of a truck and are thus road legal. Truck cranes are less adaptable, smaller, and used to hoist lighter weights (load capacity limit of about 45 tons). Conclusion Construction cranes are extremely powerful machines that can accomplish the seemingly unbelievable. They enable construction workers all around the world to lift and move the massive loads required to transform our towns into contemporary metropolises. Crane operators must adhere to strict guidelines in order to ensure their safety. To avoid potential hazards, they can communicate through radio and pay attention to hand signals from other staff members to guarantee a safe lift. It's critical to keep track of all data produced by the control systems. To complete these moves accurately, a machinist should have a thorough understanding of how to utilise the joysticks and other controls in the cab. It's critical to keep an eye on the load and wind speeds. CM

Statement about ownership and other particulars of Construction Mirror,

Delhi, as required under Rule 8 of the Registration of Newspapers (Central) Rules, 1956 FORM IV (See Rule 8)

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Address : 13/455, Block No. 13, Trilok Puri, Delhi - 110091 5. Editor’s Name : Anjali

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Date : 7 March 2022 Sd/Usha Signature of Publisher

Concrete Batching Plant

ConCrete BatChing plant – a Setup For Better inFraStruCture growth

The majority of our infrastructure is built on concrete. For decades, however, the method of making concrete has remained mostly unaltered. There are potential to help ready-mix producers increase efficiency and decrease material waste at every stage of the process, from producing and delivering concrete to eventually dealing with concrete that is returned to the plant, making them more sustainable while also lowering their costs. To manufacture concrete, a concrete batching plant machine mixes several elements. Water, air, aggregates, cement, and fly ash are among these materials. It is made up of many parts and machines, such as mixer units, conveyors, aggregate and cement batchers, and cement silos. A concrete batching plant is a machine that mixes and blends concrete ingredients uniformly to produce concrete of the specified strength and quality. The plants are available in a variety of layouts and production types, including Ready Mix, Precast & Prestressed, Central Mix, and RCC, and can be utilised wet or dry. The mixing host, weighing system, conveying system, storage system, control system, and other ancillary facilities make up a concrete batching plant. Concrete is made up of ten percent cement, twenty percent water, thirty percent sand, and forty percent gravel. Depending on how the concrete will be utilised, the mix may differ. Cement is made by heating limestone to high temperatures, resulting in cement clinker and CO2.

The mixer is a crucial component of this plant. Tilt Drum, Pan, Planetary, Single Shaft, and Dual Shaft mixers are some of the types of mixers used to create concrete. Due to the use of high-horsepower motors, these will provide a fair mix of concrete, whereas the lean combiner will provide a relatively large batch of

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concrete mix. The aggregate batching stores and batches sand, crushed stone, or gravels, and are hence known as concrete plant aggregate bins. There are many different types of mixed batchers, but the majority of them employ deliberation to measure the mixture; some use a deliberation hopper, while others use a deliberation belt. Ready mix concrete (RMC) is concrete that has been pre-mixed in a batch facility and is ready to use. Difference between cement and concrete

Cement is a powder that may bind other materials together when mixed with water, and is commonly used in concrete. Cement is divided into two types: hydraulic cement (which is set with water) and non-hydraulic cement (which dries and hardens by reacting with carbon dioxide). Portland cement, a type of hydraulic cement created of limestone, clay, shale, marl, chalk, bauxite, iron ore, and sand, is the most prevalent type of cement today. Sintering is a technique in which raw stone materials are burnt at high temperatures in a rotary kiln to produce cement. The raw ingredients undergo a chemical reaction as a result of this. After that, the components are processed into cement powder. Concrete is a tough, long-lasting building material. The first concrete constructions were erected by the Roman Empire using a concrete mix of quicklime, pozzolana, and pumice. Cement, aggregates, and admixtures are the main components of modern concrete.

Cement is the glue that holds concrete together, accounting for 10 to 15% of its weight. Aggregates are granular stone elements such as sand or gravel that are classed as fine or coarse aggregates based on particle size. Calcium chloride speeds up cement hydration (shortening the setting time for concrete), and fly ash, a byproduct of coal-fired power plants, is added to the concrete mixture to improve the concrete in certain ways. Hardened concrete has a high compressive strength and is rot- and corrosion-resistant. However, concrete has a poor tensile strength, which means it will shatter when stretched. Steel beams with enhanced tensile strength can be inserted in concrete to make reinforced concrete.

Cement is a necessary component of concrete. Concrete combines cement, water, bigger rocks, and chemical additives, whereas cement is formed entirely of crushed stones. Cement can be mixed with other materials to make a cement paste; common cement applications include mortar to hold stones and bricks together in masonry projects and grout to patch fissures. To produce building exteriors or floors, pigment can also be added to a liquid cement mix. Building foundations, dams, bridges, roads, walkways, residences, and skyscrapers are all made of concrete. Composition of a concrete batching plant

Mixing host According to the stirring methods, the mixing host machine is divided into forced stirring and self-unloading stirring. The forced mixer is the most common type of concrete mixer used in both local and international concrete plants. It can mix a wide range of concretes, including fluidity, semi-dry, and dry concrete. The self-unloading mixer is mostly used in the concrete batch plant to stir the fluid concrete. According to the construction, the forced mixer is made up of spindle planetary mixers, single horizontal shaft mixers, and twin horizontal shaft mixers. The twin-shaft forced mixer offers the best overall performance of the bunch. Weighing System A significant component of a concrete batching

