COST EFFECTIVE SUSTAINABLE HOUSING

COST EFFECTIVE SUSTAINABLE HOUSING ELEZEBETH BAIJU

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank all the people who contributed in some way to the work described in this research.

First and foremost, I thank my dissertation coordinator, Ar. Monolita Chaterjee for her timely guidance, support and patience all throughout the process.

Every result described in this dissertation was accomplished with the help and support of my mentors Ar. George Mathai and Ar. Shyne.U. Khan. My sincere thanks for their unconditional support, timely guidance and patience from the very to beginning of the report till the end . I was fortunate enough to have had the chance to work with Ar. Shyne. U. Khan, who patiently sat with me in the most critical times to rationalize my thoughts and arrive at the result.

Additionally, I would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff of KMEA college of Architecture, director Ar. Atul Kedia and H.O.D Ar. Abhishek Xavier for all the support and encouragement.

I owe my sincere gratitude towards my parents and sibling for their emotional support and cooperation

Above all, the Almighty .

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ABSTRACT

India, like rising economies, is going through rapidly accelerated urbanization.

According to census report of India as on 2001, over 72% of the population existed over rural areas, and 28% lived in urban areas. Eventually as per 2011 census, these figures transformed to 69% rural population and 21% constitute for urban population.

As per estimates, around 600 million people would make urban India their home by 2031, a whopping 59% growth compared to 2011. As a n expanding extent for India's population begins taking part in this urban growth story, it acquires mounting pressure on the existing infrastructure, which needs to in any case keep pace with those developing demand, if not be ahead of the curve.

The current housing deficiency over India stands about 19 million units which may double if not properly taken care of to 38 million units by 2030. 95% of the deprived will be EWS (economically weaker sections ) and LIG (low money group) segments. While this number is huge, there is also a substantial number of upper end of LIG band and lower to middle end of MIG band, which comprises ‗the emerging middle class‘, who are also deprived of decent living conditions. The deficiency in this classification will be roughly 4 lakh units, which, assuming that not addressed, might further magnify the issues and problems for unplanned and unsustainable urbanization. Facts indicate that more than 80% from EWS and LIG are staying over congested homes.

The absence of accessible housing options, joined by limited salary and minimal access to home finance, implies that a huge number of Indian families at present live in cramped, poorly constructed houses/slum areas/shanties. They need an entry to clean furthermore sound environment, and basic and fundamental needs such as: sanitatio n, clean water, sewage disposal and waste management. Thus, ‗Affordable Housing‘ is an

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idea whose time has come, and sooner rather than later, planned sustainable urbanization will have to be by default and not by choice.

In this research, several case studies are looked upon, sustainable and newer advancements are studied to arrive at conclusions on creating sustainable-affordable houses for the homeless and needed.

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CONTENT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 11 1.1: AIM ................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 : OBJECTIVE:............................................................................................................................. 13 1.3 : SCOPE ............................................................................................................................. 13 1.4 : METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH ................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE STUDY................................................................................................. 17 2.1 : INDIA ........................................................................................................................................ 17

2.1.1 : CURRENT PROBLEMS FACED IN INDIA ..................................................................... 18 2.1.2 Child abuse ................................................................................................................ 19 2.1.3 : An upcoming crisis .................................................................................................... 19 2.1.4 : The Daily Diary of Sheena, 12 years old, living in a slum in Mumbai ........................... 20 2.2 : KERALA.................................................................................................................................... 22

2.2.1 : PROBLEMS FACED IN KERALA ............................................................................... 23 2.2.2 : EWS (Economically weaker section) .......................................................................... 24 2.2.3 : Crime rate in Kerala .......................................................................................................... 25 2.3 : HOUSING SCHEME ................................................................................................................ 27

2.3.1 : ONE LAKH HOUSES SCHEME........................................................................................... 28 2.3.2 : Analysis on housing schemes ..................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 3: SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND ITS CONCEPTS ...................................... 29 3.1 : SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE ............................................................................................ 29 3.2 : Green buildings ........................................................................................................................ 30 3.3 : Cost effective construction ................................................................................................ 31 3.4 : Social sustainability .......................................................................................................... 32 3.5 : Net zero buildings ............................................................................................................. 34

CHAPTER 4: FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS/ TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS ....................... 36 4.1 : WHAT IS INTELLIGENT ARCHITECTURE?.......................................................................... 36 4.2 : Arbortecture ........................................................................................................................... 37 4.3 : Solar tiles .......................................................................................................................... 39

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4.4 : Modular construction ........................................................................................................ 40 4.5 : Building from waste .......................................................................................................... 42

CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDIES ........................................................................................................... 43 5.1 : ARANYA LOW COST HOUSING................................................................................................ 44 5.2 : Ansal Esencia – Green Township in Gurgaon ......................................................................... 47 5.3 : AUROVILLE PONDICHERRY .......................................................................................... 49 5.4 : MASDAR CITY ................................................................................................................. 53 5.5 : GOOD EARTH HAMLET- ERNAKULAM .......................................................................... 55

CHAPTER 6 : ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON ................................................................................ 59 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................. 69 CHAPTER 8: RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................. 75 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................. 86

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : Proportion of poor in India and in Kerala ..............................................24 Figure 2: Housing shortage in Kerala ......................................................................25 Figure 3: Cases registered in India .........................................................................26 Figure 4: Housing schemes and total units completed .........................................27 Figure 5: Effect of cost-changing events on key cost elements .. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 6: Trees being molded to form shelters and spaces to sit ........................ 37 Figure 7: Living root bridge, Meghalaya ..................................................................37 Figure 8: Process of transforming a tree into a living unit ......................................38 Figure 9: Anatomy of solar roof tile .........................................................................39 Figure 10: Types of solar tiles .................................................................................39 Figure 11: Prefabrication process ............................................................................40 Figure 12: Different units being assembled together to create a housing unit ......41 Figure 13: Different units being assembled to make a prefab house ....................41 Figure 14: Ecodomum; panels made of waste plastic compressed ......................42 Figure 15: House made of recycled plastic panels ...............................................42 Figure 16: Layout plan of Aranya housing ..............................................................44 Figure 17: Residential and commercial layout ........................................................45 Figure 18: Customization models based on plan and built-up mass .....................45 Figure 19: Ansal Esencia : Green township ............................................................47 Figure 20: Street interface - active green areas with lawns and for the children to play .................................................................................................................................. 47 Figure 21: Isometric view of an apartment ..............................................................48 Figure 22: Layout plan of Pondicherry ....................................................................49 Figure 23: Pedestrian distance between main roads ............................................50 Figure 24: Community housing centres by Vikas made of earth blocks ...............51 Figure 25: Masdar city .............................................................................................53 Figure 26: Important strategies adopted on key factors .........................................54 Figure 27.1, 23.2, and 23.3: Housing unit to street interface, Housing unit to courtyard interface .............................................................................................. 55 Figure 28: Plan of God Earth hamlet .................................................................. 56 Figure 29: Terrace spaces- act as space for interaction, farming and other utility function .....................................................................................................................57 Figure 30.1, 26.2, 26.3, 26.4: Housing units in Hamlet ..........................................58

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Figure 31: A conceptual framework for sustainable – affordable housing for the poor........................................................................................................................... 74

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Housing beholds different factors within itself i.e. Comfort, wellbeing, security and over all identity. Access to safe , healthy and hygienic shelter with adequate amenities is a basic right of all individual in spite of sexual, social, racial and financial equality.

It is assessed that there are more than hundred million destitute who have no place to live and above 1 billion people in our world who are inadequately housed combined with six hundred million people who live in houses which either life threatening or health threatening.

We are entering a world of crest oil, peak water and peak phosphorus, a world that is comprehensively interconnected yet environmentally impoverished.

A world with seven billion individuals and more on the process.

A world where each and every major environmental framework is in decrease and the rate of that decay is expanding. A world where worldwide temperature builds, implies changing precipitation circulations, polluting seas and possibly disastrous ocean level ascent.

According to the United Nations Environment Program, buildings account for nearly half of the world‘s energy expenditures, 40% of greenhouse gas emissions, 25% of the earth‘s potable water, and, in developed countries, over 20% of all solid waste generated (including food waste, yard waste and non-recycled materials). When we look at these statistics, it becomes clear that adopting sustainable design strategies is an essential way to move forward to minimize environmental damage and reduce energy consumption.

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Architecture and Urbanism play an important role in the consumption and distribution of resources. The design of the built environment plays a crucial role in achieving equitable and sustainable consumption of resources. Carbon emissions directly depend on how we design our cities and buildings. In order to s ustain ourselves and our future, we need to take immediate action and identify the necessary strategies and ways to bring down this carbon footprint used in buildings . The definition of sustainabi lity should thoroughly be studied and understood upon to battle our journey through the climate change crises.