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plant is the material weighing system. It has an impact on the quality of concrete and the cost of manufacture. Furthermore, it is divided into three sections: aggregate weighing, powder weighing, and liquid weighing. The superposition weighing method is used in batching plants that produce less than 20 cubic metres per hour. To put it another way, the aggregate (sand, stone) is weighed on a scale, the cement and fly ash are weighed on a scale, and the water and liquid admixtures are weighed separately. In a batching plant with a capacity of more than 50 cubic metres per hour, however, each material is normally weighed independently, and all weighing is controlled by an electronic scale and a microcomputer. Transporting aggregates Aggregates are transported in two ways: hopper conveying and belt conveying. The hopper lifter, on the one hand, has a small footprint and a basic structure. The belt conveyor, on the other hand, has a long conveying distance, great efficiency, and a low failure rate. Furthermore, belt conveyors are primarily used in concrete batching plants with aggregate storage bins, which boosts the mixing plant's productivity. Transporting powder Cement, fly ash, and mineral powder are the most common powders used in concrete. Screw conveyor conveying is the most frequent powder conveying technology. Spiral conveying also has the advantages of a simple structure, low cost, and dependable use. Transport of liquids It generally refers to water and liquid admixtures, which are transported by pumps. Storage The methods for storing materials in concrete are essentially the same. The aggregate is normally stored outside, the powder in a fully enclosed steel structure silo, and the admixture in a steel structural container.

Control System The control system of a concrete batching plant is

the nerve centre of the entire system. Depending on the user's needs and the size of the concrete plant, the control system has varying functions and preparations. Small batching plants typically have a simple control system. The system of a large batching factory, on the other hand, is relatively intricate. Working of concrete batching plant

A machine control system is used to operate concrete batching plants. Computer-aided management is used in concrete batch factories to aid in the quick and accurate measurement of input comprise or materials. When it comes to concrete performance, systems commonly use digital scales for building materials and aggregates, as well as wetness probes to monitor mixture water content as it enters the mixed batcher to mechanically catch up on the combination style water/cement quantitative relation target. Several manufacturers have discovered that moisture probes function best in sand, with only minimal results on larger combinations. The system then regulates the machine's operation. Advantages of Concrete Batching Plant

It takes a long time to prepare ready mix concrete on a construction site. By adopting a batching plant for your project, you can save money on construction costs. Each cargo of concrete is made on the spot. When we employ a concrete batching plant, we can produce and distribute concrete in minutes. Make adjustments to your concrete output as needed to get the most out of it. The concrete batching plant provides a number of advantages to construction workers: • Mixing raw materials with stable, sophisticated production technology, computer control, precise measurement, and testing means complete, stable, and reliable quality, rich high strength, and therefore considerably enhancing the construction quality level (structure). • Construction units use commercial mixing stations, which boosts building speed while lowering rental costs for equipment, racks, pipes, templates, and other items. Owners of units can shorten the construction cycle and reduce investment risk. • The design unit can avoid the "fat beam," "fat column," and "heavy plate" according to the mixing station's design since the commercial mixing plant's quality is consistent and trustworthy. • The use of mineral active admixtures (slag and fly ash, for example) in the mix mixing station can significantly increase the long-term performance of concrete in terms of waterproofing, antifreeze, anti-cracking, and abrasion resistance, as well as the service life of a building. • Reduces labour intensity, construction management expenses, technical difficulty, and quality risk. Concrete Batching Plant-Based on Location Mobile concrete batching plant

Modern mobile plants come with a stable main chassis allowing extreme durability, safe transportation, continuous long-life operation and sensitive weighing by minimizing the vibrations to the scales. All the equipment necessary for the operation of the batch plant is installed on the main chassis and is being transported on it. Water buffer tank, water pump, additive tank and

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additive pumps along with air compressor come preinstalled on the main chassis. All the equipment is pre-wired and tested. Concrete plants with 2 complete sets of screw conveyors, filters and other silo equipment can be transported with the help of only one single trailer truck. Mobile concrete batching plants come pre-wired with maximum equipment installed to ensure fast installation on site. Typically a standard mobile plant can be installed in 1-2 days. Stationary concrete batching plant

Stationary Plants are often composed of huge twin shaft mixers that are designed to work at full capability, efficiency and reliability for a variety of large-scale and high-quality concrete production. Stationary concrete production equipment is built to offer maximum rated production capacity and long work hours. The new models are furnished mainly with twin shaft mixers for maximized capacity, the plants are also available with Planetary mixers and batch sizes could be modified. The Stationary Plants are available in various capacities ranging from 30 m3 to 240 m3 per hour of compacted concrete output. In the current Stationary concrete plants, the aggregates are stored in horizontal bins. The gathering conveyor belt runs below the bins where the weighing of aggregates takes place and the aggregates are then discharged onto the charging conveyor. Pneumatically operated gates are provided for discharge of the aggregate onto the gathering conveyor. The material is all weighed accurately and transferred to the twin shaft mixer through a slinger conveyor. Wet mix Concrete Batching Plant

Wet mix batch concrete plant is easy to transport and install due to its portable movement. Wet mix concrete batching plants can be classified into two knis: stationary type wet concrete plant and mobile type wet mix concrete batch plant. If you have many construction projects to finish, and the distance is far away from each other, you can invest in several small stationary wet batch plant, otherwise, you can choose one big mobile type wet batching plant, when you finish this project, you can disassemble this plant, then transport it to another project site. Latest-model adopts a twin shaft paddle mixer, which has a strong mixing quality. This can ensure there is no or less residual in the twin shaft concrete mixer, save materials and save cost. With a Central Mix plant, all loads see the same mixing action and there is an initial quality control point when discharging from the central mixer. Conclusion

The rising infrastructural investments in emerging Asia Pacific, Europe, and North America is a major driver driving the concrete batching plant market forward. The development of large-scale infrastructure projects in Asia Pacific and other regions, fueled by economic recovery, is driving the market's growth. Furthermore, governments of major economies are concentrating their efforts on improving transportation infrastructure and boosting energy infrastructure. Furthermore, advancements in the technology necessary for the production of concrete aggregates have resulted in greater manufacturing process efficiency, resulting in increased productivity and high-quality concrete. The aforementioned factors are projected to increase demand for concrete batching plants in the near future, which will propel the concrete batching plant market forward. The current trends in the market for concrete batching plants, on the other hand, have been influenced by the economic slump. Since a number of large-scale infrastructure projects have been delayed or stopped over the past year, manufacturers have shifted their focus to medium and small-scale projects. The variation in the cost of batching plant components, as well as changes in energy prices, have been cited as important issues in the worldwide concrete batching plant market. The use of batching plants by commercial concrete manufacturing facilities is one of the important trends recognised in the global concrete batching plant market. Furthermore, environmental indicators such as dirt disposal and residue concrete recycling have grown increasingly demanding. CM

PVC Pipes & Fittings

all you need to Know aBout pVC pipeS and FittingS

PVC, or polyvinyl chloride, is a versatile material that may be used in a variety of industries, including the construction industry. PVC pipes are sturdy, light, flexible, easy to handle, and cost-effective. Their long life duration and recyclability, in addition to all of these attributes, make them the most cost-effective solution for both residential and commercial building construction projects. The plumbing and sanitary system are critical components of any building. This system must be well-designed and planned to ensure that hygiene is maintained in the house, office, or any other facility under construction. Plumbing and sanitary work is estimated to account for about 8% of a building's total construction cost. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes have established themselves as one of the most common building materials in sewer systems during the last few decades. These pipes are ideal for household plumbing pipework because they do not rust or corrode over time. The only time these pipes need to be replaced is if they get broken or leak. The PVC connecting pipes are an essential component of the toilet pipe. For transporting drinking water, PVC pipes are a safe option. This is owing to their high level of inertness and corrosion resistance. As a result, PVC pipes are free of biofilm contamination, which can serve as a breeding ground for germs. PVC pipes benefit public health by assisting in the provision of clean water. Different types of plumbing pipes constructed of various materials are used in building construction projects for diverse functions such as water supply, drainage, and waste disposal. A sufficient amount of water should be accessible at all required locations in any structure to suit the diverse needs of occupants. As a result, water requirements must be carefully calculated prior to

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the construction of a facility. The transmission water is carried through pipes that run above or below ground within the structure. At the same time, we must calculate the required drainage facilities for the effluent to be drained through pipes.

Benefits of PVC pipes in construction 1. Strength: PVC pipes are strong and hardy pipes. Along with good mechanical strength they have high abrasion resistance. Forget worries about damages during transport and installation with PVC pipes. 2. Lightweight: It’s one of the biggest advantages of PVC pipes compared to alternative materials used for piping. Less weight means lower cost of transportation and lower labour charges. At the same time, the work goes faster as a single person can handle a large piece of pipe easily. 3. Variety of sizes: Renowned brands like Ori-Plast are manufacturing PVC pipes in a wide range of diameters and sizes to meet every construction needs. Are you looking for indoor sink drain lines or as outdoor garden hose pipe or a bigger dimension for other plumbing or wiring needs? Ori-Plast PVC pipes has it covered along with their compatible fittings. 4. Leak-proof joints: When you use Ori-Plast ‘sure tight’ solvent cement along with their PVC pipes and fittings, you get completely leak-proof settings without any hassles at all. 5. Flexibility: Ori-Plast presents pipes for every domestic requirement that have superior resistance to fracture. Need an outdoor pipe for external installation or concealed wiring? Check out Ori-Plast uPVC pipes (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride).

Need pipes to carry hot/cold water? Try

Ori-Plastc PVC pipes (Chlorinated Polyvinyl

Chloride). Looking for piping solutions for underground applications where soil movement of vibrations are anticipated?

Enjoy the advantage of Ori-Plast PVC-O pipes that can deliver excellent performance even under up-to 25 bars pressure. 6. Easy to install: The common factor in each of these lightweight PVC pipes is that they’re super easy to install. You can cut, weld or join them easily in your required shape and still expect the same performance as ever. 7. Long lifespan with zero maintenance:

Ori-Plast pipes have expected service life of over 50 years with minimal to zero cost of maintenance. 8. Non-toxic, safe material: Chemical inertness of PVC ensures it’s safe and non-toxic material for transporting drinking water. 9. Fire resistant: PVC pipes are not flammable and don’t continue to burn without an external source of ignition. 10. Corrosion resistant: Unlike the alternative pipe materials, PVC doesn’t get corroded when exposed to harsh chemicals or UV rays.