By the middle of this century, our cities are likely to be hotter, experience more dramatic changes in weather, be noisier and have an increasingly tenuous relationship with our natural world.

Determining what sustainability is crucial and methods and practices to

attain

sustainability is what should be looked down promptly. Self-sustaining building (SSB) is the practice of building structures, communities and lifestyles that have low to zero impact on the environment whilst providing their own energy, water and waste services.

These type of buildings should be thoroughly studied upon to check whether these type of buildings can be the future of sustainable architecture. (Tipple et ai., 200S, UN 200S, Erguden, 200 I, UNCHS 1996) ―Sustainability must be the foundation of all development and conservation planning in the future because human health and well being, and the health of our planet as a whole, is dependent on adopting sustainable practices.‖ —Tom Hoctor, Ph.D.

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1.1 : AIM: To aim of the paper is to set out ideas and proposals for creating sustainable (includes social sustainability) houses for the poorer sectors of society in the context of India and Kerala in particular and thereby reducing slums and homelessness.

1.2 : OBJECTIVE: 

Understand and analyze the housing problems faced in India, specifically in Kerala (social, environmental and infrastructural problems).



Propose ideas and proposals to tackle these problems architecturally focusing mainly on residences and the poorer sections of the society (low cost self sustainable buildings) keeping sustainability as the key factor.



To create effective design proposals for a sustainable house for the economically weaker section of the society to reduce their income wastage on their homes (electricity, water, power) so that they can concentrate their money on other fields of their life (children's education, health etc)

1.3 : SCOPE AND LIMITATION THE

FUTURE

CHALLENGE

IS EXHIBITING HOW WE

CAN TRANSFORM

STRUCTURES/SPACE FROM BEING THE ISSUE TO BEING THE SOLUTION. This report deals with study of: 

problems (social and infrastructural problems) faced by India and specifically by Kerala

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Case studies of different successful sustainable communities ,settlements and buildings around the world is studied and analyzed to develop useful conclusion and recommendations applicable to Kerala/India region and to EWS sector. Conclusions and recommendations are made mainly on the basis of theoretical study done on that region and verbally or personally felt experiences which maybe contradictory to other viewpoints in the same topic.

This report only studies the periphery of the topic. The ideas and recommendations proposed are only in a conceptual level which is to be detailed for effective implementation and successful running of the proposals.

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1.4 : METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH REDEFINING SUSTAINABILITY FOR POOR STUDY Sustainable houses for economically weaker section

Existing sustainable practices

Housing problems faced by EWS in Kerala:

Framework of sustainability by rating agencies

 

Data collection

 

Case-studies

Live study

 

Literature study

1. Good Earth hamlet 2. Good Earth Melange 3. Traditional/conventiona l Kerala houses

Surveys statistics by government agencies verbal conversation newspaper articles and interviews site visits Data collection

Case study :  

slum settlement Housing projects by government

1. Masdar city 2. Ansal Escencia Future advancements/ technological interventions

Parameters:      

Socio-cultural factor Environmental factor Material factor Technology factor Sustainable factors User factor

Comparison and analysis between the above studies

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Applicable techniques and strategies for building sustainable EWS houses in India/Kerala in par with the problems faced by this sector

Case study:

Parameters:      

1. Aranya low cost housing 2. Auroville housing and eco village 3. slum settlement

Socio-cultural factor Environmental factor Material factor Technology factor Sustainable factors User factor

Analysis based on the above study based on the specified parameters and problems faced by economically weaker sections of the society

Conclusions

Proposals/Recommendations

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CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE STUDY 2.1: INDIA

India, officially the Republic of India is a country in South Asia. It is the seventhlargest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world.

India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with a kaleidoscopic variety and rich cultural heritage. It has achieved all-round socio-economic progress during the last 70 years of its independence. India has become self-sufficient in agricultural production and is now one of the top industrialized countries in the world and one of the few nations to have gone into outer space to conquer nature for the benefit of the people. It covers an area of 32,87,263 sq. Km (1,269,346 sq mi), extending from the snowcovered Himalayan heig hts to the tropical rain forests of the south. As the 7th largest country in the world, India stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as it is by mountains and the sea, which give the country a distinct geographical entity. Bounded by the Great Himalayas in the north, it stretches southwards and at the Tropic of Cancer, tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east and the Arabian Sea on the west.

Lying entirely in the northern hemisphere, the mainland extends between latitudes 8째 4' and 37째 6' north, longitudes 68째 7' and 97째 25' east and measures about 3,214 km from north to south between the extreme latitudes and about 2,933 km from east to west between the extreme longitudes. It has a land frontier of about 15,200 k m. The total length of the coastline of the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands and Andaman & Nicobar Islands is 7,516.6 km. (Profile | National Portal of India", 20 April 2017)

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2.1.1 : CURRENT PROBLEMS FACED IN INDIA 1 .Overpopulation 2. Economic issues 2.1 Poverty 2.2 Sanitation 2.3 Corruption 2.4 Debt bondage 3 Education 3.1 Poor education 3.2 Lack of opportunity for youth 3.3 Superstition 4 Violence 4.1 Religious violence 4.2 Terrorism 4.3 Naxalite Maoist insurgency 4.4 Caste related violence

A part of the issues, reasons for homelessness include: handicap (either mentally, physically, alternately both), absence of affordable lodging (considering that a fundamental apartment in India expenses roughly $177 for every month), unemployment (either occasionally or through economic hardships), and fluctuating industries and business.

Occupations including heavy industry and manufacturing (which may or may not need higher education) are being shifted to service industries (which may require higher education). Since university is less affordable for the average Indian, more people in

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India are becoming unemployed for the jobs of the 21st century and which increases the unemployment rate. The average per capita income to a subject of India may be scarcely more than $1,200; contrasted with $54,510 to Canadians and more than $64,800 to people in Switzerland.

2.1.2 Child abuse

Homeless kids under the age of 18 are subject to child abuse, cons trained work (often directing, i ncluding picking up rags and filtering through trash for recyclable materials), illness, also drug addiction at the same time constrain the children from getting proper education and training. As stated by UNICEF, crimes against kids in India include negligence, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and exploitation as the rate of child abuse increased to nearly 8000 child abuses in 2007. Indian administration mentioned in 2007 that two out of three kids in India were physically abused, also that half of about 12,000 (children studied for the data collection) youngsters testified particular case or all the types of sexual ill-use. Large portions of street kids flee from their groups after the result of these abuses, usually ending up in bigger threats like prostitution, gangsters group, theft, terrorism and may later on do anything for money. These kids face additional abuses over in the recent past including child labor, furthermore prostitution is a serious and common problem that these street children as young as 6 years face. As child laborers they check through garbage seeking money to buy their food. These children do 15% of India's GDP work, garbage picking, luggage carrying and selling news papers and flowers.

2.1.3 : An upcoming crisis An expanding number of migrants searching for work and better living standards are increasingly joining India's homeless population. In spite of the fact that nongovernmental associations is serving on mitigating the homelessness emergency in India, the government body may not be sufficient in taking care of this. Endeavors to gentrify India's problematic neighborhoods will be also bringing homelessness levels high.

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78 million people in India live in slums and tenements. 17% of the world's slum dwellers live in India. 7% of homeless people in the major city of New Delhi are women. More than three million men and women are homeless in India's capital city. (5.3 lakh families in the country are homeless". Indian Express(7 March 2012).

2.1.4 : The Daily Diary of Sheena, 12 years old, living in a slum in Mumbai

Sheena wrote "I wake up every morning at 4:30 and go fetch water for my family. I gaze at the rusty tin of our one-room shack which is leaning precariously against the wall of our neighbor's tin wall. I think one of these days all these houses will collapse in a row. I run through the alley towards the main road. The smell of excrement is so strong baking in the morning sun I have to cover my nose with my shirt. Some folks have made holes in the water pipe that we live near, they want 5 rupees (10 US cents) for a bucket of water but I can't afford that. So I go to the train station. The police almost catch me this time with their sticks and their booted feet. The water in the pipes here is bad. My brother has jaundice but the doctor is very expensive. We all get tuberculosis in the winter, and we take care of it at home.

When I get back I see that the entire area around our tin shack is flooded. The drain must have been blocked by rubbish again. As I wade through the sewage I think about my mother. She's pregnant again, but she's not getting enough to eat and she works hard cleaning rich people's houses. My father is out of work again and he gets angry sometimes when he drinks and hurts her. My mother makes rice for breakfast. My brother gets more food than I do.