This makes them perfect choice as drainage/

SWR pipes, outdoor plumbing solutions etc. 11. Bio-form resistant: Ori-Plast PVC pipes are bio-form resistant. Hence, chances of the

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water getting contaminated or microbes festering from within the pipe are almost negligible. These fittings are in charge of connecting the pipes in a variety of ways in order to provide effective plumbing solutions for any situation. Every uPVC fitting serves a specific purpose and should be purchased in accordance with the intended application and type of plumbing system. Before choosing a fitting, keep in mind that uPVC fittings are available in a variety of quality levels. Only choose solutions from India's leading pipes and fittings businesses to ensure your system's reliability and endurance. uPVC Pipes Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride or uPVC is a rigid polymer, best suitable for manufacturing sturdy plumbing pipes and fittings. Unlike regular PVC, unplasticised PVC does not contain BPA and phthalates, making them extra tough. That’s the reason uPVC is popularly also known as rigid plastic. These pipes are suitable for a wide variety of industrial uses. Benefits of uPVC pipes in industrial plumbing Durable under excess stress: UPVC pipes and fittings offer better durability and longevity, even under extra stress. So, you can use these pipes for all types of industrial purposes. Sturdy and low maintenance: Unplasticised PVC is less porous as a material. It increases pipe strength and reduces maintenance requirements. Water safety: Lead-free UPVC is safe for carrying drinking water and water for other human usages. So, you can use these pipes in the health and hospitality businesses without any risk of water contamination. Low sedimentation: UPVC pipes designed for industrial uses are less prone to sedimentation. It ensures negligible reduction in the crosssectional area over long term use; and allows better flow consistently. Self-extinguishing, better fire safety: UPVC is a self-extinguishing material. In industrial uses, UPVC pipes and fittings allow essential fire safety. Best value for money: Highly economic UPVC plumbing pipes and fittings reduce the initial ownership costs, whether small, medium or large projects. Lower maintenance requirement also reduces ownership costs over pipes’ lifecycle. Different Types of PVC Pipe Fittings Caps: Caps are fittings that are used at the end of the pipeline to stop the water flow. This allows plumbers to restrict water flow at a certain location in the pipes which can be accessed later. Caps are prominently used in construction to stop water flow temporarily. Tees: Tees are among the most commonly purchased items when buying uPVC pipes and fittings. These fittings allow for a range of piping services as they can be accessed from three ends. They work well to connect pipes running in a straight line or those that need to be angled at 90 degrees. Elbows: Another popular connector after Tees is Elbows. These fitting have two openings and work perfectly for piping systems that need to be connected at a turn. The most prominent options by leading pipes and fittings companies in India are elbows with a 45-degree and 90-degree pipe bend. Coupling: Once the plumbing design has been

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finalized, there may be several places where joints are required. For those cases where a permanent fix is required to connect two pipes, uPVC fittings known as couplings are used. In most cases, they are used to connect two pipes of a similar size. However, solutions to connect pipes of different sizes may also be available and need to be purchased in accordance with the diameter of the pipes being used. Just like the pipes, uPVC fittings are durable and sturdy at a relatively cheaper cost. No plumbing system can be complete without the right fittings to secure the pipes. Bear in mind each uPVC fitting is designed to serve a particular purpose for a particular size of pipe used. Importance of Right Pipe Measurement Professional plumbers can listen to our needs, offer suggestions for correct plumbing design, advise on pipe selection, and install the pipes to ensure that your home's plumbing system is in good working order. However, it is our (the homeowners') personal responsibility to make the final selection after carefully weighing all of the options. There is no one who can accomplish it for us. First of all,getting the correct measurement before you go PVC pipe shopping is critical to your home plumbing project, irrespective of you do it yourself or hire a professional plumber. You don't want to get home and find out that the pipe is too short or long. Second, the appropriate measurement of diameters and lengths of PVC and UPVC pipes and connectors help to plan the plumbing work better. You get the chance to iron out design flaws ahead of spending your money and prepare your plumbing budget correctly. Third,the correct measurement of PVC and