Then it's time to go to school. I want to use the toilets, but I'm worried. They are dirty, there are only six toilets for over 200 families so there are long queues, and they will ask for 10 rupees (20 US cents) to use them. So I decide to find an open space and risk being molested by the passersby, especially the older boys.

I catch a bus to get to school. The bus is full of men and they stare at me as I board. On the way one of the boys pinches me and I flinch. I wish I was a boy; then I wouldn't have 17 | P a g e

to put up wi th this. I like to study, and I hope to be able to go to high school. I probably won't be able to, though. The tuition is so expensive and I should marry soon, maybe in a year or t wo when I'm 14.

After school I go home quickly. I'm worried it won't be there anymore. Because of a court order it was demolished once, but we came back after a couple weeks and rebuilt it. It scared me. On the way I see some boys in a cyber cafe playing on the computers. I look at the screens with all the colors; they seem to be having a good time. Then one of them spots me and yells at me to get out. I move on quickly.

When I get home my mother asks me to help her with my baby brother, clean and fetch more water. I want to finish my homework, but I don't have time. On the way to the train station I see one of my friends from school. I don't have time to play with her.

But even if I did, where would I go? Sometimes, we meet on the railroad tracks. And sometimes the train comes too fast and we don't have time to escape. My friend Sameena was killed last summer by a train."(Kamini Kapadia ,2009)

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2.2 : KERALA

Kerala, situated on the south-west coast of Indian sub continent well ahead in the field of social development and better living conditions compared to other parts of India. Over the past couple of decades, Kerala has drawn both international and national attention for its achievements, with fertility reaching below the replacement level and mortality under five. In terms of per capita income and production, Kerala with an agrarian economy is lagging behind many of the Indian states. `However, in terms of Human Development Index (HDI) and life standard of people, Kerala is much ahead of most of other states in India. It is also one of the densely populated states (819 persons sq.km) with 3.43% of the total Indian population. The high population density of the state may be mainly due to good climate,. Fertile land and good rainfall. Literacy as a qualitative attribute of the population is one of the most important indicators of socio-economic and political development of a society. The state's achievements in literacy (90.9%). education, birth rate (0.94) etc. are even comparable to many of the developed countries.

The housing situation in the state is quite different from other parts of India. Kerala has got a unique settlement pattern with the dwellings made in individual plots and scattered all over the habitable areas. This is in striking contrast with the nucleated village prevalent throughout the rest of India. The public housing schemes implemented in Kerala showed greater performance in terms of the magnitude of investment and physical achievements and could considerably reduce the housing gap.

Despite many positive advances, visible slum-like areas occur in human settlements in rural parts of the state, and many inhabitants arc deprived of basic facilities like drinking water and sanitation.(Gopikutlan, 2002)

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2.2.1 : PROBLEMS FACED IN KERALA

1. Unplanned growth 2. Environmental abusing 

Quarrying and mining



Deforestation



Land encroachment

3. Pollution 

Water pollution



Land pollution



Air pollution



Noise pollution

4. Lack of social responsibility 

Women abuse



Child abuse



Increasing crime rates

5. Corruption 

Lack of proper infrastructural development due to external influences



Lack of implementation of rules for various construction activities, green areas, agriculture, urban development etc…



No proper check of building rules and regulation (Dr Shankar Chatterjee and Shri Dsr Murthy, 2016)



Refusing agricultural related works as profession (Runa Sarkar and Bhaskar Chakrabarti, 2016)

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2.2.2 : EWS (Economically weaker section)

According to 2015 Prime minister's awaaz yojana scheme, EWS households are defined as households having an annual income of up to Rs.3, 00,000. States/UTs have the flexibility to redefine the annual income criteria as per local conditions in consultation with the Centre. (Rose Mary K Abraham , 2016)

Figure 1 : Proportion of poor in India and in Kerala

(Economic Review 2015)

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Figure 2: Housing shortage in Kerala

(Economic review, 2015) There is an higher rate of anti-social/immoral behavior in the economically weaker section over the better. Poverty leads to distress and tension which can lead people into robbery, unethical ways to get money, prostituition, women/child abuse, liquor/drug usage. Moreover, poor living condiition might prompt youth of the society to earn money rather than going to school or college or even basic education increasing the chance to engage in immoral activities and faster ways of making money which may be anti-social.

2.2.3 : Crime rate in Kerala

Crime offers a way in which impoverished people can obtain material goods that they cannot attain through legitimate means. Often threat or force can help them acquire even more goods, this induces them to commit violent acts such as robbery, which is the second most common violent crime. For many impoverished people, the prize that crime yields may outweigh the risk of being caught, especially given that their opportunity cost is lower than that of a wealthier person. Thus, poverty increases crime rates.

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Of all states, Kerala has the highest crime rate of 455.8 per lakh people, over twice the national rate of 196.7 . India's crime capital is Kochi (817.9) followed by Kollam (637.3). (‘Crime rates highest in kerala', The hindu (7 June 2016))

Figure 3: Ca ses regi stered in India

National Crime Records Bureau (2016), Crime in India (2015) [Online], Available: http://ncrb.nic.in/ [24 Dec 2016].

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2.3 : HOUSING SCHEME

Figure 4: Housing schemes and total units completed

In the 11th Five year plan, under 2nd years program (2008-2009) it was proposed to construct residential flats (4-6 storied) in government land for the displaced labors in the economically weaker section in urban area. It is proposed to implement the scheme at the Government land available with the Board at Thrikkakara (Ernakulam) and Poojappura (Trivandrum).212 flats have been completed under this scheme. (Economic Review, 2015)

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2.3.1 : ONE LAKH HOUSES SCHEME

PAST Launched by the Government of Kerala in 1972. The cost of construction of each house was fixed between the range of Rs. 1250/- and Rs. 1500/-. A minimum of 2 bedrooms and a kitchen was made mandatory under the scheme, of about 250sq ft.

Rs.110/- was collected from each beneficiary to create a sense of involvement. A total 96000 units were constructed across 960 panchayats. (Economic Review, 2015)

2.3.2 : Analysis on housing schemes:

1. The program does not reach the intended end-user section of the society and coverage of the scheme is minimal.

2. Does not meet the needs of the end users like fishermen, daily wages worker, tribal people etc‌ 3. Lack of building material and labor 4. lack of social infrastructure and basic amenities.

5. lack of people's support

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CHAPTER 3: SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE AND ITS CONCEPTS

3.1 : SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE According to the definition given from the [Brundtland et al, 1987] in our common future, ―Sustainable development is that development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs‖.

"Creating cities, towns and communities that are economically, environmentally and socially sustainable, and which meet the challenges of population growth, migration and climate change will be one of the biggest tasks of this century."

Key features of a sustainable building Decrease in vehicle use operational energy consumption Minimizes emission of pollutants to air, ground and water Minimizes flood risk Minimizes water consumption Makes efficient use of brown field site and/or existing buildings Minimizes environmental impact of construction materials/maximizes use of recycled and/or reused materials Maximizes opportunities for sorting and recycling waste Enhances ecological value of site Minimizes nuisance/discomfort to neighbors and the public realm Creates a comfortable and pleasant building for occupants and neighbors Maximum durability and replacement intervals Creates employment and/or caters for affordable housing needs Accounts for increased pressure on health and education provision Minimizes construction impacts.

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3.2 : Green buildings

The practice of creating healthier and more resource-efficient models of construction, renovation, operation, maintenance and demolition.

Green Materials will offer: 1. Specific benefits to owners and occupants which include but are not limited to: Reduced maintenance/replacementď€ Energy savingsď€ Improved occupant healthď€ 2. Green materials are composed of renewable resources and they must be : 3. Resource efficiency 4. Improve air quality 5. Be energy efficient :Conserve water, and 6. Be affordable.

Green materials are usually made up of recycled content containing natural, plentiful or renewable content, locally available, salvaged or refurbished or remanufactured, reusable or recycled materials which are durable in nature .

Few of the conventionally followed green certificate programs are listed in appendix 2 and appendix 3

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3.3 : Cost effective construction

'It is not the cheaper things in life that we want to possess, but the expensive things that cost less' – John Ruskin

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3.4 : Social sustainability

Social sustainability objectives are as follows: meet the basic human needs overcome the capabilities related to individual inability pay attention to the equitable distribution of development opportunities in the present and the future recognize the difference of diverse cultures and communities and develop social tolerance. (Morgan et al ,2004) Social sustainable development is a development to:

meet the basic needs of food, shelter, occupation, income, living and activity conditions; be egalitarian and ensure that the benefits of development are fairly evenly distributed throughout the community; Improve or at least not damage the physical, mental and social welfare of the community. promote education, creativity and development of human capacity for the whole society; preserve cultural and biological heritage and enhance a sense of connection with history and environment; Be democratic and promote the participation and involvement of citizens. Provide better living conditions and establish relationships between the design of public places within the city and the physical and social welfare and the excitement of city residents.

Following areas are identified as important supports for social and cultural life : 1. mutual acceptance and being in harmony with people of different cultural background and beliefs 2. co-operative in community living

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3. opportunities for cultural, leisure, community, sport and other activities; 4. Low levels of crime and anti-social behavior with visible, effective and community-friendly policing; and opportunities for all people to be socially included. (Morgan et al ,2004)

People should feel free to live in a society and interact with people, spaces play a important role in social sustainability i.e., parks, green areas, urban farming, recreational facilities, work spaces all demand a sustainable social status.

Spaces /Buildings especially residences should not be a added burden for the people, designers should in keep in mind the stakeholders especially women and deprived.

Safety for women and children should be provided in the spatial planning and designing level itself. If possible additional income sources to women and urban agriculture or household farming should be incorporated in the residences so as to create extra income, job opportunities, fresh supply of vegetables, social well being and social interaction between people.

Community based spaces can create social sustainability, this should be kept in mind while designing spaces and likewise minimum harm is to be done to the nature. As seen above, pollution is one of the main problems faced in Kerala especially places like Ernakulam faces serious pollution issues: lack of sewage treatment facilities, waste disposal, unhygienic living conditions and shortage of healthy vegetables. A solution should be made available to

the problem before it gets worst. Understanding

sustainability and importance of sustainable buildings and spaces comes into picture during this phase, self sustainable buildings can be of great help to the society and for nature. Net zero building are becoming crucial to our survival in earth not only because of nature but also for economic feasibility and healthy living too.Net zero building and sustainable building or activities can contribute to a sustainable society benefitting both humans and nature.

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3.5 : Net zero buildings

A zero-energy building, also known as a zero net energy (ZNE) building, net-zero energy building (NZEB), or net zero building, is a building with zero net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site One of the key areas of debate in zero energy building design is over the balance between energy conservation and the distributed point-of-use harvesting of renewable energy(solar energy, wind energy and thermal energy). (Paul Torcellini et all, 2006) Most

zero

energy

homes

use

a

combination

of

these

strategies

Advantages Isolation for building owners from future energy price increases Increased comfort due to more-uniform interior temperatures (this can be demonstrated with comparative isotherm maps) Reduced requirement for energy Reduced total cost of ownership due to improved energy efficiency Reduced total net monthly cost of living Reduced risk of loss from grid blackouts Improved reliability Extra cost is minimized for new construction compared to an afterthought retrofit Higher resale value The value of a ZEB building relative to similar conventional building should increase every time energy costs increase Future legislative restrictions, and carbon emission taxes/penalties (Spiegel & Jan Allen,2008)

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Disadvantages High installation costď€ Less number of designers and laborers who have the skill

and awareness of

creating ZEB buildingsď€ Challenge to recover higher initial costs on resale of building, but new energy rating systems are being introduced gradually.ď€ While the individual house may use an average of net zero energy over a year, it may demand energy at the time when peak demand for the grid occurs. In such a case, the capacity of the grid must still provide electricity to all loads. Therefore, a ZEB may not reduce the required power plant capacity. (Spiegel & Jan Allen,2008)

From the above study, it becomes clear that sustainable buildings and net zero buildings benefit both humans and nature and can tackle many problems faced in Kerala, there are some factors which keep these type of buildings away from people like: High initiation cost, lack of skilled laborers and other reasons . These problems should be carefully tackled, people should be made aware of the importance of sustainable buildings and net zero building and how it can benefit them. Government policies should be made more stricter and proper check should be done mandatorily. More subsidies should be incorporated to encourage these type of building ( as being done in the case of solar panels now).

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CHAPTER 4: FUTURE ADVANCEMENTS/ TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS 4.1 : WHAT IS INTELLIGENT ARCHITECTURE?



The use of integrated technological building systems, communications and controls to create a building and its infrastructure which provides the owner, operator and occupant with an environment which is flexible, effective, comfortable and secure;



Use of technology and process to create a building that is safer and more productive for its occupants and more operationally efficient for its owners;



A building in which, those responsible for its operation, those benefitting from its operation and those ultimately responsible for the safety of all its occupants can share a view, and a vision of the building status at all times.



"Smart" buildings should take advantage of dynamics, characteristics of building shell and HVAC system, automation, communications, and data analysis technologies in order to operate in the most cost-effective manner.

(ASHRAE, , 2016)

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4.2 : Arbortecture

Figure 5: Trees being molded to form shelters and space s to sit

The word ―Arbortecture‖ is an abbreviation of ―arboreal‖ and

―architecture.‖

It basically

means, instead of building and crafting our own tools, we will just grow the tools. It also means inhabiting the trees. (Archibeast , 2016) Another term similar is ―Botany Building,‖ a building that is created from a

living

structure.

Figure 6: Living root bridge, Meghalaya

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"The idea of a green roof and/or a living wall works, the rainwater irrigates them, the plants in turn lower the embodied energy of the building – now, to take it to the extreme Arbortecture is the idea of green and eco-friendly architecture because it is literally the living plant itself ". (Archibeast , 2016)

Analysis 

This technique of living within a tree is limited to a small area now but can be expanded with proper techniques and studies, this field

can be a

solution to various problems faced by today' world i .e, these living tree buildings can 1. reduce the temperature and create warmer environment 2. create a habitat for both human being and other living things (further research is needed for a balanced living) 3. reduces the polluton around us brings in better air to breathe in 4. creates

a

sustainable

ecosystem in which a proper balance is present 5. can

reduce

cost

of

construction and create a long lasting building 6. can

create

a

sustainable

Figure 7: Proce ss of transforming a tree into a living unit

environment with minimum or net zero carbon footprint This system can easly be adopted in Kerala due to its climatic factors which can reduce pollution, create greener areas , reduce abusing of earth etc.. to great extent. Small parks and shopping areas can be created in this manner to accommodate green spaces

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into the city. In arbotecture, green areas are replensihed, society enjoys the benefits of a tree or a green space and ctivities are also done by protecting environment.

4.3 : Solar tiles

The overall cost will still be less than installing a regular old roof and paying the electric company for power from conventional sources. more resilient than traditional roofing materials

Figure 8: Anatomy of solar roof tile

Figure 9: Type s of solar tiles

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4.4 : Modular construction

Prefabricated homes, often referred to as prefab homes or simply prefabs, are specialist dwelling types of prefabricated building, which are manufactured off-site in advance, usually in standard sections that can be easily shipped and assembled. ("Prefabricated Building

Figure 10: Prefabrication proce ss

Construction Systems Adopted in Hong Kong", 2008) Advantages: 1. Modernizing the Look with Energy Efficiency: Maximize energy efficiency through numerous methods such as recycling materials, using LED lighting and installing solar panels.

2. Zero Waste and Zero Inspection Hassle: Pre-created in the factory, these modular pieces are then transported to site and assembled there, modular homes do not produce waste as all the required materials for construction arrive on site already installed in the modular pieces. In addition, their ease of construction and energy advantages are an added advantage .

3. Reliable Schedule :The average home would be constructed in no longer than four months.

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Disadvantages of Prefab Homes 

Limited Design Options



At times, skilled labor may not be available



Reduced Resell Value



Difficult to Finance

("Prefabricated Building Construction Systems Adopted in Hong Kong", 2008)

Figure 11: Different units being assembled together to create a housing unit

Figure 12: Different units being assembled to make a prefab house.

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4.5 : Building from waste :The panels, which

measure about eight feet long, four feet wide, and one inch thick, are said to be not only durable and impermeable, but affordable as well. A simple house uses about 80 of these panels. this project have a lot of potential for creating more affordable housing for people living in poverty, but it also may help stimulate the local economy (and clean up the environment) by working directly with trash collectors to pay higher wages in exchange for a constant supply of the raw materials. (Derek Markham, 2016) Figure 13: Ecodomum ; panels made of waste plastic compressed

Figure 14: House made of recycled plastic panels

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CHAPTER 5: CASE STUDIES

CASESTUDIES: 1. Aranya low cost housing 2. Ansal Esencia – Green Township in Gurgaon 3. Auroville -Pondicherry 4. Masdar city- UAE 5. Good earth hamlet & Melange

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5.1 : ARANYA LOW COST HOUSING

Aranya is an innovative sites-and-services project that is particularly noteworthy for its effort to integrate families within a range of poor-to-modest incomes.