UPVC pipes and fittings helps negotiate better deals with PVC and UPVC suppliers. You can save a lot on transportation costs. The top PVC and UPVC pipes manufacturers sell plumbing solutions in all possible standard sizes and deliver non-standard sizes for customised orders. So, even if your project is smaller in scope, the right measurement of pipes and connectors can save future hassles. For domestic water supply and sewage line plumbing work, expert plumbers prefer UPVC pipes and connectors. The following are some of the advantages of UPVC pipes: • Because unplasticized PVC or UPVC is less porous, it requires less care. • Even in the health and hospitality industries, top uPVC pipe manufacturers, such as Ori-Plast, employ lead-free material to transport water that is safe for human consumption. • The small probability of sedimentation ensures that the cross-sectional area of uPVC plumbing pipes remains unchanged. • The sturdy and long-lasting uPVC can be used to make a variety of pipes and connectors. • uPVC is tasteless and odourless, making it ideal for transporting any liquid. • For projects of any size, highly cost-effective uPVC lowers the total cost of ownership. • Outdoor plumbing exposed to severe sunlight might benefit from all-weather UV-resistant uPVC product lines. Indian PVC Pipe Market The Indian PVC pipe market is expanding at a strong rate as a result of massive government infrastructure spending. PVC pipes are chosen over traditional pipes because of their durability and wide range of applications. In addition, the construction and agricultural industries are likely to increase demand for PVC pipes in the future. Growing demand for PVC pipes has been recognised as a driver, thanks to the government's massive infrastructure spending. Furthermore, the expansion of the real estate market contributes to the demand. It has also been discovered that the agriculture sector makes extensive use of PVC pipes for all of their agricultural purposes. The government's subsidies and investments should help to boost demand for PVC pipes. PVC pipes are in more demand than other types of pipes due to their advantageous features, which also drives up replacement demand. One of the issues facing the PVC pipe market is the rising trend in crude oil costs, which is squeezing producers' profit margins. Due to intense competition, the price rise cannot be passed on to the client. As a result, the organised sector faces a challenge from poor profit margins. Popularity of CPVC pipes, which have numerous positive features and find increasing application in both industrial and domestic usage, is one of the main trends in the PVC pipes industry. India must import PVC pipes from other countries since domestic demand is usually high. In addition, to meet demand, numerous players are boosting their PVC pipe production capacity. CM

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Door Automation

induStrial door automation; SigniFiCanCe, demand & typeS

In India, industrial automation has made life simpler, always from the standpoint of comfort and convenience. And the reality is that technology had to advance a long way before current automatic garage doors could be activated with a single click. The industrial automations in India today are the result of a long tradition that dates back further than you might think: Heron of Alexandria, a famous Greek-Egyptian engineer, invented the first known automatic gate, a structure activated by the effect of water vapour on a set of pulleys, in the first century of our era. Automatic door openers installed in your warehouse will make your life lot easier, more enjoyable, and convenient. Warehouse door openers that open automatically are becoming increasingly common. Automatic door openers are being used by a huge number of individuals for various causes or hobbies.

Automatic doors are useful for everyone, even if they are carrying two bags or a cart, because they can be opened without using their hands. Automatic doors are frequently used in high-traffic locations. By minimising yearly heating and cooling expenses, automatic doors help you save energy and money. To prevent doors from being left open, doors open only when activated and close automatically. They also keep outside air and dust out while also preventing the loss of air conditioning. The advancement of automatic doors has offered considerable benefits to industrial clients during the last 40 years. The continuous shift from sluggish, stiff doors to high-speed doors has resulted in considerable productivity gains and energy savings. The quest of high-speed, high-cycle

utomation a Door

automation, on the other hand, enhances awareness of the risks that high operating speeds can pose to a door opening. High-speed door operation has the potential to threaten worker safety if proper safety procedures are not taken.

Automatic doors are fairly common in business buildings since they are highly convenient for individuals who work and visit. On the other hand, picking the right automated door is crucial to reaping the benefits of these doors. The owner, the layout designer, and the door provider are all responsible for ensuring that the automatic door at a facility is acceptable, functional, and safe. Automatic entrance/exit door control is often used in public places such as grocery shops, corporations, transit stations, airports, and wholesale department stores to decrease the requirement for human opening and closing activities. Sensor-based automated door control systems currently employ infrared, ultrasonic/radio, and other wireless sensing modalities. The first category is further separated into aggressive and passive tactics. The current operation generates a message. To select the appropriate industrial door, you must first determine whether it will be used inside or outside, as well as the working environment in which it will be installed and the level of security necessary. This will assist in determining the best material for the door. Steel is the most prevalent metal used in high-crime locations to make doors. Other durable materials utilised in door construction include vinyl and aluminium. other factors for selection include: Doors can open in a variety of ways, including sliding upwards or swinging doors that open to the right or left. Other doors can be opened inwards or outwards. It's critical to think about how a door opens if you want your facility's operations to function properly. The amount of space available to install the door is a significant consideration. The kind of control: manual or remote-controlled doors are available. The door's size: depending on its intended use, it must be feasible. It is not suggested to use doors that are more than 10 metres wide since they are more difficult to open.

utomation a Door

Advantages of a sectional industrial door The Sectional Industrial Door only utilises the upper portion of the room to function, a sectional industrial door might be beneficial in a small area.

This is a huge door with insulated panels that is erected outside. The panels are hinged and rise up to make more room for circulation. The panels will be raised vertically, with a particular slant, or sliding along the ceiling, depending on the space available above the entrance. A manual or motorised method can be used to operate this sort of door. They consume relatively little energy. Sectional doors are heavy-duty, and when they're thick enough (80 mm), they can keep warehouses, buildings, and even more insulatively sensitive regions closed. Roll-up Doors Industrial roll-up doors are flexible, high-speed doors. These flexible yet stiff doors have a fast opening speed and are very light. They're designed for crossing regions that are isolated from one another (sound or thermal insulation) and require a lot of opening and shutting actions owing to the number of crossings. They form a functional barrier between manufacturing and storage areas. Soft doors, on the other hand, do not prevent trespassing. Heat loss is reduced due to the fast opening and shutting speeds, resulting in energy savings. These doors also help to limit sound dispersion and keep dust from surrounding work areas at bay. Lacquered steel or stainless steel doors are designed for use in climate-controlled situations (supermarkets, the food industry, etc.). Metal doors are commonly utilised in industry, but they may also be used to close boathouses or aeroplane hangars. They have the benefit of being quite simple to clean. Their decontamination is aided by the metal structure's basic and smooth contours, which are free of indentations. Flexible Strip Door A flexible strip door, also known as a strip curtain, can be used to create a relative separation between two spaces while maintaining maximum visibility. The strip curtain comes in a variety of forms to suit your needs: you may change the type of strips to get the covering you want. By overlapping, the strips form a seal. The wider the overlap, the better the curtain seals, but it becomes more difficult to get through. These doors are constructed out of translucent strips that seal a gap while allowing light to pass through. They're safe to use in food processing and clean rooms. overhead Door Galvanized steel is used for industrial overhead doors. Because they are often huge in size, they are best suited for large spaces. They can have springs or counterweights fitted. Because these doors are often used, the second option is preferred because counterweights, in addition to being a sturdy and trustworthy mechanism, provide for a smooth and silent opening and shutting. A galvanised sheet metal box protects the counterweight and contributes to the door's attractiveness. Pedestrian doors can be used