Figure 15: Layout plan of Aranya housing

Aranya is a township in 85 hectares, proposed to house 7000-12,000 people, divided in 6 sectors. This project consists of four shopping, residential and office complexes in a cluster of four and 2 mixed use clusters in the centre, this was inspired from the slum settlement.

Around 6,500 plots are provided ranging in size from 35 square metres for EWS housing to 457 square metres for high income groups, as well as larger plots for multi-storey

Figure 16.1: Street interface of the house s

flats. Of the 6,500 plots, 65% are allocated to the EWS category.

Residential units were clustered into a group of '10'.and these units opens to street, all the units had back courtyards for playing and other activities. these units are also

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having low maintenance cost. For most of the income groups, plots were sold. Lower income group were given choices; site and plinth, service core and one room or the complete unit.

Site plan :Evolved to create interlinking green spaces, differences in built form, reduce heat gain and be

Figure 16: Re sidential and commercial layout

climatically responsive.

The central spine connected all six sectors together and the sectors had small rods and pedestrian pathways. all the main activities were located in the central spine making it accessible to all Central spine is staggered; this can result in blockage of through traffic and reduced vehicular speeds making it more convenient to pedestrians The project aimed at increasing the basic service facilities in the slum area, that is why plots were sold with service facilities mixed group of people- social sustainability was aimed through this approach wherein different social classes can enjoy the benefits of each other and all the facilities are within the reach of everyone streets are considered active centers of social and economic well being, external verandahs act as

Figure 17: Customization models based on plan and built-up mass

spaces for interaction People were given to choose from what size they wanted to what material their home is to decorated with, this made the people or the owner also part of their respective homes' construction process rather than government dictating their needs, this improved the chances of people being more comfortable at these homes of theirs.

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Natural ventilation and lighting is fulfilled through balconies and window / jallies in the housing units. Use of vernacular materials minimized the cost of the building and increased the durability of the housing unit A choice of future expansion was provided so that residents could build it further - building in convenience with money and other factors Service: Paved access with street light, storm water drainage, septic tank is provided for every 2 cluster ( 1cluster = 10 units), water is provided from a local reservoir, 20 toilets are linked to 1 manhole, 1 service line caters to 1 row of houses

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5.2 : Ansal Esencia – Green Township in Gurgaon

Figure 18: Ansal Esencia : Green township

Ansal Esencia is the first of its kind Green-rated township in Gurgaon‘s 67th Sector.

Expected to be the greenest community in the NCR (National Capital Region), the Esencia township, developed by Ansal API has been registered as the Pilot Project for Green Rating by GRIHA under the Integrated Habitat Assessment norms.

Figure 19: Street interface - active green areas with lawns and for the children to play

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Green Features of Ansal Esencia: Features that make Esencia a Green and Sustainable community: Use of renewable sources of energy. Street lights and hot water systems that are powered by renewable solar energy. Sensor-controlled lighting

Figure 20: I sometric view of an apartment

Green zones like the Hyde Park, Tranquil Grove, Eco Grove etc along with open grid pavements, trees with large crowns that provide large shaded areas and overhangs and fins in all the buildings act as Heat Islands that trap and dissipate heat. Pedestrian friendly infrastructure Green and eco-friendly furniture An organized waste management system. 

A landscaped terrace garden adds to the dwellings‘ aesthetics and provides temperature control and hydrological benefits. A landscaped green cover with native flora.

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5.3 : AUROVILLE PONDICHERRY Founded in 1968 , revitalization of land and creating sustainable communities was the dream of the project Auroville. The community has all sectors of societies of people living harmoniously in the place. Auroville is home to over 2,000 people from 43 different countries and is one of the few places on Earth where biodiversity is actually increasing.

The community is also a world leader in compressed-earth building techniques, rainwater harvesting, plant-based sewage treatment, solar and wind energy, and

Figure 21: Layout plan of Pondicherry

Auroville (City of Dawn) is an : 

―Experimental" township in Viluppuram district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, near Pondicherry in South India. Auroville was founded as a project of the Sri Aurobindo Society founded in 1968

by Mirra Alfassa(also known as "The Mothe r") Designed by architect Roger Anger. As stated in Alfassa's first public message about the township, "Auroville is meant to be a universal town where men and women of all countries are able to

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live in peace and progressive harmony, above all creeds, all politics and all nationalities. The purpose of Auroville is to realize human unity."

INFRASTRUCTURE : ROAD NETWORK Car-free Galaxy plan : All areas of the city are within 5 or 6 minutes walking Distance from the Crown Road. The outer ring road could take motorized traffic and Connect with centralised parking areas

Figure 22: Pedestrian di stance between main roads

there. Onward travel would be BY bicycle. Pedal-power within the city proper: Inside the outer ring road area, transport of people and goods would be by pedal-power (there will be a network of pleasant cycle and Walking paths) and electric-powered vehicles. Parking at outer ring-road : The outer ring road will be large storage yards for accommodating supplies while awaiting dispatch into the city.

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Figure 23: Community housing centre s by Vikas made of earth blocks

Soil & water conservation: 

Extensive networks of raised earthbanks and ditches called ‗bunds‘ were placed along the contours of the land, along with a series of earth check dams and catchment ponds.



Work units ‗Palmyra‘ and ‗Water Harvest‘ are currently targeting the rehabilitation of an ancient network of community catchment tanks that once covered the land, in an attempt to recharge the aquifers, prevent saltwater intrusion and conserve water for irrigation .

Reforestation: 12 MILLION TREES PLANTED IN 30 YEARS. Appropriate architecture design Sun protection with sunshades and a proper orientation of the building Natural cross ventilation with a proper orientation of the building, and solar chimney to create a natural draft Integration to the land according to the existing vegetation Environmentally sound materials Stabilised rammed earth foundations with 5% cement

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

Plinths and walls with CSEB – Some walls with stabilised rammed earth Composite beams and lintels (U shape CSEB and reinforced concrete) Composite columns (round CSEB and reinforced concrete) Vaults and domes for floors and roof with CSEB Paints and plasters with stabilised earth Floorings with CSEB tiles, 2.5cm thick Ferrocement pieces in various parts of the building (doors, shelves) and for the plaster of the water tanks and the ponds.

Renewable energy sources Photovoltaic panels for the lighting (12 V. DC) Two surface solar pumps for the gardens One submersible solar pump at 35 m depth (Installed in the well with windmill pump) Windmill, with a pump at 32 m depth (Installed in the well with solar pump) Water management Rain water harvesting with a particular landscaping, which aimed at a zero run off during the monsoon Water harvesting from the overflow of the wind pump and the solar pump into a reservoir for water supply of gardens Biological wastewater treatment (lagoon system) Earth Management Soil for building was extracted from the site itself Percolation systems to harvest rainwater Wastewater treatment pond Reservoirs for garden water

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5.4 : MASDAR CITY

Figure 24: Masdar city

Masdar City in Abu Dhabi Masdar City aims to be one of the world's most sustainable urban developments powered by renewable energy. It aims to do this by: 

Ensuring a low carbon footprint during and after its construction.



Being completely powered by renewable energy.



Reducing waste to as near to zero as possible, through encouraging changes in behavior and regulating materials which can be prese nt in the city.



Leading research and education into sustainable technology.



Designing the city streets and buildings to help create comfortable environments reducing the need for air conditioning, heating, and artificial light.



Educating three quarters of the 40,000 residents with 5 hours of sustainability education each year.

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

Leading research at its university to ensure the city retains its sustainable identification and leading knowledge in sustainable living.



Full pedestrianism within the city, without vehicles in the space. The transport network would be below ground.



Use of rapid transport systems which does not consume fossil fuels or non-renewable resources

Figure 25: Important strategies adopted on key factors

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5.5 : GOOD EARTH HAMLET-

ERNAKULAM Land: 0.5 Acre Ground+2 floors : 17 units Two and Three bedroom options Location:Chalikavattom, Cochin Completed 1995 The site was a flat land plot, on the banks of the Kaniampuzha waterway situated in a peaceful suburb of Cochin. The idea of a focal yard advanced making a private space, free from vehicles and safe for youngsters to

play. The round shape

worked out to be the most suitable and convenient, both as far as space and structure is concerned. . Seventeen units were worked out, using an FSI of one., and a height of ground and two upper storey‘s was found to be appropriate, considering.

considering

basic

financial

aspects, and also the mixing in with the environment. The central zone filled in as private lawns for the ground floor units, and the main floor duplex units had porches at every level. The stilted territories on the ground floor go about as wind passages and upgrade the air course in the patio. The structure is recessed in parts at the first and second floor level to frame porches terracing

Figure 26.1, 23.2, and 23.3: Housing unit to street interface, Housing uni t to courtyard interface

the yard. These patios separate the mass of

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the structure and together with the inclining rooftops make a structure aesthetically pleasing and climatically suitable

Figure 27: Plan of God Earth hamlet

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Figure 28: Terrace space s- act a s space for interaction, farming and other utility function

The insides are kept basic with terracotta flooring with an arched window or a to add character to the space. The sewage framework utilizes a progression of septic tanks for the waste, while the sewage water is treated separately. The water from the rooftops is permitted to pass through the patio, along these lines energizing the ground water.

Natural waste is gathered for treating the soil. Occupant collaborate well with the waste management and gardening systems there Each home has sufficient common light and cross ventilation. The inside spaces stream into each other, having walls only where it is necessary. The rooms are situated towards the outside, while the living zones are away from the patio. Utilization of cement and steel was minimal. Rather there was an utilization of materials, which were suitable and economical viable. A raft foundation was adopted for this 3 storey structure. a wire-cut, country burnt brick, from a nearby kiln was selected for its size, strength and color. The 9″ brick walls had the outer face exposed .Arches were used for large openings while lintels were pre casted to minimize cost. timber of jack-wood and Anjali were utilized for the entryways and windows. Filler slabs made with rejected manglore tiles made up the

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roof and slab of the structure ,Other than being conservative, the filler slab additionally keeps within cooler and is perfect for hot and moist atmospheres.

The stilted areas on the ground floor act as wind tunnels and enhance the air circulation in the courtyard. The structure is recessed in parts at the first and second floor level to form terraces overlooking the courtyard. These terraces break down the mass of the structure

Figure 29.1, 26.2, 26.3, 26. 4: Housing units in Hamlet

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CHAPTER 6 : ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON This table is prepared to compare the different case-studies including slums and traditional Kerala dwelling based on socio-cultural factors, environmental factors, materials, cost factors and sustainable features to arri ve at an affordable sustainable house which includes social sustainability.

CASE STUDY

SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS Socio-cultural factors are customs, lifestyles and values that characterize a society. Some examples are religion, attitudes, economic status, class, language, politics and law.

These factors can affect quality of life, business and health.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS/SITE

MATERIALS

COST FACTORS

SUSTAINABLE FEATURES



Natural factors which i nclude Geology, topography, drainage pattern, soil, Vegetation, Wild life etc.



Green areas

Building materials help to: -Establish a relationship between visual quality and structural stability



Climatic factors



Existing land use

Initial Costs Purchase, Acquisition, Construction Costs Fuel Costs Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs Replacement Costs Residual Values, Resale or Salvage Values or Disposal Costs Finance Charges loan Interest Payments

Architecture that seeks to minimize the negati ve environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space and the ecosystem at large.

Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to

-Select the appropriate technique of construction -Provide character and visual appeal to the structure

INFERENCE

These factors constitute to healthy livi ng atmosphere.

Studying these factors and tackling problems can help create a sustai nable environment in an affordable cost which can prove to suitable for everyone

-Determine the budget of building projects

AUROVILL E -The eco city

-Auroville accepts people of all nations as potential Aurovilians, without discrimination and with equal respect regardless of their background, culture, race, ethnicity, caste, age, creed, wealth or social class.

-women usually heads commercials units and administration - maximum gives free of charge services i n

-15 Aurovi lle farms producing rice, eggs, vegetables, fruit and dairy products for the community using organic methods.

-Research farm -Reforestation

-Fired bricks -Compressed earth blocks

-Proper management of the above factors can help in creating a cost effecti ve design and budget

energy and ecological conservation i n the design of the built environment

-Solar generated power

All waste from toilets is treated either via septic tanks or root zone systems.

Other waste water, from showers and basins, is either fed into the ground via a soak pit (usually one per bui lding) or is treated for further use (in gardens, but not for drinking/domestic purposes) in water treatment plants using aquatic plants to

-wind generated power

-Bamboo -Roofi ng is usually done with tiles or rows of arched Ferro cement channels, though a few people still use palm leaf thatch (keet).

-waste water management

-People can live happily if they wish so, architecture and spatial planni ng plays a crucial role i n it -Shifti ng to renewable resources is adequate -groups and community level installation and farming prove to be more economical

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exchange for their works and services to the cities fund : cultural events, yoga classes, basic health care, maternity and disability care, bridging, sports and education facilities

remove toxi ns and other chemicals. Solid waste is mostly collected in each settlement by way of a set of barrels for glass, plastic, metal, paper, etc, all of which (except medical waste, which is incinerated) is then collected for ongoing disposal or recycli ng by the Auroville Eco Service.

-re-use/recycling of ―waste‖ material (includi ng Upasana Design and Wellpaper). --Garden and kitchen waste is mostly used for composting.

and adds to the individual energy supply -collective activities and infrastructure play a great role i n creating socially sustai nable societies -People's or end users participation is very critical -Basic amenities should be provided to all in a subsidized or at no cost so that all can enjoy the benefits -It is always

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Batteries and CFL bulbs are collected separately and disposed of via the Eco Service.

Visitors to Auroville are specially asked not to drop waste along the roads, or anywhere else in the township area.

ARANYA LOW COST HOUSING

-Self-help spirit of the people were boosted.

-People's/end users opinions and requirements were considered -Scope for future

- 8% of the total area was converted into open area, mi nimized road width to increase pedestrianism, the roads which were planned efficiently i n reducing traffic and mi nimizing car

Concrete, brick, stone, locally available materials (choice of the user)

-Upper i ncome plots are integrated into the scheme, to be sold at a profit, to raise surplus capital.

-courtyard houses: less dependence on artificial lighti ng and venti lation -Proper waste management and

better to be self sufficient in terms of water, power, food and sanitation Awareness helps to make people's life better -Use of suitable materials and construction technique can reduce the construction and maintenance cost • Planning and design is in accordance with the prevailing socioeconomic and technological

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expansion and option for customization of houses were present -People's participation was incorporated i n all the stages from planni ng to construction.

-people of the settlement were taught to do different things to earn additional income from tailoring to construction techniques.

-Small industries and commercial activities were started up along with the housing project to i ncrease the economic wellbeing of the residents.

usage/speed.

-Trees planted in open and public spaces

-progressive development of house construction was possible

water recycli ng systems.

-sewage treatment -Storm water harvesti ng

conditions • Cost – effecti ve construction materials and techniques have been adopted • Planning is ―whole to part‖ – i.e. From township level to dwelli ng unit level.

• Accessibility has been an essential factor for designing.

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-small shops for economic development MASDAR CITY

-Changing society neighborhood -More available to economically better sectors of society

-Agricultural zones -Central open and social spaces for social and cultural acti vities

-Desert walls to protect against dust storms -north east orientation for better efficiency

- New buildi ng techniques -Use of recycled materials i n construction -

-Initial construction cost is very high -Sensor based appliances and electrics to reduce electricity and water usage -Use of public transportation facilities which runs on renewable resources -Pedestrian and cycle friendly paths to promote walking and cycling

-world‘s first zerocarbon, zerowaste city, relying entirely on 100% renewable energy claims the creators of the project -Narrow walkways: indirect sunlight and shading -City is raised 23feet to facilitate transportation and removals -Waste water treatment, trash recycling -Renewable energy

-Masdar city is to use 60% less water, 75% less electricity, and 98% less landfill space compared to a city of approximately similar size -Waste is being converted to energy or is recycled therefore minimizi ng pollution and waste generation -The city‘s highly controlled environment could incline potential

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resources, wind, solar panels city

residents to change their mind about settling there.

-no vehicles are allowed inside the city

GOOD EARTHHAMLET/ MELANGE

ANSAL ESCENCIA

-Socially sustai nable communities -Responsive to environment -promote agriculture and green activities in the settlement

-Central courtyard ; natural ventilation and lighti ng

-Socially sustai nable communities

-Green zones : also create a micro climate and help in reducing effects of pollution -Hyde park -eco grove -Tranquil grove

-Responsive to environment -promote agriculture and green activities

Stones, laterite , CSEB bricks

-Space for social interaction and functions

-highly expensive due to the construction and site cost -Medium class income group and below cannot afford to live in this settlement due to high purchasing cost

-Terraced and sloped roof for better climatic adaptability

-Recycled materials -Green materials

-pedestrian friendly atmosphere, i.e. reduces vehicular usage highly expensive due to the construction and

-Organized waste management system -Urban agriculture

- Use of renewable sources of energy -Organized waste management system -Use of

-Only high income group can reside to high initial purchase cost -socially sustai nable and less crime rate -Less or no maintenance cost Only high income group can reside to high initial purchase cost -socially sustai nable

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in the settlement

site cost -Medium class income group and below cannot afford to live in this settlement due to high purchasing cost.