in conjunction with industrial overhead doors. Overhead doors have the benefit of requiring almost little maintenance, but they take up a lot of room due to their size. Manual And Automatic Doors Traction cables or chain hoists are commonly used in manual control systems. An electrical mechanism is built into automatic doors. Pull switch, key switch, code or key pad, radar, remote control, timer, magnetic card, and other electrical technologies are used for automatic control. Using the different mechanisms discussed above, high-security automated doors for communal usage offer free or controlled entry to protected areas. A transmitter and receiver can also be used to open industrial doors automatically. A wireless transmitter and receiver are used to control the automated opening and closing of flexible, sectional, or metal curtain high-speed doors with this radio control system. There are a number of benefits, including no cable installation, adaptability to all control boxes and cabinets, battery-free operation, and no maintenance. Safety with Automatic Doors Why do injuries occur despite the fact that automatic doors are equipped with several safety features? Is there something wrong with the design? Is it because there isn't enough supervision? Is there a lack of maintenance? Cost? Many of these factors contribute to the onset of damage. The majority of the time, bad design is not the root of the problem. After checking hundreds of doors and doing installation and maintenance on a wide range of door products over the past 25 years, I have to state that the great majority of incidents are caused by the property owner failing to follow the manufacturer's suggested maintenance instructions.

When an automatic door installation is completed, the installer or manufacturer should give a formal field demonstration of the product. Management should ensure that their employees have received enough training in order to understand the duties associated with properly maintaining these door goods. The installation team will usually offer manuals with thorough instructions that explain the duties of the owner/user in ensuring the safe operation of the automatic door system. These instructions detail the required service intervals for the door system, as well as routine functionality and additional features. The majority of manufacturers highly advise maintaining a service contract with the installer for routine maintenance and adjustments. For the safe operation of some doors, something as simple as washing and cleaning the electronic eye lenses is required. Depending on the amount of dirt and trash in the region as well as the weather, this may need to be done on a regular basis. Other, more advanced diagnostics are not possible for end users and necessitate regular service from a technician.

The basic maintenance of these door systems should, in most situations, be performed on a daily basis. Several rotating door manufacturers have told me that their goods should be

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utomation a Door

inspected, tested, and reviewed on a daily basis. These machines are intricate and should be handled with the same caution as a roller coaster ride at a theme park. They simply must be examined by trained experts on a daily basis. • Door edge wrapping comes in a variety of styles, as well as high-strength, long-lasting seal strips that fulfil purification standards. • On-wall operator track rails are mounted directly to the wall, allowing for quick and easy installation. • These doors are elegant, delicate, useful, and trustworthy, and may be equipped with high-quality hardware. • When the power goes out, the unique design of these doors helps to reduce the force required to open them manually. • When working quietly and fast, the sound insulation effect is good. • When the door is closed, the rubber lining sealing technology in these doors, together with the groove on the guide rail, allows the door to be entirely sealed. • An activation device is a detector that detects and delivers an open command to the drive control/control unit. • The control unit usually includes timer switches, opening speed, angle, and hold-open duration. • The door is opened by the door drive, which uses motor force. The drive pulls the door open and then closes it. • Sensor strips: As the door closes, sensor strips trace the path of the door leaves and the edges of the door. Conclusion In 2021, the worldwide automated door market was valued at US$ 18.44 billion. According to the publication, the market will reach US$ 30.09 billion by 2027, with a CAGR of 8.27 percent from 2022 to 2027. We're constantly watching and assessing the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 on various end-use industries, keeping in mind the pandemic's uncertainty. As a prominent market contributor, these insights are incorporated in the research. When it detects a human approaching it, an automated door opens and shuts depending on changes in sound, light, pressure, and motion. It is quick, safe, secure, simple to use, and noiseless, and it takes up less space, saves energy, maintains a sanitary atmosphere, and allows for easy access to the premises. As a result, it may be found in a variety of residential, commercial, and industrial settings, such as hospitals, airports, workplaces, supermarkets, shopping malls, and railway stations. The construction industry's enormous rise has emerged as one of the primary factors driving market growth in recent years. Automatic doors are becoming more widely used to give secure and convenient door access to people with disabilities. Furthermore, these doors are widely used in the defence and military sectors to improve security, allow for safe evacuation, and reduce the need for human labour. Aside from that, leading market players are including novel features such as bollards, boom barriers, and lock and shutter systems into their product offerings to broaden their market reach. CM