Traditional Kerala architectur e

-House was divided into public, semipublic and private area -Women of the house was given special places -poor sector: ekashalas Number of shalas increased as per the fi nancial status of the owner, rich and or higher caste resided in naalukettus, ettukettu etc‌

-Usually faces the east to bring i n the early sun rays which purifies the atmosphere - the slope of the earth, the size of the courtyard, the convenience of planting trees etc. are taken into account -Sloped roof- protection against dampness and insects.(climate adaptation) -Gable wi ndow: thermal control and cross ventilation -small windows for less functional rooms and

Stones, timber, clay, laterite and palm leaves

-Houses build based on caste system -Locally available materials -People knew the construction techniques of these local materials, therefore they build their own homes using minimum number of labors ( economically weaker people and people of

technological advancementsensor operated lights and appliances

and less crime rate

-Courtyards acted as a natural way of cross ventilation and light -protected trees, kaavu, bred domestic animals thus creati ng a small habitat for all: co-existence with nature

-Climatic factors and site factors were considered gravely to built a house

-Less or no maintenance cost

-Use of locally available materials usually reduces building cost -Gave importance to environment and habitat

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bigger windows for highly used rooms

Slums : a slum is defined as a compact area with a collection of poorly built tenements, mostly of a temporary nature, crowded together and usually with inadequate sanitary and with drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions.

-Sense of community and social life -Low average incomes, high levels of unemployment and relati vely low levels of education. As a result, they are often stigmatized, leadi ng to social discrimination.

- Difficult access to physical and social infrastructure and generally higher incidence of violence and crime generate patterns of

lower caste)

-No proper climatic consideration.

- Recycled materials

-Highly cost efficient

-Flood heavily when it rains.

-Waste materials: plastics, rice sacks, tarpaulin sheets, pipes as reinforcement, plastic sheets

-Low cost construction

-Usually located around a water source, below bridges, Large cities etc‌

-Materials from old buildings

-Less durability -High adaptability -Less maintenance cost -No/poor basic facilities like drinking water, electricity, basic sanitation facilities -Huge thrivi ng economy eg: dharavi in mumbai

-Each city dweller consumes less land, less energy, less water, and produces less pollution than his counterpart i n settlements of lower densities.

-Co-existence with nature is a highlighted point -Even though an outsider finds slum unhealthy, unhygienic, improper to live, People who reside there are happy, they have togetherness

-Women joi n together and set up a small scale industry -These areas teach a lot of lessons like: people's participation,

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depressed urban areas where the inhabitants, despite their heterogeneity, seek common interests on the basis of unsatisfied basic needs.

Being happy withi n limitations -Crime rate is lower inside the settlement due to social bonds (source: http://rheg.vast serve.com [23 Feb 2017]

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CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS

The requirement of house development is a massive program and the Indian Government is aware of it but cannot do much about it because of the following reasons:-

1. Deficiency of investment and funds.

2. Lack of affordable building materials and less use of vernacular materials like red bricks, timber, steel sections, flats, angles, rods etc..

3. Lack of a properly implemented housing program.

4. Non-availability of low cost housing ideas to be built.

5. Corruption 6. Lack of proper implementation from the sides of officials 7. lack of an ideal solution 8. clinginess to the conventional methods 7.1 INDIAN SLUMS: PROBLEMS 1. Un-planned growth of settlements: A number of housing clusters have budded in and around various metropolitan centers in an hazardous and unplanned manner, without a proper arrangement and without basic necessities and facilities. These unauthorized developments are encroachments on land parcels belonging to Govt. bodies, public- private-institutions or areas that are meant to be green belts. The removal/ re-settlement of these overcrowded un-hygienic clusters, commanding massive vote banks, is a serious challenge to correcting these aberrations for a planned growth of cities.

2. Non availability of developed land and ineffective and unfavorable land management. There is a huge crisis to avail or own a land due to the high market price which is usually not affordable to majority of the society. In that scenario, the deprived settle up in government properties, below the bridges, green belts etc‌.

3. Lack of master planning in long term basis keeping in mind the futuristic growth of cities and future developments and endeavors yet to come.

4. No special zones embarked for different activities like green belts, housing, commercial etc… even if planned, they are not usually implemented.

5. FSI- is still very low in the central business zones and highly valued areas 6. The fees for registration of property deeds is also unreasonably high and needs urgent rationalization.

7. Lack of financial resources 8. Technology & Materials – Urgent Need for Improvement; It is matter of great concern that the traditional burnt clay bricks continue to be the primary raw material for housing activity all over India. Brick making consumes fertile top soil from agricultural fields making these unfit for cultivation for many years. Moreover baking of bricks consumes energy and burning coal emits unhealthy smoke and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

However poor this quality of life may seem from the outside, from a migrant slum dwellers‘ perspective, living there has an entire set of factors and reasons: 1. A higher and more stable income: The productive employment opportunity in the urban centre will likely generate a higher and more consistent personal income than in the place of origin – likely a rural, farming centre (e.g. being a chauffeur in Mumbai is a more lucrative and sustainable job proposition than being a laborer at a farm, typically a small plot in an un-electrified village with erratic water availability.

2. Better environment for the next generation: Raising children in an urban environment creates a higher ―option value‖ for the next generation. Typically, cities offers a wider choice of education and employment opportunities, and while no parent wishes their child to grow up in a slum, the chances that the child could rise to a middle class life provides a strong incentive to migrate to one from the countryside. This contrasts to a child growing up in a village dominated by a sub-scale farm with poor education and employment opportunities, who is unlikely to ever have the same social mobility opportunity.

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3. Lack of other options: Unfortunately, slums are the only way to inhabit the city for the vast majority of migrants. With little available low-cost housing of decent quality near the city centre, a rural migrant would need to go well outside even the suburbs and outskirts of the city to be able to afford real estate. Given the poor transport linkages to the cities, this can create a significant trade-off for migrant in terms of the occupations that are available and their earnings potential. As a result, most are willing to compromise and make the trade-off to slum housing in the city to be closer to the place of work.

7.2 SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE The major factors which are influencing the sustainability of modern architecture are: 

Life Style factor: It is the factor of market forces and info pollution. There is necessity to lead a simple life style. This is user's responsibility to organize.



Location factor: Where the building is constructed and to preconceive the impact with the environment.



Material factor: Use of locally available materials, which may bring climatic sustainability, and increases the affordability and reduces the embodied energy.



Technology factor: Adoption of passive techniques and use the technology with respect to necessity.



Crime factor: It is a new socio-cultural concern due to the kind of lifestyle created.

This factor even made Pruitt-Igoe housing complex containing 33 apartment building blocks in US city of St. Louis, Missouri built in 1954 to torn down in 1970‘s.



Ecological factor: There is a necessity to understand that we are a small part of this ecological system. We have to respect this system through creating contact with them. Through creating a Holistic human settlement design.



User factor: There should be provisions for people to participate in planning and decision making in civic matters is a way forward. Anil (2013) states, it is almost as if living in the past would soon be considered futuristic‘. It is not about going back to the old systems. But there is a requirement to adopt intelligent use of present

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technologies. Also to develop a humane architectural culture, so that everyone will be satisfied materially and spiritually.

7.3

AMALGAMATION OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING AND SUSTAINABLE

ARCHITECTURE An enabling ecosystem can facilitate well-planned and Sustainable Urbanization that will adequately meet housing needs of the urban poor, while leveraging the strengths of key stakeholder groups: 1. Timely, single-window clearances and time bound fast-tracked approvals. Self certification should be the rule of the game with proper carrot and stick approach Can help to significantly reduce project development costs.

2. The development of Affordable Housing Zones, along with the promotion of innovative construction technology providers co -located with the Affordable Housing projects and catering to project requirements, can be a win – win solution. This approach can entail varied benefits, both from the perspective of individual project requirements via speeding up of supplies, and to the technology provider who can achieve desired scale by catering to multiple projects within the zone. New-age construction technology like Pre–Fab can help speed up the construction process, while ensuring uniform, high quality standards.

3. Optimal FSI: This helps reduce costs per unit and increases the economic viability of Affordable Housing. FSI can also serve as a cashless subsidy, the benefits of which can then be passed on to end users/customers.

4. Reduction in stamp duty, exemption from sales tax, reduction/waiver in registration charges, VAT and service tax, etc. - All of these typically increase the cost of ownership by 30%-35%.

5. Review local byelaws like setbacks, parking norms, etc. and fine-tune the same to meet the requirements of Affordable Housing projects.

6. Reduction/exemption of taxes and duties on construction materials can significantly reduce construction-related costs.

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7. Development of urban infrastructure – Affordable Housing (or any form of housing development, for that matter) cannot exist in isolation. Parallel focus on urban infrastructure development (Metro, inter and intra-city highways, mono rail, etc.) is imperative to make the Affordable Housing proposition a truly wholesome one.

8. Women empowerment : women should be brought into main economical stream, she should be able to earn and help with the economical needs of the family, spaces such as terraces or a community space can cater to small scale industries and vegetable farming which increases the job opportunities for women thus increasing their income and abilities, this can also increase their social awareness and involvement as they mingle with more people and society

It is a bit of a paradox that while a basic human necessity like housing is becoming increasingly expensive, luxury items such as smart phones and electronic goods are more and more affordable. The neighborhood taxi driver may wield the latest mobile technology, but home might still mean a compromised solution. And yet, the future holds infinite possibilities. All it needs for Affordable Housing to become a widespread reality in India is a unified and sustainable approach by all stakeholders with one common goal in mind – Quality Housing that is truly for all.

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Figure 30: A conceptual framework for sustainable – affordable housing for the poor

Sustainable-affordable housing

(Deepa.G. Nair, Bert Enserink , G.Gopikuttan et all , 2005) 74 | P a g e

CHAPTER 8: RECOMMENDATIONS

1.

Measures for socio-cultural sustainability

Participatory housing, including group building and self improvement, proper management and transparency in projects can be considered as the fundamental components of socio - social sustainability. It needs to incorporate procedures to accomplish the following criteria: 1. Housing ought to satisfy the social and customary necessities of tenants and ought to be sufficiently adaptable to meet the differing needs and interests of the occupants in light of the adjustments in the methods for living, profession and household size after some time.

2. The types, designs and building materials utilized should not debase the occupants.

3. The location of the houses ought to encourage the occupants to participate in group exercises, enhancing social relations and mixing with others.

4. Housing projects should not bring isolation of a group in terms of pay, religion ,creed or any other social factors 5. Easy access to government and development offices and group administrations 6. Sustainable housing developments ought to have the capacity to develop self - help housing or involvement of occupants units to build up a feeling of proprietorship or pride among the tenants. (Deepa.G. Nair, Bert Enserink , G.Gopikuttan et all , 2005)

2. Measures for economic sustainability or Affordability Access to different resources, facilities and basic necessities is an essential standard for economical and sustainable housing. Techniques and housing arrangements ought to encourage the arrangement of simple loans, endowments and income earning activities, which can pacify the economic liability of the occupants. measures to be formulated in order to accomplish the following goals:

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1. Land possession, availability to resources like materials, work and facilities like transportation, machinery, power and so forth ought to be guaranteed.

2. Affordable housing ought to fulfill the basic housing prerequisites.

3. Ensure to limit operational and maintenance cost in the long run.

4. Use alternate resources

3. Measures for technological sustainability Innovation should be promoted and applied in designs, awareness projects and policies to encourage innovations and technology should be increased. Building regulations and standards additionally require better attention and thought.

Measures ought to incorporate procedures to manage the following criteria: 1. The innovation ought to be sufficiently simple to work with unskilled labor and which can be easily maintained 2. The utilization of locally accessible or vernacular materials, which are cost productive, abundant in availability, durable, environment friendly should be promoted. Consider utilization of sustainable, reusable and recyclable materials 3. It ought to have the capacity to fulfill the necessities and needs of occupants. It ought to be socially worthy and affordable in nature.

4. Ensure the utilization of less energy intensive strategies and construction techniques.

5. It should be in par with the existing construction standards.

4. Measures for environmental sustainability Provision of fundamental and basic necessities i.e. the preservation of natural resources, effective utilization of water and vitality are basic for sustainable housing.

Measures are to be figured considering the following factors:

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1. Integrate and unify alternate power sources and renewable resources, reuse of water and appropriate measures for resource conservation.

2. Housing projects and developments should not harm biological and ecological balance in nature.

3. Balanced indoor and outdoor environment.

4. Basic facilities, for example, the arrangement of drinking water, water seepage, sanitation and solid waste disposal and recycle management should be guaranteed as a fundamental necessity of housing developments.

(Deepa.G. Nair, Bert Enserink , G.Gopikuttan et all , 2005)

5. Miscellaneous measures: 

Community farms either in terraces or open farms can cater to the food needs of the people



People should be encouraged to cultivate inside the house in plot and terraces



Small open spaces can be functional for social interaction



When housing schemes are developed, sustainable development should be kept in mind



Ways to generate income from houses should be present: paying guest facility, community based small scale industry , community based economical activities should be promoted along with housing developments because people tend to stay in places close to their job or places where they can develop better especially in terms of money.



Public participation should be present from the stage of designing, and construction, this increases the chance of people's involvement and the feeling of belongingness to the house



The development plans/master plans as well as zonal plans and local area plans being made and updated regularly, so that adequate provision is made for the homeless as well as slum dwellers.

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

Identifying city specific housing shortages and preparing city level urban housing & habitat action plans for time bound implementation.



Laws should be developed to promote the use of renewable energy sources particularly solar water heating systems in residential and commercial buildings.

Promote appropriate ecological standards for protecting a healthy environment and providing a better q uality of life in human settlements.



Sustainability issues in development should be adequately taken care of, for instance by developing Green belts around cities with a view to maintaining the ecological balance. Suitable green recreational areas like zoo, lakes and gardens will be earmarked /developed for public visits in the Master Plan of each city/town. Water bodies shall be protected with special emphasis on keeping the flood plains of tropical rivers free from construction or encroachments. Efforts should be made to encourage cities/towns to keep a significant proportion of the total Master Plan area as 'green lungs of the city.



The proposed alternative technologies, which offer safe, durable, energy efficient, economical and environment–friendly green dwellings to our countrymen are recommended to be encouraged for wide scale application.



Space for future expansion

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Eventually, a thorough and long haul answer for the issue of India's slums can't be about the slums themselves. A feasible solution would need to take an holistic perspective in managing India's larger scale challenges and perceive the basic part which urban areas should play if India is to effectively move into a middle-income nation. Such an answer would incorporate the following strategies: 

Industrial revolution and continued development.



Slum Architecture: Lesson from different urban communities show t hat slums are best settled when housing is horizontal not vertical. Keeping in mind the end goal to acclimatize slum tenants into urban life rather than further segregating them, India can't simply bulldoze the slums and heap up the general population into cubical box. A genuine arrangement would include building high quality, affordable, multi-storey, various configurations in the present regions to the extent that these take the place of the existing ones.

The administration needs to make a structure for steady and constant redesigning of slum framework through creative open private models and by utilizing the numerous charities and NGOs in India. Such a model would see the slum inhabitants turn as the main part of the process, instead of being the observers ,the change of their living conditions by empowering them both economically and mentally. (Deepa.G. Nair, Bert Enserink , G.Gopikuttan et all , 2005)

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The Transformation of Slums is Really about the Transformation of India Itself

"Nothing from the above mentioned solutions can alone change the slums. If implemented together, they could make an immense change in the way India's increasing migration and urbanization is overseen. This requires an recognition that the reason behind why slums in India persevere and keep on expanding is a direct result of the inability to address principal issues of economic opportunity, growth in population, urban and rural development , lack of proper housing plans and strategies and increasing pollution. India is now amidst a developing economy and as the slums/ houseless people are increasing, the interest in urban infrastructure and housing development can make an exceptionally positive impact for the economy while attending to a key issue. There is no single point in time or emergency which will disclose to us that India's urban communities have all of a sudden moved toward becoming "un-livable cities"; in any case if the present state of affairs continues for the following 20 years, the problems will get more and more complicated and then it will be difficult to manage, housing developments should follow a sustainable approach otherwise the situation may go from bad to worst in terms of climatic issue, pollution and other sustainable factors. In reality, solving the issue is about as troublesome as putting a man on the moon, however this would have huge benefits for the country in all sectors especially in terms of housing development and sustainable development and would be a genuine indicator that India is really prepared to play its part on the worldwide stage.

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX-1

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APPENDIX 2 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is basically a third-party certification program. It is a nationally accepted organization for design, operation and construction of high performance green buildings.

LEED INDIA GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM

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APPENDIX 3 Living building concept The Living Building Challenge is a building certification program, advocacy tool and philosophy that defines the most advanced measure of sustainability in the built environment possible today and acts to rapidly diminish the gap between current limits and the end-game positive solutions we seek. The Challenge is comprised of seven performance categories called Petals: Place, Water, Energy, Health & Happiness, Materials, Equity and Beauty. Petals are subdivided into a total of twenty Imperatives, each of which focuses on a specific sphere of influence. This compilation of Imperatives can be applied to almost every conceivable building project, of any scale and any

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