Cement

Cement CompoSition and proCeSS oF manuFaCturing

Cement is an essential component of concrete, the world's most widely used man-made substance. Cementitious materials make up over half of all items created each year. ements are dry powders that are not to be mistaken with concrete or mortar, although they are an essential component of both, serving as the "glue" that keeps structures together. Concrete contains grit aggregates, whereas mortar is made out of cement and sand. Cement is an incredibly important construction element since it is a significant component of each of these building materials. It's used in many contemporary structures, including skyscrapers, bridges, harbours, runways, and highways. It's also used to make building facades and other ornamental elements. Cements can be used on their own, but they are most commonly employed in mortar and concrete, when they are combined with an inert substance called as aggregate. Mortar is a mixture of cement and sand or crushed stone with a particle size of less than 5 mm (0.2 inch). Concrete is made composed of cement, sand or other fine aggregate, and a coarse aggregate that ranges from 19 to 25 mm (0.75 to 1 inch) in size for most applications, but may be as big as 150 mm (6 inches) when used in enormous masses like dams. Mortars are used to bond bricks, blocks, and stone in walls, as well as to render surfaces. Concrete is utilised in a wide range of building projects. The basis for roadways is made up of dirt and portland cement mixtures. Bricks, tiles, shingles, pipes, beams, railroad ties, and other extruded goods are all made with Portland cement. The goods are prefabricated in factories and delivered to the customer ready to install. Composition Portland cement is made up mostly of lime (calcium oxide, CaO) and silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2), as well as alumina (alumina dioxide, Al2O3) (aluminum oxide, Al2O3). The lime comes from a calcareous (lime-containing) raw material, whereas the other oxides come from an argillaceous (clayey) source. Smaller amounts of other

Cement

raw materials such silica sand, iron oxide (Fe2O3), and bauxite (which contains hydrated aluminium, Al(OH)3) may be added to get the necessary composition. Limestone and chalk are the most frequent calcareous raw materials, however other calcareous raw materials, such as coral or shell deposits, are sometimes employed. The most prevalent argillaceous raw materials are clays, shales, slates, and estuary muds. Both calcareous and argillaceous components are present in marl, a compact calcareous clay, and cement rock in proportions that resemble cement compositions. Blast-furnace slag, which is mostly composed of lime, silica, and alumina and is combined with a calcareous substance with a high lime concentration, is another raw material. The argillaceous component of white portland cement is kaolin, a white clay with very little iron oxide. Other alternative source materials include industrial wastes such as fly ash and calcium carbonate from chemical manufacturing, although their utilisation is minor in comparison to that of the others. Another important raw element is gypsum, which is added to the burnt cement clinker during grinding to regulate the cement's setting time. In addition to calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate or anhydrite can be used instead of calcium carbonate in a combined process with sulfuric acid. Normal mechanisms transform the sulphur dioxide generated in flue gases during combustion to sulfuric acid. Processing and extraction Quarrying is used to remove raw materials used in the making of cement in the case of hard rocks such as limestones, slates, and certain shales, with the use of blasting when necessary. Underground techniques are used to mine some resources. Excavators may dig directly through softer rocks like chalk and clay. Trucks, railway freight carriages, conveyor belts, and ropeways transfer the excavated materials to the crusher facility. They can also be carried by pipeline in a wet or slurry form. In areas where limestones with a high enough lime concentration are not accessible, a beneficiation procedure can be utilised. Froth flotation will remove excess silica or alumina from the limestone and so upgrade it, but it is an expensive procedure that is only done when it is inevitable. Manufacturing of Cement Portland cement is made in four stages: (1) crushing and grinding the raw materials, (2) mixing the components in the proper proportions, (3) kilning the prepared mix, and (4) grinding the kilned result, known as "clinker," with around 5% gypsum (to control the time of set of the cement). The raw materials are ground wet and given to the kiln as a slurry, ground dry and fed as a dry powder, or ground dry and then moistened to form nodules and fed to the kiln as a semidry process. Chredding and grinding: Except for soft materials, which are crushed in two stages and then ground in a revolving, cylindrical ball mill or tube mill holding a charge of steel grinding balls, all materials are crushed first. This grinding can be done wet or dry, depending on the procedure, however raw materials may need to be dried beforehand in cylindrical, rotating dryers for dry grinding. Blending: Selective quarrying and management of the raw material feed to the crushing and grinding mill give a first approximation of the chemical composition necessary for a particular cement. Material is drawn from two or more batches of raw mixes with slightly varied compositions for finer control. These mixtures are kept in silos in the dry phase and slurry tanks in the wet process. Agitation and rapid circulation provided by compressed air ensure thorough mixing of the dry materials in the silos. The slurry tanks in the wet process are churned by mechanical methods, compressed air, or both. The slurry is occasionally filtered to reduce the water content to 20 to 30%, and the filter cake is then supplied to the kiln. This minimises the amount of fuel required for combustion. Burning: Bottle kilns were the first kilns to burn cement in batches, followed by chamber kilns, and finally continuous shaft kilns. In certain nations, the shaft kiln is still used in a modernised version, although the rotary kiln is the most common method of burning. These kilns are made out of a steel, cylindrical shell coated with refractory materials and may be up to 200 metres (660 feet) long and six metres in diameter in wet process plants but shorter in dry process plants. They spin slowly on an axis that is angled to the horizontal by a few degrees. The raw material feed is inserted at the top of the kiln and gradually goes down to the bottom, or firing, end. Pulverized coal, oil, or natural gas pumped through a conduit can all be used as fuel for burning. Depending on the raw materials being burnt, the temperature at the firing end ranges from roughly 1,350 to 1,550 °C (2,460 to 2,820 °F). At the rear end of the kiln, a heat exchanger is typically used to maximise heat transmission to

Cement

the entering raw materials and thereby minimise heat loss in the waste gases. Small clinker nodules emerge from the kiln as the burnt result. These are then transported to coolers, where the heat is transmitted to the incoming air and the product is chilled. The raw materials, in the form of nodules containing 10 to 15% water, are fed onto a moving chain grate before being sent to the shorter rotating kiln in the semidry process. The raw nodules on the grate are preheated by hot gases pulled through them from the kiln. Grinding: In horizontal mills similar to those used for grinding raw materials, the clinker and the needed amount of gypsum are crushed to a fine powder. The material may travel through the mill without being separated from the ground product (open-circuit grinding), or it may be separated from the ground product and returned to the mill for additional grinding (closed-circuit grinding). A tiny quantity of grinding assistance is sometimes applied to the feed material. The addition of an air-entraining agent is made in the same way for air-entraining cements (described in the next section). Different Types of Cement Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): The most extensively used type of cement is ordinary Portland cement, which is suited for all types of concrete building. With yearly global production of roughly 3.8 million cubic metres, it is the most widely produced and utilised form of cement on the planet. This cement can be used in any type of concrete building. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC): Grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland cement produces Portland pozzolana cement. It can also be made by combining fine pozzolana with gypsum or calcium sulphate, or by blending Portland cement and fine pozzolana closely and uniformly. When compared to ordinary portland cement, this cement has a higher resistance to various chemical attacks on concrete, and as a result, it is widely used. It's employed in maritime constructions, sewage works, and underwater concrete laying, such as bridges, piers, dams, and mass concrete works, among other things. Rapid Hardening Cement: Rapid hardening cement achieves high strength quickly and is similar to ordinary portland cement. It is used in concrete where formwork is removed early in the process (OPC). This cement has a higher lime content, higher c3s content, and finer grinding, resulting in a stronger early strength development than OPC. Rapid hardening cement has a three-day strength that is comparable to OPC's seven-day strength when the water-cement ratio is the same. As a result, the advantage of this cement is that formwork can be removed early, increasing building speed and lowering construction costs by reducing formwork costs. Quick-Setting Cement: The only difference between quick-setting and rapid-hardening cement is that quick-setting cement cures faster. Simultaneously,

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Cement

the rate of strength increase is comparable to Ordinary Portland Cement, but quick hardening cement gains strength rapidly. In both circumstances, the formwork can be removed sooner. Quick setting cement is used for concreting in static or moving water and where work must be done in a short period of time. Low Heat Cement: Low heat cement is made by increasing the quantity of C2S while keeping the percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6%. The concrete produces low heat of hydration due to a tiny amount of tricalcium aluminate. Because of the low heat of hydration, low heat cement is suitable for mass concrete construction such as gravity dams, as it prevents concrete breaking owing to heat. This cement offers stronger resistance to sulphates, is less reactive, and has a longer initial setting time than OPC. Sulfates Resisting Cement: Sulfate-resistant cement is used in the construction of foundations where the soil has a high sulphate content to limit the risk of sulphate attack on concrete. The amount of C3A and C4AF in this cement has decreased. Sulfate resistant cement is utilised in building subjected to strong sulphate action by water and soil in areas like canals linings, culverts, retaining walls, syphons, etc. High Alumina Cement: High alumina cement is made by melting a bauxite-lime combination and mixing it with clinker. It's a quick-setting cement that takes around 3.5 and 5 hours to firm in the beginning and end, respectively. This cement has a higher compressive strength and is more workable than standard portland cement, making it ideal for projects involving high temperatures, frost, or acidic activity. White Cement: It is made from iron oxide-free raw materials and is a white variant of conventional portland cement. It is more expensive and is used for architectural purposes such as precast curtain wall and facing panels, terrazzo surfaces, and interior and exterior decorative work such as building exterior renderings, facing slabs, floorings, ornamental concrete products, garden paths, swimming pools, and so on. Colored cement: It's made by combining 5- 10% mineral pigments with regular cement. They're commonly employed for decorative floor work. Air-Entertaining Cement: During the grinding of clinker, air-entraining agents such as resins, glues, sodium salts of sulphates, and other indigenous air-entraining agents are added. This type of cement is particularly well suited to improving workability with a lower water-cement ratio and improving concrete's frost resistance. Expansive Cement: Expansive cement expands slightly over time but does not shrink during or after the hardening process. Anchor bolts and prestressed concrete ducts are typically grouted using this cement. Hydrographic Cement: Hydrographic cement is made by combining compounds that repel water and has a good workability and strength. It has the ability to repel water and is unaffected by rain or monsoon. Dams, water tanks, spillways, water retention structures, and other water structures are commonly constructed with hydrophobic cement.

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